Articles | Volume 25, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2239-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2239-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 26 Apr 2021
| 26 Apr 2021
Quantifying the effects of land use and model scale on water partitioning and water ages using tracer-aided ecohydrological models
IGB Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Doerthe Tetzlaff
IGB Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Geographisches Institut, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Northern Rivers Institute, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Lukas Kleine
IGB Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Geographisches Institut, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Marco Maneta
School of Geosciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
Chris Soulsby
Geographisches Institut, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Northern Rivers Institute, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Related authors
Aaron Smith, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Jessica Landgraf, Maren Dubbert, and Chris Soulsby
Biogeosciences, 19, 2465–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research utilizes high-spatiotemporal-resolution soil and vegetation measurements, including water stable isotopes, within an ecohydrological model to partition water flux dynamics and identify flow paths and durations. Results showed high vegetation water use and high spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation water source and vegetation isotopes. The evaluation of these dynamics further revealed relatively fast flow paths through both shallow soil and vegetation.
Jessica Landgraf, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Maren Dubbert, David Dubbert, Aaron Smith, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2073–2092, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using water stable isotopes, we studied from which water source (lake water, stream water, groundwater, or soil water) two willows were taking their water. We monitored the environmental conditions (e.g. air temperature and soil moisture) and the behaviour of the trees (water flow in the stem). We found that the most likely water sources of the willows were the upper soil layers but that there were seasonal dynamics.
Mikael Gillefalk, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Reinhard Hinkelmann, Lena-Marie Kuhlemann, Aaron Smith, Fred Meier, Marco P. Maneta, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3635–3652, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model to quantify water flux–storage–age interactions for three urban vegetation types: trees, shrub and grass. The model results showed that evapotranspiration increased in the order shrub < grass < trees during one growing season. Additionally, we could show how
infiltration hotspotscreated by runoff from sealed onto vegetated surfaces can enhance both evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
Lena-Marie Kuhlemann, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Aaron Smith, Birgit Kleinschmit, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 927–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied water partitioning under urban grassland, shrub and trees during a warm and dry growing season in Berlin, Germany. Soil evaporation was highest under grass, but total green water fluxes and turnover time of soil water were greater under trees. Lowest evapotranspiration losses under shrub indicate potential higher drought resilience. Knowledge of water partitioning and requirements of urban green will be essential for better adaptive management of urban water and irrigation strategies.
Maria Magdalena Warter, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Chris Soulsby, Tobias Goldhammer, Daniel Gebler, Kati Vierikko, and Michael T. Monaghan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2707–2725, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2707-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2707-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
There is a lack of understanding of how urban aquatic nature-based solutions (aquaNBSs) affect ecohydrology and how they in turn are affected by urbanization and climate change. We use a multi-tracer approach of stable water isotopes, hydrochemistry, and microbial and macrophyte diversity to disentangle the effects of hydroclimate and urbanization. The results show potential limitations of aquaNBSs regarding water quality and biodiversity in response to hydroclimate and urban water sources.
Cong Jiang, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Songjun Wu, Christian Birkel, Hjalmar Laudon, and Chris Soulsby
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2533, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2533, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We used a modelling approach supported by stable water isotopes to explore how forest management – such as conifer, broadleaf, and mixed tree–crop systems – affects water distribution and drought resilience in a drought-sensitive region of Germany. By representing forest type, density, and rooting depth, the model helps quantify and show how land use choices affect water availability and supports better land and water management decisions.
Hanwu Zheng, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Christian Birkel, Songjun Wu, Tobias Sauter, and Chris Soulsby
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2166, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2166, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Ecohydrological processes in heavily managed catchments are often incorrectly represented in models. We applied a tracer-aided model STARR in an ET-dominated region (the Middle Spree, NE Germany) with major management impacts. Water isotopes were useful in identifying runoff contributions and partitioning ET even at sparse resolution. Trade-offs between discharge- and isotope-based calibrations could be partially mitigated by integrating more process-based conceptualizations into the model.
Ann-Marie Ring, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Christian Birkel, and Chris Soulsby
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1444, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During summer drought, a clear sub-daily cycling of atmospheric water vapour isotopes (δv) and plant xylem water isotopes (δxyl) was observed. δv daytime depletion was driven by evaporation and local atmospheric factors (entrainment). δxyl daytime enrichment was consistent with limited sap flow and stomatal regulation of transpiration. Water limitations during drought in urban trees are visible in δxyl and ecohydrological data. This sub-daily dataset can help constrain ecohydrological models.
Maria Magdalena Warter, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Christian Marx, and Chris Soulsby
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3907–3924, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3907-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3907-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Streams are increasingly impacted by droughts and floods. Still, the amount of water needed for sustainable flows remains unclear and contested. A comparison of two streams in the Berlin–Brandenburg region of northeast Germany, using stable water isotopes, shows strong groundwater dependence with seasonal rainfall contributing to high/low flows. Understanding streamflow variability can help us assess the impacts of climate change on future water resource management.
Salim Goudarzi, Chris Soulsby, Jo Smith, Jamie Lee Stevenson, Alessandro Gimona, Scot Ramsay, Alison Hester, Iris Aalto, and Josie Geris
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2258, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2258, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Planting trees on farmlands is now considered as one of the potential solutions to climate change. Trees can suck CO2 out of our atmosphere and store it in their trunks and in the soil beneath them. They can promote biodiversity, protect against soil erosion and drought. They can even help reduce flood risk for downstream communities. But we need models that can tell us the likely impact of trees at different locations and scales. Our study provides such a model.
Doerthe Tetzlaff, Aaron Smith, Lukas Kleine, Hauke Daempfling, Jonas Freymueller, and Chris Soulsby
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1543–1554, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1543-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1543-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive set of ecohydrological hydrometric and stable water isotope data of 2 years of data. The data set is unique as the different compartments of the landscape were sampled and the effects of a prolonged drought (2018–2020) captured by a marked negative rainfall anomaly (the most severe regional drought of the 21st century). Thus, the data allow the drought effects on water storage, flux and age dynamics, and persistence of lowland landscapes to be investigated.
Xiaoqiang Yang, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Chris Soulsby, and Dietrich Borchardt
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-239, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-239, 2022
Preprint retracted
Short summary
Short summary
We develop the catchment water quality assessment platform HiWaQ v1.0, which is compatible with multiple hydrological model structures. The nitrogen module (HiWaQ-N) and its coupling tests with two contrasting grid-based hydrological models demonstrate the robustness of the platform in estimating catchment N dynamics. With the unique design of the coupling flexibility, HiWaQ can leverage advancements in hydrological modelling and advance integrated catchment water quantity-quality assessments.
Guangxuan Li, Xi Chen, Zhicai Zhang, Lichun Wang, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5515–5534, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5515-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5515-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a coupled flow–tracer model to understand the effects of passive storage on modeling hydrological function and isotope dynamics in a karst flow system. Models with passive storages show improvement in matching isotope dynamics performance, and the improved performance also strongly depends on the number and location of passive storages. Our results also suggested that the solute transport is primarily controlled by advection and hydrodynamic dispersion in the steep hillslope unit.
Aaron Smith, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Jessica Landgraf, Maren Dubbert, and Chris Soulsby
Biogeosciences, 19, 2465–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research utilizes high-spatiotemporal-resolution soil and vegetation measurements, including water stable isotopes, within an ecohydrological model to partition water flux dynamics and identify flow paths and durations. Results showed high vegetation water use and high spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation water source and vegetation isotopes. The evaluation of these dynamics further revealed relatively fast flow paths through both shallow soil and vegetation.
Jessica Landgraf, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Maren Dubbert, David Dubbert, Aaron Smith, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2073–2092, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using water stable isotopes, we studied from which water source (lake water, stream water, groundwater, or soil water) two willows were taking their water. We monitored the environmental conditions (e.g. air temperature and soil moisture) and the behaviour of the trees (water flow in the stem). We found that the most likely water sources of the willows were the upper soil layers but that there were seasonal dynamics.
Aaron J. Neill, Christian Birkel, Marco P. Maneta, Doerthe Tetzlaff, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4861–4886, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4861-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4861-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural changes (cover and height of vegetation plus tree canopy characteristics) to forests during regeneration on degraded land affect how water is partitioned between streamflow, groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. Partitioning most strongly deviates from baseline conditions during earlier stages of regeneration with dense forest, while recovery may be possible as the forest matures and opens out. This has consequences for informing sustainable landscape restoration strategies.
Mikael Gillefalk, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Reinhard Hinkelmann, Lena-Marie Kuhlemann, Aaron Smith, Fred Meier, Marco P. Maneta, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3635–3652, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model to quantify water flux–storage–age interactions for three urban vegetation types: trees, shrub and grass. The model results showed that evapotranspiration increased in the order shrub < grass < trees during one growing season. Additionally, we could show how
infiltration hotspotscreated by runoff from sealed onto vegetated surfaces can enhance both evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
Jenna R. Snelgrove, James M. Buttle, Matthew J. Kohn, and Dörthe Tetzlaff
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2169–2186, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Co-evolution of plant and soil water isotopic composition throughout the growing season in a little-studied northern mixed forest landscape was explored. Marked inter-specific differences in the isotopic composition of xylem water relative to surrounding soil water occurred, despite thin soil cover constraining inter-species differences in rooting depths. We provide potential explanations for differences in temporal evolution of xylem water isotopic composition in this northern landscape.
Lena-Marie Kuhlemann, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Aaron Smith, Birgit Kleinschmit, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 927–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-927-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-927-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We studied water partitioning under urban grassland, shrub and trees during a warm and dry growing season in Berlin, Germany. Soil evaporation was highest under grass, but total green water fluxes and turnover time of soil water were greater under trees. Lowest evapotranspiration losses under shrub indicate potential higher drought resilience. Knowledge of water partitioning and requirements of urban green will be essential for better adaptive management of urban water and irrigation strategies.
Cited articles
Ala-aho, P., Tetzlaff, D., McNamara, J. P., Laudon, H., and Soulsby, C.: Using isotopes to constrain water flux and age estimates in snow-influenced catchments using the STARR (Spatially distributed Tracer-Aided Rainfall–Runoff) model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5089–5110, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5089-2017, 2017.
Asbjornsen, H., Goldsmith, G. R., Alvarado-Barrientos, M. S., Rebel, K., Van Osch, F. P., Rietkerk, M., Chen, J., Gotsch, S., Tobon, C., Geissert, D. R., Gomez-Tagle, A., Vache, K., and Dawson, T. E.: Ecohydrological advances and applications in plant-water relations research: a review, J. Plant Ecol., 4, 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtr005, 2011.
Bhaskar, A. S., Welty, C., Maxwell, R. M., and Miller, A. J.: Untangling the effects of urban development on subsurface storage in Baltimore, Water Resour. Res., 51, 1158–1181, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016039, 2015.
Birkel, C., Soulsby, C., and Tetzlaff, D.: Modelling catchment-scale water storage dynamics: reconciling dynamic storage with tracer-inferred passive storage, Hydrol. Process., 25, 3924–3936, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8201, 2011.
Bizhanimanzar, M., Leconte, R., and Nuth, M.: Catchment-Scale Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Hydrologic Modelling Using Conceptual and Physically Based Models: A Model Comparison Study, Water, 12, 363, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020363, 2020.
Blöschl, G. and Sivapalan, M.: Scale issues in hydrological modelling: a review, Hydrol. Process., 9, 251–290, 1995.
Böse, M. and Brande, A.: Landscape history and man-induced landscape changes in the young morainic area of the North European Plain – a case study from the Bäke Valley, Berlin, Geomorphology, 122, 274–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.06.026, 2010.
Bowen, G. J., Kennedy, C. D., Liu, Z., and Stalker, J.: Water balance model for mean annual hydrogen and oxygen isotope distributions in surface waters of the contiguous United States, J. Geophys. Res., 116, G04011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001581, 2011.
Braud, I., Bariac, T., Gaudet, J. P., and Vauclin, M.: SiSPAT-Isotope, a coupled heat, water and stable isotope (HDO and H218O) transport model for bare soil. Part I. Model description and first verifications, J. Hydrol., 309, 277–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.12.013, 2005.
Brewer, S. K., Worthington, T. A., Mollenhauer, R., Stewart, D. R., McManamay, R. A., Guertault, L., and Moore, D.: Synthesizing models useful for ecohydrology and ecohydraulic approaches: An emphasis on integrating models to address complex research questions, Ecohydrology, 11, e1966, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1966, 2018.
Coenders-Gerrits, A. M., van der Ent, R. J., Bogaard, T. A., Wang-Erlandsson, L., Hrachowitz, M., and Savenije, H. H.: Uncertainties in transpiration estimates, Nature, 506, E1–E2, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12925, 2014.
Craig, H. and Gordon, L. I.: Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere, in: Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, edited by: Tongiorgi, E., Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures, Spoleto, Italy, Laboratorio di Geologica Nucleare, Pisa, Italy, 9–130, 1965.
Dehaspe, J., Birkel, C., Tetzlaff, D., Sánchez-Murillo, R., Durán-Quesada, A. M., and Soulsby, C.: Spatially distributed tracer-aided modelling to explore water and isotope transport, storage and mixing in a pristine, humid tropical catchment, Hydrol. Process., 32, 3206–3224, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13258, 2018.
Douinot, A., Tetzlaff, D., Maneta, M., Kuppel, S., Schulte-Bisping, H., and Soulsby, C.: Ecohydrological modelling with EcH2O-iso to quantify forest and grassland effects on water partitioning and flux ages, Hydrol. Process., 33, 2174–2191, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13480, 2019.
Drastig, K., Suárez Quiñones, T., Zare, M., Dammer, K.-H., and Prochnow, A.: Rainfall interception by winter rapeseed in Brandenburg (Germany) under various nitrogen fertilization treatments, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 268, 308–317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.01.027, 2019.
DWD – Climate Data Center: available at:
https://www.dwd.de/EN/climate_environment/cdc/cdc_en.html, last access: July 2020.
Efstratiadis, A. and Koutsoyiannis, D.: One decade of multi-objective calibration approaches in hydrological modelling: a review, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 55, 58–78, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660903526292, 2010.
Ershadi, A., McCabe, M. F., Evans, J. P., and Walker, J. P.: Effects of spatial aggregation on the multi-scale estimation of evapotranspiration, Remote Sens. Environ., 131, 51–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.007, 2013.
Falkenmark, M. and Rockström, J.: The New Blue and Green Water Paradigm: Breaking New Ground for Water Resources Planning and Management, J. Water Res. Plan. Man., 132, 129–132, 2006.
Falkenmark, M. and Rockström, J.: Building Water Resilience in the Face of Global Change: From a Blue-Only to a Green-Blue Water Approach to Land-Water Management, J. Water Res. Plan. Man., 136, 606–610, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000118, 2010.
Fatichi, S., Pappas, C., and Ivanov, V. Y.: Modeling plant–water interactions: an ecohydrological overview from the cell to the global scale, WIREs Water, 3, 327–368, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1125, 2015.
Gelbrecht, J., Driescher, E., Lademann, H., Schonfelder, J., and Exner, H. J.: Diffuse nutrient impact on surface water bodies and its abatement by restoration measures in a small catchment area in north-east Germany, Water Sci. Technol., 33, 167–174, 1996.
Gelbrecht, J., Lengsfeld, H., Pöthig, R., and Opitz, D.: Temporal and spatial variation of phosphorus input, retention and loss in a small catchment of NE Germany, J. Hydrol., 304, 151–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.028, 2005.
Gowda, P. H., Chavez, J. L., Colaizzi, P. D., Evett, S. R., Howell, T. A., and Tolk, J. A.: ET mapping for agricultural water management: present status and challenges, Irrigation Sci., 26, 223–237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-007-0088-6, 2007.
Grabs, T., Bishop, K., Laudon, H., Lyon, S. W., and Seibert, J.: Riparian zone hydrology and soil water total organic carbon (TOC): implications for spatial variability and upscaling of lateral riparian TOC exports, Biogeosciences, 9, 3901–3916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3901-2012, 2012.
Grant, G. E. and Dietrich, W. E.: The frontier beneath our feet, Water Resour. Res., 53, 2605–2609, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020835, 2017.
Grillakis, M. G.: Increase in severe and extreme soil moisture droughts for Europe under climate change, Sci. Total Environ., 660, 1245–1255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.001, 2019.
Harvey, L. D. D.: Upscaling in Global Change Research, Climatic Change, 44, 225–263, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005543907412, 2000.
Heiskanen, J., Rautiainen, M., Stenberg, P., Mõttus, M., Vesanto, V.-H., Korhonen, L., and Majasalmi, T.: Seasonal variation in MODIS LAI for a boreal forest area in Finland, Remote Sens. Environ., 126, 104–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.001, 2012.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hill, A. R.: Groundwater nitrate removal in riparian buffer zones: a review of research progress in the past 20 years, Biogeochemistry, 143, 347–369, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00566-5, 2019.
Holmes, T., Stadnyk, T. A., Kim, S. J., and Asadzadeh, M.: Regional Calibration With Isotope Tracers Using a Spatially Distributed Model: A Comparison of Methods, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2020WR027447, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027447, 2020.
Horritt, M. S. and Bates, P. D.: Effects of spatial resolution on a raster based model of flood flow, J. Hydrol., 253, 239–249, 2001.
IAEA: Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation, available at:
https://www.iaea.org/services/networks/gnip, last access: October 2020.
IGB – Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries: Ech2o Tracer
ech2o_iso, available at: http://bitbucket.igb-berlin.de:7990/users/ech2o/repos/ech2o_iso/browse, last access: December 2020.
Jasechko, S.: Partitioning young and old groundwater with geochemical tracers, Chem. Geol., 427, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.02.012, 2016.
Jensen, J. L. R., Humes, K. S., Hudak, A. T., Vierling, L. A., and Delmelle, E.: Evaluation of the MODIS LAI product using independent lidar-derived LAI: A case study in mixed conifer forest, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 3625–3639, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.023, 2011.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Seneviratne, S. I., Sheffield, J., Goulden, M. L., Bonan, G., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., de Jeu, R., Dolman, A. J., Eugster, W., Gerten, D., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Heinke, J., Kimball, J., Law, B. E., Montagnani, L., Mu, Q., Mueller, B., Oleson, K., Papale, D., Richardson, A. D., Roupsard, O., Running, S., Tomelleri, E., Viovy, N., Weber, U., Williams, C., Wood, E., Zaehle, S., and Zhang, K.: Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply, Nature, 467, 951–954, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09396, 2010.
Kleine, L., Tetzlaff, D., Smith, A., Wang, H., and Soulsby, C.: Using water stable isotopes to understand evaporation, moisture stress, and re-wetting in catchment forest and grassland soils of the summer drought of 2018, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3737–3752, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3737-2020, 2020.
Kløve, B., Ala-Aho, P., Bertrand, G., Gurdak, J. J., Kupfersberger, H., Kværner, J., Muotka, T., Mykrä, H., Preda, E., Rossi, P., Uvo, C. B., Velasco, E., and Pulido-Velazquez, M.: Climate change impacts on groundwater and dependent ecosystems, J. Hydrol., 518, 250–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.037, 2014.
Knighton, J., Kuppel, S., Smith, A., Soulsby, C., Sprenger, M., and Tetzlaff, D.: Using isotopes to incorporate tree water storage and mixing dynamics into a distributed ecohydrologic modelling framework, Ecohydrology, 13, e2201, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2201, 2020.
Krause, S., Lewandowski, J., Grimm, N. B., Hannah, D. M., Pinay, G., McDonald, K., Martí, E., Argerich, A., Pfister, L., Klaus, J., Battin, T., Larned, S. T., Schelker, J., Fleckenstein, J., Schmidt, C., Rivett, M. O., Watts, G., Sabater, F., Sorolla, A., and Turk, V.: Ecohydrological interfaces as hot spots of ecosystem processes, Water Resour. Res., 53, 6359–6376, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019516, 2017.
Kuppel, S., Tetzlaff, D., Maneta, M. P., and Soulsby, C.: EcH2O−iso 1.0: water isotopes and age tracking in a process-based, distributed ecohydrological model, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3045–3069, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3045-2018, 2018.
Kuppel, S., Tetzlaff, D., Maneta, M. P., and Soulsby, C.: Critical Zone Storage Controls on the Water Ages of Ecohydrological Outputs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088897, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl088897, 2020.
Lee, T. J. and Pielke, R. A.: Estimating the soil surface specific humidity, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 480–484, 1992.
Liang, X., Guo, J., and Leung, L. R.: Assessment of the effects of spatial resolutions on daily water flux simulations, J. Hydrol., 298, 287–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.07.007, 2004.
Maneta, M. P. and Silverman, N. L.: A Spatially Distributed Model to Simulate Water, Energy, and Vegetation Dynamics Using Information from Regional Climate Models, Earth Interact., 17, 1–44, https://doi.org/10.1175/2012ei000472.1, 2013.
Mann, H. B. and Whitney, D. R.: On a Test of Whether one of Two Random Variables is Stochastically Larger than the Other, Ann. Math. Stat., 18, 50–60, https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177730491, 1947.
Mao, J., Fu, W., Shi, X., Ricciuto, D. M., Fisher, J. B., Dickinson, R. E., Wei, Y., Shem, W., Piao, S., Wang, K., Schwalm, C. R., Tian, H., Mu, M., Arain, A., Ciais, P., Cook, R., Dai, Y., Hayes, D., Hoffman, F. M., Huang, M., Huang, S., Huntzinger, D. N., Ito, A., Jain, A., King, A. W., Lei, H., Lu, C., Michalak, A. M., Parazoo, N., Peng, C., Peng, S., Poulter, B., Schaefer, K., Jafarov, E., Thornton, P. E., Wang, W., Zeng, N., Zeng, Z., Zhao, F., Zhu, Q., and Zhu, Z.: Disentangling climatic and anthropogenic controls on global terrestrial evapotranspiration trends, Environ. Res. Lett., 10, 094008, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094008, 2015.
Massmann, G., Sültenfuß, J., and Pekdeger, A.: Analysis of long-term dispersion in a river-recharged aquifer using tritium/helium data, Water Resour. Res., 45, W02431, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007wr006746, 2009.
Mathieu, R. and Bariac, T.: An Isotopic Study (2H and 18O) of Water Movements in Clayey Soils Under a Semiarid Climate, Water Resour. Res., 32, 779–789, https://doi.org/10.1029/96wr00074, 1996.
McKay, M. D., Beckman, R. J., and Conover, W. J.: A Comparison of Three Methods for Selecting Values of Input Variables in the Analysis of Output from a Computer Code, Technometrics, 21, 239–245, https://doi.org/10.2307/1268522, 1979.
Morris, M.: Factorial Sampling Plans for Preliminary Computational Experiments, Technometrics, 33, 161–174, 1991.
Mu, Q., Zhao, M., and Running, S. W.: Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 1781–1800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019, 2011.
Nash, J. E. and Sutcliffe, J. V.: River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I – A discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10, 282–290, 1970.
Nützmann, G., Levers, C., and Lewandowski, J.: Coupled groundwater flow and heat transport simulation for estimating transient aquifer-stream exchange at the lowland River Spree (Germany), Hydrol. Process., 28, 4078–4090, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9932, 2014.
Orth, R. and Destouni, G.: Drought reduces blue-water fluxes more strongly than green-water fluxes in Europe, Nat. Commun., 9, 3602, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06013-7, 2018.
Papadimitriou, L. V., Koutroulis, A. G., Grillakis, M. G., and Tsanis, I. K.: High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows – exploring the effects of forcing biases, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1785–1808, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1785-2016, 2016.
Prudhomme, C., Giuntoli, I., Robinson, E. L., Clark, D. B., Arnell, N. W., Dankers, R., Fekete, B. M., Franssen, W., Gerten, D., Gosling, S. N., Hagemann, S., Hannah, D. M., Kim, H., Masaki, Y., Satoh, Y., Stacke, T., Wada, Y., and Wisser, D.: Hydrological droughts in the 21st century, hotspots and uncertainties from a global multimodel ensemble experiment, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 3262–3267, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222473110, 2014.
Samaniego, L., Kumar, R., Thober, S., Rakovec, O., Zink, M., Wanders, N., Eisner, S., Müller Schmied, H., Sutanudjaja, E. H., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Attinger, S.: Toward seamless hydrologic predictions across spatial scales, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4323–4346, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4323-2017, 2017.
Sanchez-Vila, X., Guadagnini, A., and Carrera, J.: Representative hydraulic conductivities in saturated groundwater flow, Rev. Geophys., 44, RG3002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005rg000169, 2006.
Smith, A., Tetzlaff, D., Gelbrecht, J., Kleine, L., and Soulsby, C.: Riparian wetland rehabilitation and beaver re-colonization impacts on hydrological processes and water quality in a lowland agricultural catchment, Sci. Total Environ., 699, 134302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134302, 2020a.
Smith, A., Tetzlaff, D., Kleine, L., Maneta, M. P., and Soulsby, C.: Isotope-aided modelling of ecohydrologic fluxes and water ages under mixed land use in Central Europe: The 2018 drought and its recovery, Hydrol. Process., 34, 3406–3425, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13838, 2020b.
Smith, A. A., Tetzlaff, D., and Soulsby, C.: Using storage selection functions to assess mixing patterns and water ages of soil water, evaporation and transpiration, Adv. Water Resour., 141, 103586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103586, 2020c.
Sohier, H., Farges, J.-L., and Piet-Lahanier, H.: Improvement of the Representativity of the Morris Method for Air-Launch-to-Orbit Separation, IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 47, 7954–7959, https://doi.org/10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.01968, 2014.
Soulsby, C., Birkel, C., Geris, J., Dick, J., Tunaley, C., and Tetzlaff, D.: Stream water age distributions controlled by storage dynamics and nonlinear hydrologic connectivity: Modeling with high-resolution isotope data, Water Resour. Res., 51, 7759–7776, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017888, 2015.
Sprenger, M., Tetzlaff, D., Tunaley, C., Dick, J., and Soulsby, C.: Evaporation fractionation in a peatland drainage network affects stream water isotope composition, Water Resour. Res., 53, 851–866, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019258, 2017.
Stadnyk, T. A. and Holmes, T. L.: On the value of isotope-enabled hydrological model calibration, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 65, 1525–1538, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2020.1751847, 2020.
Sutanto, S. J., van den Hurk, B., Dirmeyer, P. A., Seneviratne, S. I., Röckmann, T., Trenberth, K. E., Blyth, E. M., Wenninger, J., and Hoffmann, G.: HESS Opinions ”A perspective on isotope versus non-isotope approaches to determine the contribution of transpiration to total evaporation”, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2815–2827, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2815-2014, 2014.
Te Chow, V.: Applied Hydrology, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,
New York, NY, 1988.
Tetzlaff, D., Buttle, J., Carey, S. K., van Huijgevoort, M. H. J., Laudon, H., McNamara, J. P., Mitchell, C. P. J., Spence, C., Gabor, R. S., and Soulsby, C.: A preliminary assessment of water partitioning and ecohydrological coupling in northern headwaters using stable isotopes and conceptual runoff models, Hydrol. Process., 29, 5153–5173, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10515, 2015.
Tetzlaff, D., Carey, S. K., McNamara, J. P., Laudon, H., and Soulsby, C.: The essential value of long-term experimental data for hydrology and water management, Water Resour. Res., 53, 2598–2604, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020838, 2017.
UFZ: A High-Resolution Dataset of Water Fluxes and States for Germany Accounting for Parametric Uncertainty, available at: https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=41160, last access: October 2020.
Velpuri, N. M., Senay, G. B., Singh, R. K., Bohms, S., and Verdin, J. P.: A comprehensive evaluation of two MODIS evapotranspiration products over the conterminous United States: Using point and gridded FLUXNET and water balance ET, Remote Sensing of Environment, 139, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.07.013, 2013.
Vereecken, H., Kasteel, R., Vanderborght, J., and Harter, T.: Upscaling Hydraulic Properties and Soil Water Flow Processes in Heterogeneous Soils: A Review, Vadose Zone J., 6, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2006.0055, 2007.
Vereecken, H., Huisman, J. A., Bogena, H., Vanderborght, J., Vrugt, J. A., and Hopmans, J. W.: On the value of soil moisture measurements in vadose zone hydrology: A review, Water Resour. Res., 44, W00D06, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr006829, 2008.
Vereecken, H., Pachepsky, Y., Bogena, H., and Montzka, C.: Upscaling Issues in Ecohydrological Observations, in: Observation and Measurement of Ecohydrological Processes, edited by: Li, X. and Vereecken, H., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 435–454, 2019.
Vogt, H. J.: Isotopentrennung bei der Verdunstung von Wasser, Institut für Umweltphysik, Heidelberg, Germany, 1976.
Wang, Q., Tenhunen, J., Dinh, N., Reichstein, M., Otieno, D., Granier, A., and Pilegarrd, K.: Evaluation of seasonal variation of MODIS derived leaf area index at two European deciduous broadleaf forest sites, Remote Sens. Environ., 96, 475–484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.04.003, 2005.
Wegehenkel, M., Rummel, U., and Beyrich, F.: Long-term analysis of measured and simulated evapotranspiration and soil water content, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 62, 1532–1550, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2017.1332417, 2017.
Wood, E., Sivapalan, M., Beven, K. J., and Band, L.: Effects of spatial variability and scale with implications to hydrologic modelling, J. Hydrol., 102, 29–47, 1988.
Yang, D., Herath, S., and Musiake, K.: Spatial resolution sensitivity of catchment geomorphologic properties and the effect on hydrological simulation, Hydrol. Process., 15, 2085–2099, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.280, 2001.
Short summary
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model on a mixed land use catchment in northeastern Germany to quantify water flux–storage–age interactions at four model grid resolutions. The model's ability to reproduce spatio-temporal flux–storage–age interactions decreases with increasing model grid sizes. Similarly, larger model grids showed vegetation-influenced changes in blue and green water partitioning. Simulations reveal the value of measured soil and stream isotopes for model calibration.
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model on a mixed land use catchment in northeastern...
