Articles | Volume 16, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1745-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.Evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP continental hydrologic system over the Niger basin using in situ and satellite derived datasets
Related subject area
Subject: Global hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches
Merging modelled and reported flood impacts in Europe in a combined flood event catalogue for 1950–2020
Global-scale evaluation of precipitation datasets for hydrological modelling
Influence of irrigation on root zone storage capacity estimation
River flow in the near future: a global perspective in the context of a high-emission climate change scenario
A high-resolution perspective of extreme rainfall and river flow under extreme climate change in Southeast Asia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3983–4010,
2024Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3099–3118,
2024Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2313–2328,
2024Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2179–2201,
2024Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1935–1956,
2024Cited articles
Alkama, M. R., Kageyama, M., Ramstein, G., Marti, O., Ribstein, P., and Swingedouw, D.: Impact of a realistic river routing in coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum climate, Clim. Dynam., 30, 855–869, 2008. \bibitem []{} Alkama, R., Decharme, B., Douville, H., Becker, M., Cazenave, A., Sheffield, J., Voldoire, A., Tyteca, S., and Le Moigne, P.: Global evaluation of the ISBA/TRIP continental hydrological system, Part 1: Comparison to GRACE terrestrial water storage estimates and in situ river discharges, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 583–600, 2010. \bibitem[]{} Alsdorf, D. E. and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Tracking fresh water from space, Science, 301, 5639, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1089802, 2003.
Alsdorf, D. E., Rodriguez, E., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Measuring surface water from 593 space, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006RG000197, 2007. \bibitem[]{} Amogu, O., Descroix, L., Yero, K. S., Le Breton, E., Mamadou, I., Ali, A., Vischel, T., Bader, J., Moussa, I. B., Gautier, E., Boubkraoui, S., and Belleudy, P.: Increasing River Flows in the Sahel?, Water, 2, 170–199, 2010. \bibitem []{} Andersen, I., Dione, O., Jarosewich-Holder, M., and Olivry, J. C.: The Niger river basin: A vision for sustainable management, World Bank Publications, 2005. \bibitem []{} Andreadis, K. M., Clark, E. A., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Alsdorf, D. E.: Prospects for river discharge and depth estimation through assimilation of swath-altimetry into a raster-based hydrodynamics model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L10403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029721, 2007. \bibitem []{} Arora, V. K. and Boer, G. J.: A variable velocity flow routing algorithm for GCMs, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 30965–30979, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900905, 1999. \bibitem []{} Beven, K. J. and Kirkby, M. J.: A physically-based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology, Hydrol. Sci. Bull., 24, 43–69, 1979. \bibitem []{} Biancamaria, S., Andreadis, K. M., Durand, M., Clark, E. A., Rodriguez, E., Mognard, N. M., Alsdorf, D. E., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Oudin, Y.: Preliminary Characterization of SWOT Hydrology Error Budget and Global Capabilities, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 3, 6–19, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2034614, 2010. \bibitem []{} Biancamaria, S., Durand, M., Andreadis, K. M., Bates, P. D., Boone, A., Mognard, N. M., Rodriguez, E., Alsdorf, D. E., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Clark, E. A.: Assimilation of virtual wide swath altimetry to improve Arctic river modeling, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 373–381, 2011. \bibitem []{} Bonan, G. B.: Sensitivity of a GCM to inclusion of inland water surfaces, J. Climate, 8, 2691–2704, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<2691:SOAGST>2.0.CO;2, 1995. \bibitem []{} Boone, A., Calvet, J.-C., and Noilhan, J.: Inclusion of a Third Soil Layer in a Land-Surface Scheme using the Force-Restore method, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 1611–1630, 1999. \bibitem []{} Boone, A., de Rosnay, P., Basalmo, G., Beljaars, A., Chopin, F., Decharme, B., Delire, C., Ducharne, A., Gascoin, S., Grippa, M., Guichard, F., Gusev, Y., Harris, P., Jarlan, L., Kergoat, L., Mougin, E., Nasonova, O., Norgaard, A., Orgeval, T., Ottlé, C., Poccard-Leclercq, I., Polcher, J., Sandholt, I., Saux-Picart, S., Taylor, C., and Xue, Y.: The AMMA Land Surface Model Intercomparison Project, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 90, 1865–1880, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2786.1, 2009. \bibitem []{} Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Miller, J. B., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hauglustaine, D. A., Prigent, C., Van der Werf, G. R., Peylin, P., Brunke, E. G., Carouge, C., Langenfelds, R. L., Lathiere, J., Papa, F., Ramonet, M., Schmidt, M., Steele, L. P., Tyler, S. C., and White, J.: Contribution of anthropogenic and natural sources to atmospheric methane variability, Nature, 443, 439–443, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05132, 2006. \bibitem []{} Calmant, S., Seyler, F., and Cretaux, J. F.: Monitoring Continental Surface Waters by Satellite Altimetry, Surv. Geophys., 29, 247–269, 2008. \bibitem []{} Coe, M. T.: A linked global model of terrestrial processes: Simulation of modern rivers, 781 lakes and wetlands, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8885–8899, 1998. \bibitem []{} Coe, M. T.: Modeling terrestrial hydrological systems at the continental scale: Testing the accuracy of an atmospheric GCM, J. Climate, 13, 686–704, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0686:MTHSAT>2.0.CO;2, 2000. \bibitem []{} Coe, M. T. and Birkett, C. M.: Calculation of river discharge and prediction of lake Height from satellite radar altimetry: example of the lake Chad basin, Water Resour. Res., 40, W10205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002543, 2004. \bibitem []{}Coe, M. T., Costa, M. H., and Howard, E. A.: Simulating the surface waters of the Amazon River basin: impact of new river geomorphic and flow parameterizations, Hydrol. Process., 22, 2542–2553, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6850, 2008. \bibitem []{} Cogley, J. G.: The albedo of water as a function of latitude, Mon. Weather Rev., 107, 775–781, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0775:TAOWAA>2.0.CO;2, 1979. \bibitem []{} Costa, M. H. and Foley, J. A.: Water balance of the Amazon Basin: Dependence on vegetation cover and canopy conductance, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 973–989, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01865, 1997. \bibitem []{} Dadson, S. J., Ashpole, I., Harris, P., Davies, H. N., Clark, D. B., Blyth, E., and Taylor, C. M.: Wetland inundation dynamics in a model of land surface climate: Evaluation in the Niger inland delta region, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D23114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014474, 2010. \bibitem []{} Dai, T. and Labadie, J. W.: River basin network model for integrated water quantity/quality management, J. Water Resour. Pl.-ASCE, 127, 295–305, 2001. \bibitem []{} de Rosnay, P., Drusch, M., Boone, A., Balsamo, G., Decharme, B., Harris, P., Kerr, Y., Pellarin, T., Polcher, J., and Wigneron, J.-P.: AMMA Land Surface Model Intercomparison Experiment coupled to the Community Microwave Emission Model: ALMIP-MEM, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D05108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010724, 2009. \bibitem []{} Decharme, B.: Influence of runoff parameterization on continental hydrology: Comparison between the Noah and the ISBA land surface models, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D19108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008463, 2007. \bibitem []{} Decharme, B. and Douville, H.: Introduction of a sub-grid hydrology in the ISBA land surface model, Clim. Dynam., 26, 65–78, 2006. \bibitem []{} Decharme, B., Douville, H., Boone, A., Habets, F., and Noilhan, J.: Impact of an exponential profile of saturated hydraulic conductivity within the ISBA LSM: simulations over the Rhône basin, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 61–80, 2006. \bibitem []{} Decharme, B., Douville, H., Prigent, C., Papa, F., and Aires, F.: A new river flooding scheme for global climate applications: Offline evaluation over South America, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D11110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009376, 2008. \bibitem []{} Decharme, B., Alkama, R., Douville, H., Becker, M., and Cazenave, A.: Global evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP continental hydrological system, Part II: Uncertainties in river routing simulation related to flow velocity and groundwater storage, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 601–617, 2010. \bibitem []{} Decharme, B., Alkama, R., Papa, F., Faroux, S., Douville, H., and Prigent, C.: Global off-line evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP flood model, Clim. Dynam., 38, 1389–1412, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-011-1054-9, in press, 2011. \bibitem[]{} Dirmeyer, P. A. : Using a global soil wetness dataset to improve seasonal climate simulation, J. Climate, 13, 2900–2922, 2000. \bibitem []{} Dirmeyer, P. A.: Climate drift in a coupled landatmosphere model. J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 89–100, 2001. \bibitem []{} Dirmeyer, P. A., Gao, X., Zhao, M., Guo, Z., Oki, T., and Hanasaki, N.: GSWP-2: Multimodel analysis and implications for our perception of the land surface, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 1381–1397, 2006. \bibitem []{} Douville, H.: Assessing the influence of soil moisture on seasonal climate variability with AGCMs, J. Hydrometeor., 4, 1044–1066, 2003. \bibitem []{} Douville, H.: Relevance of soil moisture for seasonal atmospheric predictions: Is it an initial value problem?, Clim. Dynam., 22, 429–446, 2004. \bibitem []{} Douville, H., Planton, S., Royer, J. F., Stephenson, D. B, Tyteca, S., Kergoat, L., Lafont, S., and Betts, R. A.: Importance of vegetation feedbacks in doubled-CO2 climate experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14841–14861, 2000. \bibitem []{} Dunn, C. E., Bertiger, W., Bar-Sever, Y., Desai, S., Haines, B., Kuang, D., Franklin, G., Harris, I., Kruizinga, G., Meehan, T., Nandi, S., Nguyen, D., Rogstad, T., Thomas, J. B., Tien, J., Romans, L., Watkins, M., Wu, S.-C., Bettadpur, S., and Kim, J.: Instrument of GRACE:GPS augments gravity measurements, application challenge, GPS World, 2003. \bibitem []{} Durand, M., Andreadis, K. M., Alsdorf, D. E., Lettenmaier, D. P., Moller, D., and Wilson, M.: Estimation of bathymetric depth and slope from data assimilation of swath altimetry into a hydrodynamic model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034150, 2008. \bibitem []{} Durand, M., Rodriguez, E., Alsdorf, D. E., and Trigg, M.: Estimating River Depth From Remote Sensing Swath Interferometry Measurements of River Height, Slope, and Width, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl., 3, 20–31, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2033453, 2010. \bibitem []{} Enjolras, V. M. and Rodriguez, E.: Using altimetry waveform data and ancillary information from SRTM, Landsat, and MODIS to retrieve river characteristics, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote., 47, 1869–1881, 2009. \bibitem []{} Fontes, J.-C., Andrews, J. N., Edmunds, W. M., Guerre, A., and Travi, Y.: Paleorecharge by the Niger River (Mali) deduced from groundwater geochemistry, Water Resour. Res., 27, 199–214, 1991. \bibitem []{} Gedney, N., Cox, P. M., Douville, H., Polcher, J., and Valdes, J. P.: Characterizing GCM land surface schemes to understand their responses to climate change, J. Climate, 13, 3066–3079, 2000. \bibitem []{} Geiger, B., Meurey, C., Lajas, D., Franchistéguy, L., Carrer, D., and Roujean, J-.L.: Near real-time provision of downwelling shortwave radiation estimates derived from satellite observations, Meteorol. Appl., 15, 411–420, 2008. \bibitem []{} Getirana, A. C. V., Bonnet, M.-P., Rotunno, O. C., Collischonn, W., Guyot, J. L., Seyler, F., and Mansur, W. J.: Hydrological modelling and water balance of the Negro River basin: evaluation based on in situ and spatial altimetry data, Hydrol. Process., 24, 3219–3236, 2010. \bibitem []{} Grippa, M., Mognard, N. M., Letoan, T., and Josberger, E. G.: Siberia snow depth climatology from SSM/I data using a combined dynamic and static algorithm, Remote Sens. Environ., 93, 30–41, 2004. \bibitem []{} Grippa, M., Kergoat, L., Frappart, F., Araud, Q., Boone, A., de Rosnay, P., Lemoine, J.-M., Gascoin, S., Balsamo, G., Ottlé, C., Decharme, B., Saux-Picart, S., and Ramillien, G.: Land water storage variability over West Africa estimated by GRACE and land surface models, Water Resour. Res., Water Resour. Res., 47, W05549, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008856, 2011. \bibitem []{} Habets, F., Boone, A., Champeaux, J.-L., Etchevers, P., Franchistéguy, L., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., Morel, S., Noilhan, J., Quintana Segu\`i, P., Rousset-Regimbeau, F., and Viennot, P.: The SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU hydrometeorological model applied over France, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D06113, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008548, 2008. \bibitem[]{} Haines, B., Dunn, C., Kim, J., Bar-Sever, Y., Desai, S., Kuang, D., Franklin, G., Harris, I., Kruizinga, G., Meehan, T., Nandi, S., Nguyen, D., Rogstad, T., Thomas, J. B., Tien, J., Romans, L., Watkins, M., Wu, S. C., Bettadpur, S., and Bertiger, W.: Instrument of GRACE: GPS augments gravity measurements, GPS World, 14, 16–28, 2003. \bibitem []{} Houweling, S., Kaminski, T., Dentener, F., Lelieveld, J., and Heinmann, M.: Inverse modeling of methane sources and sinks using adjoint of a global transport model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 26137–26160, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900428, 1999. \bibitem []{} Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Bolvin, D. T., Gu, G., Nelkin, E. J., Bowman, K. P., Hong, Y., Stocker, E. F., and Wolff, D. B.: The TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA): Quasiglobal, multiyear, combined-sensor precipitation estimates at fine scales, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 3855, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM560.1, 2007. \bibitem []{} Kim, H., Yeh, P. J.-F., Oki, T., and Kanae, S.: Role of rivers in the seasonal variations of terrestrial water storage over global basins, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L17402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039006, 2009. \bibitem[]{} Koster, R. D., Suarez, M., Ducharne, A., Stieglitz, M., and Kumar, P.: A catchment-based approach to modeling land surface processes in a general circulation model. Part 1: Model structure, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24809–24822, 2000. \bibitem[]{} Koster, R. D., Dirmeyer, P. A., Hahmann, A. N., Ijpelaar, R., Tyahla, L., Cox, P., and Suarez, M. J.: Comparing the degree of landatmosphere interaction in four atmospheric general circulation models, J. Hydrometeorol., 3, 363–375, 2002. \bibitem []{} Knighton, E.: Fluvial forms and processes: A new perspective, Edward Arnold, London, 383 pp., 1998. \bibitem []{} Lawrence, D. M. and Slater, A. G.: Incorporating organic soil into a global climate model, Clim. Dynam., 30, 145–160, 2007. \bibitem []{} Laws, K. B., Janowiak, J. E., and Huffman, J. G.: Verification of rainfall estimates over Africa using RFE, NASA MPA-RT and CMORPH, AMS 18th Conference on Hydrology, Seattle, Washington, 2004. \bibitem []{} Lee, H., Durand, M., Jung, H. C., Alsdorf, D., Shum, C. K., and Sheng, Y.: Characterization of surface water storage changes in Arctic lakes using simulated SWOT measurements, Int. J. Remote Sens., 31, 3931–3953, 2010. \bibitem[]{} Lehner, B. and Döll, P.: Developement and validation of a global database of lakes, 881 reservoirs and wetlands, J. Hydrol., 296, 1–22, 2004. \bibitem[]{} Leon, J. G., Calmant, S., Seyler, F., Bonnet, M.-P., Cauhopé, M., Frappart, F., Filizola, N., and Fraizy, P.: Rating curves and estimation of average water depth at the upper Negro River based on satellite altimeter data and modeled discharges, J. Hydrol., 328, 481–496, 2008. \bibitem[]{} Leopold, L. B., Wolman, M. G., and Miller, J. P.: Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1964. \bibitem []{} Lunetta, R. S., Knight, J. F., Ediriwickrema, J., Lyon, J. G., and Worthy, L. D.: Land-cover change detection using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data, Remote Sens. Environ., 105, 142–154, 2006. \bibitem []{} Lyon, J. G., Yuan, D., Lunetta, R. S., and Elvidge, C. D.: A change detection experiment using vegetation indices, Photogramm. Eng. Rem. S., 64, 143–150, 1998. \bibitem[]{} Mahe, G., Bamba, A., Soumaguel, A., Orange, D., and Olivry, J.-C.: Water losses in the inner delta of the River Niger: water balance and flooded area, Hydrol. Process., 23, 3157–3160, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7389, 2009. \bibitem []{} Matthews, E.: Wetlands, in Atmospheric Methane: Its Role in the Global Environment, edited by: Khalil, M. A. K., Springer, New York, 202–233, 2000. \bibitem []{} Meynadier, R., Bock, O., Guichard, F., Boone, A., Roucou, P., and Redelsperger, J.-L.: The West African Monsoon water cycle. Part I: a hybrid water budget dataset, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D19106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD013917, 2010. \bibitem []{} Miller, J. R., Russell, G. L., and Caliri, G.: Continental scale river flow in climate models, J. Climate, 7, 914–928, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0914:CSRFIC>2.0.CO;2, 1994. \bibitem []{} Molod, A., Salmun, H., and Waugh, D.: The Impact on a GCM Climate of an Extended Mosaic Technique for the Land – Atmosphere Coupling, J. Climate, 17, 3877–3891, 2004. \bibitem []{} Moody, J. A. and Troutman, B. M.: Characterization of the spatial variability of channel morphology, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 27, 1251–1266, 2002. \bibitem []{} Noilhan, J. and Planton, S.: A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models, Mon. Weather Rev., 117, 536–549, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<0536:ASPOLS>2.0.CO;2, 1989. \bibitem []{} Oki, T. and Sud, Y. C.: Design of total runoff integrating pathways (TRIP), Earth Interact., 2, 136, https://doi.org/10.1175/1087-3562(1998)002<0001:DOTRIP>2.3.CO;2, 1998. \bibitem []{} Oki, T., Nishimura, T., and Dirmeyer, P.: Assessment of annual runoff from land surface models using Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP), J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 77, 235–255, 1999. \bibitem[]{} Papa, F., Guntner, A., Frappart, F., Prigent, C., and Rossow, W. B.: Variations of surface water extent and water storage in large river basins: A comparison of different global data sources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L11401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033857, 2008. \bibitem[]{} Papa, F., Durand, F., Rossow, W. B., Rahman, A., and Bala, S. K.: Satellite altimeter derived monthly discharge of the Ganga Brahmaputra River and its seasonal to interannual variations from 1993 to 2008, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006075, 2010a. \bibitem []{} Papa, F., Prigent, C., Aires, F., Jimenez, C., Rossow, W. B., and Matthews, E.: Interannual variability of surface water extent at the global scale, 1993–2004 , J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 115, D12111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012674, 2010b. \bibitem []{} Pierre, C., Bergametti, G., Marticorena, B., Mougin, E., Lebel, T., and Ali, A.: Pluriannual comparisons of satellite based rainfall products over the Sahelian belt for seasonal vegetation modelling, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D18201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016115, 2011. \bibitem[]{} Portmann F. T., Siebert, S., and Döll, P. : Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas 926 around the year 2000: A new hight-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological 927 modeling. Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB1011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003435, 2010. \bibitem []{} Prigent, C., Matthews, E., Aires, F., and Rossow, W. B.: Remote sensing of global wetland dynamics with multiple satellite data set, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4631–4634, 2001. \bibitem []{} Prigent, C., Papa, F., Aires, F., Rossow, W. B., and Matthews, E.: Global inundation dynamics inferred from multiple satellite observations, 1993–2000, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12107, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007847, 2007. \bibitem []{} Redelsperger, J.-L., Thorncroft, C. D., Diedhiou, A., Lebel, T., Parker, D. J., and Polcher, J.: African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis: An international research project and field campaign, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 1739–1746, 2006. \bibitem[]{} Roddel, M., Velicogna, I., and Famiglietti, J. S.: Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India, Nature, 460, 999–1003, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08238, 2009. \bibitem []{} Rodriguez, E.: SWOT science requirements Document, JPL document, Initial release, 2009. \bibitem []{} Rodriguez, E. and Moller, D.: Measuring surface water from space, Eos Trans. AGU, 85, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract H22C-08, 2004. \bibitem []{} Sausen, R., Schubert, S., and Dumenil, L.: A model of river runoff for use in coupled atmosphere ocean models, J. Hydrol. Amsterdam, 155, 337–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90177-5, 1994. \bibitem []{} Sheffield, J., Goteti, G., and Wood, E. F.: Development of a 50-year high-resolution global data set of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling, J. Climate, 19, 3088–3111, 2006. \bibitem []{} Swenson, S., Wahr, J., and Milly, P.: Estimated accuracies of regional water storage variations inferred from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Water Resour. Res., 39, 1223, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001808, 2003. \bibitem[]{} Tapley, B. D., Bettadpur, S., Ries, J. C., Thompson,P. F., and Watkins, M. M.: GRACE measurements of mass variability in the Earth system, Science, 305, 503–505, 2004. \bibitem []{} Taylor, C. M.: Feedbacks on precipitation from an African wetland, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L05406, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041652, 2010. \bibitem []{} Taylor, C. M., Gounou, A., Guichard, F., Harris, P. P., Ellis, R. J., Couvreux, F., and De Cauwe, M.: Frequency of Sahelian storm initiation enhanced over mesoscale soil-moisture patterns, Nat. Geosci., 4, 430–433, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1173, 2011. \bibitem[]{} Verdin, K. L. and Greenlee, S. K.: Development of continental scale digital elevation models and extraction of hydrographic features, in: Proceedings, Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 21–26 January 1996, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Santa Barbara, California, 1996. \bibitem[]{} Vergnes, J.-P., Decharme, B., Alkama, R., Martin, E., Habets, F., and Douville, H.: A Simple Groundwater Scheme for Hydrological and Climate Applications: Description and Off-line Evaluation over France, J. Hydrometeorol., online first: https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-0149.1, 2012. \bibitem[]{} Vermote, E., El Salleous, N., and Justice, C. O.: Atmospheric correction of MODIS data in the visible to near infrared: first results, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 97–111, 2002. \bibitem []{} Vorosmarty, C. J., Moore III, B., Grace, A. L., Gildea, M. P., Melillo, J. M., Peterson, B. J., Rastetter, E. B., and Steudler, P. A.: Continental scale models of water balance and fluvial transport: An application to South America, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 3, 241–265, https://doi.org/10.1029/GB003i003p00241, 1989. \bibitem []{} Wahr, J., Swenson, S., Zlotnicki, V., and Velicogna, I.: Timevariable gravity from GRACE: First results, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019779, 2004. \bibitem []{} Wigneron, J. P., Calvet, J. C., Pellarin, T., Van de Griend, A., Berger, M., and Ferrazzoli, P.: Retrieving near-surface soil moisture from microwave radiometric observations: current status and future plans, Remote Sens. Environ., 85, 489–506, 2003. \bibitem []{} Yamazaki, D., Oki, T., and Kanae, S.: Deriving a global river network map and its sub-grid topographic characteristics from a fine-resolution flow direction map, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2241–2251, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2241-2009, 2009. \bibitem []{}Yamazaki, D., Kanae, S., Kim, H., and Oki, T.: A physically-based description of floodplain inundation dynamics in a global river routing model. Water Resour. Res. 47, W04501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009726, 2011. \bibitem []{} Zagona, E. A., Fulp, T. J., Shane, R., Magee, T., and Goranflo, H. M.: RiverWare: A generalized tool for complex reservoir system modeling, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb05522.x, 2001.