Articles | Volume 24, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5203-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5203-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
10 Nov 2020
Research article |
| 10 Nov 2020
| 10 Nov 2020
Testing water fluxes and storage from two hydrology configurations within the ORCHIDEE land surface model across US semi-arid sites
Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
Russell L. Scott
Southwest Watershed Research Center, United States Agricultural Department, Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
Joel A. Biederman
Southwest Watershed Research Center, United States Agricultural Department, Agricultural Research Service, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
Catherine Ottlé
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universiteì Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
Nicolas Vuichard
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universiteì Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
Agnès Ducharne
UMR METIS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, Paris, 75005, France
Thomas Kolb
School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
Sabina Dore
Hydrofocus, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA
Marcy Litvak
Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
David J. P. Moore
School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Related authors
Rubaya Pervin, Scott Robeson, Mallory Barnes, Stephen Sitch, Anthony Walker, Ben Poulter, Fabienne Maignan, Qing Sun, Thomas Colligan, Sönke Zaehle, Kashif Mahmud, Peter Anthoni, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Vladislav Bastrikov, Liam Bogucki, Bertrand Decharme, Christine Delire, Stefanie Falk, Akihiko Ito, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Jürgen Knauer, Michael O’Sullivan, Wenping Yuan, and Natasha MacBean
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2841, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2841, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Drylands contribute more than a third of the global vegetation productivity. Yet, these regions are not well represented in global vegetation models. Here, we tested how well 15 global models capture annual changes in dryland vegetation productivity. Models that didn’t have vegetation change over time or fire have lower variability in vegetation productivity. Models need better representation of grass cover types and their coverage. Our work highlights where and how these models need to improve.
Cédric Bacour, Natasha MacBean, Frédéric Chevallier, Sébastien Léonard, Ernest N. Koffi, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 20, 1089–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of assimilating different dataset combinations on regional to global-scale C budgets is explored with the ORCHIDEE model. Assimilating simultaneously multiple datasets is preferable to optimize the values of the model parameters and avoid model overfitting. The challenges in constraining soil C disequilibrium using atmospheric CO2 data are highlighted for an accurate prediction of the land sink distribution.
Rodrigo San Martin, Catherine Ottlé, Anna Sorenssön, Pradeebane Vattinada Ayar, Florent Mouillot, and Marielle Malfante
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3484, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3484, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied wildfires in the Gran Chaco, one of the world's largest dry forests, to understand why some fires grow larger than others. By analyzing fire size and weather conditions during burning, we found that strong winds and low humidity were key drivers of fire expansion. This work helps improve our understanding of extreme fire events and supports better fire risk management in dry ecosystems.
Rubaya Pervin, Scott Robeson, Mallory Barnes, Stephen Sitch, Anthony Walker, Ben Poulter, Fabienne Maignan, Qing Sun, Thomas Colligan, Sönke Zaehle, Kashif Mahmud, Peter Anthoni, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Vladislav Bastrikov, Liam Bogucki, Bertrand Decharme, Christine Delire, Stefanie Falk, Akihiko Ito, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Jürgen Knauer, Michael O’Sullivan, Wenping Yuan, and Natasha MacBean
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2841, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2841, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Drylands contribute more than a third of the global vegetation productivity. Yet, these regions are not well represented in global vegetation models. Here, we tested how well 15 global models capture annual changes in dryland vegetation productivity. Models that didn’t have vegetation change over time or fire have lower variability in vegetation productivity. Models need better representation of grass cover types and their coverage. Our work highlights where and how these models need to improve.
Elodie Salmon, Bertrand Guenet, and Agnès Ducharne
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3511, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3511, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth System Dynamics (ESD).
Short summary
Short summary
Soil organic carbon stockage is a key process to mitigate climate change and is intertwined with soil temperature and moisture and of other secondary soil properties. This study shows the significance of secondary drivers in the relationship between soil moisture and microbial efficiency in soil organic carbon degradation. Using empirical relationships in a global ecosystem model enhanced significantly the heterogeneous spatial pattern of soil organic carbon stock and carbon dioxide fluxes.
Zacharie Titus, Amélie Cuynet, Elodie Salmon, and Catherine Ottlé
The Cryosphere, 19, 2105–2114, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2105-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2105-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The representation of lake ice dynamics is key to model water–atmosphere energy and mass transfers in cold environments. The use of albedo satellite products to constrain the modeling of ice coverage appears to be very suitable and valuable. In this work, we show how the modeling of lake albedo and ice phenology in the land surface model ORCHIDEE was improved by accounting for fractional ice cover calibrated against lake surface albedo data.
Amali A. Amali, Clemens Schwingshackl, Akihiko Ito, Alina Barbu, Christine Delire, Daniele Peano, David M. Lawrence, David Wårlind, Eddy Robertson, Edouard L. Davin, Elena Shevliakova, Ian N. Harman, Nicolas Vuichard, Paul A. Miller, Peter J. Lawrence, Tilo Ziehn, Tomohiro Hajima, Victor Brovkin, Yanwu Zhang, Vivek K. Arora, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 803–840, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-803-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-803-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explored the impact of anthropogenic land-use change (LUC) on climate dynamics, focusing on biogeophysical (BGP) and biogeochemical (BGC) effects using data from the Land Use Model Intercomparison Project (LUMIP) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6). We found that LUC-induced carbon emissions contribute to a BGC warming of 0.21 °C, with BGC effects dominating globally over BGP effects, which show regional variability. Our findings highlight discrepancies in model simulations and emphasize the need for improved representations of LUC processes.
Eric Sauquet, Guillaume Evin, Sonia Siauve, Ryma Aissat, Patrick Arnaud, Maud Bérel, Jérémie Bonneau, Flora Branger, Yvan Caballero, François Colléoni, Agnès Ducharne, Joël Gailhard, Florence Habets, Frédéric Hendrickx, Louis Héraut, Benoît Hingray, Peng Huang, Tristan Jaouen, Alexis Jeantet, Sandra Lanini, Matthieu Le Lay, Claire Magand, Louise Mimeau, Céline Monteil, Simon Munier, Charles Perrin, Olivier Robelin, Fabienne Rousset, Jean-Michel Soubeyroux, Laurent Strohmenger, Guillaume Thirel, Flore Tocquer, Yves Tramblay, Jean-Pierre Vergnes, and Jean-Philippe Vidal
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1788, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1788, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
The Explore2 project has provided an unprecedented set of hydrological projections in terms of the number of hydrological models used and the spatial and temporal resolution. The results have been made available through various media. Under the high-emission scenario, the hydrological models mostly agree on the decrease in seasonal flows in the south of France, confirming its hotspot status, and on the decrease in summer flows throughout France, with the exception of the northern part of France.
Cheng Gong, Yan Wang, Hanqin Tian, Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, Nicolas Vuichard, and Sönke Zaehle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1416, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1416, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our results showed substantially varied fertilizer-induced soil NOx emissions in 2019 from 0.84 to 2.2 Tg N yr-1 globally. Such variations further lead to 0.3 to 3.3 ppbv summertime ozone enhancement in agricultural hotspot regions and 7.1 ppbv to 16.6 ppbv reductions in global methane concentrations
Pedro Felipe Arboleda-Obando, Agnès Ducharne, Frédérique Cheruy, and Josefine Ghattas
Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2024-41, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-2024-41, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for ESD
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of irrigation under climate change is analyzed between 1950 and 2100. Results indicate that the influence of irrigation on evapotranspiration in irrigated areas increases in the future (compared to an historical period). Also, the effect of irrigation on water resources is also higher in the future than in the historical period. Finally, we identify areas where future hydroclimate conditions can limit irrigation, or areas where irrigation can increase tensions around water use.
Maureen Beaudor, Didier Hauglustaine, Juliette Lathière, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, and Nicolas Vuichard
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 2017–2046, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2017-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-2017-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Agriculture is the biggest ammonia (NH3) source, impacting air quality, climate, and ecosystems. Because of food demand, NH3 emissions are projected to rise by 2100. Using a global model, we analyzed the impact of present and future NH3 emissions generated from a land model. Our results show improved ammonia patterns compared to a reference inventory. Future scenarios predict up to 70 % increase in global NH3 burden, with significant changes in radiative forcing that can greatly elevate N2O.
Luis-Enrique Olivera-Guerra, Catherine Ottlé, Nina Raoult, and Philippe Peylin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 261–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-261-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-261-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assimilate the recent ESA-CCI land surface temperature (LST) product to optimize parameters of a land surface model (ORCHIDEE). We test different assimilation strategies to evaluate the best strategy over various in situ stations across Europe. We also provide advice on how to assimilate this LST product to better simulate LST and surface energy fluxes. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this optimization, which is essential to better simulate future projections.
Gab Abramowitz, Anna Ukkola, Sanaa Hobeichi, Jon Cranko Page, Mathew Lipson, Martin G. De Kauwe, Samuel Green, Claire Brenner, Jonathan Frame, Grey Nearing, Martyn Clark, Martin Best, Peter Anthoni, Gabriele Arduini, Souhail Boussetta, Silvia Caldararu, Kyeungwoo Cho, Matthias Cuntz, David Fairbairn, Craig R. Ferguson, Hyungjun Kim, Yeonjoo Kim, Jürgen Knauer, David Lawrence, Xiangzhong Luo, Sergey Malyshev, Tomoko Nitta, Jerome Ogee, Keith Oleson, Catherine Ottlé, Phillipe Peylin, Patricia de Rosnay, Heather Rumbold, Bob Su, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Xiaoni Wang-Faivre, Yunfei Wang, and Yijian Zeng
Biogeosciences, 21, 5517–5538, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5517-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper evaluates land models – computer-based models that simulate ecosystem dynamics; land carbon, water, and energy cycles; and the role of land in the climate system. It uses machine learning and AI approaches to show that, despite the complexity of land models, they do not perform nearly as well as they could given the amount of information they are provided with about the prediction problem.
Jacob A. Nelson, Sophia Walther, Fabian Gans, Basil Kraft, Ulrich Weber, Kimberly Novick, Nina Buchmann, Mirco Migliavacca, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ladislav Šigut, Andreas Ibrom, Dario Papale, Mathias Göckede, Gregory Duveiller, Alexander Knohl, Lukas Hörtnagl, Russell L. Scott, Jiří Dušek, Weijie Zhang, Zayd Mahmoud Hamdi, Markus Reichstein, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Jonas Ardö, Maarten Op de Beeck, Dave Billesbach, David Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Christian Brümmer, Gustau Camps-Valls, Shiping Chen, Jamie Rose Cleverly, Ankur Desai, Gang Dong, Tarek S. El-Madany, Eugenie Susanne Euskirchen, Iris Feigenwinter, Marta Galvagno, Giacomo A. Gerosa, Bert Gielen, Ignacio Goded, Sarah Goslee, Christopher Michael Gough, Bernard Heinesch, Kazuhito Ichii, Marcin Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Anne Klosterhalfen, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Mika Korkiakoski, Ivan Mammarella, Mana Gharun, Riccardo Marzuoli, Roser Matamala, Stefan Metzger, Leonardo Montagnani, Giacomo Nicolini, Thomas O'Halloran, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Borja Ruiz Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Marius Schmidt, Christopher R. Schwalm, Ankit Shekhar, Richard Silberstein, Maria Lucia Silveira, Donatella Spano, Torbern Tagesson, Gianluca Tramontana, Carlo Trotta, Fabio Turco, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Enrique R. Vivoni, Yi Wang, William Woodgate, Enrico A. Yepez, Junhui Zhang, Donatella Zona, and Martin Jung
Biogeosciences, 21, 5079–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5079-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of water, carbon, and energy from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere, or flux, is an important process to understand because it impacts our lives. Here, we outline a method called FLUXCOM-X to estimate global water and CO2 fluxes based on direct measurements from sites around the world. We go on to demonstrate how these new estimates of net CO2 uptake/loss, gross CO2 uptake, total water evaporation, and transpiration from plants compare to previous and independent estimates.
Sylvie Charbit, Christophe Dumas, Fabienne Maignan, Catherine Ottlé, Nina Raoult, Xavier Fettweis, and Philippe Conesa
The Cryosphere, 18, 5067–5099, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5067-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5067-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of the Greenland ice sheet is highly dependent on surface melting and therefore on the processes operating at the snow–atmosphere interface and within the snow cover. Here we present new developments to apply a snow model to the Greenland ice sheet. The performance of this model is analysed in terms of its ability to simulate ablation processes. Our analysis shows that the model performs well when compared with the MAR regional polar atmospheric model.
Peng Huang, Agnès Ducharne, Lucia Rinchiuso, Jan Polcher, Laure Baratgin, Vladislav Bastrikov, and Eric Sauquet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4455–4476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4455-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4455-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted a high-resolution hydrological simulation from 1959 to 2020 across France. We used a simple trial-and-error calibration to reduce the biases of the simulated water budget compared to observations. The selected simulation satisfactorily reproduces water fluxes, including their spatial contrasts and temporal trends. This work offers a reliable historical overview of water resources and a robust configuration for climate change impact analysis at the nationwide scale of France.
Jaime A. Riano Sanchez, Nicolas Vuichard, and Philippe Peylin
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1227–1253, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1227-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1227-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the projected change in land carbon store (CLCS) for different socioeconomic scenarios (SSPs). Using factorial simulations of a land surface model, we estimate the CLCS uncertainties associated with land use change (LUC) and nitrogen (N) deposition trajectories. Our study highlights the need for delivering additional LUC and N deposition trajectories from integrated assessment models for each SSP in order to accurately assess their impacts on the carbon cycle and climate.
Nina Raoult, Simon Beylat, James M. Salter, Frédéric Hourdin, Vladislav Bastrikov, Catherine Ottlé, and Philippe Peylin
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5779–5801, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5779-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5779-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use computer models to predict how the land surface will respond to climate change. However, these complex models do not always simulate what we observe in real life, limiting their effectiveness. To improve their accuracy, we use sophisticated statistical and computational techniques. We test a technique called history matching against more common approaches. This method adapts well to these models, helping us better understand how they work and therefore how to make them more realistic.
Hanqin Tian, Naiqing Pan, Rona L. Thompson, Josep G. Canadell, Parvadha Suntharalingam, Pierre Regnier, Eric A. Davidson, Michael Prather, Philippe Ciais, Marilena Muntean, Shufen Pan, Wilfried Winiwarter, Sönke Zaehle, Feng Zhou, Robert B. Jackson, Hermann W. Bange, Sarah Berthet, Zihao Bian, Daniele Bianchi, Alexander F. Bouwman, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Geoffrey Dutton, Minpeng Hu, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Aurich Jeltsch-Thömmes, Fortunat Joos, Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, Paul B. Krummel, Xin Lan, Angela Landolfi, Ronny Lauerwald, Ya Li, Chaoqun Lu, Taylor Maavara, Manfredi Manizza, Dylan B. Millet, Jens Mühle, Prabir K. Patra, Glen P. Peters, Xiaoyu Qin, Peter Raymond, Laure Resplandy, Judith A. Rosentreter, Hao Shi, Qing Sun, Daniele Tonina, Francesco N. Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Junjie Wang, Kelley C. Wells, Luke M. Western, Chris Wilson, Jia Yang, Yuanzhi Yao, Yongfa You, and Qing Zhu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2543–2604, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2543-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2543-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas 273 times more potent than carbon dioxide, have increased by 25 % since the preindustrial period, with the highest observed growth rate in 2020 and 2021. This rapid growth rate has primarily been due to a 40 % increase in anthropogenic emissions since 1980. Observed atmospheric N2O concentrations in recent years have exceeded the worst-case climate scenario, underscoring the importance of reducing anthropogenic N2O emissions.
Pedro Felipe Arboleda-Obando, Agnès Ducharne, Zun Yin, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 2141–2164, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2141-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2141-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a new irrigation scheme included in the ORCHIDEE land surface model. The new irrigation scheme restrains irrigation due to water shortage, includes water adduction, and represents environmental limits and facilities to access water, due to representing infrastructure in a simple way. Our results show that the new irrigation scheme helps simulate acceptable land surface conditions and fluxes in irrigated areas, even if there are difficulties due to shortcomings and limited information.
Nina Raoult, Louis-Axel Edouard-Rambaut, Nicolas Vuichard, Vladislav Bastrikov, Anne Sofie Lansø, Bertrand Guenet, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 21, 1017–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Observations are used to reduce uncertainty in land surface models (LSMs) by optimising poorly constraining parameters. However, optimising against current conditions does not necessarily ensure that the parameters treated as invariant will be robust in a changing climate. Manipulation experiments offer us a unique chance to optimise our models under different (here atmospheric CO2) conditions. By using these data in optimisations, we gain confidence in the future projections of LSMs.
Mickaël Lalande, Martin Ménégoz, Gerhard Krinner, Catherine Ottlé, and Frédérique Cheruy
The Cryosphere, 17, 5095–5130, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5095-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5095-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of topography on snow cover parameterizations using models and observations. Parameterizations without topography-based considerations overestimate snow cover. Incorporating topography reduces snow overestimation by 5–10 % in mountains, in turn reducing cold biases. However, some biases remain, requiring further calibration and more data. Assessing snow cover parameterizations is challenging due to limited and uncertain data in mountainous regions.
Martin Schwartz, Philippe Ciais, Aurélien De Truchis, Jérôme Chave, Catherine Ottlé, Cedric Vega, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Manuel Nicolas, Sami Jouaber, Siyu Liu, Martin Brandt, and Ibrahim Fayad
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4927–4945, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4927-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4927-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As forests play a key role in climate-related issues, their accurate monitoring is critical to reduce global carbon emissions effectively. Based on open-access remote-sensing sensors, and artificial intelligence methods, we created high-resolution tree height, wood volume, and biomass maps of metropolitan France that outperform previous products. This study, based on freely available data, provides essential information to support climate-efficient forest management policies at a low cost.
Sian Kou-Giesbrecht, Vivek K. Arora, Christian Seiler, Almut Arneth, Stefanie Falk, Atul K. Jain, Fortunat Joos, Daniel Kennedy, Jürgen Knauer, Stephen Sitch, Michael O'Sullivan, Naiqing Pan, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Nicolas Vuichard, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Dynam., 14, 767–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-767-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-767-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen (N) is an essential limiting nutrient to terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration. We evaluate N cycling in an ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models. We find that variability in N processes across models is large. Models tended to overestimate C storage per unit N in vegetation and soil, which could have consequences for projecting the future terrestrial C sink. However, N cycling measurements are highly uncertain, and more are necessary to guide the development of N cycling in models.
Nina Raoult, Sylvie Charbit, Christophe Dumas, Fabienne Maignan, Catherine Ottlé, and Vladislav Bastrikov
The Cryosphere, 17, 2705–2724, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2705-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2705-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Greenland ice sheet melting due to global warming could significantly impact global sea-level rise. The ice sheet's albedo, i.e. how reflective the surface is, affects the melting speed. The ORCHIDEE computer model is used to simulate albedo and snowmelt to make predictions. However, the albedo in ORCHIDEE is lower than that observed using satellites. To correct this, we change model parameters (e.g. the rate of snow decay) to reduce the difference between simulated and observed values.
Jan Polcher, Anthony Schrapffer, Eliott Dupont, Lucia Rinchiuso, Xudong Zhou, Olivier Boucher, Emmanuel Mouche, Catherine Ottlé, and Jérôme Servonnat
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2583–2606, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2583-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2583-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The proposed graphs of hydrological sub-grid elements for atmospheric models allow us to integrate the topographical elements needed in land surface models for a realistic representation of horizontal water and energy transport. The study demonstrates the numerical properties of the automatically built graphs and the simulated water flows.
Kandice L. Harper, Céline Lamarche, Andrew Hartley, Philippe Peylin, Catherine Ottlé, Vladislav Bastrikov, Rodrigo San Martín, Sylvia I. Bohnenstengel, Grit Kirches, Martin Boettcher, Roman Shevchuk, Carsten Brockmann, and Pierre Defourny
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1465–1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1465-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1465-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We built a spatially explicit annual plant-functional-type (PFT) dataset for 1992–2020 exhibiting intra-class spatial variability in PFT fractional cover at 300 m. For each year, 14 maps of percentage cover are produced: bare soil, water, permanent snow/ice, built, managed grasses, natural grasses, and trees and shrubs, each split into leaf type and seasonality. Model simulations indicate significant differences in simulated carbon, water, and energy fluxes in some regions using this new set.
Cédric Bacour, Natasha MacBean, Frédéric Chevallier, Sébastien Léonard, Ernest N. Koffi, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 20, 1089–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of assimilating different dataset combinations on regional to global-scale C budgets is explored with the ORCHIDEE model. Assimilating simultaneously multiple datasets is preferable to optimize the values of the model parameters and avoid model overfitting. The challenges in constraining soil C disequilibrium using atmospheric CO2 data are highlighted for an accurate prediction of the land sink distribution.
Maureen Beaudor, Nicolas Vuichard, Juliette Lathière, Nikolaos Evangeliou, Martin Van Damme, Lieven Clarisse, and Didier Hauglustaine
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1053–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia mainly comes from the agricultural sector, and its volatilization relies on environmental variables. Our approach aims at benefiting from an Earth system model framework to estimate it. By doing so, we represent a consistent spatial distribution of the emissions' response to environmental changes.
We greatly improved the seasonal cycle of emissions compared with previous work. In addition, our model includes natural soil emissions (that are rarely represented in modeling approaches).
Matthew P. Dannenberg, Mallory L. Barnes, William K. Smith, Miriam R. Johnston, Susan K. Meerdink, Xian Wang, Russell L. Scott, and Joel A. Biederman
Biogeosciences, 20, 383–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's drylands provide ecosystem services to many people and will likely be strongly affected by climate change, but it is quite challenging to monitor the productivity and water use of dryland plants with satellites. We developed and tested an approach for estimating dryland vegetation activity using machine learning to combine information from multiple satellite sensors. Our approach excelled at estimating photosynthesis and water use largely due to the inclusion of satellite soil moisture.
Yuan Zhang, Devaraju Narayanappa, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, Daniel Goll, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin G. De Kauwe, Laurent Li, and Fabienne Maignan
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 9111–9125, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-9111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There are a few studies to examine if current models correctly represented the complex processes of transpiration. Here, we use a coefficient Ω, which indicates if transpiration is mainly controlled by vegetation processes or by turbulence, to evaluate the ORCHIDEE model. We found a good performance of ORCHIDEE, but due to compensation of biases in different processes, we also identified how different factors control Ω and where the model is wrong. Our method is generic to evaluate other models.
Anthony Bernus and Catherine Ottlé
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4275–4295, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4275-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4275-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The lake model FLake was coupled to the ORCHIDEE land surface model to simulate lake energy balance at global scale with a multi-tile approach. Several simulations were performed with various atmospheric reanalyses and different lake depth parameterizations. The simulated lake surface temperature showed good agreement with observations (RMSEs of the order of 3 °C). We showed the large impact of the atmospheric forcing on lake temperature. We highlighted systematic errors on ice cover phenology.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Matthew W. Jones, Michael O'Sullivan, Robbie M. Andrew, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Rob B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Peter Anthoni, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Laurent Bopp, Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Kim I. Currie, Bertrand Decharme, Laique M. Djeutchouang, Xinyu Dou, Wiley Evans, Richard A. Feely, Liang Feng, Thomas Gasser, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Giacomo Grassi, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Atul Jain, Steve D. Jones, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Arne Körtzinger, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Sebastian Lienert, Junjie Liu, Gregg Marland, Patrick C. McGuire, Joe R. Melton, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Tsuneo Ono, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Gregor Rehder, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Clemens Schwingshackl, Roland Séférian, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1917–2005, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Irina Melnikova, Olivier Boucher, Patricia Cadule, Katsumasa Tanaka, Thomas Gasser, Tomohiro Hajima, Yann Quilcaille, Hideo Shiogama, Roland Séférian, Kaoru Tachiiri, Nicolas Vuichard, Tokuta Yokohata, and Philippe Ciais
Earth Syst. Dynam., 13, 779–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The deployment of bioenergy crops for capturing carbon from the atmosphere facilitates global warming mitigation via generating negative CO2 emissions. Here, we explored the consequences of large-scale energy crops deployment on the land carbon cycle. The land-use change for energy crops leads to carbon emissions and loss of future potential increase in carbon uptake by natural ecosystems. This impact should be taken into account by the modeling teams and accounted for in mitigation policies.
Tom Gleeson, Thorsten Wagener, Petra Döll, Samuel C. Zipper, Charles West, Yoshihide Wada, Richard Taylor, Bridget Scanlon, Rafael Rosolem, Shams Rahman, Nurudeen Oshinlaja, Reed Maxwell, Min-Hui Lo, Hyungjun Kim, Mary Hill, Andreas Hartmann, Graham Fogg, James S. Famiglietti, Agnès Ducharne, Inge de Graaf, Mark Cuthbert, Laura Condon, Etienne Bresciani, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7545–7571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is increasingly being included in large-scale (continental to global) land surface and hydrologic simulations. However, it is challenging to evaluate these simulations because groundwater is
hiddenunderground and thus hard to measure. We suggest using multiple complementary strategies to assess the performance of a model (
model evaluation).
Axel P. Belemtougri, Agnès Ducharne, and Harouna Karambiri
Proc. IAHS, 384, 19–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-19-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-19-2021, 2021
Julia Bres, Pierre Sepulchre, Nicolas Viovy, and Nicolas Vuichard
Biogeosciences, 18, 5729–5750, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5729-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5729-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We emulate angiosperm paleo-traits in a land surface model according to the fossil record, and we assess this paleovegetation functioning under different pCO2 from the leaf scale to the global scale. We show that photosynthesis, transpiration and water-use efficiency are dependent on both the vegetation parameterization and the pCO2. Comparing the modeled vegetation with the fossil record, we provide clues on how to account for angiosperm evolutionary traits in paleoclimate simulations.
Jina Jeong, Jonathan Barichivich, Philippe Peylin, Vanessa Haverd, Matthew Joseph McGrath, Nicolas Vuichard, Michael Neil Evans, Flurin Babst, and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5891–5913, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5891-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5891-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have proposed and evaluated the use of four benchmarks that leverage tree-ring width observations to provide more nuanced verification targets for land-surface models (LSMs), which currently lack a long-term benchmark for forest ecosystem functioning. Using relatively unbiased European biomass network datasets, we identify the extent to which presumed biases in the much larger International Tree-Ring Data Bank might degrade the validation of LSMs.
Fabienne Maignan, Camille Abadie, Marine Remaud, Linda M. J. Kooijmans, Kukka-Maaria Kohonen, Róisín Commane, Richard Wehr, J. Elliott Campbell, Sauveur Belviso, Stephen A. Montzka, Nina Raoult, Ulli Seibt, Yoichi P. Shiga, Nicolas Vuichard, Mary E. Whelan, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 18, 2917–2955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2917-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2917-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The assimilation of carbonyl sulfide (COS) by continental vegetation has been proposed as a proxy for gross primary production (GPP). Using a land surface and a transport model, we compare a mechanistic representation of the plant COS uptake (Berry et al., 2013) to the classical leaf relative uptake (LRU) approach linking GPP and vegetation COS fluxes. We show that at high temporal resolutions a mechanistic approach is mandatory, but at large scales the LRU approach compares similarly.
William R. Wieder, Derek Pierson, Stevan Earl, Kate Lajtha, Sara G. Baer, Ford Ballantyne, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Sharon A. Billings, Laurel M. Brigham, Stephany S. Chacon, Jennifer Fraterrigo, Serita D. Frey, Katerina Georgiou, Marie-Anne de Graaff, A. Stuart Grandy, Melannie D. Hartman, Sarah E. Hobbie, Chris Johnson, Jason Kaye, Emily Kyker-Snowman, Marcy E. Litvak, Michelle C. Mack, Avni Malhotra, Jessica A. M. Moore, Knute Nadelhoffer, Craig Rasmussen, Whendee L. Silver, Benjamin N. Sulman, Xanthe Walker, and Samantha Weintraub
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1843–1854, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Data collected from research networks present opportunities to test theories and develop models about factors responsible for the long-term persistence and vulnerability of soil organic matter (SOM). Here we present the SOils DAta Harmonization database (SoDaH), a flexible database designed to harmonize diverse SOM datasets from multiple research networks.
Hiroki Mizuochi, Agnès Ducharne, Frédérique Cheruy, Josefine Ghattas, Amen Al-Yaari, Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Vladislav Bastrikov, Philippe Peylin, Fabienne Maignan, and Nicolas Vuichard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2199–2221, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2199-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2199-2021, 2021
Zun Yin, Catherine Ottlé, Philippe Ciais, Feng Zhou, Xuhui Wang, Polcher Jan, Patrice Dumas, Shushi Peng, Laurent Li, Xudong Zhou, Yan Bo, Yi Xi, and Shilong Piao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1133–1150, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1133-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1133-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We improved the irrigation module in a land surface model ORCHIDEE and developed a dam operation model with the aim to investigate how irrigation and dams affect the streamflow fluctuations of the Yellow River. Results show that irrigation mainly reduces the annual river flow. The dam operation, however, mainly affects streamflow variation. By considering two generic operation rules, flood control and base flow guarantee, our dam model can sustainably improve the simulation accuracy.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Lena R. Boysen, Victor Brovkin, Julia Pongratz, David M. Lawrence, Peter Lawrence, Nicolas Vuichard, Philippe Peylin, Spencer Liddicoat, Tomohiro Hajima, Yanwu Zhang, Matthias Rocher, Christine Delire, Roland Séférian, Vivek K. Arora, Lars Nieradzik, Peter Anthoni, Wim Thiery, Marysa M. Laguë, Deborah Lawrence, and Min-Hui Lo
Biogeosciences, 17, 5615–5638, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5615-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5615-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We find a biogeophysically induced global cooling with strong carbon losses in a 20 million square kilometre idealized deforestation experiment performed by nine CMIP6 Earth system models. It takes many decades for the temperature signal to emerge, with non-local effects playing an important role. Despite a consistent experimental setup, models diverge substantially in their climate responses. This study offers unprecedented insights for understanding land use change effects in CMIP6 models.
Yuan Zhang, Ana Bastos, Fabienne Maignan, Daniel Goll, Olivier Boucher, Laurent Li, Alessandro Cescatti, Nicolas Vuichard, Xiuzhi Chen, Christof Ammann, M. Altaf Arain, T. Andrew Black, Bogdan Chojnicki, Tomomichi Kato, Ivan Mammarella, Leonardo Montagnani, Olivier Roupsard, Maria J. Sanz, Lukas Siebicke, Marek Urbaniak, Francesco Primo Vaccari, Georg Wohlfahrt, Will Woodgate, and Philippe Ciais
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 5401–5423, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5401-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-5401-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We improved the ORCHIDEE LSM by distinguishing diffuse and direct light in canopy and evaluated the new model with observations from 159 sites. Compared with the old model, the new model has better sunny GPP and reproduced the diffuse light fertilization effect observed at flux sites. Our simulations also indicate different mechanisms causing the observed GPP enhancement under cloudy conditions at different times. The new model has the potential to study large-scale impacts of aerosol changes.
Tom Gleeson, Thorsten Wagener, Petra Döll, Samuel C. Zipper, Charles West, Yoshihide Wada, Richard Taylor, Bridget Scanlon, Rafael Rosolem, Shams Rahman, Nurudeen Oshinlaja, Reed Maxwell, Min-Hui Lo, Hyungjun Kim, Mary Hill, Andreas Hartmann, Graham Fogg, James S. Famiglietti, Agnès Ducharne, Inge de Graaf, Mark Cuthbert, Laura Condon, Etienne Bresciani, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-378, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-378, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Cited articles
Abramowitz, G., Leuning, R., Clark, M., and Pitman, A.:
Evaluating the performance of land surface models,
J. Climate, 21, 5468–5481, 2008.
Allen, C. D.:
Chapter 4 – Forest ecosystem reorganization underway in the Southwestern US: A preview of widespread forest changes in the Anthropocene?,
in: Forest Conservation and Management in the Anthropocene: Adaptation of Science, Policy and Practice,
edited by: Bixler, R. P. and Miller, C.,
University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 57–79, 2016.
Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., Delong, J. P., Fox, A. M., Brese, D. A., and Litvak, M. E.: Differential responses of production and respiration to temperature and moisture drive the carbon balance across a climatic gradient in New Mexico, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 410–424, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02269.x, 2011.
Archer, S. R. and Predick, K. I.: Climate Change and Ecosystems of the Southwestern United States, Rangelands, 30, 23–28, https://doi.org/10.2111/1551-501x(2008)30[23:ccaeot]2.0.co;2, 2008.
Ault, T. R., Cole, J. E., Overpeck, J. T., Pederson, G. T., and Meko, D. M.: Assessing the Risk of Persistent Drought Using Climate Model Simulations and Paleoclimate Data, J. Climate, 27, 7529–7549, https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00282.1, 2014.
Ault, T. R., Mankin, J. S., Cook, B. I., and Smerdon, J. E.:
Relative impacts of mitigation, temperature, and precipitation on 21st-century megadrought risk in the American Southwest,
Science Advances,
2, e1600873, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600873, 2016.
Baldocchi, D. D., Ma, S., Rambal, S., Misson, L., Ourcival, J.-M., Limousin, J.-M., Pereira, J., and Papale, D.:
On the differential advantages of evergreenness and deciduousness in mediterranean oak woodlands: a flux perspective,
Ecol. Appl.,
20, 1583–1597, https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2047.1, 2010.
Belnap, J., Weber, B., and Büdel, B.: Biological Soil Crusts: an Organizing Principle in Drylands, in Biological soil crusts: an organizing principle in drylands, edited by: Weber, B., Büdel, B., and Belnap, J., Springer, Cham, Switzerland, 3–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0, 2016.
Berg, A., Findell, K., Lintner, B., Giannini, A., Seneviratne, S., van den Hurk, B., Lorenz, R., Pitman, A., Hagemann, S., Meier, A., Cheruy, F., Ducharne, A., Malyshev, S., and Milly, P. C. D.:
Land-atmosphere feedbacks amplify aridity increase over land under global warning,
Nat. Clim. Change,
6, 869–874, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3029, 2016.
Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G., Johnson, H. R., Pitman, A. J., Balsamo, G., Boone, A., Cuntz, M., Decharme, B., Dirmeyer, P. A., Dong, J., Ek, M., Guo, Z., Haverd, V., Van Den Hurk, B. J. J., Nearing, G. S., Pak, B., Peters-Lidard, C., Santanello, J. A., Stevens, L., and Vuichard, N.:
The Plumbing of Land Surface Models: Benchmarking Model Performance,
J. Hydrometeorol.,
16, 1425–1442, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0158.1, 2015.
Biederman, J. A., Scott, R. L., Goulden, M. L., Vargas, R., Litvak, M. E., Kolb, T. E., Yepez, E. A., Oechel, W. C., Blanken, P. D., Bell, T. W., Garatuza-Payan, J., Maurer, G. E., Dore, S., and Burns, S. P.:
Terrestrial carbon balance in a drier world: the effects of water availability in southwestern North America,
Global Change Biol.,
22, 1867–1879, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13222, 2016.
Biederman, J. A., Scott, R. L., Bell, T. W., Bowling, D. R., Dore, S., Garatuza-Payan, J., Kolb, T. E., Krishnan, P., Krofcheck, D. J., Litvak, M. E., Maurer, G. E., Meyers, T. P., Oechel, W. C., Papuga, S. A., Ponce-Campos, G. E., Rodriguez, J. C., Smith, W. K., Vargas, R., Watts, C. J., Yepez, E. A., and Goulden, M. L.: CO2
exchange and evapotranspiration across dryland ecosystems of southwestern North America, Glob. Change Biol., 23, 4204–4221, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13686, 2017.
Bierkens, M. F. P.:
Global hydrology 2015: State, trends, and directions,
Water Resour. Res.,
51, 4923–4947, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017173, 2015.
Bonan, G. B., Williams, M., Fisher, R. A., and Oleson, K. W.: Modeling stomatal conductance in the earth system: linking leaf water-use efficiency and water transport along the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2193–2222, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2193-2014, 2014.
Boone, A., de Rosnay, P. D., Balsamo, G., Beljaars, A., Chopin, F., Decharme, B., Delire, C., Ducharne, A., Gascoin, S., Grippa, M., Guichard, F., Gusev, Y., Harris, P., Jarlan, L., Kergoat, L., Mougin, E., Nasonova, O., Norgaard, A., Orgeval, T., Ottlé, C., Poccard-Leclercq, I., Polcher, J., Sandholt, I., Saux-Picart, S., Taylor, C., and Xue, Y.:
The AMMA Land Surface Model Intercomparison Project (ALMIP),
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
90, 1865–1880, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009bams2786.1, 2009.
Botta, A., Viovy, N., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., and Monfray, P.:
A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data,
Global Change Biol.,
6, 709–725, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00362.x, 2000.
Carsel, R. F. and Parrish, R. S.:
Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics,
Water Resour. Res.,
24, 755–769, https://doi.org/10.1029/wr024i005p00755, 1988.
CeCILL: https://cecill.info/index.en.html, last access: 2 November 2020.
Chang, L.-L., Dwivedi, R., Knowles, J. F., Fang, Y.-H., Niu, G.-Y., Pelletier, J. D., Rasmussen, C., Durcik, M., Barron-Gafford, G. A., and Meixner, T.:
Why Do Large-Scale Land Surface Models Produce a Low Ratio of Transpiration to Evapotranspiration?,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
123, 9109–9130, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029159, 2018.
Chen, X., Maignan, F., Viovy, N., Bastos, A., Goll, D., Wu, J., Liu, L., Yue, C., Peng, S., Yuan, W., Conceição, A. C., O'Sullivan, M., and Ciais, P.: Novel Representation of Leaf Phenology Improves Simulation of Amazonian Evergreen Forest Photosynthesis in a Land Surface Model,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy.,
12, e2018MS001565, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001565, 2020.
Choisnel, E. M., Jourdain, S. V., and Jacquart, C. J.: Climatological evaluation of some fluxes of the surface energy and soil water balances over France, Ann. Geophys., 13, 666–674, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-995-0666-y, 1995.
Chubb, T., Manton, M. J., Siems, S. T., Peace, A. D., and Bilish, S. P.: Estimation of Wind-Induced Losses from a Precipitation Gauge Network in the Australian Snowy Mountains, J. Hydrometeorol., 16, 2619–2638, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0216.1, 2015.
Clark, M. P., Fan, Y., Lawrence, D. M., Adam, J. C., Bolster, D., Gochis, D. J., Hooper, R. P., Kumar, M., Leung, L. R., Mackay, D. S., Maxwell, R. M., Shen, C., Swenson, S. C., and Zeng, X.:
Improving the representation of hydrologic processes in Earth System Models,
Water Resour. Res.,
51, 5929–5956, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017096, 2015.
Cook, B. I., Ault, T. R., and Smerdon, J. E.:
Unprecedented 21st century drought risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains,
Science Advances,
1, e1400082, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400082, 2015.
De Kauwe, M. G., Taylor, C. M., Harris, P. P., Weedon, G. P., and Ellis, R. J.:
Quantifying Land Surface Temperature Variability for Two Sahelian Mesoscale Regions during the Wet Season,
J. Hydrometeorol.,
14, 1605–1619, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-12-0141.1, 2013.
De Kauwe, M. G., Zhou, S.-X., Medlyn, B. E., Pitman, A. J., Wang, Y.-P., Duursma, R. A., and Prentice, I. C.: Do land surface models need to include differential plant species responses to drought? Examining model predictions across a mesic-xeric gradient in Europe, Biogeosciences, 12, 7503–7518, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7503-2015, 2015.
De Kauwe, M. G., Medlyn, B. E., Walker, A. P., Zaehle, S., Asao, S., Guenet, B., Harper, A. B., Hickler, T., Jain, A. K., Luo, Y., Lu, X., Luus, K., Parton, W. J., Shu, S., Wang, Y. P., Werner, C., Xia, J., Pendall, E., Morgan, J. A., Ryan, E. M., Carrillo, Y., Dijkstra, F. A., Zelikova, T. J., and Norby, R. J.:
Challenging terrestrial biosphere models with data from the long-term multifactor Prairie Heating and CO2 Enrichment experiment,
Global Change Biol.,
23, 3623–3645, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13643, 2017.
de Rosnay, P. and Polcher, J.: Modelling root water uptake in a complex land surface scheme coupled to a GCM, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 2, 239–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-239-1998, 1998.
de Rosnay, P., Bruen, M., and Polcher, J.:
Sensitivity of surface fluxes to the number of layers in the soil model used in GCMs,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
27, 3329–3332, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000gl011574, 2000.
de Rosnay, P., Polcher, J., Bruen, M., and Laval, K.:
Impact of a physically based soil water flow and soil-plant interaction representation for modeling large-scale land surface processes,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
107, 4118, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd000634, 2002.
Decker, M., Or, D., Pitman, A., and Ukkola, A.:
New turbulent resistance parameterization for soil evaporation based on a pore-scale model: Impact on surface fluxes in CABLE,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy.,
9, 220–238, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016ms000832, 2017.
Diffenbaugh, N. S., Giorgi, F., and Pal, J. S.:
Climate change hotspots in the United States,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
35, L16709, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl035075, 2008.
Dirmeyer, P. A.:
A History and Review of the Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP),
J. Hydrometeorol.,
12, 729–749, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-10-05010.1, 2011.
Donat, M. G., Lowry, A. L., Alexander, L. V., O'Gorman, P. A., and Maher, N.:
More extreme precipitation in the world's dry and wet regions,
Nat. Clim. Change,
6, 508–513, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2941, 2016.
Dore, S. and Kolb, T.: AmeriFlux US-Fuf Flagstaff – Unmanaged Forest, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246051, 2006–2010.
Dore, S., Kolb, T. E., Montes-Helu, M., Eckert, S. E., Sullivan, B. W., Hungate, B. A., Kaye, J. P., Hart, S. C., Koch, G. W., and Finkral, A.:
Carbon and water fluxes from ponderosa pine forests disturbed by wildfire and thinning,
Ecol. Appl.,
20, 663–683, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0934.1, 2010.
Dore, S., Montes-Helu, M., Hart, S. C., Hungate, B. A., Koch, G. W., Moon, J. B., Finkral, A. J., and Kolb, T. E.:
Recovery of ponderosa pine ecosystem carbon and water fluxes from thinning and stand-replacing fire,
Global Change Biol.,
18, 3171–3185, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02775.x, 2012.
Druel, A., Peylin, P., Krinner, G., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., Peregon, A., Bastrikov, V., Kosykh, N., and Mironycheva-Tokareva, N.: Towards a more detailed representation of high-latitude vegetation in the global land surface model ORCHIDEE (ORC-HL-VEGv1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4693–4722, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4693-2017, 2017.
Ducharne, A., Laval, K., and Polcher, J.:
Sensitivity of the hydrological cycle to the parametrization of soil hydrology in a GCM,
Clim. Dynam.,
14, 307–327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s003820050226, 1998.
Ducharne, A., Ghattas, J., Maignan, F., Ottlé, C., Vuichard, N., Guimberteau, M., Krinner, G., Polcher, J., Tafasca, S., Bastrikov, V., Cheruy, F., Guénet, B., Mizuochi, H., Peylin, P., Tootchi, A., and Wang, F.:
Soil water processes in the ORCHIDEE-2.0 land surface model: state of the art for CMIP6,
in preparation, Geosci. Model Dev., 2020.
Ducoudré, N. I., Laval, K., and Perrier, A.:
SECHIBA, a New Set of Parameterizations of the Hydrologic Exchanges at the Land-Atmosphere Interface within the LMD Atmospheric General Circulation Model,
J. Climate,
6, 248–273, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<0248:sansop>2.0.co;2, 1993.
Dufresne, J.-L., Foujols, M.-A., Denvil, S., Caubel, A., Marti, O., Aumont, O., Balkanski, Y., Bekki, S., Bellenger, H., Benshila, R., Bony, S., Bopp, L., Braconnot, P., Brockmann, P., Cadule, P., Cheruy, F., Codron, F., Cozic, A., Cugnet, D., Noblet, N. D., Duvel, J.-P., Ethé, C., Fairhead, L., Fichefet, T., Flavoni, S., Friedlingstein, P., Grandpeix, J.-Y., Guez, L., Guilyardi, E., Hauglustaine, D., Hourdin, F., Idelkadi, A., Ghattas, J., Joussaume, S., Kageyama, M., Krinner, G., Labetoulle, S., Lahellec, A., Lefebvre, M.-P., Lefevre, F., Levy, C., Li, Z. X., Lloyd, J., Lott, F., Madec, G., Mancip, M., Marchand, M., Masson, S., Meurdesoif, Y., Mignot, J., Musat, I., Parouty, S., Polcher, J., Rio, C., Schulz, M., Swingedouw, D., Szopa, S., Talandier, C., Terray, P., Viovy, N., and Vuichard, N.:
Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth System Model: from CMIP3 to CMIP5,
Clim. Dynam.,
40, 2123–2165, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1636-1, 2013.
d'Orgeval, T., Polcher, J., and de Rosnay, P.: Sensitivity of the West African hydrological cycle in ORCHIDEE to infiltration processes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1387–1401, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1387-2008, 2008.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Ceulemans, R., Clement, R., Dolman, H., Granier, A., Gross, P., Grünwald, T., Hollinger, D., Jensen, N.-O., Katul, G., Keronen, P., Kowalski, A., Lai, C. T., Law, B. E., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., William Munger, J., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, Ü., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Tenhunen, J., Tu, K., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 107, 43–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(00)00225-2, 2001.
Fang, H., Jiang, C., Li, W., Wei, S., Baret, F., Chen, J.M., Garcia-Haro, J., Liang, S., Liu, R., Myneni, R.B., and Pinty, B.:
Characterization and intercomparison of global moderate resolution leaf area index (LAI) products: Analysis of climatologies and theoretical uncertainties,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
118, 529–548, 2013.
Ferrenberg, S. and Reed, S. C.:
Biocrust ecology: unifying micro- and macro-scales to confront global change,
New Phytol.,
216, 643–646, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14826, 2017.
Garrigues, S., Lacaze, R., Baret, F. J. T. M., Morisette, J. T., Weiss, M., Nickeson, J. E., Fernandes, R., Plummer, S., Shabanov, N. V., Myneni, R. B., and Knyazikhin, Y.: Validation and intercomparison of global Leaf Area Index products derived from remote sensing data.
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
113, G02028,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000635, 2008.
Green, J. K., Seneviratne, S. I., Berg, A. M., Findell, K. L., Hagemann, S., Lawrence, D. M., and Gentine, P.: Large influence of soil moisture on long-term terrestrial carbon uptake, Nature, 565, 476–479, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0848-x, 2019.
Gremer, J. R., Bradford, J. B., Munson, S. M., and Duniway, M. C.:
Desert grassland responses to climate and soil moisture suggest divergent vulnerabilities across the southwestern United States,
Global Change Biol.,
21, 4049–4062, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13043, 2015.
Grippa, M., Kergoat, L., Frappart, F., Araud, Q., Boone, A., de Rosnay, P. D., Lemoine, J.-M., Gascoin, S., Balsamo, G., Ottlé, C., Decharme, B., Saux-Picart, S., and Ramillien, G.:
Land water storage variability over West Africa estimated by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and land surface models,
Water Resour. Res.,
47, W05549, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008856, 2011.
Grippa, M., Kergoat, L., Boone, A., Peugeot, C., Demarty, J., Cappelaere, B., Gal, L., Hiernaux, P., Mougin, E., Ducharne, A., Dutra, E., Anderson, M., and Hain, C.:
Modeling Surface Runoff and Water Fluxes over Contrasted Soils in the Pastoral Sahel: Evaluation of the ALMIP2 Land Surface Models over the Gourma Region in Mali,
J. Hydrometeorol.,
18, 1847–1866, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0170.1, 2017.
Guimberteau, M., Drapeau, G., Ronchail, J., Sultan, B., Polcher, J., Martinez, J.-M., Prigent, C., Guyot, J.-L., Cochonneau, G., Espinoza, J. C., Filizola, N., Fraizy, P., Lavado, W., De Oliveira, E., Pombosa, R., Noriega, L., and Vauchel, P.: Discharge simulation in the sub-basins of the Amazon using ORCHIDEE forced by new datasets, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 911–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-911-2012, 2012a.
Guimberteau, M., Perrier, A., Laval, K., and Polcher, J.: A comprehensive approach to analyze discrepancies between land surface models and in-situ measurements: a case study over the US and Illinois with SECHIBA forced by NLDAS, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3973–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3973-2012, 2012b.
Guimberteau, M., Ronchail, J., Espinoza, J. C., Lengaigne, M., Sultan, B., Polcher, J., Drapeau, G., Guyot, J.-L., Ducharne, A., and Ciais, P.:
Future changes in precipitation and impacts on extreme streamflow over Amazonian sub-basins,
Environ. Res. Lett.,
8, 014035, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014035, 2013.
Guimberteau, M., Ducharne, A., Ciais, P., Boisier, J. P., Peng, S., De Weirdt, M., and Verbeeck, H.: Testing conceptual and physically based soil hydrology schemes against observations for the Amazon Basin, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1115–1136, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1115-2014, 2014.
Gupta, H. V., Kling, H., Yilmaz, K. K., and Martinez, G. F.:
Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modelling,
J. Hydrol.,
377, 80–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.003, 2009.
Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., van der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., and Kern, R.:
Array programming with NumPy,
Nature,
585, 357–362, 2020.
Haverd, V., Ahlström, A., Smith, B., and Canadell, J. G.:
Carbon cycle responses of semi-arid ecosystems to positive asymmetry in rainfall,
Global Change Biol.,
23, 793–800, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13412, 2016.
Hogue, T. S., Bastidas, L., Gupta, H., Sorooshian, S., Mitchell, K., and Emmerich, W.:
Evaluation and Transferability of the Noah Land Surface Model in Semiarid Environments,
J. Hydrometeorol.,
6, 68–84, https://doi.org/10.1175/jhm-402.1, 2005.
Huang, J., Yu, H., Dai, A., Wei, Y., and Kang, L.:
Drylands face potential threat under 2 ∘C global warming target,
Nat. Clim. Change,
7, 417–422, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3275, 2017.
Humphrey, V., Zscheischler, J., Ciais, P., Gudmundsson, L., Sitch, S., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Sensitivity of atmospheric CO2 growth rate to observed changes in terrestrial water storage, Nature, 560, 628–631, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0424-4, 2018.
Hunter, J. D.:
Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment,
Comput. Sci. Eng.,
9, 90–95, 2007.
IPCC:
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., 2013.
Keenan, T., Sabate, S., and Gracia, C.:
The importance of mesophyll conductance in regulating forest ecosystem productivity during drought periods,
Global Change Biol.,
16, 1019–1034, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02017.x, 2010.
Koster, R. D., Dirmeyer, P. A., Guo, Z., Bonan, G., Chan, E., Cox,
P., Gordon, C. T., Kanae, S., Kowalczyk, E., Lawrence, D., Liu,
P., Lu, C.-H., Malyshev, S., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, K., Mocko,
D., Oki, T., Oleson, K., Pitman, A., Sud, Y. C., Taylor, C. M.,
Verseghy, D., Vasic, R., Xue, Y., Yamada, T., and GLACE Team:
Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation,
Science, 305, 1138–1140, 2004.
Krinner, G., Viovy, N., Noblet-Ducoudré, N. D., Ogée, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., and Prentice, I. C.:
A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
19, GB1015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003gb002199, 2005.
Lian, X., Piao, S., Huntingford, C., Li, Y., Zeng, Z., Wang, X., Ciais, P., Mcvicar, T. R., Peng, S., Ottlé, C., Yang, H., Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Wang, T.:
Partitioning global land evapotranspiration using CMIP5 models constrained by observations,
Nat. Clim. Change,
8, 640–646, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0207-9, 2018.
Litvak, M.: AmeriFlux US-Vcp Valles Caldera Ponderosa Pine, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246122, 2007–Present.
Lohou, F., Kergoat, L., Guichard, F., Boone, A., Cappelaere, B., Cohard, J.-M., Demarty, J., Galle, S., Grippa, M., Peugeot, C., Ramier, D., Taylor, C. M., and Timouk, F.: Surface response to rain events throughout the West African monsoon, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 3883–3898, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3883-2014, 2014.
MacBean, N., Maignan, F., Peylin, P., Bacour, C., Bréon, F.-M., and Ciais, P.: Using satellite data to improve the leaf phenology of a global terrestrial biosphere model, Biogeosciences, 12, 7185–7208, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7185-2015, 2015.
Maestre, F. T., Salguero-Gomez, R., and Quero, J. L.:
It is getting hotter in here: determining and projecting the impacts of global environmental change on drylands,
Philos. T. R. Soc. B,
367, 3062–3075, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0323, 2012.
Manabe, S.:
Climate And The Ocean Circulation1,
Mon. Weather Rev.,
97, 739–774, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1969)097<0739:catoc>2.3.co;2, 1969.
MacBean, N.: nmacbean/SW-US-Hydro-Model-Eval-HESS: v1, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4198088, 2020.
Medlyn, B. E., Kauwe, M. G. D., Zaehle, S., Walker, A. P., Duursma, R. A., Luus, K., Mishurov, M., Pak, B., Smith, B., Wang, Y.-P., Yang, X., Crous, K. Y., Drake, J. E., Gimeno, T. E., Macdonald, C. A., Norby, R. J., Power, S. A., Tjoelker, M. G., and Ellsworth, D. S.:
Using models to guide field experiments:a prioripredictions for the CO2 response of a nutrient- and water-limited native Eucalypt woodland,
Global Change Biol.,
22(8), 2834–2851, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13268, 2016.
Mermoud, A. and Xu, D.:
Comparative analysis of three methods to generate soil hydraulic functions,
Soil Till. Res.,
87, 89–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.034, 2006.
Miller, G. R., Chen, X., Rubin, Y., Ma, S., and Baldocchi, D. D.:
Groundwater uptake by woody vegetation in a semiarid oak savanna,
Water Resour. Res.,
46, W10503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008902, 2010.
Mualem, Y.:
A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media,
Water Resour. Res.,
12, 513–522, https://doi.org/10.1029/wr012i003p00513, 1976.
Mueller, B. and Seneviratne, S. I.:
Systematic land climate and evapotranspiration biases in CMIP5 simulations,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
41, 128–134, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058055, 2014.
Naudts, K., Ryder, J., McGrath, M. J., Otto, J., Chen, Y., Valade, A., Bellasen, V., Berhongaray, G., Bönisch, G., Campioli, M., Ghattas, J., De Groote, T., Haverd, V., Kattge, J., MacBean, N., Maignan, F., Merilä, P., Penuelas, J., Peylin, P., Pinty, B., Pretzsch, H., Schulze, E. D., Solyga, D., Vuichard, N., Yan, Y., and Luyssaert, S.: A vertically discretised canopy description for ORCHIDEE (SVN r2290) and the modifications to the energy, water and carbon fluxes, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 2035–2065, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2035-2015, 2015.
Niu, G. Y. and Yang, Z. L.:
An observation-based formulation of snow cover fraction and its evaluation over large North American river basins,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
112, D21101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008674 , 2007.
Peylin, P., Ghattas, J., Cadule, P., Cheruy, F., Ducharne, A., Guenet, B., Lathière, J., Luyssaert, S., Maignan, F., Maugis, P., Ottle,
C., Polcher, J., Viovy, N., Vuichard, N., Bastrikov, V., Guimberteau, M., Lanso, A.-S., MacBean, N., Mcgrath, M., Tafasca, S., and Wang, F.: The global land surface model ORCHIDEE – Tag2.0, available at: http://forge.ipsl.jussieu.fr/orchidee/browser/tags/ORCHIDEE_2_0/ORCHIDEE/, last access: 19 October 2020.
Raoult, N., Delorme, B., Ottlé, C., Peylin, P., Bastrikov, V., Maugis, P., and Polcher, J.:
Confronting Soil Moisture Dynamics from the ORCHIDEE Land Surface Model With the ESA-CCI Product: Perspectives for Data Assimilation,
Remote Sens.-Basel,
10, 1786, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111786, 2018.
Rasmussen, R., Baker, B., Kochendorfer, J., Meyers, T., Landolt, S., Fischer, A. P., Black, J., Thériault, J. M., Kucera, P., Gochis, D., Smith, C., Nitu, R., Hall, M., Ikeda, K., and Gutmann, E.: How Well Are We Measuring Snow: The NOAA/FAA/NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 811–829, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00052.1, 2012.
Reynolds, C. A., Jackson, T. J., and Rawls, W. J.:
Estimating soil water-holding capacities by linking the Food and Agriculture Organization Soil map of the world with global pedon databases and continuous pedotransfer functions,
Water Resour. Res.,
36, 3653–3662, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900130, 2000.
Richards, L. A.:
Capillary Conduction Of Liquids Through Porous Mediums,
Physics,
1, 318–333, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745010, 1931.
Saux-Picart, S., Ottlé, C., Perrier, A., Decharme, B., Coudert, B., Zribi, M., Boulain, N., Cappelaere, B., and Ramier, D.:
SEtHyS_Savannah: A multiple source land surface model applied to Sahelian landscapes,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
149, 1421–1432, 2009.
Scanlon, B. R., Zhang, Z., Save, H., Sun, A. Y., Schmied, H. M., Beek, L. P. H. V., Wiese, D. N., Wada, Y., Long, D., Reedy, R. C., Longuevergne, L., Döll, P., and Bierkens, M. F. P.:
Global models underestimate large decadal declining and rising water storage trends relative to GRACE satellite data,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
115, E1080–E1089, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704665115, 2018.
Scanlon, B. R., Zhang, Z., Rateb, A., Sun, A., Wiese, D., Save, H., Beaudoing, H., Lo, M. H., Müller-Schmied, H., Döll, P., Beek, R., Swenson, S., Lawrence, D., Croteau, M., and Reedy, R. C.:
Tracking Seasonal Fluctuations in Land Water Storage Using Global Models and GRACE Satellites,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
46, 5254–5264, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl081836, 2019.
Scott, R.: AmeriFlux US-SRM Santa Rita Mesquite, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246104, 2004a–Present.
Scott, R.: AmeriFlux US-Wkg Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246112, 2004b–Present.
Scott, R.: AmeriFlux US-Whs Walnut Gulch Lucky Hills Shrub, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246113, 2007–Present.
Scott, R.: AmeriFlux US-SRG Santa Rita Grassland, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.17190/AMF/1246154, 2008–Present.
Scott, R. L. and Biederman, J. A.:
Partitioning evapotranspiration using long-term carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
44, 6833–6840, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074324, 2017.
Scott, R. L. and Biederman, J. A.:
Critical Zone Water Balance Over 13 Years in a Semiarid Savanna,
Water Resour. Res.,
55, 574–588, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018wr023477, 2019.
Scott, R. L., Biederman, J. A., Hamerlynck, E. P., and Barron-Gafford, G. A.:
The carbon balance pivot point of southwestern U.S. semiarid ecosystems: Insights from the 21st century drought,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
120, 2612–2624, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jg003181, 2015.
Seager, R. and Vecchi, G. A.: Greenhouse warming and the 21st century hydroclimate of southwestern North America, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 21277–21282, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910856107, 2010.
Seager, R., Ting, M., Held, I., Kushnir, Y., Lu, J., Vecchi, G., Huang, H.-P., Harnik, N., Leetmaa, A., Lau, N.-C., Li, C., Velez, J., and Naik, N.:
Model Projections of an Imminent Transition to a More Arid Climate in Southwestern North America,
Science,
316, 1181–1184, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139601, 2007.
Sellers, P. J., Heiser, M. D., and Hall, F. G.:
Relations between surface conductance and spectral vegetation indices at intermediate (100 m2 to 15 km2) length scales,
J. Geophys. Res.,
97, 19033, https://doi.org/10.1029/92jd01096, 1992.
Seneviratne, S. I., Wilhelm, M., Stanelle, T., Hurk, B., Hagemann, S., Berg, A., Cheruy, F., Higgins, M. E., Meier, A., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Ducharne, A., Dufresne, J. L., Findell, K. L., Ghattas, J., Lawrence, D. M., Malyshev, S., Rummukainen, M., and Smith, B.:
Impact of soil moisture-climate feedbacks on CMIP5 projections: First results from the GLACE-CMIP5 experiment,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
40, 5212–5217, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50956, 2013.
Seneviratne, S. I., Wilhelm, M., Stanelle, T., Hurk, B., Hagemann, S., Berg, A., Cheruy, F., Higgins, M. E., Meier, A., Brovkin, V., Claussen, M., Ducharne, A., Dufresne, J. L., Findell, K. L., Ghattas, J., Lawrence, D. M., Malyshev, S., Rummukainen, M., and Smith, B.: Impact of soil moisture-climate feedbacks on CMIP5 projections: First results from the GLACE-CMIP5 experiment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 5212–5217, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50956, 2013.
Sippel, S., Zscheischler, J., Heimann, M., Lange, H., Mahecha, M. D., van Oldenborgh, G. J., Otto, F. E. L., and Reichstein, M.: Have precipitation extremes and annual totals been increasing in the world's dry regions over the last 60 years?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 441–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-441-2017, 2017.
Smith, S. D., Monson, R. K., and Anderson, J. E.:
Physiological Ecology of North American Desert Plants,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1997.
Su, Z., Schmugge, T., Kustas, W. P., and Massman, W. J.: An Evaluation of Two Models for Estimation of the Roughness Height for Heat Transfer between the Land Surface and the Atmosphere, J. Appl. Meteorol., 40, 1933–1951, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1933:aeotmf>2.0.co;2, 2001.
Swenson, S. C. and Lawrence, D. M.:
Assessing a dry surface layer-based soil resistance parameterization for the Community Land Model using GRACE and FLUXNET-MTE data,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
119, 10299–10312, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022314, 2014.
Tietjen, B., Jeltsch, F., Zehe, E., Classen, N., Groengroeft, A., Schiffers, K., and Oldeland, J.:
Effects of climate change on the coupled dynamics of water and vegetation in drylands,
Ecohydrology, 3, 226–237, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.70, 2010.
Ukkola, A. M., Kauwe, M. G. D., Pitman, A. J., Best, M. J., Abramowitz, G., Haverd, V., Decker, M., and Haughton, N.:
Land surface models systematically overestimate the intensity, duration and magnitude of seasonal-scale evaporative droughts,
Environ. Res. Lett.,
11, 104012, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/10/104012, 2016a.
Ukkola, A. M., Pitman, A. J., Decker, M., De Kauwe, M. G., Abramowitz, G., Kala, J., and Wang, Y.-P.: Modelling evapotranspiration during precipitation deficits: identifying critical processes in a land surface model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2403–2419, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2403-2016, 2016b.
van Genuchten, M. T.:
A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils,
Soil Sci. Soc. Am J.,
44, 892–898, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x, 1980.
Vuichard, N. and Papale, D.: Filling the gaps in meteorological continuous data measured at FLUXNET sites with ERA-Interim reanalysis, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 157–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-157-2015, 2015.
Wang, T., Ottlé, C., Boone, A., Ciais, P., Brun, E., Morin, S., Krinner, G., Piao, S., and Peng, S.:
Evaluation of an improved intermediate complexity snow scheme in the ORCHIDEE land surface model,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
118, 6064–6079, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50395, 2013.
Wang, F., Ducharne, A., Cheruy, F., Lo, M.-H., and Grandpeix, J.-Y.:
Impact of a shallow groundwater table on the global water cycle in the IPSL land–atmosphere coupled model,
Clim. Dynam.,
50, 3505–3522, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3820-9, 2018.
Waskom, M., Botvinnik, O., O'Kane, D., Hobson, P., Lukauskas, S., Gemperline, D. C., Augspurger, T., Halchenko, Y., Cole, J. B., Warmenhoven, J., and de Ruiter, J.: mwaskom/seaborn: v0. 8.1 (September 2017),
Zenodo,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.883859, 2017.
Wei, Z., Yoshimura, K., Wang, L., Miralles, D. G., Jasechko, S., and Lee, X.: Revisiting the contribution of transpiration to global terrestrial evapotranspiration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 2792–2801, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl072235, 2017.
Whitley, R., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Abramowitz, G., De Kauwe, M. G., Duursma, R., Evans, B., Haverd, V., Li, L., Ryu, Y., Smith, B., Wang, Y.-P., Williams, M., and Yu, Q.: A model inter-comparison study to examine limiting factors in modelling Australian tropical savannas, Biogeosciences, 13, 3245–3265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3245-2016, 2016.
Whitley, R., Beringer, J., Hutley, L. B., Abramowitz, G., De Kauwe, M. G., Evans, B., Haverd, V., Li, L., Moore, C., Ryu, Y., Scheiter, S., Schymanski, S. J., Smith, B., Wang, Y.-P., Williams, M., and Yu, Q.: Challenges and opportunities in land surface modelling of savanna ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 14, 4711–4732, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4711-2017, 2017.
Zhou, S., Duursma, R. A., Medlyn, B. E., Kelly, J. W., and Prentice, I. C.:
How should we model plant responses to drought? An analysis of stomatal and non-stomatal responses to water stress,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
182–183, 204–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.05.009, 2013.
Zhou, S., Medlyn, B., Sabaté, S., Sperlich, D., Prentice, I. C., and Whitehead, D.:
Short-term water stress impacts on stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis differ consistently among tree species from contrasting climates,
Tree Physiol.,
34, 1035–1046, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpu072, 2014.
Zhou, S., Yu, B., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., and Wang, G.:
Partitioning evapotranspiration based on the concept of underlying water use efficiency,
Water Resour. Res.,
52, 1160–1175, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr017766, 2016.
