Articles | Volume 26, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2671-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2671-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 May 2022
Research article |
| 23 May 2022
| 23 May 2022
Event controls on intermittent streamflow in a temperate climate
Nils Hinrich Kaplan
Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
Theresa Blume
Hydrology, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Markus Weiler
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Hydrology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Markus Weiler, Julia Krumm, Ingo Haag, Hannes Leistert, Max Schmit, Andreas Steinbrich, and Andreas Hänsler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2673–2689, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2673-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-26-2673-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Pluvial (flash) floods, caused by intense local rainfall, result in surface runoff and overland flow, making them different from fluvial floods. A new Pluvial Flood Index (PFI) combines precipitation, hydrological, and hydrodynamic processes to assess surface flooding hazards. The PFI, based on flood hazard areas, helps forecast flash floods and supports real-time warning systems, aiding municipal decision-making, preparedness, and planning.
Lea Dedden and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 3245–3261, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-3245-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-3245-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Throughfall in forests varies in space and time creating distinct patterns. We developed a novel throughfall monitoring approach for continuous, automated measurement that features 60 self-built and cost effective throughfall samplers. Collected data show the potential of the approach to capture throughfall variability at small distances, among and within rainfall events and between different trees species.
Ulrike Proske, John Hillier, Stefan Gaillard, Theresa Blume, Eduardo Queiroz Alves, Susanne Buiter, Ken S. Carslaw, Kirsten von Elverfeldt, Tim H. M. van Emmerik, Barbara Ervens, Rolf Hut, Sam Illingworth, Daniel Klotz, and Jonas Pyschik
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-987, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-987, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We explain a new article type that is being introduced in participating EGU publications. "LESSONS" articles describe the Limitations, Errors, Surprises, Shortcomings and Opportunities for New Science emerging from the scientific process. The publication of non-positive results and associated learnings aims to complete an unbiased record of the research effort, contributes to open and transparent science, allows the authors and others to learn, and may open opportunities for new science.
Daniel Rasche, Cosimo Brogi, Markus Köhli, David McJannet, Jannis Weimar, Martin Schrön, Theresa Blume, and Andreas Güntner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1495, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing is a passive technique to estimate soil moisture, plant traits and snow at the field scale by using instruments sensitive to different neutron energy ranges. For devices sensitive to lower energies, a generalised assessment of the signal response under varying environmental conditions is currently missing. Our simulation-based study highlights the differing signal response of different instruments to environmental variables and provides a baseline for further research.
Hannes Leistert, Andreas Hänsler, Max Schmit, Andreas Steinbrich, and Markus Weiler
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 2023–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2023-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2023-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The newly developed model AccRo (Accumulation-based Runoff and Pluvial Flood Estimation Tool) is a computationally efficient method to derive key parameters for estimating pluvial flood hazards. Here, we compare results of AccRo with the data of two hydrodynamic models for different cases. We find that AccRo is able to represent the simulations of the hydrodynamic models in high quality, but with much lower computational effort, making it a valuable tool for assessing pluvial flood hazards.
Hassane Moutahir, Markus Sulzer, Ralf Kiese, Andreas Christen, Markus Weiler, Lea Dedden, Julian Brzozon, Pia Labenski, Prajwal Khanal, Ladislav Šigut, and Rüdiger Grote
Biogeosciences, 23, 1719–1738, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1719-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-1719-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Eddy covariance (EC) data are vital for studying carbon and water fluxes but often mask species-specific responses in mixed forests. At a Black Forest site with beech and Douglas fir, we combined EC data with ecosystem modeling to separate species contributions. Results show EC fluxes reflect species abundance within flux footprints, though responses vary seasonally. Accounting for these differences is key for gap-filling, accurate budgets, and understanding mixed forests’ climate resilience.
Sebastian Gnann, Bailey J. Anderson, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 779–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-779-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-779-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The extent to which streamflow varies in response to variability in precipitation and potential evaporation is essential for understanding climate change impacts on water resources. This so-called streamflow sensitivity is often estimated directly from observational data, but the robustness of these estimates remains unclear. Through systematic examination of existing approaches, we highlight uncertainties inherent in all approaches and discuss their origins.
Jonas Pyschik and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 485–501, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-485-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-485-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a new method of detecting how water moves quickly through certain paths in soil, bypassing the usual, slower flow. By analysing natural water markers in soil samples taken at different depths, we identified unusual flow patterns. Our method is simple and non-invasive, and can be used to cover large areas. This helps us to better understand how water travels through the ground, which is important for managing water resources and protecting the environment.
Heinke Paulsen and Markus Weiler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-284, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-284, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Using 12 Forest floor (FF) lysimeters at three beech‑dominated sites, we recorded 1,570 rain events and measured throughfall, drainage, and evaporation. Initial retention depended on pre‑event moisture, not litter thickness. Low‑intensity, long‑duration rains filled the FF more efficiently than brief, intense storms. Evaporation was low and consistent across sites, showing the FF protects the soil. Spatial data revealed frequent water redistribution, creating heterogeneous flow paths.
Emanuel Thoenes, Theresa Blume, Markus Weiler, Bernhard Kohl, Luisa Hopp, and Stefan Achleitner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5110, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5110, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Subsurface stormflow (SSF) is a key runoff mechanism in upland environments. The analysis of SSF at two trenched hillslopes showed that SSF volume was controlled by total rainfall and initial wetness, with threshold behaviour observed at one site. Peakflow depended on rainfall amount, with initial wetness and rainfall intensity being important for small and large events, respectively. The rate at which SSF increased was linked to rainfall intensity and amount.
Jasmin Tesch, Kathrin Kühnhammer, Delon Wagner, Andreas Christen, Carsten Dormann, Julian Frey, Rüdiger Grote, Teja Kattenborn, Markus Sulzer, Ulrike Wallrabe, Markus Weiler, Christiane Werner, Samaneh Baghbani, Julian Brzozon, Laura Maria Comella, Lea Dedden, Stefanie Dumberger, Yasmina Frey, Matthias Gassilloud, Timo Gerach, Anna Göritz, Simon Haberstroh, Johannes Klüppel, Luis Kremer, Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Hojin Lee, Joachim Maack, Julian Müller, Oswald Prucker, Sanam Kumari Rajak, Jürgen Rühe, Stefan J. Rupitsch, Helmer Schack-Kirchner, Christian Scharinger, Uttunga Shinde, Till Steinmann, Clara Stock, and Josef Strack
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4979, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4979, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems (GI).
Short summary
Short summary
In the ECOSENSE forest, we developed a robust infrastructure for distributed forest sensing. Reliable power supply, stable network connection, and smart data collection systems enable the operation of hundreds of sensors under challenging conditions. By detailing the infrastructure design and implementation, we provide a transferable blueprint for building complex monitoring sites that support high-resolution, long-term ecosystem observations.
Theresa Blume, Peter Chifflard, Stefan Achleitner, Andreas Hartmann, Stefan Hergarten, Luisa Hopp, Bernhard Kohl, Florian Leese, Ilja van Meerveld, Christian Reinhardt-Imjela, and Markus Weiler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4424, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4424, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Subsurface stormflow (SSF) is one of the least studied and therefore least understood runoff generation processes because detecting and quantifying SSF is extremely challenging. We present an ongoing concerted experimental effort to systematically investigate SSF across four catchments using a variety of methods covering different spatial scales. Centerpiece of this effort is the construction of 12 large trenches to capture and monitor SSF.
Heinke Paulsen and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2309–2319, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2309-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2309-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This technical note describes the development of a weighing forest floor grid lysimeter. The device is needed to investigate the dynamics of the water balance components of the organic layer in forests, quantifying precipitation, drainage, evaporation, and storage. We designed a setup that can be easily rebuilt and that is cost-effective, which allows for customized applications. Performance metrics from laboratory results and initial field data are presented.
Jonas Pyschik, Stefan Seeger, Barbara Herbstritt, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 525–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-525-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-525-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a device (named VapAuSa) that automates stable water isotope analysis. Stable water isotopes are a natural tracer that many researchers use to investigate water (re-)distribution processes in environmental systems. VapAuSa helps to analyse such environmental samples by automating a formerly tedious manual process, allowing for higher sample throughput. This enables larger sampling campaigns, as more samples can be processed before reaching their limited storage time.
Daniel Rasche, Theresa Blume, and Andreas Güntner
SOIL, 10, 655–677, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-655-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-10-655-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture measurements at the field scale are highly beneficial for numerous (soil) hydrological applications. Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) allows for the non-invasive monitoring of field-scale soil moisture across several hectares but only for the first few tens of centimetres of the soil. In this study, we modify and test a simple modeling approach to extrapolate CRNS-derived surface soil moisture information down to 450 cm depth and compare calibrated and uncalibrated model results.
Robin Schwemmle, Hannes Leistert, Andreas Steinbrich, and Markus Weiler
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 5249–5262, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-5249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new process-based hydrological toolbox model, RoGeR (https://roger.readthedocs.io/), can be used to estimate the components of the hydrological cycle and the related travel times of pollutants through parts of the hydrological cycle. These estimations may contribute to effective water resources management. This paper presents the toolbox concept and provides a simple example of providing estimations to water resources management.
Barbara Herbstritt, Benjamin Gralher, Stefan Seeger, Michael Rinderer, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3701–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to collect water vapor samples into bags in the field without an in-field analyser, followed by isotope analysis in the lab. This new method resolves even fine-scaled natural isotope variations. It combines low-cost and lightweight components for maximum spatial and temporal flexibility regarding environmental setups. Hence, it allows for sampling even in terrains that are rather difficult to access, enabling future extended isotope datasets in soil sciences and ecohydrology.
Stefan Seeger and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3393–3404, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a low-budget method to quantify the radial distribution of water transport velocities within trees at a high spatial resolution. We observed a wide spread of water transport velocities within a tree stem section, which were on average 3 times faster than the flux velocity. The distribution of transport velocities has implications for studies that use water isotopic signatures to study root water uptake and usually assume uniform or even implicitly infinite velocities.
Daniel Rasche, Jannis Weimar, Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Markus Morgner, Andreas Güntner, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3059–3082, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce passive downhole cosmic-ray neutron sensing (d-CRNS) as an approach for the non-invasive estimation of soil moisture in deeper layers of the unsaturated zone which exceed the observational window of above-ground CRNS applications. Neutron transport simulations are used to derive mathematical descriptions and transfer functions, while experimental measurements in an existing groundwater observation well illustrate the feasibility and applicability of the approach.
Andreas Hänsler and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5069–5084, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5069-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5069-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spatially explicit quantification of design storms is essential for flood risk assessment and planning. However, available datasets are mainly based on spatially interpolated station-based design storms. Since the spatial interpolation of the data inherits a large potential for uncertainty, we develop an approach to be able to derive spatially explicit design storms on the basis of weather radar data. We find that our approach leads to an improved spatial representation of design storms.
Anne Hartmann, Markus Weiler, Konrad Greinwald, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4953–4974, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Analyzing the impact of soil age and rainfall intensity on vertical subsurface flow paths in calcareous soils, with a special focus on preferential flow occurrence, shows how water flow paths are linked to the organization of evolving landscapes. The observed increase in preferential flow occurrence with increasing moraine age provides important but rare data for a proper representation of hydrological processes within the feedback cycle of the hydro-pedo-geomorphological system.
Achim Brauer, Ingo Heinrich, Markus J. Schwab, Birgit Plessen, Brian Brademann, Matthias Köppl, Sylvia Pinkerneil, Daniel Balanzategui, Gerhard Helle, and Theresa Blume
DEUQUA Spec. Pub., 4, 41–58, https://doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-4-41-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-4-41-2022, 2022
Lena Katharina Schmidt, Till Francke, Erwin Rottler, Theresa Blume, Johannes Schöber, and Axel Bronstert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 653–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-653-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-653-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change fundamentally alters glaciated high-alpine areas, but it is unclear how this affects riverine sediment transport. As a first step, we aimed to identify the most important processes and source areas in three nested catchments in the Ötztal, Austria, in the past 15 years. We found that areas above 2500 m were crucial and that summer rainstorms were less influential than glacier melt. These findings provide a baseline for studies on future changes in high-alpine sediment dynamics.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Daniel Rasche, Markus Köhli, Martin Schrön, Theresa Blume, and Andreas Güntner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6547–6566, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing provides areal average soil moisture measurements. We investigated how distinct differences in spatial soil moisture patterns influence the soil moisture estimates and present two approaches to improve the estimate of soil moisture close to the instrument by reducing the influence of soil moisture further afield. Additionally, we show that the heterogeneity of soil moisture can be assessed based on the relationship of different neutron energies.
Conrad Jackisch, Sibylle K. Hassler, Tobias L. Hohenbrink, Theresa Blume, Hjalmar Laudon, Hilary McMillan, Patricia Saco, and Loes van Schaik
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5277–5285, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5277-2021, 2021
Benjamin Gralher, Barbara Herbstritt, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5219–5235, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We scrutinized the quickest currently available method for stable isotope analysis of matrix-bound water. Simulating common procedures, we demonstrated the limits of certain materials currently used and identified a reliable and cost-efficient alternative. Further, we calculated the optimum proportions of important protocol aspects critical for precise and accurate analyses. Our unifying protocol suggestions increase data quality and comparability as well as the method's general applicability.
Jan Greiwe, Markus Weiler, and Jens Lange
Biogeosciences, 18, 4705–4715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4705-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4705-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed variability in diel nitrate patterns at three locations in a lowland stream. Comparison of time lags between monitoring sites with water travel time indicated that diel patterns were created by in-stream processes rather than transported downstream from an upstream point of origin. Most of the patterns (70 %) could be explained by assimilatory nitrate uptake. The remaining patterns suggest seasonally varying dominance and synchronicity of different biochemical processes.
Stefan Seeger and Markus Weiler
Biogeosciences, 18, 4603–4627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4603-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4603-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a setup for fully automated in situ measurements of stable water isotopes in soil and the stems of fully grown trees. We used this setup in a 12-week field campaign to monitor the propagation of a labelling pulse from the soil up to a stem height of 8 m.
We could observe trees shifting their main water uptake depths multiple times, depending on water availability.
The gained knowledge about the temporal dynamics can help to improve water uptake models and future study designs.
Andreas Hänsler and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-366, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-366, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Spatially explicit quantification on design storms are essential for flood risk assessment. However this information can be only achieved from substantially long records of rainfall measurements, usually only available for a few stations. Hence, design storms estimates from these few stations are then spatially interpolated leading to a major source of uncertainty. Therefore we defined a methodology to extend spatially explicit weather radar data to be used for the estimation of design storms.
Cited articles
Angermann, L., Jackisch, C., Allroggen, N., Sprenger, M., Zehe, E., Tronicke, J., Weiler, M., and Blume, T.: Form and function in hillslope hydrology:
characterization of subsurface flow based on response observations, Hydrol.
Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3727–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017, 2017.
Bachmair, S. and Weiler, M.: Interactions and connectivity between runoff
generation processes of different spatial scales, Hydrol. Process., 28,
1916–1930, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9705, 2014.
Beiter, D., Weiler, M., and Blume, T.: Characterising hillslope–stream
connectivity with a joint event analysis of stream and groundwater levels,
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5713–5744, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, 2020.
Bhamjee, R., Lindsay, J. B., and Cockburn, J.: Monitoring ephemeral headwater streams: a paired-sensor approach, Hydrol. Process., 30, 888–898,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10677, 2016.
Botter, G., Vingiani, F., Senatore, A., Jensen, C., Weiler, M., McGuire, K., Mendicino, G., and Durighetto, N.: Hierarchical climate-driven dynamics of the active channel length in temporary streams, Sci. Rep., 11, 21503, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00922-2, 2021.
Boulton, A. J., Rolls, R. J., Jaeger, K. L., and Datry, T.: Chapter 2.3 – Hydrological Connectivity in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams, in: Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams, edited by: Datry, T., Bonada, N., and Boulton, A., Academic Press, 79–108, ISBN 9780128038352,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803835-2.00004-8, 2017.
Breiman, L.: Random Forests, Mach. Learn., 45, 5–32, 2001.
Budyko, M. I.: Climate and life, in: International geophysics series, 18,
Academic Press, New York, ISBN 9780080954530, 1974.
Busch, M. H., Costigan, K. H., Fritz, K. M., Datry, T., Krabbenhoft, C. A., Hammond, J. C., Zimmer, M., Olden, J. D., Burrows, R. M., Dodds, W. K., Boersma, K. S., Shanafield, M., Kampf, S. K., Mims, M. C., Bogan, M. T., Ward, A. S., Perez Rocha, M., Godsey, S., Allen, G. H., Blaszczak, J. R., Jones, C. N., and Allen, D. C.: What's in a Name? Patterns, Trends, and Suggestions for Defining Non-Perennial Rivers and Streams, Water, 12, 1980, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12071980, 2020.
Buttle, J. M., Boon, S., Peters, D. L., Spence, C., van Meerveld, H. J. (I.), and Whitfield, P. H.: An Overview of Temporary Stream Hydrology in Canada, Can. Water Resour. J., 37, 279–310, https://doi.org/10.4296/cwrj2011-903, 2012.
Calle, M. L. and Urrea, V.: Letter to the Editor: Stability of Random Forest
importance measures, Brief. Bioinform., 12, 86–89, https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbq011, 2010.
Cammeraat, L. H., Sevink, J., Hissler, C., Juilleret, J., Jansen, B., Kooijman, A. M., Pfister, L., and Verstraten, J. M.: Soils of the Luxembourg
Lias Cuesta Landscape, in: Kooijman, A. M., Seijmonsbergen, A. C., and
Cammeraat, L. H., The Luxembourg Gutland Landscape, Springer, 107–130,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65543-7_6, 2018.
Chiu, M., Leigh, C., Mazor, R., Cid, N., and Resh, V.: Chapter 5.1 –
Anthropogenic Threats to Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams, in: Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams, edited by: Datry, T., Bonada, N., and Boulton, A., Academic Press, 433–454, ISBN 9780128038352,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803835-2.00017-6, 2017.
Colbach, R.: Overview of the geology of the Luxembourg Sandstone(s),
Ferrantia, 44, 155–160, 2005.
Constantz, J., Stewart, A. E., Niswonger, R., and Sarma, L.: Analysis of
temperature profiles for investigating stream losses beneath ephemeral channels, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1316, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001221, 2002.
Costa, A. C., Foerster, S., de Araújo, J. C., and Bronstert, A.: Analysis
of channel transmission losses in a dryland river reach in north-eastern
Brazil using streamflow series, groundwater level series and multi-temporal
satellite data, Hydrol. Process., 27, 1046–1060, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9243, 2013.
Costigan, K. H., Jaeger, K. L., Goss, C. W., Fritz, K. M., and Goebel, P. C.:
Understanding controls on flow permanence in intermittent rivers to aid
ecological research: integrating meteorology, geology and land cover,
Ecohydrology, 9, 7, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1712, 2016.
Datry, D., Larned, S. T., and Tockner, K.: Intermittent Rivers: A Challenge for Freshwater Ecology, BioScience 64, 229–235, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bit027, 2014.
Datry, T., Bondana, N., and Boulton, A. J.: Chapter 1 – General
introduction, in: Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams – Ecology and
Management, edited by: Datry, T., Bondana, N., and Boulton, A. J., Academic
Press, London, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803835-2.00001-2, 2017.
Demand, D., Blume, T., and Weiler, M.: Spatio-temporal relevance and controls
of preferential flow at the landscape scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23,
4869–4889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4869-2019, 2019.
Dunne, T. and Black, R. D.: Partial area contributions to storm runoff in a Small New England Watershed, Water Resour. Res., 6, 1296–1311, 1970.
Durighetto, N., Vingiani, F.,Bertassello, L. E., Camporese, M., and Botter, G.: Intraseasonal drainage network dynamics in a headwater catchment of the Italian Alps, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR025563, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025563, 2020.
Eng, K., Wolock, D. M., and Dettinger, M. D.: Sensitivity of intermittent
streams to climate variations in the USA, River Res. Appl., 32, 885–895,
https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2939, 2016.
Floyd, W. and Weiler, M.: Measuring snow accumulation and ablation dynamics
during rain-on-snow events: innovative measurement techniques, Hydrol.
Process., 22, 4805–4812, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7142, 2008.
Fritz, K. M., Nadeau, T.-L., Kelso, J. E., Beck, W. S., Mazor, R. D., Harrington, R. A., and Topping B. J.: Classifying Streamflow Duration: The
Scientific Basis and an Operational Framework for Method Development, Water
12, 2545, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092545, 2020.
Godsey, S. E. and Kirchner, J. W.: Dynamic, discontinuous stream networks:
hydrologically driven variations in active drainage density, flowing
channels and stream order, Hydrol. Process., 28, 5791–5803,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10310, 2014.
Goodrich, D. C., Kepner, W. G., Levick, L. R., and Wigington Jr., P. J.:
Southwestern intermittent and ephemeral stream connectivity, J. Am. Water
Resour. Assoc., 54, 400–422, https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12636, 2018.
Gutiérrez-Jurado, K. Y., Partington, D., Batelaan, O., Cook, P., and
Shanafield, M.: What triggers streamflow for intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams in low-gradient catchments in Mediterranean climates, Water Resour. Res., 55, 9926–9946, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025041, 2019.
Gutiérrez-Jurado, K. Y., Partington, and Shanafield, M.: Taking theory
to the field: streamflow generation mechanisms in an intermittent
Mediterranean catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4299–4317,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4299-2021, 2021.
Heggen, J. R.: Normalized Antecedent Precipitation Index, J. Hydrol. Eng., 6, 377–381, 2001.
Hellebrand, H., van den Bos, R., Hoffmann, L., Juilleret, J., and Pfister,
L.: The potential of winter stormflow coefficients for hydrological
regionalization purposes in poorly gauged basins of the middle Rhine region,
Hydrolog. Sci. J., 53, 773–788, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.4.773, 2008.
Horton, R. E.: The role of infiltration in the hydrological cycle, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 14, 460–466, 1933.
Jackisch, C., Angermann, L., Allroggen, N., Sprenger, M., Blume, T., Tronicke, J., and Zehe, E.: Form and function in hillslope hydrology: in
situ imaging and characterization of flow-relevant structures, Hydrol. Earth
Syst. Sci., 21, 3749–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017, 2017.
Jaeger, K. L. and Olden, J. D.: Electrical Resistance Sensor Arrays as a Means to Quantify Longitudinal Connectivity of Rivers, River Res. Appl., 28,
1843–1852, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1554, 2012.
Jaeger, K. L., Sando, R., McShane, R. R., Dunham, J. B., Hockman-Wert, D. P., Kaiser, K. E., Hafen, K., Risley, J. C., and Blasch, K. W.: Probability of Streamflow Permanence Model (PROSPER): A spatially continuous model of annual streamflow permanence throughout the Pacific Northwest, J. Hydrol., 2, 100005, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2018.100005, 2019.
James, A. L. and Roulet, N. T.: Antecedent moisture conditions and catchment morphology as controls on spatial patterns of runoff generation in small forest catchments, J. Hydrol., 377, 351–366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.039, 2009.
Jencso, K. G. and McGlynn, B. L.: Hierarchical controls on runoff generation: Topographically driven hydrologic connectivity, geology, and vegetation, Water Resour. Res., 47, W11527, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010666, 2011.
Jensen, C. K., McGuire, K. J., and Prince, P. S.: Headwater stream length
dynamics across four physiographic provinces of the Appalachian Highlands,
Hydrol. Process., 31, 3350–3363, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11259, 2017.
Jensen, C. K., McGuire, K. J., Shao, Y., and Dolloff, C. A.: Modeling wet
headwater stream networks across multiole flow conditions in the Appalachian
Highlands, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 43, 2762–2778, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4431, 2018.
Jensen, C. K., McGuire, K. J., McLaughlin, D. L., and Scott, D. T.: Quantifying spatiotemporal variation in headwater stream length using flow
intermittency sensors, Environ. Monit. Assess., 191, 226, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7373-8, 2019.
Kaplan, N. H., Sohrt, E., Blume, T., and Weiler, M.: Monitoring ephemeral,
intermittent and perennial streamflow: a dataset from 182 sites in the
Attert catchment, Luxembourg, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1363–1374,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1363-2019, 2019a.
Kaplan, N. H., Sohrt, E., Blume, T., and Weiler, M.: Time series of streamflow occurrence from 182 sites in ephemeral, intermittent and perennial streams in the Attert catchment, Luxembourg, V. 2.0, GFZ Data Services [data set], https://doi.org/10.5880/FIDGEO.2019.010, 2019b.
Kaplan, N. H., Blume, T., and Weiler, M.: Predicting probabilities of streamflow intermittency across a temperate mesoscale catchment, Hydrol.
Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5453–5472, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5453-2020, 2020a.
Kaplan, N. H., Blume, T., and Weiler, M.: Supplement of Predicting probabilities of streamflow intermittency across a temperate mesoscale
catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5453–5472, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5453-2020, 2020b.
Kohler, M. A. and Linsley Jr., R. K.: Predicting runoff from storm rainfall. Res. Paper 34, US Weather Bureau, Washington, DC, https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0819/ML081900279.pdf (last access: 17 May 2022), 1951.
Kuhn, M., Wing, J., Weston, S., Williams, A., Keefer, C., Engelhardt, A., Cooper, T., Mayer, Z., Kenkel, B., the R Core Team, Benesty, M., Lescarbeau,
R., Ziem, A., Scrucca, L., Tang, Y., and Candan, C.: caret: Classification
and Regression Training, R package version 6.0-71,
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=caret (last access: 16 November 2020), 2015.
La Torre Torres, I. B. L. T., Amatya, D. M., Sun, G., and Callahan, T. J.:
Seasonal rainfall–runoff relationships in a lowland forested watershed in
the southeastern USA, Hydrol. Process., 25, 2032–2045, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7955, 2011.
Le Gouvernement du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg – Administration du cadastre et de la topographie: Carte Topographique régionale touristique, R4 Steinfort, Redange, Luxembourg, 2009.
Liaw, A. and Wiener, M.: Classification and Regression by randomForest, R News, 2, 18–22, 2002.
Ließ, M., Glaser, B., and Huwe, B.: Uncertainty in the spatial prediction
of soil texture: Comparison of regression tree and Random Forest models,
Geoderma, 170, 70–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.10.010, 2012.
Louppe, G., Wehenkel, L., Sutera, A., and Geurts, P.: Understanding variable
importances in forests of randomized trees, in: Volume 1, NIPS'13: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, December 2013, 431–439, https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2013/file/e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7-Paper.pdf
(last access: 17 May 2022), 2013.
Lunardon, N., Menardi, G., and Torelli, N.: ROSE: a Package for Binary Imbalanced Learning, R Journal, 6, 82–92, 2014.
Mälicke, M., Hassler, S. K., Blume, T., Weiler, M., and Zehe, E.: Soil
moisture: variable in space but redundant in time, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.,
24, 2633–2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2633-2020, 2020.
Martínez-Carreras, N., Krein, A., Gallart, F., Iffly, J.-F., Hissler, C., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., and Owens, P. N.: The Influence of Sediment Sources and Hydrologic Events on the Nutrient and Metal Content of Fine-Grained Sediments (Attert River Basin, Luxembourg), Water Air Soil
Poll., 223, 5685–5705, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1307-1, 2012.
Martínez-Carreras, N., Hissler, C., Gourdol, L., Klaus, L., Juilleret, J., Iffly, J. F., and Pfister, L.: Storage controls on the generation of double peak hydrographs in a forested headwater catchment, J. Hydrol., 543, 255–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.004, 2016.
Moreno-de-las-Heras, M., Merino-Martín, L., Saco, P. M., Espigares, T.,
Gallart, F., and Nicolau, J. M.: Structural and functional control of surface-patch to hillslope runoff and sediment connectivity in Mediterranean
dry reclaimed slope systems, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2855–2872,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2855-2020, 2020.
Müller, B., Bernhardt, M., Jackisch, C., and Schulz, K.: Estimating spatially distributed soil texture using time series of thermal remote sensing – a case study in central Europe, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20,
3765–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3765-2016, 2016.
Neuper, M. and Ehret, U.: Quantitative precipitation estimation with weather
radar using a data- and information-based approach, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3711–3733, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3711-2019, 2019.
Olson, S. A. and Brouillette, M. C.: A logistic regression equation for
estimating the probability of a stream in Vermont having intermittent flow,
US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5217, US Geological Survey, p. 15, https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5217/ (last access: 16 November 2020), 2006.
Penna, D., Tromp-van Meerveld, H. J., Gobbi, A., Borga, M., and Dalla Fontana, G.: The influence of soil moisture on threshold runoff generation processes in an alpine headwater catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 689–702, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-689-2011, 2011.
Penna, D., van Meerveld, H. J., Oliviero, O., Zuecco, G., Assendelft, R. S.,
Dalla Fontana, G., and Borga, M.: Seasonal changes in runoff generation in a
small forested mountain catchment, Hydrol. Process., 29, 2027–2042,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10347, 2015.
Pfister, L., Martínez-Carreras, N., Hissler, C., Klaus, J., Carrer, G.
E., Stewart, M. K., and McDonnell, J. J.: Bedrock geology controls on catchment storage, mixing, and release: A comparative analysis of 16 nested
catchments, Hydrol. Process., 31, 1828–1845, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11134, 2017.
Pfister, L., Hissler, C., Iffly, J. F., Coenders, M., Teuling, R., Arens, A.,
and Cammeraat, L. H.: Contrasting Hydrologic Response in the Cuesta Landscapes of Luxembourg, in: The Luxembourg Gutland Landscape, edited by: Kooijman, A., Cammeraat, L., and Seijmonsbergen, A., Springer, Cham,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65543-7_4, 2018.
Prancevic, J. P. and Kirchner, J. W.: Topographic Controls on the Extension
and Retraction of Flowing Streams, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2084–2092,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081799, 2019.
Reynolds, L. V., Shafroth P. B., and Poff, N. L.: Modeled intermittency risk
for small streams in the Upper Colorado River Basin under climate change, J. Hydrol., 523, 768–780, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.025, 2015.
Ries, F., Schmidt, S., Sauter, M., and Lange, J.: Controls on runoff generation along a steep climatic gradientin the Eastern Mediterranean, J. Hydrol.: Reg. Stud., 9, 18–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.11.001, 2017.
Sando, R. and Blasch, K. W.: Predicting alpine headwater stream intermittency: a case study in the northern Rocky Mountains, Ecohydrol.
Hydrobiol., 15, 68–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2015.04.002, 2015.
Schaich, H., Karier, J., and Konold, W.: Rivers, Regulation and Restoration:
Land Use History of Floodplains in a Peri-Urban Landscape in Luxembourg, 1777–2000, Europ. Countrys, 4, 241–264,
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10091-012-0007-6, 2011.
Scherrer, S. and Naef, F.: A decision scheme to indicate dominant hydrological flow processes on temperate grassland, Hydrol. Process., 17,
391–401, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1131, 2003.
Schwab, M. P., Klaus, J., Pfister, L., and Weiler, M.: How runoff components affect the export of DOC and nitrate: a long-term and high-frequency analysis, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-416, 2017.
Shanafield, M., Gutiérrez-Jurado, K., White, N., Hatch, M., and Keane R.:
Catchment-scale characterization of intermittent stream infiltration; a
geophysics approach, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 125, e2019JF005330, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005330, 2020.
Shaw, S. B.: Investigating the linkage between streamflow recession rates and channel network contraction in a mesoscale catchment in New York state, Hydrol. Process., 30, 479–492, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10626, 2016.
Sidle, R. C., Tsuboyama, Y., Noguchi, S., Hosoda, I., Fujieda, M., and
Shimizu, T.: Seasonal hydrologic response at various spatial scales in a small forested catchment, Hitachi Ohta, Japan, J. Hydrol., 168, 227–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02639-S, 1995.
Sophocleous, M.: Interactions between groundwater and surface water: the state of the science, Hydrogeol. J., 10, 52–67, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8, 2002.
Sprenger, M., Volkmann, T. H. M., Blume, T., and Weiler, M.: Estimating flow and transport parameters in the unsaturated zone with pore water stable isotopes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2617–2635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2617-2015, 2015.
Stewart, R. D., Bhaskar, A.S., Parolari, A. J., Herrmann, D. L., Jian, J.,
Schifman, L. A., and Shuster, W. D.: An analytical approach to ascertain
saturation-excess versus infiltration-excess overland flow in urban and reference landscapes, Hydrol. Process., 33, 3349–3363, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13562, 2019.
Tanaka, Y., Matsukura, Y., Batnasan, N., and Tuvshinjargal, D.: Distinct
runoff processes in granite and sandstone drainage basins near Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia, Environ. Geol., 47, 640–646, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-004-1189-7, 2005.
Tolonen, K. E., Picazo, F., Vilmi, A., Datry, T., Stubbington, R., Pařil, P., Rocha, M. P., and Heino, J.: Parallels and contrasts between intermittently freezing and drying streams: From individual adaptations to biodiversity variation, Freshwater Biol., 64, 1679–1691,
https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.13373, 2019.
Trancoso, R., Phinn, S., McVicar, T. R., Larsen, J. R., and McAlpine, C. A.:
Regional variation in streamflow drivers across a continental climatic gradient, Ecohydrology, 10, 1816, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1816, 2016.
Tromp-van Meerveld, H. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: On the interrelations between topography, soil depth, soil moisture, transpiration rates and species distribution at the hillslope scale, Adv. Water Resour., 29, 293–310, 2006.
Uys, M. C. and O'Keeffe, J. H.: Simple Words and Fuzzy Zones: Early Directions for Temporary River Research in South Afrika, Environ. Manage., 21, 517–531, 1997.
Ward, A. S., Schmadel, N. M., and Wondzell, S. M.: Simulation of dynamic
expansion, contraction, and connectivity in a mountain stream network. Adv. Water Resour., 114, 64–82, 2018.
Warix, S. R., Godsey, S. E., Lohse, K. A., and Hale, R. L.: Influence of
groundwater and topography on stream drying in semi-arid headwater streams,
Hydrol. Process., 35, e14185, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14185, 2021.
Weyman, D. R.: Measurements of the downslope flow of water in a soil. J.
Hydrol., 20, 267–288, 1973.
Wiekenkamp, I., Huisman, J. A., Bogena, H. R., Lin, H. S., and Vereecken,
H.: Spatial and temporal occurrence of preferential flow in a forested headwater catchment, J. Hydrol., 534, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.050, 2016.
Wrede, S., Fenicia, F., Martínez-Carreras, N., Juilleret, J., Hissler, C., Krein, A., Savenije, H. H. G., Uhlenbrook, S., Kavetski, D., and Pfister, L.: Towards more systematic perceptual model development: a case study using 3 Luxembourgish catchments, Hydrol. Process., 29, 2731–2750, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10393, 2015.
Zehe, E., Elsenbeer, H., Lindenmaier, F., Schulz, K., and Blöschl, G.:
Patterns of predictability in hydrological threshold systems, Water Resour. Res., 43, W07434, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005589, 2007.
Zehe, E., Ehret, U., Pfister, L., Blume, T., Schröder, B., Westhoff, M., Jackisch, C., Schymanski, S. J., Weiler, M., Schulz, K., Allroggen, N., Tronicke, J., van Schaik, L., Dietrich, P., Scherer, U., Eccard, J., Wulfmeyer, V., and Kleidon, A.: HESS Opinions: From response units to functional units: a thermodynamic reinterpretation of the HRU concept to link spatial organization and functioning of intermediate scale catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4635–4655, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4635-2014, 2014.
Zimmer, M. A. and McGlynn, B. L.: Ephemeral and intermittent runoff generation processes in a low relief, highly weathered catchment, Water
Resour. Res., 53, 7055–7077, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019742, 2017.
Zimmermann, B., Zimmermann, A., Turner, B. L., Francke, T., and Elsenbeer, H.: Connectivity of overland flow by drainage network expansion in a rain forest catchment, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1457–1473,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2012WR012660, 2014.
Short summary
This study is analyses how characteristics of precipitation events and soil moisture and temperature dynamics during these events can be used to model the associated streamflow responses in intermittent streams. The models are used to identify differences between the dominant controls of streamflow intermittency in three distinct geologies of the Attert catchment, Luxembourg. Overall, soil moisture was found to be the most important control of intermittent streamflow in all geologies.
This study is analyses how characteristics of precipitation events and soil moisture and...
