Articles | Volume 25, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4585-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4585-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Aug 2021
Research article |
| 26 Aug 2021
| 26 Aug 2021
Simulated or measured soil moisture: which one is adding more value to regional landslide early warning?
Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Per-Erik Jansson
Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Peter Lehmann
Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich,
Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
Christian Hauck
Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
Manfred Stähli
Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Related authors
Adrian Wicki, Peter Lehmann, Christian Hauck, and Manfred Stähli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Soil wetness measurements are used for shallow landslide prediction; however, existing sites are often located in flat terrain. Here, we assessed the ability of monitoring sites at flat locations to detect critically saturated conditions compared to if they were situated at a landslide-prone location. We found that differences exist but that both sites could equally well distinguish critical from non-critical conditions for shallow landslide triggering if relative changes are considered.
Cassandra E. M. Koenig, Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, Lukas U. Arenson, and Pablo Wainstein
The Cryosphere, 19, 2653–2676, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2653-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-2653-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first regional compilation of borehole temperature data from high-altitude permafrost sites in the Andes, providing a baseline of ground thermal conditions. Data from 53 boreholes show thermal characteristics similar to other mountain permafrost areas, but uniquely shaped by Andean topo-climatic conditions. The study emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and is a notable collaboration between industry, academia, and regulators in advancing climate change research.
Amelie Fees, Michael Lombardo, Alec van Herwijnen, Peter Lehmann, and Jürg Schweizer
The Cryosphere, 19, 1453–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1453-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-1453-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Glide-snow avalanches release at the soil–snow interface due to a loss of friction, which is suspected to be linked to interfacial water. The importance of the interfacial water was investigated with a spatio-temporal monitoring setup for soil and local snow on an avalanche-prone slope. Seven glide-snow avalanches were released on the monitoring grid (winter seasons 2021/22 to 2023/24) and provided insights into the source, quantity, and spatial distribution of interfacial water before avalanche release.
Michael Lombardo, Amelie Fees, Anders Kaestner, Alec van Herwijnen, Jürg Schweizer, and Peter Lehmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-304, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-304, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Water flow in snow is important for many applications including snow hydrology and avalanche forecasting. This work investigated the role of capillary forces at the soil-snow interface during capillary rise experiments using neutron radiography. The results showed that the properties of both the snow and the transitional layer below the snow affected the water flow. This work will allow for better representations of water flow across the soil-snow interface in snowpack models.
Clemens Moser, Umberto Morra di Cella, Christian Hauck, and Adrián Flores Orozco
The Cryosphere, 19, 143–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-143-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-143-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use electrical conductivity and induced polarization in an imaging framework to quantify hydrogeological parameters in the active Gran Sometta rock glacier. The results show high spatial variability in the hydrogeological parameters across the rock glacier and are validated by saltwater tracer tests coupled with 3D electrical conductivity imaging. Hydrogeological information was linked to kinematic data to further investigate its role in rock glacier movement.
Benjamin B. Mirus, Thom Bogaard, Roberto Greco, and Manfred Stähli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 169–182, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-169-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-169-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Early warning of increased landslide potential provides situational awareness to reduce landslide-related losses from major storm events. For decades, landslide forecasts relied on rainfall data alone, but recent research points to the value of hydrologic information for improving predictions. In this paper, we provide our perspectives on the value and limitations of integrating subsurface hillslope hydrologic monitoring data and mathematical modeling for more accurate landslide forecasts.
Julie Wee, Sebastián Vivero, Tamara Mathys, Coline Mollaret, Christian Hauck, Christophe Lambiel, Jan Beutel, and Wilfried Haeberli
The Cryosphere, 18, 5939–5963, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5939-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5939-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study highlights the importance of a multi-method and multi-disciplinary approach to better understand the influence of the internal structure of the Gruben glacier-forefield-connected rock glacier and adjacent debris-covered glacier on their driving thermo-mechanical processes and associated surface dynamics. We were able to discriminate glacial from periglacial processes as their spatio-temporal patterns of surface dynamics and geophysical signatures are (mostly) different.
Tamara Mathys, Muslim Azimshoev, Zhoodarbeshim Bektursunov, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Murataly Duishonakunov, Abdulhamid Kayumov, Nikolay Kassatkin, Vassily Kapitsa, Leo C. P. Martin, Coline Mollaret, Hofiz Navruzshoev, Eric Pohl, Tomas Saks, Intizor Silmonov, Timur Musaev, Ryskul Usubaliev, and Martin Hoelzle
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2795, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2795, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comprehensive geophysical dataset on permafrost in the data-scarce Tien Shan and Pamir mountain regions of Central Asia. It also introduces a novel modeling method to quantify ground ice content across different landforms. The findings indicate that this approach is well-suited for characterizing ice-rich permafrost, which is crucial for evaluating future water availability and assessing risks associated with thawing permafrost.
Amelie Fees, Alec van Herwijnen, Michael Lombardo, Jürg Schweizer, and Peter Lehmann
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3387–3400, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3387-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3387-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glide-snow avalanches release at the ground–snow interface, and their release process is poorly understood. To investigate the influence of spatial variability (snowpack and basal friction) on avalanche release, we developed a 3D, mechanical, threshold-based model that reproduces an observed release area distribution. A sensitivity analysis showed that the distribution was mostly influenced by the basal friction uniformity, while the variations in snowpack properties had little influence.
Mohammad Farzamian, Teddi Herring, Gonçalo Vieira, Miguel Angel de Pablo, Borhan Yaghoobi Tabar, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 18, 4197–4213, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4197-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4197-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An automated electrical resistivity tomography (A-ERT) system was developed and deployed in Antarctica to monitor permafrost and active-layer dynamics. The A-ERT, coupled with an efficient processing workflow, demonstrated its capability to monitor real-time thaw depth progression, detect seasonal and surficial freezing–thawing events, and assess permafrost stability. Our study showcased the potential of A-ERT to contribute to global permafrost monitoring networks.
Nedal Aqel, Lea Reusser, Stephan Margreth, Andrea Carminati, and Peter Lehmann
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 6949–6966, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-6949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The soil water potential (SWP) determines various soil water processes. Since remote sensing techniques cannot measure it directly, it is often deduced from volumetric water content (VWC) information. However, under dynamic field conditions, the relationship between SWP and VWC is highly ambiguous due to different factors that cannot be modeled with the classical approach. Applying a deep neural network with an autoencoder enables the prediction of the dynamic SWP.
Tobias Karl David Weber, Lutz Weihermüller, Attila Nemes, Michel Bechtold, Aurore Degré, Efstathios Diamantopoulos, Simone Fatichi, Vilim Filipović, Surya Gupta, Tobias L. Hohenbrink, Daniel R. Hirmas, Conrad Jackisch, Quirijn de Jong van Lier, John Koestel, Peter Lehmann, Toby R. Marthews, Budiman Minasny, Holger Pagel, Martine van der Ploeg, Shahab Aldin Shojaeezadeh, Simon Fiil Svane, Brigitta Szabó, Harry Vereecken, Anne Verhoef, Michael Young, Yijian Zeng, Yonggen Zhang, and Sara Bonetti
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3391–3433, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are used to predict parameters of models describing the hydraulic properties of soils. The appropriateness of these predictions critically relies on the nature of the datasets for training the PTFs and the physical comprehensiveness of the models. This roadmap paper is addressed to PTF developers and users and critically reflects the utility and future of PTFs. To this end, we present a manifesto aiming at a paradigm shift in PTF research.
Theresa Maierhofer, Adrian Flores Orozco, Nathalie Roser, Jonas K. Limbrock, Christin Hilbich, Clemens Moser, Andreas Kemna, Elisabetta Drigo, Umberto Morra di Cella, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 18, 3383–3414, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3383-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3383-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we apply an electrical method in a high-mountain permafrost terrain in the Italian Alps, where long-term borehole temperature data are available for validation. In particular, we investigate the frequency dependence of the electrical properties for seasonal and annual variations along a 3-year monitoring period. We demonstrate that our method is capable of resolving temporal changes in the thermal state and the ice / water ratio associated with seasonal freeze–thaw processes.
Wilfried Haeberli, Lukas U. Arenson, Julie Wee, Christian Hauck, and Nico Mölg
The Cryosphere, 18, 1669–1683, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-1669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers in ice-rich permafrost can be discriminated from debris-covered glaciers. The key physical phenomenon relates to the tight mechanical coupling between the moving frozen body at depth and the surface layer of debris in the case of rock glaciers, as opposed to the virtually inexistent coupling in the case of surface ice with a debris cover. Contact zones of surface ice with subsurface ice in permafrost constitute diffuse landforms beyond either–or-type landform classification.
Bernd Etzelmüller, Ketil Isaksen, Justyna Czekirda, Sebastian Westermann, Christin Hilbich, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 17, 5477–5497, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost (permanently frozen ground) is widespread in the mountains of Norway and Iceland. Several boreholes were drilled after 1999 for long-term permafrost monitoring. We document a strong warming of permafrost, including the development of unfrozen bodies in the permafrost. Warming and degradation of mountain permafrost may lead to more natural hazards.
Johannes Buckel, Jan Mudler, Rainer Gardeweg, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Regula Frauenfelder, Christof Kneisel, Sebastian Buchelt, Jan Henrik Blöthe, Andreas Hördt, and Matthias Bücker
The Cryosphere, 17, 2919–2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals permafrost degradation by repeating old geophysical measurements at three Alpine sites. The compared data indicate that ice-poor permafrost is highly affected by temperature warming. The melting of ice-rich permafrost could not be identified. However, complex geomorphic processes are responsible for this rather than external temperature change. We suspect permafrost degradation here as well. In addition, we introduce a new current injection method for data acquisition.
Adrian Wicki, Peter Lehmann, Christian Hauck, and Manfred Stähli
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1059–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Soil wetness measurements are used for shallow landslide prediction; however, existing sites are often located in flat terrain. Here, we assessed the ability of monitoring sites at flat locations to detect critically saturated conditions compared to if they were situated at a landslide-prone location. We found that differences exist but that both sites could equally well distinguish critical from non-critical conditions for shallow landslide triggering if relative changes are considered.
Jie Zhang, Wenxin Zhang, Per-Erik Jansson, and Søren O. Petersen
Biogeosciences, 19, 4811–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we relied on a properly controlled laboratory experiment to test the model’s capability of simulating the dominant microbial processes and the emissions of one greenhouse gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) from agricultural soils. This study reveals important processes and parameters that regulate N2O emissions in the investigated model framework and also suggests future steps of model development, which have implications on the broader communities of ecosystem modelers.
Tamara Mathys, Christin Hilbich, Lukas U. Arenson, Pablo A. Wainstein, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 16, 2595–2615, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2595-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, there is a pressing need to understand how much water is stored as ground ice in permafrost. Still, field-based data on permafrost in the Andes are scarce, resulting in large uncertainties regarding ground ice volumes and their hydrological role. We introduce an upscaling methodology of geophysical-based ground ice quantifications at the catchment scale. Our results indicate that substantial ground ice volumes may also be present in areas without rock glaciers.
Theresa Maierhofer, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Andreas Kemna, and Adrián Flores-Orozco
The Cryosphere, 16, 1903–1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1903-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1903-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We extend the application of electrical methods to characterize alpine permafrost using the so-called induced polarization (IP) effect associated with the storage of charges at the interface between liquid and solid phases. We investigate different field protocols to enhance data quality and conclude that with appropriate measurement and processing procedures, the characteristic dependence of the IP response of frozen rocks improves the assessment of thermal state and ice content in permafrost.
Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, Coline Mollaret, Pablo Wainstein, and Lukas U. Arenson
The Cryosphere, 16, 1845–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1845-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In view of water scarcity in the Andes, the significance of permafrost as a future water resource is often debated focusing on satellite-detected features such as rock glaciers. We present data from > 50 geophysical surveys in Chile and Argentina to quantify the ground ice volume stored in various permafrost landforms, showing that not only rock glacier but also non-rock-glacier permafrost contains significant ground ice volumes and is relevant when assessing the hydrological role of permafrost.
Martin Hoelzle, Christian Hauck, Tamara Mathys, Jeannette Noetzli, Cécile Pellet, and Martin Scherler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1531–1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1531-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With ongoing climate change, it is crucial to understand the interactions of the individual heat fluxes at the surface and within the subsurface layers, as well as their impacts on the permafrost thermal regime. A unique set of high-altitude meteorological measurements has been analysed to determine the energy balance at three mountain permafrost sites in the Swiss Alps, where data have been collected since the late 1990s in collaboration with the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network (PERMOS).
Bernd Etzelmüller, Justyna Czekirda, Florence Magnin, Pierre-Allain Duvillard, Ludovic Ravanel, Emanuelle Malet, Andreas Aspaas, Lene Kristensen, Ingrid Skrede, Gudrun D. Majala, Benjamin Jacobs, Johannes Leinauer, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Martina Böhme, Reginald Hermanns, Harald Ø. Eriksen, Tom Rune Lauknes, Michael Krautblatter, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 97–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a multi-authored study documenting the possible existence of permafrost in permanently monitored rockslides in Norway for the first time by combining a multitude of field data, including geophysical surveys in rock walls. The paper discusses the possible role of thermal regime and rockslide movement, and it evaluates the possible impact of atmospheric warming on rockslide dynamics in Norwegian mountains.
Surya Gupta, Tomislav Hengl, Peter Lehmann, Sara Bonetti, and Dani Or
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1593–1612, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1593-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1593-2021, 2021
Christian Halla, Jan Henrik Blöthe, Carla Tapia Baldis, Dario Trombotto Liaudat, Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, and Lothar Schrott
The Cryosphere, 15, 1187–1213, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the semi-arid to arid Andes of Argentina, rock glaciers contain invisible and unknown amounts of ground ice that could become more important in future for the water availability during the dry season. The study shows that the investigated rock glacier represents an important long-term ice reservoir in the dry mountain catchment and that interannual changes of ground ice can store and release significant amounts of annual precipitation.
Hongxing He, Per-Erik Jansson, and Annemieke I. Gärdenäs
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 735–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the integration of the phosphorus (P) cycle into CoupModel (v6.0, Coup-CNP). The extended Coup-CNP, which explicitly considers the symbiosis between soil microbes and plant roots, enables simulations of coupled C, N, and P dynamics for terrestrial ecosystems. Simulations from the new Coup-CNP model provide strong evidence that P fluxes need to be further considered in studies of how ecosystems and C turnover react to climate change.
Maximilian Weigand, Florian M. Wagner, Jonas K. Limbrock, Christin Hilbich, Christian Hauck, and Andreas Kemna
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 317–336, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-317-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-317-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In times of global warming, permafrost is starting to degrade at alarming rates, requiring new and improved characterization approaches. We describe the design and test installation, as well as detailed data quality assessment, of a monitoring system used to capture natural electrical potentials in the subsurface. These self-potential signals are of great interest for the noninvasive investigation of water flow in the non-frozen or partially frozen subsurface.
Leonie Kiewiet, Ilja van Meerveld, Manfred Stähli, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3381–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The sources of stream water are important, for instance, for predicting floods. The connectivity between streams and different (ground-)water sources can change during rain events, which affects the stream water composition. We investigated this for stream water sampled during four events and found that stream water came from different sources. The stream water composition changed gradually, and we showed that changes in solute concentrations could be partly linked to changes in connectivity.
Mohammad Farzamian, Gonçalo Vieira, Fernando A. Monteiro Santos, Borhan Yaghoobi Tabar, Christian Hauck, Maria Catarina Paz, Ivo Bernardo, Miguel Ramos, and Miguel Angel de Pablo
The Cryosphere, 14, 1105–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1105-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1105-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A 2-D automated electrical resistivity tomography (A-ERT) system was installed for the first time in Antarctica at Deception Island to (i) monitor subsurface freezing and thawing processes on a daily and seasonal basis and map the spatial and temporal variability of thaw depth and to (ii) study the impact of short-lived extreme meteorological events on active layer dynamics.
Coline Mollaret, Christin Hilbich, Cécile Pellet, Adrian Flores-Orozco, Reynald Delaloye, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 13, 2557–2578, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2557-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a long-term multisite electrical resistivity tomography monitoring network (more than 1000 datasets recorded from six mountain permafrost sites). Despite harsh and remote measurement conditions, the datasets are of good quality and show consistent spatio-temporal variations yielding significant added value to point-scale borehole information. Observed long-term trends are similar for all permafrost sites, showing ongoing permafrost thaw and ground ice loss due to climatic conditions.
Jan Mudler, Andreas Hördt, Anita Przyklenk, Gianluca Fiandaca, Pradip Kumar Maurya, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 13, 2439–2456, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2439-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2439-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The capacitively coupled resistivity (CCR) method enables the determination of frequency-dependent electrical parameters of the subsurface. CCR is well suited for application in cryospheric areas because it provides logistical advantages regarding coupling on hard surfaces and highly resistive grounds. With our new spectral two-dimensional inversion, we can identify subsurface structures based on full spectral information. We show the first results of the inversion method on the field scale.
Mousong Wu, Per-Erik Jansson, Jingwei Wu, Xiao Tan, Kang Wang, Peng Chen, and Jiesheng Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-466, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Milad Aminzadeh, Peter Lehmann, and Dani Or
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4015–4032, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4015-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4015-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Significant evaporative losses from local water reservoirs in arid regions exacerbate water shortages during dry spells. We propose a systematic approach for modeling energy balance and fluxes from covered water bodies using self-assembling floating elements, considering cover properties and local conditions. The study will provide a scientific and generalized basis for designing and implementing this important water conservation strategy to assist with its adaptation in various arid regions.
Martin Beniston, Daniel Farinotti, Markus Stoffel, Liss M. Andreassen, Erika Coppola, Nicolas Eckert, Adriano Fantini, Florie Giacona, Christian Hauck, Matthias Huss, Hendrik Huwald, Michael Lehning, Juan-Ignacio López-Moreno, Jan Magnusson, Christoph Marty, Enrique Morán-Tejéda, Samuel Morin, Mohamed Naaim, Antonello Provenzale, Antoine Rabatel, Delphine Six, Johann Stötter, Ulrich Strasser, Silvia Terzago, and Christian Vincent
The Cryosphere, 12, 759–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper makes a rather exhaustive overview of current knowledge of past, current, and future aspects of cryospheric issues in continental Europe and makes a number of reflections of areas of uncertainty requiring more attention in both scientific and policy terms. The review paper is completed by a bibliography containing 350 recent references that will certainly be of value to scholars engaged in the fields of glacier, snow, and permafrost research.
Hongxing He, Astrid Meyer, Per-Erik Jansson, Magnus Svensson, Tobias Rütting, and Leif Klemedtsson
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 725–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-725-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-725-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) have shown a major impact on forest C and N cycles, but are currently neglected in most ecosystem models. We thus implemented the previously developed ectomycorrhizal fungi model, MYCOFON, into a well-established ecosystem model, CoupModel. This paper describes the key components and features of Coup-MYCOFON. The new version of CoupModel can now simulate C and N fluxes and pools, explicitly accounting for links and feedbacks among plant, soil, and ECM.
Benjamin Mewes, Christin Hilbich, Reynald Delaloye, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 11, 2957–2974, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2957-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2957-2017, 2017
Wenxin Zhang, Per-Erik Jansson, and Bo Elberling
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-382, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-382, 2017
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Cécile Pellet and Christian Hauck
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3199–3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a detailed description of the new Swiss soil moisture monitoring network SOMOMOUNT, which comprises six stations distributed along an elevation gradient ranging from 1205 to 3410 m. The liquid soil moisture (LSM) data collected during the first 3 years are discussed with regard to their soil type and climate dependency as well as their altitudinal distribution. The elevation dependency of the LSM was found to be non-linear with distinct dynamics at high and low elevation.
Jonas Wicky and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 11, 1311–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1311-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Talus slopes are a widespread geomorphic feature, which may show permafrost conditions even at low elevation due to cold microclimates induced by a gravity-driven internal air circulation. We show for the first time a numerical simulation of this internal air circulation of a field-scale talus slope. Results indicate that convective heat transfer leads to a pronounced ground cooling in the lower part of the talus slope favoring the persistence of permafrost.
Christine Metzger, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, and Per-Erik Jansson
Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4313–4338, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4313-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4313-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Many interactions between various abiotic and biotic processes and their parameters were identified by global sensitivity analysis, revealing strong dependence of a certain model output (e.g. CO2 or heat fluxes, leaf area index, radiation, water table, soil temperature or snow depth) to model set-up and parameterization in many different processes, a limited transferability of parameter values between models, and the importance of ancillary measurements for improving models and thus predictions.
Mousong Wu, Per-Erik Jansson, Xiao Tan, Jiesheng Huang, and Jingwei Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-507, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-507, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Antoine Marmy, Jan Rajczak, Reynald Delaloye, Christin Hilbich, Martin Hoelzle, Sven Kotlarski, Christophe Lambiel, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Nadine Salzmann, Benno Staub, and Christian Hauck
The Cryosphere, 10, 2693–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new semi-automated method to calibrate the 1-D soil model COUP. It is the first time (as far as we know) that this approach is developed for mountain permafrost. It is applied at six test sites in the Swiss Alps. In a second step, the calibrated model is used for RCM-based simulations with specific downscaling of RCM data to the borehole scale. We show projections of the permafrost evolution at the six sites until the end of the century and according to the A1B scenario.
Hongxing He, Per-Erik Jansson, Magnus Svensson, Jesper Björklund, Lasse Tarvainen, Leif Klemedtsson, and Åsa Kasimir
Biogeosciences, 13, 2305–2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2305-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2305-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate CO2 and N2O dynamics over a full forest rotation on drained agricultural peatland, using CoupModel. Data used for validation include tree ring-derived biomass data (1966–2011) and measured abiotic and soil emission data (2006–2011). The results show that the C fixed in forest biomass is slightly larger than the soil losses over the full rotation period. However when including N2O and indirect emissions from forest thinning products, the forest system switches to a large GHG source.
A. Ekici, S. Chadburn, N. Chaudhary, L. H. Hajdu, A. Marmy, S. Peng, J. Boike, E. Burke, A. D. Friend, C. Hauck, G. Krinner, M. Langer, P. A. Miller, and C. Beer
The Cryosphere, 9, 1343–1361, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1343-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares the performance of different land models in estimating soil thermal regimes at distinct cold region landscape types. Comparing models with different processes reveal the importance of surface insulation (snow/moss layer) and soil internal processes (heat/water transfer). The importance of model processes also depend on site conditions such as high/low snow cover, dry/wet soil types.
M. Stähli, M. Sättele, C. Huggel, B. W. McArdell, P. Lehmann, A. Van Herwijnen, A. Berne, M. Schleiss, A. Ferrari, A. Kos, D. Or, and S. M. Springman
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 905–917, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-905-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-905-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This review paper describes the state of the art in monitoring and predicting rapid mass movements for early warning. It further presents recent innovations in observation technologies and modelling to be used in future early warning systems (EWS). Finally, the paper proposes avenues towards successful implementation of next-generation EWS.
P. Pogliotti, M. Guglielmin, E. Cremonese, U. Morra di Cella, G. Filippa, C. Pellet, and C. Hauck
The Cryosphere, 9, 647–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-647-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-647-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the thermal state and recent evolution of permafrost at Cime Bianche.
The analysis reveals that (i) spatial variability of MAGST is greater than its interannual variability and is controlled by snow duration and air temperature during the snow-free period, (ii) the ALT has a pronounced spatial variability caused by a different subsurface ice and water content, and (iii) permafrost is warming at significant rates below 8m of depth.
B. Staub, A. Marmy, C. Hauck, C. Hilbich, and R. Delaloye
Geogr. Helv., 70, 45–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-45-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-45-2015, 2015
M. Stähli, C. Graf, C. Scheidl, C. R. Wyss, and A. Volkwein
Geogr. Helv., 70, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-1-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-70-1-2015, 2015
C. Metzger, P.-E. Jansson, A. Lohila, M. Aurela, T. Eickenscheidt, L. Belelli-Marchesini, K. J. Dinsmore, J. Drewer, J. van Huissteden, and M. Drösler
Biogeosciences, 12, 125–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-125-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-125-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
To identify site specific differences in CO2-related processes in open peatlands, we calibrated a process oriented model to fit to detailed measurements of carbon fluxes and compared the resulting parameter ranges between the sites. For most processes a common configuration could be applied. Site specific differences were identified for soil respiration coefficients, plant radiation-use efficiencies and plant storage fractions for spring regrowth.
A. Ekici, C. Beer, S. Hagemann, J. Boike, M. Langer, and C. Hauck
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-631-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-631-2014, 2014
M. Scherler, S. Schneider, M. Hoelzle, and C. Hauck
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 141–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-141-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-141-2014, 2014
S. Schneider, S. Daengeli, C. Hauck, and M. Hoelzle
Geogr. Helv., 68, 265–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-265-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-265-2013, 2013
S. H. Wu and P.-E. Jansson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 735–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-735-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-735-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Vadose Zone Hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches
Quantitative soil characterization using the frequency domain electromagnetic induction method in heterogeneous fields
Cold climates, complex hydrology: can a land surface model accurately simulate deep percolation?
From hydraulic root architecture models to efficient macroscopic sink terms including perirhizal resistance: quantifying accuracy and computational speed
Quantifying the potential of using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) soil moisture variability to predict subsurface water dynamics
Modeling 2D gravity-driven flow in unsaturated porous media for different infiltration rates
Mesoscale permeability variations estimated from natural airflows in the decorated Cosquer Cave (southeastern France)
Identification of parameter importance for benzene transport in the unsaturated zone using global sensitivity analysis
Evapotranspiration prediction for European forest sites does not improve with assimilation of in situ soil water content data
A comprehensive study of deep learning for soil moisture prediction
Modelling groundwater recharge, actual evaporation, and transpiration in semi-arid sites of the Lake Chad basin: the role of soil and vegetation in groundwater recharge
Predicting soil hydraulic properties for binary mixtures – concept and application for constructed Technosols
Application of an improved distributed hydrological model based on the soil–gravel structure in the Niyang River basin, Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Assessment of the interactions between soil–biosphere–atmosphere (ISBA) land surface model soil hydrology, using four closed-form soil water relationships and several lysimeters
Soil–vegetation–water interactions controlling solute flow and chemical weathering in volcanic ash soils of the high Andes
Estimating vadose zone water fluxes from soil water monitoring data: a comprehensive field study in Austria
Semi-continuum modeling of unsaturated porous media flow to explain Bauters' paradox
Effects of dynamic changes of desiccation cracks on preferential flow: experimental investigation and numerical modeling
Numerical assessment of morphological and hydraulic properties of moss, lichen and peat from a permafrost peatland
A robust upwind mixed hybrid finite element method for transport in variably saturated porous media
Stepping beyond perfectly mixed conditions in soil hydrological modelling using a Lagrangian approach
Using machine learning to predict optimal electromagnetic induction instrument configurations for characterizing the shallow subsurface
Gravity as a tool to improve the hydrologic mass budget in karstic areas
A scaling procedure for straightforward computation of sorptivity
From hydraulic root architecture models to macroscopic representations of root hydraulics in soil water flow and land surface models
Interaction of soil water and groundwater during the freezing–thawing cycle: field observations and numerical modeling
Assessing the dynamics of soil salinity with time-lapse inversion of electromagnetic data guided by hydrological modelling
Simulation of reactive solute transport in the critical zone: a Lagrangian model for transient flow and preferential transport
Investigating the impact of exit effects on solute transport in macroporous media
Comparison of root water uptake models in simulating CO2 and H2O fluxes and growth of wheat
Understanding the mass, momentum, and energy transfer in the frozen soil with three levels of model complexities
A field-validated surrogate crop model for predicting root-zone moisture and salt content in regions with shallow groundwater
Characterizing uncertainty in the hydraulic parameters of oil sands mine reclamation covers and its influence on water balance predictions
Simulating preferential soil water flow and tracer transport using the Lagrangian Soil Water and Solute Transport Model
Assessment of simulated soil moisture from WRF Noah, Noah-MP, and CLM land surface schemes for landslide hazard application
Efficient estimation of effective hydraulic properties of stratal undulating surface layer using time-lapse multi-channel GPR
Partitioning snowmelt and rainfall in the critical zone: effects of climate type and soil properties
A unique vadose zone model for shallow aquifers: the Hetao irrigation district, China
Modelling of shallow water table dynamics using conceptual and physically based integrated surface-water–groundwater hydrologic models
Capturing soil-water and groundwater interactions with an iterative feedback coupling scheme: new HYDRUS package for MODFLOW
Caffeine vs. carbamazepine as indicators of wastewater pollution in a karst aquifer
Predicting the soil water retention curve from the particle size distribution based on a pore space geometry containing slit-shaped spaces
Technical note: Saturated hydraulic conductivity and textural heterogeneity of soils
Water ages in the critical zone of long-term experimental sites in northern latitudes
Ecohydrological particle model based on representative domains
Impact of capillary rise and recirculation on simulated crop yields
Soil hydraulic material properties and layered architecture from time-lapse GPR
Root growth, water uptake, and sap flow of winter wheat in response to different soil water conditions
Using lagged dependence to identify (de)coupled surface and subsurface soil moisture values
Shallow water table effects on water, sediment, and pesticide transport in vegetative filter strips – Part 1: nonuniform infiltration and soil water redistribution
Shallow water table effects on water, sediment, and pesticide transport in vegetative filter strips – Part 2: model coupling, application, factor importance, and uncertainty
Gaston Mendoza, Guillaume Blanchy, Ellen Van De Vijver, Jeroen Verhegge, Wim Cornelis, and Philippe De Smedt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2837–2850, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2837-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2837-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores two methods for predicting soil properties using the frequency domain electromagnetic induction technique in Belgium. We compared deterministic models, which often require extensive data adjustments, to empirical models. Our findings suggest that empirical models are generally more effective for soil analysis, although each method has its limitations. This research helps improve soil property prediction, crucial for agriculture and environmental management.
Alireza Amani, Marie-Amélie Boucher, Alexandre R. Cabral, Vincent Vionnet, and Étienne Gaborit
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2445–2465, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2445-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2445-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately estimating groundwater recharge using numerical models is particularly difficult in cold regions with snow and soil freezing. This study evaluated a physics-based model against high-resolution field measurements. Our findings highlight a need for a better representation of soil-freezing processes, offering a roadmap for future model development. This leads to more accurate models to aid in water resource management decisions in cold climates.
Daniel Leitner, Andrea Schnepf, and Jan Vanderborght
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1759–1782, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1759-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1759-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Root water uptake strongly affects plant development and soil water balance. We use novel upscaling methods to develop land surface and crop models from detailed mechanistic models. We examine the mathematics behind this upscaling, pinpointing where errors occur. By simulating different crops and soils, we found that the accuracy loss varies based on root architecture and soil type. Our findings offer insights into balancing model complexity and accuracy for better predictions in agriculture.
Aruna Kumar Nayak, Xiaoyong Xu, Steven K. Frey, Omar Khader, Andre R. Erler, David R. Lapen, Hazen A. J. Russell, and Edward A. Sudicky
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 215–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-215-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-215-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite remote sensing only measures the near-surface soil water content. We demonstrate that satellite-based near-surface soil water variability is a strong reflection of deeper subsurface water fluctuation and quantifies the response time differences between dynamics of satellite near-surface soil water and water in the deeper subsurface. Result support the use of satellite near-surface soil water measurements as indicators and/or predictors of water resources in the deeper subsurface.
Jakub Kmec and Miloslav Šír
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4947–4970, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4947-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4947-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The most mysterious part of the hydrological cycle is the infiltration of water into porous soil. In this process, water enters the soil, some of it is retained in the soil or evaporates, and the remaining water continues to move below and through the rock environment. The physical description of infiltration, specifically the dependence of the infiltration rate on the flow, shows very unusual features that are beyond the normal human experience. Our paper is devoted to their elucidation.
Hugo Pellet, Bruno Arfib, Pierre Henry, Stéphanie Touron, and Ghislain Gassier
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4035–4057, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4035-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4035-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Conservation of decorated caves is highly dependent on airflows and is correlated with rock formation permeability. We present the first conceptual model of flows around the Paleolithic decorated Cosquer coastal cave (southeastern France), quantify air permeability, and show how its variation affects water levels inside the cave. This study highlights that airflows may change in karst unsaturated zones in response to changes in the water cycle and may thus be affected by climate change.
Meirav Cohen, Nimrod Schwartz, and Ravid Rosenzweig
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1585–1604, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1585-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1585-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Contamination from fuel constituents poses a major threat to groundwater. However, studies devoted to identification of the driving parameters for fuel derivative transport in soils are scarce, and none have dealt with heterogeneous layered media. Here, we performed global sensitivity analysis (GSA) on a model of benzene transport to groundwater. The results identified the parameters controlling benzene transport in soils and showed that GSA is as an important tool for transport model analysis.
Lukas Strebel, Heye Bogena, Harry Vereecken, Mie Andreasen, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, and Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1001–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1001-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1001-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present results from using soil water content measurements from 13 European forest sites in a state-of-the-art land surface model. We use data assimilation to perform a combination of observed and modeled soil water content and show the improvements in the representation of soil water content. However, we also look at the impact on evapotranspiration and see no corresponding improvements.
Yanling Wang, Liangsheng Shi, Yaan Hu, Xiaolong Hu, Wenxiang Song, and Lijun Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 917–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-917-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-917-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
LSTM temporal modeling suits soil moisture prediction; attention mechanisms enhance feature learning efficiently, as their feature selection capabilities are proven through Transformer and attention–LSTM hybrids. Adversarial training strategies help extract additional information from time series’ data. SHAP analysis and t-SNE visualization reveal differences in encoded features across models. This work serves as a reference for time series’ data processing in hydrology problems.
Christoph Neukum, Angela Morales-Santos, Melanie Ronelngar, Aminu Bala, and Sara Vassolo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3601–3619, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3601-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3601-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A generalized approach that requires limited field data and well-established models is tested for assessing groundwater recharge in the southern Lake Chad basin. E and T coefficients are estimated with the FAO-dual Kc concept at six locations. Measured soil water content and chloride concentrations along vertical soil profiles together with different scenarios for E and T partitioning and a Bayesian calibration approach are used to simulate water flow and chloride transport using Hydrus-1D.
Moreen Willaredt, Thomas Nehls, and Andre Peters
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3125–3142, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3125-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3125-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a model to predict soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) of constructed Technosols for urban greening. The SHPs are determined by the Technosol composition and describe their capacity to store and supply water to plants. The model predicts SHPs of any binary mixture based on the SHPs of its two pure components, facilitating simulations of flow and transport processes before production. This can help create Technosols designed for efficient urban greening and water management.
Pengxiang Wang, Zuhao Zhou, Jiajia Liu, Chongyu Xu, Kang Wang, Yangli Liu, Jia Li, Yuqing Li, Yangwen Jia, and Hao Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2681–2701, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Considering the impact of the special geological and climatic conditions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau on the hydrological cycle, this study established the WEP-QTP hydrological model. The snow cover and gravel layers affected the temporal and spatial changes in frozen soil and improved the regulation of groundwater on the flow process. Ignoring he influence of special underlying surface conditions has a great impact on the hydrological forecast and water resource utilization in this area.
Antoine Sobaga, Bertrand Decharme, Florence Habets, Christine Delire, Noële Enjelvin, Paul-Olivier Redon, Pierre Faure-Catteloin, and Patrick Le Moigne
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2437–2461, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2437-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2437-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seven instrumented lysimeters are used to assess the simulation of the soil water dynamic in one land surface model. Four water potential and hydraulic conductivity closed-form equations, including one mixed form, are evaluated. One form is more relevant for simulating drainage, especially during intense drainage events. The soil profile heterogeneity of one parameter of the closed-form equations is shown to be important.
Sebastián Páez-Bimos, Armando Molina, Marlon Calispa, Pierre Delmelle, Braulio Lahuatte, Marcos Villacís, Teresa Muñoz, and Veerle Vanacker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1507–1529, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1507-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1507-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes how vegetation influences soil hydrology, water fluxes, and chemical weathering rates in the high Andes. There are clear differences in the A horizon. The extent of soil chemical weathering varies depending on vegetation type. This difference is attributed mainly to the water fluxes. Our findings reveal that vegetation can modify soil properties in the uppermost horizon, altering the water balance, solutes, and chemical weathering throughout the entire soil profile.
Marleen Schübl, Giuseppe Brunetti, Gabriele Fuchs, and Christine Stumpp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1431–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1431-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1431-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating groundwater recharge through the unsaturated zone is a difficult task that is fundamentally associated with uncertainties. One of the few methods available is inverse modeling based on soil water measurements. Here, we used a nested sampling algorithm within a Bayesian probabilistic framework to assess model uncertainties at 14 sites in Austria. Further, we analyzed simulated recharge rates to identify factors influencing groundwater recharge rates and their temporal variability.
Jakub Kmec, Miloslav Šír, Tomáš Fürst, and Rostislav Vodák
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1279–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1279-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1279-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When rain falls on the ground, most of the water subsequently flows through the soil. The movement of water through the partially wet soil layer is surprisingly complicated. For decades, no mathematical model has been able to capture this process in its entire complexity. Here, we present a model that aims to solve this long-standing problem. In this paper, we show that the model correctly reproduces the transition between diffusion and preferential flow regimes.
Yi Luo, Jiaming Zhang, Zhi Zhou, Juan P. Aguilar-Lopez, Roberto Greco, and Thom Bogaard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 783–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-783-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-783-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes an experiment and modeling of the hydrological response of desiccation cracks under long-term wetting–drying cycles. We developed a new dynamic dual-permeability model to quantify the dynamic evolution of desiccation cracks and associated preferential flow and moisture distribution. Compared to other models, the dynamic dual-permeability model could describe the experimental data much better, but it also provided an improved description of the underlying physics.
Simon Cazaurang, Manuel Marcoux, Oleg S. Pokrovsky, Sergey V. Loiko, Artem G. Lim, Stéphane Audry, Liudmila S. Shirokova, and Laurent Orgogozo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 431–451, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-431-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-431-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Moss, lichen and peat samples are reconstructed using X-ray tomography. Most samples can be cut down to a representative volume based on porosity. However, only homogeneous samples could be reduced to a representative volume based on hydraulic conductivity. For heterogeneous samples, a devoted pore network model is computed. The studied samples are mostly highly porous and water-conductive. These results must be put into perspective with compressibility phenomena occurring in field tests.
Anis Younes, Hussein Hoteit, Rainer Helmig, and Marwan Fahs
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5227–5239, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5227-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5227-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Despite its advantages for the simulation of flow in heterogeneous and fractured porous media, the mixed hybrid finite element method has been rarely used for transport as it suffers from strong unphysical oscillations. We develop here a new upwind scheme for the mixed hybrid finite element that can avoid oscillations. Numerical examples confirm the robustness of this new scheme for the simulation of contaminant transport in both saturated and unsaturated conditions.
Alexander Sternagel, Ralf Loritz, Brian Berkowitz, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1615–1629, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1615-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1615-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a (physically based) Lagrangian approach to simulate diffusive mixing processes on the pore scale beyond perfectly mixed conditions. Results show the feasibility of the approach for reproducing measured mixing times and concentrations of isotopes over pore sizes and that typical shapes of breakthrough curves (normally associated with non-uniform transport in heterogeneous soils) may also occur as a result of imperfect subscale mixing in a macroscopically homogeneous soil matrix.
Kim Madsen van't Veen, Ty Paul Andrew Ferré, Bo Vangsø Iversen, and Christen Duus Børgesen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 55–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-55-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-55-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Geophysical instruments are often used in hydrological surveys. A geophysical model that couples electrical conductivity in the subsurface layers with measurements from an electromagnetic induction instrument was combined with a machine learning algorithm. The study reveals that this combination can estimate the identifiability of electrical conductivity in a layered soil and provide insight into the best way to configure the instrument for a specific field site.
Tommaso Pivetta, Carla Braitenberg, Franci Gabrovšek, Gerald Gabriel, and Bruno Meurers
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6001–6021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6001-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6001-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Gravimetry offers a valid complement to classical hydrologic measurements in order to characterize karstic systems in which the recharge process causes fast accumulation of large water volumes in the voids of the epi-phreatic system. In this contribution we show an innovative integration of gravimetric and hydrologic observations to constrain a hydrodynamic model of the Škocjan Caves (Slovenia). We demonstrate how the inclusion of gravity observations improves the water mass budget estimates.
Laurent Lassabatere, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Deniz Yilmaz, Joseph Pollacco, Jesús Fernández-Gálvez, Borja Latorre, David Moret-Fernández, Simone Di Prima, Mehdi Rahmati, Ryan D. Stewart, Majdi Abou Najm, Claude Hammecker, and Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5083–5104, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5083-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5083-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil sorptivity is a crucial parameter for the modeling of water infiltration into soils. The standard equation used to compute sorptivity from the soil water retention curve, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial and final water contents may lead to erroneous estimates due to its complexity. This study proposes a new straightforward scaling procedure for estimations of sorptivity for four famous and commonly used hydraulic models.
Jan Vanderborght, Valentin Couvreur, Felicien Meunier, Andrea Schnepf, Harry Vereecken, Martin Bouda, and Mathieu Javaux
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4835–4860, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4835-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4835-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Root water uptake is an important process in the terrestrial water cycle. How this process depends on soil water content, root distributions, and root properties is a soil–root hydraulic problem. We compare different approaches to implementing root hydraulics in macroscopic soil water flow and land surface models.
Hong-Yu Xie, Xiao-Wei Jiang, Shu-Cong Tan, Li Wan, Xu-Sheng Wang, Si-Hai Liang, and Yijian Zeng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4243–4257, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Freezing-induced groundwater migration and water table decline are widely observed, but quantitative understanding of these processes is lacking. By considering wintertime atmospheric conditions and occurrence of lateral groundwater inflow, a model coupling soil water and groundwater reproduced field observations of soil temperature, soil water content, and groundwater level well. The model results led to a clear understanding of the balance of the water budget during the freezing–thawing cycle.
Mohammad Farzamian, Dario Autovino, Angelo Basile, Roberto De Mascellis, Giovanna Dragonetti, Fernando Monteiro Santos, Andrew Binley, and Antonio Coppola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1509–1527, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1509-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil salinity is a serious threat in numerous arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Given this threat, efficient field assessment methods are needed to monitor the dynamics of soil salinity in salt-affected lands efficiently. We demonstrate that rapid and non-invasive geophysical measurements modelled by advanced numerical analysis of the signals and coupled with hydrological modelling can provide valuable information to assess the spatio-temporal variability in soil salinity over large areas.
Alexander Sternagel, Ralf Loritz, Julian Klaus, Brian Berkowitz, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1483–1508, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1483-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1483-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The key innovation of the study is a method to simulate reactive solute transport in the vadose zone within a Lagrangian framework. We extend the LAST-Model with a method to account for non-linear sorption and first-order degradation processes during unsaturated transport of reactive substances in the matrix and macropores. Model evaluations using bromide and pesticide data from irrigation experiments under different flow conditions on various timescales show the feasibility of the method.
Jérôme Raimbault, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Denis Courtier-Murias, Thomas Bigot, Jaime Gil Roca, Béatrice Béchet, and Laurent Lassabatère
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 671–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-671-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-671-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Contaminant transport in soils is known to be affected by soil heterogeneities such as macropores. The transport properties of heterogeneous porous media can be studied in laboratory columns. However, the results reported in this study (a combination of breakthrough experiments, magnetic resonance imaging and computer simulations of transport) show that these properties can be largely affected by the boundary devices of the columns, thus highlighting the need to take their effect into account.
Thuy Huu Nguyen, Matthias Langensiepen, Jan Vanderborght, Hubert Hüging, Cho Miltin Mboh, and Frank Ewert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4943–4969, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4943-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4943-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanistic Couvreur root water uptake (RWU) model that is based on plant hydraulics and links root system properties to RWU, water stress, and crop development can evaluate the impact of certain crop properties on crop performance in different environments and soils, while the Feddes RWU approach does not possess such flexibility. This study also shows the importance of modeling root development and how it responds to water deficiency to predict the impact of water stress on crop growth.
Lianyu Yu, Yijian Zeng, and Zhongbo Su
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4813–4830, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4813-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4813-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil mass and heat transfer processes were represented in three levels of model complexities to understand soil freeze–thaw mechanisms. Results indicate that coupled mass and heat transfer models considerably improved simulations of the soil hydrothermal regime. Vapor flow and thermal effects on water flow are the main mechanisms for the improvements. Given the explicit consideration of airflow, vapor flow and its effects on heat transfer were enhanced during the freeze–thaw transition period.
Zhongyi Liu, Zailin Huo, Chaozi Wang, Limin Zhang, Xianghao Wang, Guanhua Huang, Xu Xu, and Tammo Siert Steenhuis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4213–4237, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4213-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4213-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed an integrated surrogate model for arid irrigated areas with shallow groundwater that links crop growth with soil water and salinity in the vadose zone. The model recognizes that field capacity is reached when the matric potential is equal to the height above the groundwater table. The model applies areas with shallow groundwater for which only very few surrogate models are available for most surface irrigation systems in the world without suffering from high groundwater.
M. Shahabul Alam, S. Lee Barbour, and Mingbin Huang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 735–759, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-735-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-735-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study quantifies uncertainties in the prediction of long-term water balance for mine reclamation soil covers using random sampling of model parameter distributions. Parameter distributions were obtained from model optimization for field monitoring data. Variability in climate is a greater source of uncertainty than the model parameters in evaporation predictions, while climate variability and model parameters exert similar uncertainty on predictions of net percolation.
Alexander Sternagel, Ralf Loritz, Wolfgang Wilcke, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4249–4267, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4249-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4249-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present our hydrological LAST-Model to simulate preferential soil water flow and tracer transport in macroporous soils. It relies on a Lagrangian perspective of the movement of discrete water particles carrying tracer masses through the subsoil and is hence an alternative approach to common models. Sensitivity analyses reveal the physical validity of the model concept and evaluation tests show that LAST can depict well observed tracer mass profiles with fingerprints of preferential flow.
Lu Zhuo, Qiang Dai, Dawei Han, Ningsheng Chen, and Binru Zhao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4199–4218, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4199-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4199-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the usability of WRF model-simulated soil moisture for landslide monitoring in northern Italy. In particular, three advanced land surface model schemes (Noah, Noah-MP, and CLM4) are used to provide multi-layer soil moisture data. The results have shown Noah-MP can provide the best landslide monitoring performance. It is also demonstrated that a single soil moisture sensor located in plain area has a high correlation with a significant proportion of the study area.
Xicai Pan, Stefan Jaumann, Jiabao Zhang, and Kurt Roth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3653–3663, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3653-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3653-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study suggests an efficient approach to obtain plot-scale soil hydraulic properties for the shallow structural soils via non-invasive ground-penetrating radar measurements. Facilitated by spatial information of lateral water flow, this approach is more efficient than the widely used inversion approaches relying on intensive soil moisture monitoring. The acquisition of such quantitative information is of great interest to fields such as hydrology and precision agriculture.
John C. Hammond, Adrian A. Harpold, Sydney Weiss, and Stephanie K. Kampf
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3553–3570, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3553-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3553-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Streamflow in high-elevation and high-latitude areas may be vulnerable to snow loss, making it important to quantify how snowmelt and rainfall are divided between soil storage, drainage below plant roots, evapotranspiration and runoff. We examine this separation in different climates and soils using a physically based model. Results show runoff may be reduced with snowpack decline in all climates. The mechanisms responsible help explain recent observations of streamflow sensitivity to snow loss.
Zhongyi Liu, Xingwang Wang, Zailin Huo, and Tammo Siert Steenhuis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3097–3115, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3097-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3097-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A novel approach is taken in simulating the hydrology of the vadose zone in areas with shallow groundwater. The model recognizes that field capacity is reached when the matric potential is equal to the height above the groundwater table. The model can be used in areas with shallow groundwater to optimize irrigation water use and minimize tailwater losses.
Mohammad Bizhanimanzar, Robert Leconte, and Mathieu Nuth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2245–2260, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2245-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2245-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Modelling of shallow water table fluctuations is usually carried out using physically based numerical models. These models have notable limitations regarding intensive required data and computational burden. This paper presents an alternative modelling approach for modelling of such cases by introducing modifications to the calculation of groundwater recharge and saturated flow of a conceptual hydrologic model.
Jicai Zeng, Jinzhong Yang, Yuanyuan Zha, and Liangsheng Shi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 637–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-637-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-637-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately capturing the soil-water–groundwater interaction is vital for all disciplines related to subsurface flow but is difficult when undergoing significant nonlinearity in the modeling system. A new soil-water flow package is developed to solve the switching-form Richards’ equation. A multi-scale water balance analysis joins unsaturated–saturated models at separated scales. The whole system is solved efficiently with an iterative feedback coupling scheme.
Noam Zach Dvory, Yakov Livshitz, Michael Kuznetsov, Eilon Adar, Guy Gasser, Irena Pankratov, Ovadia Lev, and Alexander Yakirevich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6371–6381, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6371-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6371-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This research is paramount given the significance of karst aquifers as essential drinking water sources. While CBZ is considered conservative, CAF is subject to sorption and degradation, and therefore each of these two pollutants can be considered effective tracers for specific assessment of aquifer contamination. The model presented in this paper shows how each of the mentioned contaminants could serve as a better tool for aquifer contamination characterization and its treatment.
Chen-Chao Chang and Dong-Hui Cheng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4621–4632, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4621-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4621-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The soil water retention curve (SWRC) is fundamental to researching water flow and chemical transport in unsaturated media. However, the traditional prediction models underestimate the water content in the dry range of the SWRC. A method was therefore proposed to improve the estimation of the SWRC using a pore model containing slit-shaped spaces. The results show that the predicted SWRCs using the improved method reasonably approximated the measured SWRCs.
Carlos García-Gutiérrez, Yakov Pachepsky, and Miguel Ángel Martín
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3923–3932, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3923-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3923-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) is an important soil parameter that highly depends on soil's particle size distribution (PSD). The nature of this dependency is explored in this work in two ways, (1) by using the information entropy as a heterogeneity parameter of the PSD and (2) by using descriptions of PSD in forms of textural triplets, different than the usual description in terms of the triplet of sand, silt, and clay contents.
Matthias Sprenger, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Jim Buttle, Hjalmar Laudon, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3965–3981, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3965-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3965-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated water ages in the upper critical zone with a soil physical model (SWIS) and found that the age of water stored in the soil, as well as of water leaving the soil via evaporation, transpiration, or recharge, was younger the higher soil water storage (inverse storage effect). Travel times of transpiration and evaporation were different. We conceptualized the subsurface into fast and slow flow domains and the water was usually half as young in the fast as in the slow flow domain.
Conrad Jackisch and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3639–3662, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3639-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3639-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a Lagrangian model for non-uniform soil water dynamics. It handles 2-D diffusion (based on a spatial random walk and implicit pore space redistribution) and 1-D advection in representative macropores (as film flow with dynamic interaction with the soil matrix). The interplay between the domains is calculated based on an energy-balance approach which does not require any additional parameterisation. Model tests give insight into the evolution of the non-uniform infiltration patterns.
Joop Kroes, Iwan Supit, Jos van Dam, Paul van Walsum, and Martin Mulder
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2937–2952, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2937-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2937-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Impact of upward flow by capillary rise and recirculation on crop yields is often neglected or underestimated. Case studies and model experiments are used to illustrate the impact of this upward flow in the Dutch delta. Neglecting upward flow results in yield reductions for grassland, maize and potatoes. Half of the withheld water behind these yield effects comes from recirculated percolation water as occurs in free-drainage conditions; the other half from increased upward capillary rise.
Stefan Jaumann and Kurt Roth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2551–2573, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2551-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2551-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a noninvasive and nondestructive measurement method to monitor the hydraulic processes precisely and efficiently. We analyze synthetic as well as measured data from the ASSESS test site and show that the analysis yields accurate estimates for the soil hydraulic material properties as well as for the subsurface architecture by comparing the results to references derived from time domain reflectometry (TDR) and subsurface architecture ground truth data.
Gaochao Cai, Jan Vanderborght, Matthias Langensiepen, Andrea Schnepf, Hubert Hüging, and Harry Vereecken
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2449–2470, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2449-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2449-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Different crop growths had consequences for the parameterization of root water uptake models. The root hydraulic parameters of the Couvreur model but not the water stress parameters of the Feddes–Jarvis model could be constrained by the field data measured from rhizotron facilities. The simulated differences in transpiration from the two soils and the different water treatments could be confirmed by sap flow measurements. The Couvreur model predicted the ratios of transpiration fluxes better.
Coleen D. U. Carranza, Martine J. van der Ploeg, and Paul J. J. F. Torfs
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2255–2267, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2255-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2255-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing has been popular for mapping surface soil moisture. However, estimating subsurface values using surface soil moisture remains a challenge, as decoupling can occur. Depth-integrated soil moisture values used in hydrological models are affected by vertical variability. Using statistical methods, we investigate vertical variability between the surface (5 cm) and subsurface (40 cm) to quantify decoupling. We also discuss potential controls for decoupling during wet and dry conditions.
Rafael Muñoz-Carpena, Claire Lauvernet, and Nadia Carluer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 53–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-53-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-53-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonal shallow water tables (WTs) in lowlands limit vegetation-buffer efficiency to control runoff pollution. Mechanistic models are needed to quantify true field efficiency. A new simplified algorithm for soil infiltration over WTs is tested against reference models and lab data showing WT effects depend on local settings but are negligible after 2 m depth. The algorithm is coupled to a complete vegetation buffer model in a companion paper to analyze pesticide and sediment control in situ.
Claire Lauvernet and Rafael Muñoz-Carpena
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 71–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-71-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-71-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation buffers, often placed in lowlands to control runoff pollution, can exhibit limited efficiency due to seasonal shallow water tables (WTs). A new shallow water table infiltration algorithm developed in a companion paper is coupled to a complete vegetation buffer model to quantify pesticide and sediment control in the field. We evaluated the model on two field experiments in France with and without WT conditions and show WTs can control efficiency depending on land and climate settings.
Cited articles
Aleotti, P.: A warning system for rainfall-induced shallow failures, Eng.
Geol., 73, 247–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.01.007, 2004.
Anagnostopoulos, G. G., Fatichi, S., and Burlando, P.: An advanced
process-based distributed model for the investigation of rainfall-induced
landslides: The effect of process representation and boundary conditions,
Water Resour. Res., 51, 7501–7523, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR016909, 2015.
Babaeian, E., Sadeghi, M., Jones, S. B., Montzka, C., Vereecken, H., and
Tuller, M.: Ground, Proximal and Satellite Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture,
Rev. Geophys., 57, 2018RG000618, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000618, 2019.
Baum, R. L., Godt, J. W., and Savage, W. Z.: Estimating the timing and
location of shallow rainfall-induced landslides using a model for transient,
unsaturated infiltration, J. Geophys. Res, 115, 3013,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001321, 2010.
Bogaard, T. and Greco, R.: Invited perspectives: Hydrological perspectives on precipitation intensity-duration thresholds for landslide initiation: proposing hydro-meteorological thresholds, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 31–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-31-2018, 2018.
Bogaard, T. A. and Greco, R.: Landslide hydrology: from hydrology to pore
pressure, WIRES Water, 3, 439–459,
https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1126, 2016.
Bordoni, M., Vivaldi, V., Lucchelli, L., Ciabatta, L., Brocca, L., Galve, J.
P., and Meisina, C.: Development of a data-driven model for spatial and
temporal shallow landslide probability of occurrence at catchment scale,
Landslides, 18, 1209–1229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01592-3, 2020.
Brocca, L., Melone, F., and Moramarco, T.: On the estimation of antecedent
wetness conditions in rainfall–runoff modelling, Hydrol. Process., 22,
629–642, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6629, 2008.
Brocca, L., Ponziani, F., Moramarco, T., Melone, F., Berni, N., and Wagner,
W.: Improving landslide forecasting using ASCAT-derived soil moisture data:
A case study of the torgiovannetto landslide in central Italy, Remote Sens.,
4, 1232–1244, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4051232, 2012.
Brocca, L., Ciabatta, L., Moramarco, T., Ponziani, F., Berni, N., and Wagner,
W.: Use of Satellite Soil Moisture Products for the Operational Mitigation
of Landslides Risk in Central Italy, in: Satellite Soil Moisture Retrieval, 231–247, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2016.
Buckingham, E.: Studies on the movement of soil moisture, Bull. No. 38, US
Dep. Agric. Bur. Soils, Washington, 1907.
Caine, N.: The Rainfall Intensity – Duration Control of Shallow Landslides
and Debris Flows, Geogr. Ann. Ser. A, Phys. Geogr., 62, 23–27,
https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1980.11879996, 1980.
CH2018: CH2018 – Climate Scenarios for Switzerland, Technical Report,
National Centre for Climate Services, Zurich, 2018.
Christiansen, J. R., Elberling, B., and Jansson, P. E.: Modelling water
balance and nitrate leaching in temperate Norway spruce and beech forests
located on the same soil type with the CoupModel, For. Ecol. Manage.,
237, 545–556, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.090, 2006.
Conrad, Y. and Fohrer, N.: Application of the Bayesian calibration
methodology for the parameter estimation in CoupModel, Adv. Geosci., 21,
13–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-21-13-2009, 2009.
Crozier, M. J.: Prediction of rainfall-triggered landslides: a test of the
Antecedent Water Status Model, Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 24,
825–833, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199908)24:9<825::AID-ESP14>3.0.CO;2-M, 1999.
Fatichi, S., Ivanov, V. Y., and Caporali, E.: A mechanistic ecohydrological
model to investigate complex interactions in cold and warm water-controlled
environments: 1. Theoretical framework and plot-scale analysis, J. Adv.
Model. Earth Syst., 4, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000086, 2012.
Fatichi, S., Vivoni, E. R., Ogden, F. L., Ivanov, V. Y., Mirus, B., Gochis,
D., Downer, C. W., Camporese, M., Davison, J. H., Ebel, B., Jones, N., Kim,
J., Mascaro, G., Niswonger, R., Restrepo, P., Rigon, R., Shen, C., Sulis, M.,
and Tarboton, D.: An overview of current applications, challenges, and
future trends in distributed process-based models in hydrology, J. Hydrol.,
537, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.026, 2016.
Fatichi, S., Or, D., Walko, R., Vereecken, H., Young, M. H., Ghezzehei, T.
A., Hengl, T., Kollet, S., Agam, N., and Avissar, R.: Soil structure is an
important omission in Earth System Models, Nat. Commun., 11, 522, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-14411-z, 2020.
Fawcett, T.: An introduction to ROC analysis, Pattern Recognit. Lett.,
27, 861–874, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010, 2006.
Feddes, R. A., Kabat, P., Van Bakel, P. J. T., Bronswijk, J. J. B., and
Halbertsma, J.: Modelling soil water dynamics in the unsaturated zone –
State of the art, J. Hydrol., 100, 69–111,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90182-5, 1988.
Froude, M. J. and Petley, D. N.: Global fatal landslide occurrence from 2004 to 2016, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2161–2181, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2161-2018, 2018.
Gharari, S., Hrachowitz, M., Fenicia, F., Gao, H., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Using expert knowledge to increase realism in environmental system models can dramatically reduce the need for calibration, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4839–4859, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4839-2014, 2014.
Glade, T.: Modelling landslide-triggering rainfalls in different regions of
New Zealand – the soil water status model, Z. Geomorphol., 122, 63–84, 2000.
Godt, J. W., Baum, R. L., and Chleborad, A. F.: Rainfall characteristics for
shallow landsliding in Seattle, Washington, USA, Earth Surf. Process.
Landforms, 31, 97–110, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1237, 2006.
Grayson, R. B., Western, A. W., Chiew, F. H. S., and Blöschl, G.:
Preferred states in spatial soil moisture patterns: Local and nonlocal
controls, Water Resour. Res., 33, 2897–2908, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR02174,
1997.
Gupta, H. V. and Nearing, G. S.: Debates-the future of hydrological
sciences: A (common) path forward? Using models and data to learn: A systems
theoretic perspective on the future of hydrological science, Water Resour.
Res., 50, 5351–5359, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015096, 2014.
Guzzetti, F., Peruccacci, S., Rossi, M., and Stark, C. P.: The rainfall
intensity-duration control of shallow landslides and debris flows: An
update, Landslides, 5, 3–17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-007-0112-1, 2008.
Guzzetti, F., Gariano, S. L., Peruccacci, S., Brunetti, M. T., Marchesini,
I., Rossi, M., and Melillo, M.: Geographical landslide early warning systems,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 200, 102973,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102973, 2020.
Harlan, R. L.: Analysis of coupled heat-fluid transport in partially frozen
soil, Water Resour. Res., 9, 1314–1323, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR009i005p01314,
1973.
He, H., Jansson, P. E., Svensson, M., Meyer, A., Klemedtsson, L., and
Kasimir, Å.: Factors controlling Nitrous Oxide emission from a spruce
forest ecosystem on drained organic soil, derived using the CoupModel, Ecol.
Modell., 321, 46–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.030, 2016.
Hengl, T., Mendes de Jesus, J., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Ruiperez Gonzalez, M.,
Kilibarda, M., Blagotić, A., Shangguan, W., Wright, M. N., Geng, X.,
Bauer-Marschallinger, B., Guevara, M. A., Vargas, R., MacMillan, R. A.,
Batjes, N. H., Leenaars, J. G. B., Ribeiro, E., Wheeler, I., Mantel, S., and
Kempen, B.: SoilGrids250m: Global gridded soil information based on machine
learning, edited by B. Bond-Lamberty, PLoS One, 12, e0169748,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169748, 2017.
Hess, J., Rickli, C., McArdell, B., and Stähli, M.: Investigating and Managing Shallow Landslides in Switzerland, in: Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment, edited by: Sassa, K., Canuti, P., and Yin, Y., 805–808, Springer, Cham, 2014.
Hilker, N., Badoux, A., and Hegg, C.: The Swiss flood and landslide damage database 1972–2007, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 913–925, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-913-2009, 2009.
Hirschi, M., Michel, D., Lehner, I., and Seneviratne, S. I.: A site-level comparison of lysimeter and eddy covariance flux measurements of evapotranspiration, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1809–1825, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1809-2017, 2017.
Hirschi, M., Michel, D., Lehner, I., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Rietholzbach catchment data, ETH Zurich [data set], https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000282395, 2018.
Hungr, O., Leroueil, S., and Picarelli, L.: The Varnes classification of
landslide types, an update, Landslides, 11, 167–194,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y, 2014.
Jansson, P.-E.: CoupModel – Coupled heat and mass transfer model for the soil-plant-atmosphere system, available at: https://www.coupmodel.com/, last access: 21 July 2021.
Jansson, P.-E.: CoupModel: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation, Trans.
ASABE, 55, 1337–1346, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42245, 2012.
Jansson, P.-E. and Karlberg, L. (Eds.): Coupled heat and mass transfer model
for soil-plant-atmosphere systems. COUP Manual., Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2011.
King, G. and Zeng, L.: Logistic Regression in Rare Events Data, Polit.
Anal., 9, 137–163, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pan.a004868, 2001.
Klok, E. J., Jasper, K., Roelofsma, K. P., Gurtz, J., and Badoux, A.:
Distributed hydrological modelling of a heavily glaciated Alpine river
basin, Hydrol. Sci. J., 46, 553–570, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626660109492850,
2001.
Konzelmann, T., van de Wal, R. S. W., Greuell, W., Bintanja, R., Henneken,
E. A. C., and Abe-Ouchi, A.: Parameterization of global and longwave incoming
radiation for the Greenland Ice Sheet, Glob. Planet. Change, 9,
143–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(94)90013-2, 1994.
Krøgli, I. K., Devoli, G., Colleuille, H., Boje, S., Sund, M., and Engen, I. K.: The Norwegian forecasting and warning service for rainfall- and snowmelt-induced landslides, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1427–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1427-2018, 2018.
Lindroth, A.: Canopy Conductance of Coniferous Forests Related to Climate,
Water Resour. Res., 21, 297–304, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR021i003p00297, 1985.
Liu, Z. and Todini, E.: Towards a comprehensive physically-based rainfall-runoff model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 859–881, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-859-2002, 2002.
Lohammar, T., Larsson, S., Linder, S., and Falk, S. O.: FAST – simulation
medels of gaseous exchange in Scots pine, in: Structure and Function of
Northern Coniferous Forests – An Ecosystem Study, edited by: Persson, T., 505–523, Oikos Editorial Office, Stockholm, 1980.
Van Looy, K., Bouma, J., Herbst, M., Koestel, J., Minasny, B., Mishra, U.,
Montzka, C., Nemes, A., Pachepsky, Y. A., Padarian, J., Schaap, M. G.,
Tóth, B., Verhoef, A., Vanderborght, J., van der Ploeg, M. J.,
Weihermüller, L., Zacharias, S., Zhang, Y., and Vereecken, H.:
Pedotransfer Functions in Earth System Science: Challenges and Perspectives,
Rev. Geophys., 55, 1199–1256, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000581, 2017.
Madani, E. M. H., Jansson, P. E., and Babelon, I.: Differences in water
balance between grassland and forest watersheds using long-term data,
derived using the CoupModel, Hydrol. Res., 49, 72–89,
https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.154, 2018.
Marino, P., Santonastaso, G. F., Fan, X., and Greco, R.: Prediction of
shallow landslides in pyroclastic-covered slopes by coupled modeling of
unsaturated and saturated groundwater flow, Landslides, 18, 31–41, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01484-6, 2020.
Martelloni, G., Segoni, S., Fanti, R., and Catani, F.: Rainfall thresholds
for the forecasting of landslide occurrence at regional scale, Landslides,
9, 485–495, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0308-2, 2012.
Menzel, L., Lang, H., and Rohmann, M.: Mittlere jährliche aktuelle
Verdunstungshöhen 1973–1992, in: Hydrologischer Atlas der Schweiz, edited
by: Spreafico, M., EDMZ, Bern, 1999.
Mirus, B., Morphew, M., and Smith, J.: Developing Hydro-Meteorological
Thresholds for Shallow Landslide Initiation and Early Warning, Water, 10,
1274, https://doi.org/10.3390/w10091274, 2018a.
Mirus, B. B., Becker, R. E., Baum, R. L., and Smith, J. B.: Integrating
real-time subsurface hydrologic monitoring with empirical rainfall
thresholds to improve landslide early warning, Landslides, 1–11, 1909–1919, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0995-z, 2018b.
Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and Environment, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 19, 205–234, 1965.
Mualem, Y.: A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of
unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res., 12, 513–522,
https://doi.org/10.1029/WR012i003p00513, 1976.
Okkonen, J., Ala-Aho, P., Hänninen, P., Hayashi, M., Sutinen, R., and
Liwata, P.: Multi-year simulation and model calibration of soil moisture and
temperature profiles in till soil, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 68, 829–839,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12489, 2017.
Or, D.: The Tyranny of Small Scales – On Representing Soil Processes in
Global Land Surface Models, Water Resour. Res., 56,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024846, 2020.
Orland, E., Roering, J. J., Thomas, M. A., and Mirus, B. B.: Deep Learning as
a tool to forecast hydrologic response for landslide-prone hillslopes,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088731, 2020.
Paniconi, C. and Putti, M.: Physically based modeling in catchment hydrology
at 50: Survey and outlook, Water Resour. Res., 51, 7090–7129,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017780, 2015.
Pellet, C. and Hauck, C.: Monitoring soil moisture from middle to high elevation in Switzerland: set-up and first results from the SOMOMOUNT network, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3199–3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017, 2017.
Pellet, C., Hilbich, C., Marmy, A., and Hauck, C.: Soil Moisture Data for the
Validation of Permafrost Models Using Direct and Indirect Measurement
Approaches at Three Alpine Sites, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 1–21,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00091, 2016.
Piciullo, L., Calvello, M., and Cepeda, J. M.: Territorial early warning
systems for rainfall-induced landslides, Earth-Sci. Rev., 179, 228–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.02.013, 2018.
Piciullo, L., Tiranti, D., Pecoraro, G., Cepeda, J. M., and Calvello, M.:
Standards for the performance assessment of territorial landslide early
warning systems, Landslides, 17, 2533–2546,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01486-4, 2020.
Pollock, W. and Wartman, J.: Human Vulnerability to Landslides, GeoHealth,
4, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gh000287, 2020.
Ponziani, F., Pandolfo, C., Stelluti, M., Berni, N., Brocca, L., and
Moramarco, T.: Assessment of rainfall thresholds and soil moisture modeling
for operational hydrogeological risk prevention in the Umbria region
(central Italy), Landslides, 9, 229–237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0287-3,
2012.
Posner, A. J. and Georgakakos, K. P.: Soil moisture and precipitation
thresholds for real-time landslide prediction in El Salvador, Landslides,
12, 1179–1196, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0618-x, 2015.
Rebetez, M., von Arx, G., Gessler, A., Pannatier, E. G., Innes, J. L.,
Jakob, P., Jetel, M., Kube, M., Nötzli, M., Schaub, M., Schmitt, M.,
Sutter, F., Thimonier, A., Waldner, P., and Haeni, M.: Meteorological data
series from Swiss long-term forest ecosystem research plots since 1997, Ann.
For. Sci., 75, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-018-0709-7, 2018.
Reichle, R. H., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Forman, B. A., Draper, C. S., and Liu,
Q.: Connecting Satellite Observations with Water Cycle Variables Through
Land Data Assimilation: Examples Using the NASA GEOS-5 LDAS, Surv. Geophys.,
35, 577–606, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-013-9220-8, 2014.
Reichle, R. H., De Lannoy, G. J. M., Liu, Q., Ardizzone, J. V., Colliander,
A., Conaty, A., Crow, W., Jackson, T. J., Jones, L. A., Kimball, J. S.,
Koster, R. D., Mahanama, S. P., Smith, E. B., Berg, A., Bircher, S., Bosch,
D., Caldwell, T. G., Cosh, M., González-Zamora, Á., Collins, C. D.
H., Jensen, K. H., Livingston, S., Lopez-Baeza, E.,
Martínez-Fernández, J., McNairn, H., Moghaddam, M., Pacheco, A.,
Pellarin, T., Prueger, J., Rowlandson, T., Seyfried, M., Starks, P., Su, Z.,
Thibeault, M., van der Velde, R., Walker, J., Wu, X., and Zeng, Y.:
Assessment of the SMAP Level-4 surface and root-zone soil moisture product
using in situ measurements, J. Hydrometeorol., 18, 2621–2645,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0063.1, 2017.
Richards, L. A.: Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums, J.
Appl. Phys., 1, 318–333, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745010, 1931.
Schaap, M. G., Leij, F. J., and van Genuchten, M. T.: ROSETTA: a computer
program for estimating soil hydraulic parameters with hierarchical
pedotransfer functions, J. Hydrol., 251, 163–176,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00466-8, 2001.
Scherler, M., Hauck, C., Hoelzle, M., Stähli, M., and Völksch, I.:
Meltwater infiltration into the frozen active layer at an alpine permafrost
site, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 21, 325–334, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.694, 2010.
Schmid, F., Fraefel, M., and Hegg, C.: Unwetterschäden in der Schweiz
1972–2002: Verteilung, Ursachen, Entwicklung, Wasser Energie Luft, 96, 21–28, 2004.
Segoni, S., Piciullo, L., and Gariano, S. L.: A review of the recent
literature on rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrence, Landslides,
15, 1483–1501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0966-4, 2018a.
Segoni, S., Rosi, A., Lagomarsino, D., Fanti, R., and Casagli, N.: Brief communication: Using averaged soil moisture estimates to improve the performances of a regional-scale landslide early warning system, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 807–812, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-807-2018, 2018b.
Šimůnek, J., van Genuchten, M. T., and Šejna, M.: HYDRUS: Model
Use, Calibration, and Validation, Trans. ASABE, 55, 1263–1276,
https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42239, 2012.
Stähli, M., Sättele, M., Huggel, C., McArdell, B. W., Lehmann, P., Van Herwijnen, A., Berne, A., Schleiss, M., Ferrari, A., Kos, A., Or, D., and Springman, S. M.: Monitoring and prediction in early warning systems for rapid mass movements, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 905–917, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-905-2015, 2015.
Terlien, M. T. J.: The determination of statistical and deterministic
hydrological landslide-triggering thresholds, Environ. Geol., 35,
124–130, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050299, 1998.
Terzaghi, K.: Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1943.
Thomas, M. A., Mirus, B. B., Collins, B. D., Lu, N., and Godt, J. W.:
Variability in soil-water retention properties and implications for
physics-based simulation of landslide early warning criteria, Landslides,
15, 1265–1277, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-0950-z, 2018.
Thomas, M. A., Collins, B. D., and Mirus, B. B.: Assessing the Feasibility of
Satellite-Based Thresholds for Hydrologically Driven Landsliding, Water
Resour. Res., 55, 9006–9023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025577, 2019.
Thomas, M. A., Mirus, B. B., and Smith, J. B.: Hillslopes in humid-tropical
climates aren't always wet: Implications for hydrologic response and
landslide initiation in Puerto Rico, Hydrol. Process., 34, 4307–4318,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13885, 2020.
Topp, G. C., Davis, J. L., and Annan, A. P.: Electromagnetic determination of
soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines, Water
Resour. Res., 16, 574–582, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR016i003p00574, 1980.
van Genuchten, M. T.: A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic
Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x, 1980.
van Genuchten, M. T.: A Numerical Model for Water and Solute Movement in and
Below the Root Zone, Riverside, California, United States Department of Agriculture, 1987.
Varnes, D. J.: Slope Movement Types and Processes, in: Landslides, Analysis and Control, Special Report 176, edited by: Schuster, R. L. and Krizek, R. J., 11–33, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., 1978.
Viviroli, D., Zappa, M., Gurtz, J., and Weingartner, R.: An introduction to
the hydrological modelling system PREVAH and its pre- and
post-processing-tools, Environ. Model. Softw., 24, 1209–1222,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.04.001, 2009.
Walthert, L., Scherler, M., Stähli, M., Huber, M., Baltensweiler, A., and
Papritz, L. A.: Böden und Wasserhaushalt von Wäldern und
Waldstandorten der Schweiz unter heutigem und zukünftigem Klima
(BOWA-CH) Schlussbericht des Projektes, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2015.
Wicki, A., Lehmann, P., Hauck, C., Seneviratne, S. I., Waldner, P., and
Stähli, M.: Assessing the potential of soil moisture measurements for
regional landslide early warning, Landslides, 17, 1881–1896,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01400-y, 2020.
Wieczorek, G. F.: Landslide Triggering Mechanisms, in: Landslides
investigation and mitigation, edited by: Turner, A. K. and Schuster, R. L., p. 673, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996.
Wu, M., Zhao, Q., Jansson, P.-E., Wu, J., Tan, X., Duan, Z., Wang, K., Chen,
P., Zheng, M., Huang, J., and Zhang, W.: Improved soil hydrological modeling
with the implementation of salt-induced freezing point depression in
CoupModel: Model calibration and validation, J. Hydrol., 596, 125693,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125693, 2020.
Wu, S. H. and Jansson, P.-E.: Modelling soil temperature and moisture and corresponding seasonality of photosynthesis and transpiration in a boreal spruce ecosystem, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 735–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-735-2013, 2013.
Zhang, Y. and Schaap, M. G.: Weighted recalibration of the Rosetta
pedotransfer model with improved estimates of hydraulic parameter
distributions and summary statistics (Rosetta3), J. Hydrol., 547, 39–53,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.01.004, 2017.
Zhang, Y. and Schaap, M. G.: Estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity
with pedotransfer functions: A review, J. Hydrol., 575, 1011–1030,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.058, 2019.
Zhao, B., Dai, Q., Han, D., Zhang, J., Zhuo, L., and Berti, M.: Application
of hydrological model simulations in landslide predictions, Landslides, 17, 877–891, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01296-3, 2019a.
Zhao, B., Dai, Q., Han, D., Dai, H., Mao, J., and Zhuo, L.: Probabilistic
thresholds for landslides warning by integrating soil moisture conditions
with rainfall thresholds, J. Hydrol., 574, 276–287,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.062, 2019b.
Zhuo, L., Dai, Q., Han, D., Chen, N., and Zhao, B.: Assessment of simulated soil moisture from WRF Noah, Noah-MP, and CLM land surface schemes for landslide hazard application, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4199–4218, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4199-2019, 2019a.
Zhuo, L., Dai, Q., Han, D., Chen, N., Zhao, B., and Berti, M.: Evaluation of
Remotely Sensed Soil Moisture for Landslide Hazard Assessment, IEEE J. Sel.
Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 12, 162–173,
https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2883361, 2019b.
Short summary
Soil moisture information was shown to be valuable for landslide prediction. Soil moisture was simulated at 133 sites in Switzerland, and the temporal variability was compared to the regional occurrence of landslides. We found that simulated soil moisture is a good predictor for landslides, and that the forecast goodness is similar to using in situ measurements. This encourages the use of models for complementing existing soil moisture monitoring networks for regional landslide early warning.
Soil moisture information was shown to be valuable for landslide prediction. Soil moisture was...
