Articles | Volume 18, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4933-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4933-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Dec 2014
Research article |
| 09 Dec 2014
Negative trade-off between changes in vegetation water use and infiltration recovery after reforesting degraded pasture land in the Nepalese Lesser Himalaya
C. P. Ghimire
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
L. A. Bruijnzeel
Critical Zone Hydrology Group, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
M. W. Lubczynski
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
M. Bonell
The Centre for Water Law, Policy and Science under the auspices of Unesco, The Peters Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD14HN, Scotland, UK
deceased
Related authors
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
H. E. Beck, L. A. Bruijnzeel, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, T. R. McVicar, F. N. Scatena, and J. Schellekens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2613–2635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2613-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2613-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Ecohydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
Hydrological and pedological effects of combining Italian alder and blackberries in an agroforestry windbreak system in South Africa
Rainfall redistribution in subtropical Chinese forests changes over 22 years
The influence of hillslope topography on beech water use: a comparative study in two different climates
Real-time biological early-warning system based on freshwater mussels’ valvometry data
Root water uptake patterns are controlled by tree species interactions and soil water variability
Unexpected water uptake under drought conditions and thinning treatments in young and overstocked lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests
The seasonal origins and ages of water provisioning streams and trees in a tropical montane cloud forest
Benefits of a robotic chamber system for determining evapotranspiration in an erosion-affected, heterogeneous cropland
Quantifying river water contributions to the transpiration of riparian trees along a losing river: lessons from stable isotopes and an iteration method
Dye-tracer-aided investigation of xylem water transport velocity distributions
Technical note: Lessons from and best practices for the deployment of the Soil Water Isotope Storage System
Throughfall spatial patterns translate into spatial patterns of soil moisture dynamics – empirical evidence
Routing stemflow water through the soil via preferential flow: a dual-labelling approach with artificial tracers
Improving soil aquifer treatment efficiency using air injection into the subsurface
Dynamic root growth in response to depth-varying soil moisture availability: a rhizobox study
Controls on leaf water hydrogen and oxygen isotopes: a local investigation across seasons and altitude
Resolving seasonal and diel dynamics of non-rainfall water inputs in a Mediterranean ecosystem using lysimeters
The effect of rainfall amount and timing on annual transpiration in a grazed savanna grassland
Inter- and intra-event rainfall partitioning dynamics of two typical xerophytic shrubs in the Loess Plateau of China
A comparative study of plant water extraction methods for isotopic analyses: Scholander-type pressure chamber vs. cryogenic vacuum distillation
Technical note: Conservative storage of water vapour – practical in situ sampling of stable isotopes in tree stems
Xylem water in riparian willow trees (Salix alba) reveals shallow sources of root water uptake by in situ monitoring of stable water isotopes
Technical note: High-accuracy weighing micro-lysimeter system for long-term measurements of non-rainfall water inputs to grasslands
Response of water fluxes and biomass production to climate change in permanent grassland soil ecosystems
Ecohydrological travel times derived from in situ stable water isotope measurements in trees during a semi-controlled pot experiment
Insights into the isotopic mismatch between bulk soil water and Salix matsudana Koidz trunk water from root water stable isotope measurements
The role of dew and radiation fog inputs in the local water cycling of a temperate grassland during dry spells in central Europe
Co-evolution of xylem water and soil water stable isotopic composition in a northern mixed forest biome
Vapor plumes in a tropical wet forest: spotting the invisible evaporation
Rapid reduction in ecosystem productivity caused by flash droughts based on decade-long FLUXNET observations
Throughfall isotopic composition in relation to drop size at the intra-event scale in a Mediterranean Scots pine stand
Rainfall interception and redistribution by a common North American understory and pasture forb, Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam. dogfennel)
In situ measurements of soil and plant water isotopes: a review of approaches, practical considerations and a vision for the future
Coalescence of bacterial groups originating from urban runoffs and artificial infiltration systems among aquifer microbiomes
A combination of soil water extraction methods quantifies the isotopic mixing of waters held at separate tensions in soil
Using water stable isotopes to understand evaporation, moisture stress, and re-wetting in catchment forest and grassland soils of the summer drought of 2018
Partitioning growing season water balance within a forested boreal catchment using sap flux, eddy covariance, and a process-based model
Technical note: Long-term probe misalignment and proposed quality control using the heat pulse method for transpiration estimations
Contribution of understory evaporation in a tropical wet forest during the dry season
Coffee and shade trees show complementary use of soil water in a traditional agroforestry ecosystem
Responses of soil water storage and crop water use efficiency to changing climatic conditions: a lysimeter-based space-for-time approach
Neighbourhood and stand structure affect stemflow generation in a heterogeneous deciduous temperate forest
Technical Note: A global database of the stable isotopic ratios of meteoric and terrestrial waters
Temporally dependent effects of rainfall characteristics on inter- and intra-event branch-scale stemflow variability in two xerophytic shrubs
Dissolved organic carbon driven by rainfall events from a semi-arid catchment during concentrated rainfall season in the Loess Plateau, China
Dew frequency across the US from a network of in situ radiometers
Seasonal origins of soil water used by trees
Forest harvesting impacts on microclimate conditions and sediment transport activities in a humid periglacial environment
Hydrogeochemical controls on brook trout spawning habitats in a coastal stream
Speculations on the application of foliar 13C discrimination to reveal groundwater dependency of vegetation and provide estimates of root depth and rates of groundwater use
Svenja Hoffmeister, Rafael Bohn Reckziegel, Ben du Toit, Sibylle K. Hassler, Florian Kestel, Rebekka Maier, Jonathan P. Sheppard, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3963–3982, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3963-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3963-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a tree–crop ecosystem consisting of a blackberry field and an alder windbreak. In the water-scarce region, irrigation provides sufficient water for plant growth. The windbreak lowers the irrigation amount by reducing wind speed and therefore water transport into the atmosphere. These ecosystems could provide sustainable use of water-scarce landscapes, and we studied the complex interactions by observing several aspects (e.g. soil, nutrients, carbon assimilation, water).
Wanjun Zhang, Thomas Scholten, Steffen Seitz, Qianmei Zhang, Guowei Chu, Linhua Wang, Xin Xiong, and Juxiu Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3837–3854, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall input generally controls soil water and plant growth. We focus on rainfall redistribution in succession sequence forests over 22 years. Some changes in rainwater volume and chemistry in the throughfall and stemflow and drivers were investigated. Results show that shifted open rainfall over time and forest factors induced remarkable variability in throughfall and stemflow, which potentially makes forecasting future changes in water resources in the forest ecosystems more difficult.
Ginevra Fabiani, Julian Klaus, and Daniele Penna
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2683–2703, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is a limited understanding of the role that topography and climate play in tree water use. Through a cross-site comparison in Luxembourg and Italy, we investigated beech water use along slopes in different climates. Our findings indicate that in landscapes characterized by stronger hydraulic and climatic gradients there is greater spatial variation in tree physiological responses. This highlights how differing growing conditions across landscapes can lead to contrasting tree performances.
Ashkan Pilbala, Nicoletta Riccardi, Nina Benistati, Vanessa Modesto, Donatella Termini, Dario Manca, Augusto Benigni, Cristiano Corradini, Tommaso Lazzarin, Tommaso Moramarco, Luigi Fraccarollo, and Sebastiano Piccolroaz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2297–2311, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2297-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2297-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of floods on the aquatic ecosystem using freshwater mussels instrumented with sensors to monitor the opening of their valves. Signal analysis techniques were used to gain insight into their responses in terms of changes in the intensity and frequency of valve opening. The approach used in the study enables the development of real-time monitoring systems for ecological purposes and provides a pathway for practical biological early-warning systems.
Gökben Demir, Andrew J. Guswa, Janett Filipzik, Johanna Clara Metzger, Christine Römermann, and Anke Hildebrandt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1441–1461, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Experimental evidence is scarce to understand how the spatial variation in below-canopy precipitation affects root water uptake patterns. Here, we conducted field measurements to investigate drivers of root water uptake patterns while accounting for canopy induced heterogeneity in water input. We found that tree species interactions and soil moisture variability, rather than below-canopy precipitation patterns, control root water uptake patterns in a mixed unmanaged forest.
Emory Ellis, Robert Guy, and Xiaohua A. Wei
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-88, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-88, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the water-stable isotope composition by analyzing the impact of forest thinning on lodgepole pine depth-to-water uptake and water use strategies. The lodgepole pine's primary source is spring snowmelt and shifts to rely on deeper soil water to maintain water uptake. There was no effect of decreased stand density on depth-to-water uptake. It will become more critical that we know how much water forests are using and what strategies trees use to sustain their water supply.
Emily I. Burt, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Roxanne M. Cruz-de Hoyos, Adan Julian Ccahuana Quispe, and A. Joshua West
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4173–4186, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When it rains, water remains in the ground for variable amounts of time before it is taken up by plants or becomes streamflow. Understanding how long water stays in the ground before it is taken up by plants or becomes streamflow helps predict what will happen to the water cycle in future climates. Some studies suggest that plants take up water that has been in the ground for a long time; in contrast, we find that plants take up a significant amount of recent rain.
Adrian Dahlmann, Mathias Hoffmann, Gernot Verch, Marten Schmidt, Michael Sommer, Jürgen Augustin, and Maren Dubbert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3851–3873, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) plays a pivotal role in terrestrial water cycling, returning up to 90 % of precipitation to the atmosphere. We studied impacts of soil type and management on an agroecosystem using an automated system with modern modeling approaches. We modeled ET at high spatial and temporal resolution to highlight differences in heterogeneous soils on an hourly basis. Our results show significant differences in yield and smaller differences in ET overall, impacting water use efficiency.
Yue Li, Ying Ma, Xianfang Song, Qian Zhang, and Lixin Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3405–3425, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We proposed an iteration method in combination with the MixSIAR model and water isotopes to quantify the river water contribution (RWC) to riparian deep-rooted trees nearby a losing river. River water can indirectly contribute by 20.3 % to water uptake of riparian trees. River recharged riparian groundwater rapidly with a short groundwater residence time (no more than 0.28 d). The RWC to riparian trees was negatively correlated with the water table depth and leaf δ13C in linear functions.
Stefan Seeger and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3393–3404, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3393-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3393-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes a low-budget method to quantify the radial distribution of water transport velocities within trees at a high spatial resolution. We observed a wide spread of water transport velocities within a tree stem section, which were on average 3 times faster than the flux velocity. The distribution of transport velocities has implications for studies that use water isotopic signatures to study root water uptake and usually assume uniform or even implicitly infinite velocities.
Rachel E. Havranek, Kathryn Snell, Sebastian Kopf, Brett Davidheiser-Kroll, Valerie Morris, and Bruce Vaughn
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2951–2971, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2951-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2951-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an automated, field-ready system that collects soil water vapor for stable isotope analysis. This system can be used to determine soil water evolution through time, which is helpful for understanding crop water use, water vapor fluxes to the atmosphere, and geologic proxy development. Our system can automatically collect soil water vapor and then store it for up to 30 d, which allows researchers to collect datasets from historically understudied, remote locations.
Christine Fischer-Bedtke, Johanna Clara Metzger, Gökben Demir, Thomas Wutzler, and Anke Hildebrandt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2899–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Canopies change how rain reaches the soil: some spots receive more and others less water. It has long been debated whether this also leads to locally wetter and drier soil. We checked this using measurements of canopy drip and soil moisture. We found that the increase in soil water content after rain was aligned with canopy drip. Independently, the soil storage reaction was dampened in locations prone to drainage, like hig-macroporosity areas, suggesting that canopy drip enhances bypass flow.
Juan Pinos, Markus Flury, Jérôme Latron, and Pilar Llorens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2865–2881, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2865-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2865-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how stemflow (intercepted rainwater by the tree crown that travels down the stem) infiltrates within the soil. We simulated stemflow, applying coloured water along a tree trunk. Coloured patterns, observed when we excavated the soil after the experiment, were used to view and quantify preferential flow in the soil. We found that stemflow was mainly funnelled belowground along tree roots and macropores. Soil moisture near the trunk was affected both vertically and horizontally.
Ido Arad, Aviya Ziner, Shany Ben Moshe, Noam Weisbrod, and Alex Furman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2509–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2509-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2509-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In a series of long-column experiments, subsurface air injection in soil aquifer treatment (Air-SAT) was tested as an alternative to conventional flooding–drying operation (FDO) in tertiary wastewater (WW) treatment. Our results show that Air-SAT allows for the treatment of increased WW volumes and results in similar or better effluent quality compared with FDO. These results highlight the possibility of using air injection to treat more effluent and alleviate the pressure on existing SAT sites.
Cynthia Maan, Marie-Claire ten Veldhuis, and Bas J. H. van de Wiel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2341–2355, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2341-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2341-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Their flexible growth provides the plants with a strong ability to adapt and develop resilience to droughts and climate change. But this adaptability is badly included in crop and climate models. To model plant development in changing environments, we need to include the survival strategies of plants. Based on experimental data, we set up a simple model for soil-moisture-driven root growth. The model performance suggests that soil moisture is a key parameter determining root growth.
Jinzhao Liu, Chong Jiang, Huawu Wu, Li Guo, Haiwei Zhang, and Ying Zhao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 599–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-599-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-599-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
What controls leaf water isotopes? We answered the question from two perspectives: respective and dual isotopes. On the one hand, the δ18O and δ2H values of leaf water responded to isotopes of potential source water (i.e., twig water, soil water, and precipitation) and meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature, RH, and precipitation) differently. On the other hand, dual δ18O and δ2H values of leaf water yielded a significant linear relationship associated with altitude and seasonality.
Sinikka Jasmin Paulus, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, René Orth, Anke Hildebrandt, Thomas Wutzler, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Oscar Perez-Priego, Olaf Kolle, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6263–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze small inputs of water to ecosystems such as fog, dew, and adsorption of vapor. To measure them, we use a scaling system and later test our attribution of different water fluxes to weight changes. We found that they occur frequently during 1 year in a dry summer ecosystem. In each season, a different flux seems dominant, but they all mainly occur during the night. Therefore, they could be important for the biosphere because rain is unevenly distributed over the year.
Matti Räsänen, Mika Aurela, Ville Vakkari, Johan P. Beukes, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pieter G. Van Zyl, Miroslav Josipovic, Stefan J. Siebert, Tuomas Laurila, Markku Kulmala, Lauri Laakso, Janne Rinne, Ram Oren, and Gabriel Katul
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5773–5791, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The productivity of semiarid grazed grasslands is linked to the variation in rainfall and transpiration. By combining carbon dioxide and water flux measurements, we show that the annual transpiration is nearly constant during wet years while grasses react quickly to dry spells and drought, which reduce transpiration. The planning of annual grazing strategies could consider the early-season rainfall frequency that was linked to the portion of annual transpiration.
Jinxia An, Guangyao Gao, Chuan Yuan, Juan Pinos, and Bojie Fu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3885–3900, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3885-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3885-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An in-depth investigation was conducted of all rainfall-partitioning components at inter- and intra-event scales for two xerophytic shrubs. Inter-event rainfall partitioning amount and percentage depended more on rainfall amount, and rainfall intensity and duration controlled intra-event rainfall-partitioning variables. One shrub has larger branch angle, small branch and smaller canopy area to produce stemflow more efficiently, and the other has larger biomass to intercept more rainfall.
Giulia Zuecco, Anam Amin, Jay Frentress, Michael Engel, Chiara Marchina, Tommaso Anfodillo, Marco Borga, Vinicio Carraro, Francesca Scandellari, Massimo Tagliavini, Damiano Zanotelli, Francesco Comiti, and Daniele Penna
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3673–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3673-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the variability in the isotopic composition of plant water extracted by two different methods, i.e., cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD) and Scholander-type pressure chamber (SPC). Our results indicated that the isotopic composition of plant water extracted by CVD and SPC was significantly different. We concluded that plant water extraction by SPC is not an alternative for CVD as SPC mostly extracts the mobile plant water whereas CVD retrieves all water stored in the sampled tissue.
Ruth-Kristina Magh, Benjamin Gralher, Barbara Herbstritt, Angelika Kübert, Hyungwoo Lim, Tomas Lundmark, and John Marshall
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3573–3587, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3573-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3573-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method of sampling and storing water vapour for isotope analysis, allowing us to infer plant water uptake depth. Measurements can be made at high temporal and spatial resolution even in remote areas. We ensured that all necessary components are easily available, making this method cost efficient and simple to implement. We found our method to perform well in the lab and in the field, enabling it to become a tool for everyone aiming to resolve questions regarding the water cycle.
Jessica Landgraf, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Maren Dubbert, David Dubbert, Aaron Smith, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2073–2092, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using water stable isotopes, we studied from which water source (lake water, stream water, groundwater, or soil water) two willows were taking their water. We monitored the environmental conditions (e.g. air temperature and soil moisture) and the behaviour of the trees (water flow in the stem). We found that the most likely water sources of the willows were the upper soil layers but that there were seasonal dynamics.
Andreas Riedl, Yafei Li, Jon Eugster, Nina Buchmann, and Werner Eugster
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 91–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-91-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-91-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this study was to develop a high-accuracy micro-lysimeter system for the quantification of non-rainfall water inputs that overcomes existing drawbacks. The micro-lysimeter system had a high accuracy and allowed us to quantify and distinguish between different types of non-rainfall water inputs, like dew and fog. Non-rainfall water inputs occurred frequently in a Swiss Alpine grassland ecosystem. These water inputs can be an important water source for grasslands during dry periods.
Veronika Forstner, Jannis Groh, Matevz Vremec, Markus Herndl, Harry Vereecken, Horst H. Gerke, Steffen Birk, and Thomas Pütz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6087–6106, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lysimeter-based manipulative and observational experiments were used to identify responses of water fluxes and aboveground biomass (AGB) to climatic change in permanent grassland. Under energy-limited conditions, elevated temperature actual evapotranspiration (ETa) increased, while seepage, dew, and AGB decreased. Elevated CO2 mitigated the effect on ETa. Under water limitation, elevated temperature resulted in reduced ETa, and AGB was negatively correlated with an increasing aridity.
David Mennekes, Michael Rinderer, Stefan Seeger, and Natalie Orlowski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4513–4530, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In situ stable water isotope measurements are a recently developed method to measure water movement from the soil through the plant to the atmosphere in high resolution and precision. Here, we present important advantages of the new method in comparison to commonly used measurement methods in an experimental setup. Overall, this method can help to answer research questions such as plant responses to climate change with potentially shifting water availability or temperatures.
Ying Zhao and Li Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3975–3989, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3975-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3975-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
At our study site during the experimental period, trunk water was only isotopically similar to root water at 100–160 cm depths. The isotopic composition of root water deviated from that of bulk soil water but overlapped with the composition derived for less mobile water. These findings suggest that the isotopic offset between bulk soil water and trunk water was due to the isotopic mismatch between root water and bulk soil water associated with soil water heterogeneity.
Yafei Li, Franziska Aemisegger, Andreas Riedl, Nina Buchmann, and Werner Eugster
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2617–2648, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2617-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2617-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During dry spells, dew and fog potentially play an increasingly important role in temperate grasslands. Research on the combined mechanisms of dew and fog inputs to ecosystems and distillation of water vapor from soil to plant surfaces is rare. Our results using stable water isotopes highlight the importance of dew and fog inputs to temperate grasslands during dry spells and reveal the complexity of the local water cycling in such conditions, including different pathways of dew and fog inputs.
Jenna R. Snelgrove, James M. Buttle, Matthew J. Kohn, and Dörthe Tetzlaff
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2169–2186, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Co-evolution of plant and soil water isotopic composition throughout the growing season in a little-studied northern mixed forest landscape was explored. Marked inter-specific differences in the isotopic composition of xylem water relative to surrounding soil water occurred, despite thin soil cover constraining inter-species differences in rooting depths. We provide potential explanations for differences in temporal evolution of xylem water isotopic composition in this northern landscape.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Bart Schilperoort, Adriana del Pilar González-Angarita, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 619–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-619-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-619-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During rainfall events, evaporation from tropical forests is usually ignored. However, the water retained in the canopy during rainfall increases the evaporation despite the high-humidity conditions. In a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica, it was possible to depict vapor plumes rising from the forest canopy during rainfall. These plumes are evidence of forest evaporation. Also, we identified the conditions that allowed this phenomenon to happen using time-lapse videos and meteorological data.
Miao Zhang and Xing Yuan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5579–5593, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5579-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5579-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We identify flash drought events by considering the decline rate of soil moisture and the drought persistency, and we detect the response of ecosystem carbon and water fluxes to flash droughts based on FLUXNET observations. We find rapid declines in carbon assimilation within 16–24 d of flash drought onset, where savannas show the highest sensitivity. Water use efficiency increases for forests but decreases for herbaceous ecosystems during the recovery stage of flash droughts.
Juan Pinos, Jérôme Latron, Kazuki Nanko, Delphis F. Levia, and Pilar Llorens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4675–4690, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4675-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4675-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Water that drips or splashes from a canopy or passes through it is termed throughfall. This is the first known study to examine interrelationships between throughfall isotopic fractionation and throughfall drop size. Working in a mountainous Scots pine forest, we found that throughfall splash droplets were more prevalent at the onset of rain when vapour pressure deficits were larger. This finding has important implications for water mixing in the canopy and for theories of canopy interception.
D. Alex R. Gordon, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Brent A. Sellers, S. M. Moein Sadeghi, and John T. Van Stan II
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4587–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4587-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4587-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Where plants exist, rain must pass through canopies to reach soils. We studied how rain interacts with dogfennel – a highly problematic weed that is abundant in pastures, grasslands, rangelands, urban forests and along highways. Dogfennels evaporated large portions (approx. one-fifth) of rain and drained significant (at times > 25 %) rain (and dew) down their stems to their roots (via stemflow). This may explain how dogfennel survives and even invades managed landscapes during extended droughts.
Matthias Beyer, Kathrin Kühnhammer, and Maren Dubbert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4413–4440, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Water isotopes are a scientific tool that can be used to identify sources of water and answer questions such as
From which soil depths do plants take up water?, which are highly relevant under changing climatic conditions. In the past, the measurement of water isotopes required tremendous effort. In the last decade methods have advanced and can now be applied in the field. Herein, we review the current status of direct field measurements of water isotopes and discuss future applications.
Yannick Colin, Rayan Bouchali, Laurence Marjolet, Romain Marti, Florian Vautrin, Jérémy Voisin, Emilie Bourgeois, Veronica Rodriguez-Nava, Didier Blaha, Thierry Winiarski, Florian Mermillod-Blondin, and Benoit Cournoyer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4257–4273, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4257-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4257-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Stormwater infiltration systems (SISs) are a source of pollution that may have adverse ecological and sanitary impacts. The incidence of a SIS on the coalescence of microbial communities from runoff waters and aboveground sediments with those of an aquifer was investigated. Aquifer waters showed lower coalescence with aboveground bacterial taxa than aquifer biofilms. These biofilms were colonized by bacterial hydrocarbon degraders and harboured undesirable human-opportunistic pathogens.
William H. Bowers, Jason J. Mercer, Mark S. Pleasants, and David G. Williams
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4045–4060, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4045-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4045-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Determining the chemical composition of soil water can help to address questions concerning water transport and use. However, there are many observations of incompletely mixed soil water within various soil pore domains. We applied two contrasting waters to soil samples and then removed water from the soils with three sequential and increasing applied energy steps to assess soil water mixing and equilibration over time. We found it took more than 3 d for soil water to mix and equilibrate.
Lukas Kleine, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Aaron Smith, Hailong Wang, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3737–3752, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3737-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3737-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the effects of the 2018 drought on water partitioning in a lowland catchment under grassland and forest in north-eastern Germany. Conditions resulted in drying up of streams, yield losses, and lower groundwater levels. Oak trees continued to transpire during the drought. We used stable isotopes to assess the fluxes and ages of water. Sustainable use of resource water requires such understanding of ecohydrological water partitioning.
Nataliia Kozii, Kersti Haahti, Pantana Tor-ngern, Jinshu Chi, Eliza Maher Hasselquist, Hjalmar Laudon, Samuli Launiainen, Ram Oren, Matthias Peichl, Jörgen Wallerman, and Niles J. Hasselquist
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2999–3014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The hydrologic cycle is one of the greatest natural processes on Earth and strongly influences both regional and global climate as well as ecosystem functioning. Results from this study clearly show the central role trees play in regulating the water cycle of boreal catchments, implying that forest management impacts on stand structure as well as climate change effects on tree growth are likely to have large cascading effects on the way water moves through boreal forested landscapes.
Elisabeth K. Larsen, Jose Luis Palau, Jose Antonio Valiente, Esteban Chirino, and Juan Bellot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2755–2767, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2755-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2755-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To improve long-term sap flow measurements when using the heat ratio method, this study introduces a dynamic probe misalignment correction method. This work uses sap flow data from four Aleppo pines from April 2017 to December 2018 and shows how a classical probe correction approach declines in accuracy over time. Additionally, it is proposed that a new set of statistical information be recorded along with the sap flow readings to ensure the quality of the raw data.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Jochen Wenninger, Adriana Gonzalez-Angarita, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2179–2206, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2179-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2179-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical forest ecosystems are able to export a lot of water to the atmosphere by means of evaporation. However, little is known on how their complex structure affects this water flux. This paper analyzes the contribution of three canopy layers in terms of water fluxes and stable water isotope signatures. During the dry season in 2018 the two lower canopy layers provide 20 % of measured evaporation, highlighting the importance of knowing how forest structure can affect the hydrological cycle.
Lyssette Elena Muñoz-Villers, Josie Geris, María Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Friso Holwerda, and Todd Dawson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1649–1668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1649-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1649-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our research showed, consistently, a complementary use of soil water sources between coffee (Coffea Arabica var. typica) plants and shade tree species during the dry and wet seasons in a traditional agroforestry ecosystem in central Veracruz, Mexico. However, more variability in plant water sources was observed among species in the rainy season when higher soil moisture conditions were present and water stress was largely absent.
Jannis Groh, Jan Vanderborght, Thomas Pütz, Hans-Jörg Vogel, Ralf Gründling, Holger Rupp, Mehdi Rahmati, Michael Sommer, Harry Vereecken, and Horst H. Gerke
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1211–1225, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1211-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1211-2020, 2020
Johanna C. Metzger, Jens Schumacher, Markus Lange, and Anke Hildebrandt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4433–4452, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4433-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4433-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Variation in stemflow (rain water running down the stem) enhances the formation of flow hot spots at the forest floor. Investigating drivers based on detailed measurements, we find that forest structure affects stemflow, both for individual trees and small communities. Densely packed forest patches received more stemflow, due to a higher proportion of woody structure and canopy morphology adjustments, which increase the potential for flow path generation connecting crowns and soil.
Annie L. Putman and Gabriel J. Bowen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4389–4396, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4389-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4389-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We describe an open-access, global database of stable water isotope ratios of various water types. The database facilitates data archiving, supports standardized metadata collection, and decreases the time investment for metanalyses. To promote data discovery and collaboration, the database exposes metadata and data owner contact information for private data but only permits download of public data. Two companion apps support digital data collection and processing and upload of analyzed data.
Chuan Yuan, Guangyao Gao, Bojie Fu, Daming He, Xingwu Duan, and Xiaohua Wei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4077–4095, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4077-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4077-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The stemflow dynamics of two xerophytic shrubs were investigated at the inter- and intra-event scales with high-temporal-resolution data in 54 rain events. Stemflow process was depicted by intensity, duration and time lags to rain events. Funneling ratio was calculated as the ratio of stemflow to rainfall intensities. Rainfall intensity and raindrop momentum controlled stemflow intensity and time lags. Influences of rainfall characteristics on stemflow variables showed temporal dependence.
Linhua Wang, Haw Yen, Xinhui E, Liding Chen, and Yafeng Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3141–3153, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3141-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3141-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A high-frequency approach was used to monitor dynamic changes of DOC exported during the concentrated rainfall season in LPR, China. DOC concentration and flux from an ecologically restored catchment in the LPR was investigated. Hysteresis analysis indicated non-linear relationships between DOC concentration and discharge rate in a rainfall event. DOC export is substantially affected by the interaction of rainfall and antecedent conditions for a rainfall event.
François Ritter, Max Berkelhammer, and Daniel Beysens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1179–1197, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1179-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1179-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
There currently is no standardized approach for measuring dew formation, making it difficult to compare its frequency and importance across ecosystems. Recently, canopy surface temperature data from 30 sites in the US were measured continuously using in situ infrared radiometers. The analysis presented here provides the first continental-scale standardized synthesis of dew formation. This work provides a basis for considering how changing climate and land use will influence dew formation.
Scott T. Allen, James W. Kirchner, Sabine Braun, Rolf T. W. Siegwolf, and Gregory R. Goldsmith
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1199–1210, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1199-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1199-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We used stable isotopes of xylem water to study differences in the seasonal origin of water in more than 900 individual trees from three dominant species in 182 Swiss forested sites. We discovered that midsummer transpiration was mostly supplied by winter precipitation across diverse humid climates. Our findings provide new insights into tree vulnerability to droughts, transport of water (and thus solutes) in soils, and the climatic information conveyed by plant-tissue isotopes.
Fumitoshi Imaizumi, Ryoko Nishii, Kenichi Ueno, and Kousei Kurobe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 155–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-155-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-155-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated seasonal changes in sediment transport activities following forest harvesting in a humid periglacial area. Removal of the forest canopy by forest harvesting alters the type of winter soil creep. Winter creep velocity of the ground surface sediment in the harvested site was significantly higher than that in the non-harvested site. Meanwhile, sediment flux on the hillslopes decreased in the harvested site because of capture of sediment by branches of harvested trees.
Martin A. Briggs, Judson W. Harvey, Stephen T. Hurley, Donald O. Rosenberry, Timothy McCobb, Dale Werkema, and John W. Lane Jr.
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6383–6398, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6383-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6383-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Brook trout are known to seek out groundwater-discharge zones for spawning. However, in a groundwater-dominated system, we observed trout using a few locations for repeatedly laying eggs. To improve the management of this cold-water species, we wanted to know why these specific groundwater-discharge zones were desirable. Through a combination of geophysical and chemical measurements, we found that locations where the stream intersects the sandy valley wall create oxygen-rich seepage zones.
Rizwana Rumman, James Cleverly, Rachael H. Nolan, Tonantzin Tarin, and Derek Eamus
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4875–4889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4875-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4875-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is a significant water resource for humans and for groundwater-dependent vegetation. Several challenges to managing both groundwater resources and dependent vegetation include defining the location of dependent vegetation, the rate of groundwater use, and the depth of roots accessing groundwater. In this study we demonstrate a novel application of measurements of stable isotopes of carbon that can be used to identify the location, the rooting depth, and the rate of groundwater use.
Cited articles
Alegre, J. C. and Cassel, D. K.: Dynamics of soil physical properties under alternate systems to slash-and-burn, Agricultural, Ecosyst. Environ., 58, 39–48, 1996.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M.: Crop evapotranspiration – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, 1998.
Alvarado-Barrientos, M. S., Hernandez-Santana, V., and Asbjornsen, H.: Variability of the radial profile of sap velocity in Pinus patula from contrasting stands within the seasonal cloud forest zone of Veracruz, Mexico, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 168, 108–119, 2013.
Andermann, Ch., Longuevergne, L., Bonnet, S., Crave, A., Davy, Ph., and Gloaguen, R.: Impact of transient groundwater storage on the discharge of Himalayan rivers, Nat. Geosci., 5, 127–132, 2012.
Andréassian, V.: Water and forests: From historical controversy to scientific debat, J. Hydrol., 291, 1–27, 2004.
Angelini, I. M., Garstang, M., Davis, R. E., Hayden, B., Fitzjarrald, D.R., Legates, D. R., Greco, S., Macko, S., and Connors, V.: On the coupling between vegetation and the atmosphere, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 105, 243–261, 2011.
Bai, Z. G., Dent, D. L., Olsson, L., and Schaepman, M. E.: Proxy global assessment of land degradation, Soil Use Manage., 24, 223–234, 2008.
Bandyopadhyay, J.: Sustaining the Himalaya as the water tower of Asia: On the need for innovative policy making from India and China, 19th Pundit Govind Ballabh Pant memorial lecture, 10 September 2013, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora, India, 19 pp., 2013.
Bartarya, S. K.: Hydrogeology, geo-environmental problems and watershed management strategies in a central Himalayan river basin, Kumaun, India, in: Headwater Control, edited by: Kreek, J. and Haigh, M. J., IUFRO/WASWC/CSVIS, Plzen, Czechoslovakia, 308–318, 1989.
Basistha, A., Arya, D. S., and Goel, N. K.: Analysis of historical changes in rainfall in the Indian Himalayas, Int. J. Climatol., 29, 555–572, 2009.
Bonell, M.: Runoff generation in tropical forests, in: Forests, Water and People in the Humid tropics, edited by: Bonell, M. and Bruijnzeel, L. A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 314–406, 2005.
Bonell, M., Purandara, B. K., Venkatesh, B., Krishnaswamy, J., Acharya, H. A. K., Singh, U. V., Jayakumar, R., and Chappell, N.: The impact of forest use and reforestation on soil hydraulic conductivity in the Western Ghats of India: Implications for surface and sub-surface hydrology, J. Hydrol., 391, 47–62, 2010.
Bookhagen, B. and Burbank, D. W.: Topography, relief, and TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026037, 2006.
Bookhagen, B. and Burbank, D. W.: Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F03019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001426, 2010.
Bosch, J. M. and Hewlett, J. D.: A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapo-transpiration, J. Hydrol., 55, 3–23, 1982.
Brown, A. E., Zhang, L., McMahon, T. A., Western, A. W., and Vertessy, R. A.: A review of paired catchments studies for detremining changes in water yield resulting from alterations in vegetation, J. Hydrol., 310, 28–61, 2005.
Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Environmental impacts of (de)forestation in the humid tropics: A watershed perspective, Wallaceana, 46, 3–13, 1986.
Bruijnzeel, L.A.: (De)forestation and streamflow in the tropics: A closer look, J. Tropical Forest Sci., 1, 229–243, 1989.
Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Hydrology of Moist Tropical Forests and Effects of Conversion: A State of Knowledge Review, UNESCO, Paris, and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 226 pp., 1990.
Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Hydrology of forest plantations in the tropics, in: Management of Soil, Nutrients and Water in Tropical Plantation Forests, edited by: Nambiar, E. K. S. and Brown, A. G., ACIAR Monograph No. 43, ACIAR, Canberra, Australia, 125–167, 1997.
Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Hydrological functions of tropical forests: Not seeing the soil for the trees?, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 104, 185–228, 2004.
Bruijnzeel, L. A. and Bremmer, C. N.: Highland-Lowland Interactions in the Ganges-Brahmaputra River Basin: A Review of Published Literature. ICIMOD Occasional Paper no. 11, ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal, 136 pp., 1989.
Bruijnzeel, L. A., Peña-Arancibia, J. L., and Mulligan, M.: Identifying "bright spots" of potentially enhanced stream flow after reforesting degraded land across the tropics, in: Asia-Pacific Workshop on Water and Forests – Beyond Traditional Forest Hydrology, Singh MD (Convener), Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India, p. 41, 2013.
Burgess, S. S. O., Adams, M., Turner, N. C., Beverly, C. R., Ong, C. K., Khan, A. A. H., and Belby, T. M.: An improved heat pulse method to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants, Tree Physiol., 21, 589–598, 2001.
Calder, I. R.: Water use of eucalypts – A review, in: Growth and Water Use of Forest Plantations, edited by: Calder, I. R., Hall, R. L., and Adlard, P. G., J. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 167–175, 1992.
Calder, I. R.: The Blue Revolution. Integrated Land and Water Resource Management (2nd Edn.), Earthscan, London, 353 pp., 2005.
Chandler, D. G.: Reversibility of forest conversion impacts on water budgets in tropical karst terrain, Forest Ecol. Manage., 224, 95–103, 2006.
Chandler, D. G. and Walter, M. F.: Runoff responses among comon land uses in the uplands of Matalom, Leyte, Philippines, Trans. Am. Soc. Agr. Eng., 41, 1635–1641, 1998.
Chappell, N. A. and Lancaster, J. W.: Comparison of methodological uncertainties within permeability measurements, Hydrol. Process., 21, 2504–2514, 2007.
Chappell, N. A., Sherlock, M., Bidin, K., Macdonald, R., Najman, Y., and Davies, G.: Runoff processes in Southeast Asia: Role of soil, regolith, and rock type, in: Forest Environments in the Mekong River Basin, edited by: Swada, H., Araki, M., Chappell, N. A., La Frankie, J. V., and Shimizu, A., Springer-Verlag: Tokyo, 3–23, 2007.
Choi, H. T. and Kim, Y. K.: Impacts of afforestation, reforestation and forest management pratices on the long-term streamflow patterns and water balance at the catchment scale in Korea, in: Asia-Pacific Workshop on Water and Forests – Beyond Traditional Forest Hydrology, edited by: Singh, M. D. (Convener), Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India, p. 44, 2013.
Colloff, M. J., Pullen, K. R., and Cunningham, S. A.: Restoration of an ecosystem function to revegetaion communities: The role of invertebrate macropores in enhancing soil water infiltration, Restor. Ecol., 18, 65–72, 2010.
Costa, M. H., Botta, A., and Cardille, J. A.: Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Toscantins River, Southeastern Amazonia, J. Hydrol., 283, 206–217, 2003.
Craig Collier, J. and Zhang, G. J.: Aerosol direct forcing of the summer Indian monsoon as simulated by the NCAR CAM3, Clim. Dynam., 32, 313–332, 2009.
Deuchars, S. A., Townend, J., Aitkenhead, M. J., and Fitzpatrick, E. A.: Change in soil structure and hydraulic properties in regenerating rain forest, Soil Use Manage., 15, 183–187, 1999.
Ding, M. M., Yi, W. M., Liao, L. Y., Martens, R., and Insam, H.: Effect of afforestation on microbial biomass and activity in soils of tropical China, Soil Biol. Biochem., 24, 865–872, 1992.
Dobremez, J. F.:Le Népal – Écologie et Biogéographie. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France, 356 pp., 1976.
Ellison, D., Futter, M. N., and Bishop, K.: On the forest cover–water yield debate : From demand- to supply-side thinking, Global Change Biol., 18, 806–820, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02589.x, 2011.
FAO: World Reference Base for Soil Resources (2006) First update 2007, World Soil Resources Reports 103; United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome, 115 pp., 2007.
FAO-CIFOR: Forests and Floods: Drowning in Fiction or Thriving on Facts? RAP Publication 2005/03, Forest Perspectives 2. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, and Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, 30 pp., 2005.
Farley, K. A., Jobbagy, E. G., and Jackson, R. J.: Effects of afforestation on water yield: A global synthesis with implications for policy, Global Change Biol., 11, 1565–1576, 2005.
Forsyth, T. and Walker, A.: Forest Guardians, Forest Destroyers. The Politics of Environmental Knowledge in Northern Thailand. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, USA, 302 pp., 2008.
Fritsch, J. M.: The hydrological effects of clearing tropical rainforest and of implementation of alternative land uses, Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Public., 216, 53–66, 1993.
Galudra, G. and Sirait, M.: A discourse on Dutch colonial forest policy and science in Indonesia at the beginning of the 20th century, Int. Forestry Rev., 11, 524–533, 2009.
Gash, J. H. C., Lloyd, C. R., and Lachaud, G.: Estimating sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model, J. Hydrol., 170, 79–86, 1995.
Gerrard, A. J. and Gardner, R. A. M.: Relationships between runoff and land degradation on non-cultivated land in the Middle Hills of Nepal, Int. J. Sustain. Develop. World Economy, 9, 59–73, 2002.
Ghimire, C. P.: Hydrological impacts of reforesting degraded pasture land in the Middle Mountain Zone, Central Nepal. PhD Dissertation, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam (FALW-VUA) and University of Twente (ITC-UT), Enschede, The Netherlands, 169 pp., available at: http://www.itc.nl/library/papers_2014/phd/ghimire.pdf, 2014.
Ghimire, C. P., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Lubczynski, M. W., and Bonell, M.: Rainfall interception by natural and planted forests in the Middle Mountains of Central Nepal, J. Hydrol., 475, 270–280, 2012.
Ghimire, C. P., Bonell, M., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Coles, N. A., and Lubczynski, M. W.: Reforesting severely degraded grassland in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal: Effects on soil hydraulic conductivity and overland flow production, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 118, 2528–2545, 2013.
Ghimire, C. P., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Bonell, M., Coles, N., Lubczynski, M. W., and Gilmour, D.A.: The effects of sustained forest use on hillslope soil hydraulic conductivity in the Middle Mountains of Central Nepal, Ecohydrol., 7, 478–495, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1367, 2014a.
Ghimire, C. P., Lubczynski, M. W., Bruijnzeel, L. A., and Chavarro-Rincón, D.: Transpiration, canopy conductance and decoupling coefficient of two contrasting forest types in the Lesser Himalaya of Central Nepal, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 197, 76–90, 2014b.
Giambelluca, T. W.: The hydrology of altered tropical forest, Hydrol. Process., 16, 1665–1669, 2002.
Gilmour, D. A., Bonell, M., and Cassells, D. S.: The effects of forestation on soil hydraulic properties in the Middle Hills of Nepal: A preliminary assessment, Mountain Res. Develop., 7, 239–249, 1987.
Gilmour, D. A. and Shah, R.: Enhancing livelihoods and food security from agroforestry and community forestry systems in Nepal: Synthesis paper, IUCN, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2012.
Granier, A.: Une nouvelle méthode pour la mesure du flux de sève brute dans le tronc des arbres, Ann. Sci. Forest., 42, 193–200, 1985.
Grip, H., Fritsch, J. M., and Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Soil and water impacts during forest conversion and stabilisation to new land use, in: Forests, Water and People in the Humid tropics, edited by: Bonell, M. and Bruijnzeel, L. A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 561–589, 2005.
Grissino-Mayer, H. D.: A manual and tutorial for the proper use of an increment borer, Tree-Ring Res., 59, 63–79, 2003.
Hamilton, L. S. and King, P. N.: Tropical Forested Watersheds: Hydrologic and Soils Response to Major Uses and Conversions, Westview Press, Boulder CO, USA, 168 pp., 1983.
Hairiah, K., Sulistyani, H., Suprayogo, D., Widianto Purnomosidhi, P., Harto Widodo, R., and Van Noordwijk. M.: Litter layer residence time in forest and coffee agroforestry systems in Sumberjaya, West Lampung, Forest Ecol. Manage., 224, 45–57, 2006.
Harding, R. J.: The modification of climate by forests, in: Growth and Water Use of Forest Plantations, edited by: Calder, I. R., Hall, R. L., and Adlard, P. G., J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, 332–346, 1992.
Hassler, S. K., Zimmermann, B., Van Breugel, M., and Hall, J. S., and Elsenbeer, H.: Recovery of saturated hydraulic conductivity under secondary succession on former pasture in the humid tropics, Forest Ecol. Manage., 261, 1634–1642, 2011.
Hessel, R., Gupta, M. K., Singh Dataa, P., van der Elsen, E., and Sharma, S. D.: Rainfall, soil moisture content and runoff in a small catchment in the Indian Himalayas, Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci., 33, 115–128, 2007.
Holwerda, F., Scatena, F. N., and Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Throughfall in a Puerto Rican lower montane rain forest: A comparison of sampling strategies, J. Hydrol., 327, 592–602, 2006.
Hrabovszky, J. P. and Miyan, K.: Population growth and land use in Nepal. "The great turnabout", Mountain Res. Develop., 7, 264–270, 1987.
HURDEC Nepal and Hobley, M.: Community forestry impact study: persistence and change. Review of 30 years of community forestry in Nepal, HURDEC, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2012.
Ilstedt, U., Malmer, A., Verbeeten, E., and Murdiyarso, D.: The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Forest Ecol. Manage., 251, 45–51, 2007.
Immerzeel, W. W., Pellicciotti, F., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Rising River flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds, Nat. Geosci., 6, 742–745, 2013.
Jackson, R. B., Jobbagy, E. G., Avissar, R., Roy, S. B., Barrett, D. J., Cook, C. W., Farley, K. A., Le Maître, D. C., McCarl, B. A., and Murray, B. C.: Trading water for carbon with biological carbon sequestration, Science, 310, 1944–1947, 2005.
Joshi, G. and Negi, G. C. S.: Quantification and valuation of forest ecosystem services in the western Himalayan region of India, International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosyst. Serv. Manage., 7, 2–11, 2011.
Kaimowitz, D.: Useful myths and intractable truths: The politics of the link between forests and water in Central America, in: Forests, Water and People in the Humid Tropics, edited by: Bonell, M. and Bruijnzeel, L. A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 86–98, 2005.
Kallarackal, J. and Somen, C. K.: Water use by Eucalyptus tereticornis stands of differing density in southern India, Tree Physiol., 17, 195–203, 1997.
Kanae, S., Oki, T., and Musiake, K.: Impact of deforestation on regional precipitation over the Indochina Peninsula, J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 51–70, 2001.
Kelliher, F. M., Koestner, B. M. M., Hollinger, D. Y., Byers, J. N., Hunt, J. E., McSeveny, T. M., Meserth, R., Weir, P. L., and Schulze, E. D.: Evaporation, xylem sap flow, and tree transpiration in a New Zealand broad-leaved forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 62, 53–73, 1992.
Krishnaswamy, J., Bonell, M., Venkatesh, B., Purandara, B. K., Lele, S., Kiran, M. C., Reddy, V., Badiger, S., and Rakesh, K. N.: The rain-runoff response of tropical humid forest ecosystems to use and reforestation in the Western Ghats of India, J. Hydrol., 472–473, 216–237, 2012.
Krishnaswamy, J., Bonell, M., Venkatesh, B., Purandara, B. K., Rakesh, K. N., Lele, S., Kiran, M. C., Reddy, V., and Badiger, S.: The groundwater recharge response and hydrologic services of tropical forest ecosystems to use and reforestation: Support for the "infiltration-evapotranspiration trade-off hypothesis", J. Hydrol., 498, 191–209, 2013.
Kumagai, T., Kanamori, H., and Yasunari, T.: Deforestation-induced reduction in rainfall, Hydrol. Process., 27, 3811–3814, 2013.
Kumar, P., Wiltshire, A., Mathison, C., Asharaf, S., Ahrens, B., Lucas-Picher, Ph., Christensen, J. H., Gobiet, A., Saeed, F., Hagemann, S., and Jacob, D.: Downscaled climate change projections with uncertainty assessment over India using a high resolution multi-model approach, Sci. Total Environ., 468–469, S18–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.051, 2013.
Lal, R.: Effects of macrofauna on soil properties in tropical ecosystems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24, 101–116, 1988.
La Marche, J. L. and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Effects of forest roads on flood flows in the Deschutes River, Washington, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 26, 115–134, 2001.
Liu, W. J., Liu, W. Y., Lu, H. J., Duan, W. P., and Li, H. M.: Runoff generation in small catchments under a native rain forest and a rubber plantation in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China, Water Environ. J., 25, 138–147, 2009.
Lu, P., Urban, L., and Zhao, P.: Granier's thermal dissipation probe method for measuring sap flow in trees: theory and practice, Acta Botanica Sinica, 46, 631–646, 2004.
Lubczynski, M. W., Chavarro-Rincon, D. C., and Roy, J.: Novel, cyclic heat dissipation method for the correction of natural temperature gradients in sap flow measurements. Part I. Theory and application, Tree Physiol., 32, 894–912, 2012.
Madduma Bandara, C. M.: Land-use changes and tropical stream hydrology: Some observations from the upper Mahaweli basin of Sri Lanka, in: Process and Form in Geomorphology, edited by: Stoddart, D. R., Routledge, London, 175–186, 1997.
Maharjan, P. L.: The soil survey of the Jikhu Khola catchment, in: Soil Fertility and Erosion issues in the Middle Mountains of Nepal, edited by: Shah, P. B., Schreier, H., Brown, S. J., and Riley, K. W., Topographical Survey Branch, Kathmandu, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 195–200, 1991.
Malmer, A., Murdiyarso, D., Bruijnzeel, L. A., and Ilstedt, U.: Carbon sequestration in tropical forests and water: A critical look at the basis for commonly used generalizations, Global Change Biol., 16, 599–604, 2010.
Mathison, C., Wiltshire, A., Dimri, A. P., Falloon, P., Jacob, D., Kumar, P., Moors, E., Ridley, J., Siderius, Ch., Stoffel, M., and Yasunari, T.: Regional projections of North Indian climate for adaptation studies, Sci. Total Environ., 468–469, S4–S17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.066, 2012.
McIntyre, D. S.: Permeability measurements of soil crusts formed by raindrop impact, Soil Sci., 85, 185–189, 1958a.
McIntyre, D. S.: Soil splash and the formation of surface crusts by raindrop impact, Soil Sci., 85, 261–266, 1958b.
McKenzie, N. J., Cresswell, H. P., and Green, T. W.: Field measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using tension infiltrometers, in: Soil Physical Measurement and Interpretation for Land Evaluation, edited by: Mckenzie, N., Coughlan, K., and Cresswell, H., CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 119–130, 2002.
Merz, J.: Water balances, floods and sediment transport in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas. Geographica Bernensia G72, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 339 pp., 2004.
Merz, J., Nakarmi, G., Shrestha, S. K., Dahal, B. M., Dangol, P. M., Dhakal, M. P., Dongol, B. S., Sharma, S., Shah, P. B., and Weingartner, R.: Water: A scarce resource in rural watersheds of Nepal's Middle Mountains, Mountain Res. Develop., 23, 41–49, 2003.
Molina, A., Govers, G., Vanacker, V., Poesen, J., Zeelmaekers, E., and Cisneros, F.: Runoff generation in a degraded Andean ecosystem: Interaction of vegetation cover and land use, Catena, 71, 357–370, 2007.
Motzer, T., Munz, N., Anhuf, D., and Küpper, M.: Transpiration and microclimate of a tropical montane rain forest, southern Ecuador, in: Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and Management, edited by: Bruijnzeel, L. A., Scatena, F. N., and Hamilton, L.S., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 447–455, 2010.
Nadezhdina, N., Vandegehuchte, M., and Steppe, K.: Sap flux density measurements based on the heat field deformation method, Trees – Structure and Function, 26, 1439–1448, 2012.
Nakarmi, G.: Geological mapping and its importance for construction material, water chemistry, and terrain stability in the Jikhu and Yarsa Khola catchments, in: The People and Resources Dynamics: The First Three Years (1996–1999), edited by: Allen, R., Schreier, H., Brown, S., and Shah, P. B., ICIMOD, Baoshan, Nepal, 253–261, 2000.
Ogden, F. L., Crouch, T. D., Stallard, R. F., and Hall, J. S.: Effect of land cover and use on dry season river runoff, runoff efficiency, and peak storm runoff in the seasonal tropics of Central Panama, Water Resour. Res., 49, 1–20, 2013.
Oldeman, L. R., Hakkeling, R. T. A., and Sombroek, W. G.: World Map of the Status of Human-Induced Soil Degradation: An Explanatory Note (Second Edition). International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1991.
Pathak, P. C., Pandey, A. N., and Singh, J. S.: Overland flow, sediment output and nutrient loss from certain forested sites in the central Himalaya, India, J. Hydrol., 71. 239–251, 1984.
Patnaik, N. and Virdi, S. S.: Field infiltration studies in Doon Valley, Irrig. Power, 19, 1003–1012, 1962.
Peña-Arancibia, J. L., Van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Guerschman, J. P., Mulligan, M., Bruijnzeel, L. A., and McVicar, T.: Using multiple lines of evidence to evaluate the hydrological response to deforestation of large catchments in the dry tropics of Queensland, Australia, J. Hydrol., 416–417, 60–71, 2012.
Perkins, K. S., Nimmo, J. R., and Medeiros, A. C.: Effects of native forest restoration on soil hydraulic properties, Auwahi, Maui, Hawaiian, Islands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L05405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051120, 2012.
Perroux, K. M. and White, I.: Designs for disc permeameters, Soil Sci. Soc. America J., 52, 1205–1215, 1988.
República: Locals blame pine trees for declining water sources. República Vol. IV, No. 202 (19 November 2012), available at: www.myrebulica.com, last access: 21 November 2012.
Reynolds, W. D., Elrick, D. E., and Clothier, B. E.: The constant head well permeameter: effect of unsaturated flow, Soil Sci., 139, 172–180, 1985.
Rijsdijk, A., Bruijnzeel, L. A., and Kukuh Sutoto, C.: Runoff and sediment yield from rural roads, trails and settlements in the upper Konto catchment, East Java, Indonesia, Geomorphology, 87, 28–37, 2007.
Roa-García, M. C., Brown, S., Schreier, H., and Lavkulich, L. M.: The role of land use and soils in regulating water flow in small headwater catchments of the Andes, Water Resour. Res., 47, W05510, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009582, 2011.
Schreier, H., Brown, S., and MacDonald, J. R. (Eds.): Too Little and Too Much: Water and Development in a Himalayan Watershed, Institute for Resources and Environment, University of British Columbia, Canada, 258 pp., 2006.
Scott, D. F. and Prinsloo, F. W.: Longer-term effects of pine and eucalypt plantations on streamflow, Water Resour. Res., 44, W00A08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006781, 2008.
Scott, D. F., Bruijnzeel, L. A., and Macksensen, J.: The hydrological and soil impacts of forestation in the tropics, in: Forest, Water and People in the Humid Tropics, edited by: Bonell, M. and Bruijnzeel, L. A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 622–650, 2005.
Shrestha, A. B., Wake, C. P., Dibb, J. E., and Mayewski, P. A.: Precipitation fluctuations in the Nepal Himalaya and its vicinity and relationship with some large scale climatological parameters, Int. J. Climatol., 20, 317–327, 2000.
Sidle, R. C. and Ziegler, A. D.: The dilemma of mountain roads, Nat. Geosci., 5, 437–438, 2012.
Sidle, R. C., Ziegler, A. D., Negishi, J. N., Nik, A. R., Siew, R., and Turkelboom, F.: Erosion processes in steep terrain – Truths, myths, and uncertainties related to forest management in Southeast Asia, Forest Ecol. Manage., 224, 199–225, 2006.
Šimůnek, J., Sejna, M., Saito, H., Sakai, M., and van Genuchten, M. T.: The HYDRUS 1D software package for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variability-saturated media, University of California Riverside, California, 281 pp., 2008.
Singh, N. and Sundriyal, R. C.: Fuelwood, fodder consumption and deficit pattern in a Central Himalayan village, Nat. Sci., 7, 85–88, 2009.
Singh, J. S., Pandey, U., and Tiwari, A. K.: Man and forests: A Central Himalayan case study, Ambio, 13, 80–87, 1984.
Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R., and Taylor, C. M.: Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests, Nature, 489, 282–286, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11390, 2012.
Stednick, J. D.: Monitoring the effects of timber harvest on annual water yield, J. Hydrol., 176, 79–95, 1996.
Stocklin, J. and Bhattarai, K.: Geology of Kathmandu area and Central Mahabharat range, HMG/UNDP Mineral Exploration Project, Kathmandu, Nepal, 1997.
Sun, G., Zhou, G. Y., Zhang, Z. Q., Wei, X. H., McNulty, S. G., and Vose, J. M.: Potential water yield reduction due to forestation across China, J. Hydrol., 328, 548–558, 2006.
Talsma, T. and Hallam, P. M.: Hydraulic conductivity measurement of forest catchments, Aust. J. Soil Res., 18, 139–148, 1980.
Tiwari, K. R., Sitaula, B. K., Bajracharya, R. M., and Børresen, T.: Runoff and soil loss responses to rainfall, land use, terracing and management practices in the middle Mountains of Nepal, Acta Agriculture and Scandinavica, Section B – Soil Plant Sci., 59, 197–207, 2009.
Tiwari, R. K., Rai, S. P., Qazi, N., and Kumar, B.: Stream discharge analysis under different forest covers: a case study from paired microwatersheds of Garhwal Himalaya, India, Indian Forest., 137, 805–813, 2011.
Tobón, C., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Frumau, K. F. A., and Calvo-Alvarado, J. C.: Change in soil physical properties after conversion of tropical montane cloud forest to pasture in northern Costa Rica, in: Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and Management, edited by: Bruijnzeel, L. A., Scatena, F. N., and Hamilton, L. S., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 502–515, 2010.
Tomasella, J. and Hodnett, M. G.: Soil hydraulic properties and van Genuchten parrameters for an oxisol under pasture in central Amazonia, in: Amazonian Deforestation and Climate, edited by: Gash, J. H. C., Nobre, C. A., Roberts, J. M., and Victoria, R. L., J. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, 101–124, 1996.
Tomich, T. P., Thomas, D. E., and van Noordwijk, M.: Environmental services and land use change in Southeast Asia: From recognition to regulation or rewards?, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 104, 229–244, 2004.
Trimble, S. W., Weirich, F. H., and Hoag, B. L.: Reforestation and the reduction of water yield on the southern Piedmont since circa 1940, Water Resour. Res., 23, 425–437, 1987.
Tyagi, J. V., Qazi, N., Rai, S. P., and Singh, M. P.: Analysis of soil moisture variation by forest cover structure in lower western Himalayas, J. Forest. Res., 24, 1–8, 2013.
Van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Peña-Arancibia, J., and Bruijnzeel, L. A.: Land cover and water yield: Inference problems when comparing catchments with mixed land cover, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3461–3473, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3461-2012, 2012.
Van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, 1980.
Van Noordwijk, M. and Leimona, B.: Principles for fairness and efficiency in enhancing Environmental Services in Asia: Payments, compensation, or co-Investment?, Ecol. Soc., 15, available at: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss4/art17/, 2010.
Van Noordwijk, M., Tomich, T. P., and Verbist, B.: Negotiation support models for integrated natural resource management in tropical forest margins, Conserv. Ecol., 5, 21–42, 2001.
Varikoden, H., Revadekar, J. V., Choudhary, Y., and Preethi, B.: Droughts of Indian summer monsoon associated with El Niño and Non-El Niño years, Int. J. Climatol., https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4097, in press, 2014.
Vertessy, R. A., Watson, F. G. R., and O'Sullivan, S. K.: Factors determining relations between stand age and catchment water yield in mountain ash forests, Forest Ecol. Manage., 143, 13–26, 2001.
Wallace, J. S., Young, A., and Ong, C. K.: The potential of agroforestry for sustainable land and water management, in: Forests, Water and People in the Humid tropics, edited by: Bonell, M. and Bruijnzeel, L. A., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 652–670, 2005.
Waterloo, M. J., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Vugts, H. F., and Rawaqa, T. T.: Evaporation from Pinus caribaea plantations on former grassland soils under maritime tropical conditions, Water Resour. Res., 35, 2133–2144, 1999.
Wester, R. G. C.: Feasibility of assessing water scarcity with 3R techniques, in the Salyan district in the Middle Mountains of western Nepal, M.Sc. Thesis, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 148 pp., 2013.
Wiersum, K. F.: Surface erosion under various tropical agroforestry systems, in: Symposium on Effects ofForest Land Use on Erosion and Slope Stability, edited by: O'Loughlin, C. L. and Pearce, A. J., East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawai'i, 231–239, 1984.
Wiersum, K. F.: Effects of various vegetation layers in an Acacia auriculiformis forest plantation on surface erosion in Java, Indonesia, in: Soil Erosion and Conservation, edited by: El-Swaify, S., Moldenhauer, W. C., and Lo, A., Soil Conservation Society of America: Ankeny, Wisconsin, 79–89, 1985.
Wohl, E., Barros, A., Brunsell, N., Chappell, N. A., Coe, M., Giambelluca, T. W., Goldsmith, S., Harmon, R., Hendrickx, J. M. H., Juvik, J. O., McDonnell, J. J., and Ogden, F. L.: The hydrology of the humid tropics, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 655–662, 2012.
Yadav, R. K.: Role of equatorial central Pacific and northwest of North Atlantic 2-metre surface temperatures in modulating Indian summer monsoon variability, Clim. Dynam., 32, 549–563, 2009.
Zhang, B., Yang, Y. S., and Zepp, H.: Effect of vegetation restoration on soil and water erosion and nutrient losses of a severely eroded clayey Plinthudult in southeastern China, Catena, 57, 77–90, 2004.
Zhang, L., Hickel, K., Dawes, W. R., Chiew, F. H. S., Western, A. W., and Briggs, P. R.: A rational function approach for estimating mean annual evapotranspiration, Water Resour. Res., 40, W02502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002710, 2004.
Zhou, G. Y., Morris, J. D., Yan, J. H., Yu, Z. Y., and Peng, S. L.: Hydrological impacts of reafforestation with eucalypts and indigenous species: A case study in southern China, Forest Ecol. Manage., 16, 209–222, 2002.
Zhou, G. Y., Wei, X., Luo, Y., Zhang, M., Li, Y., Qiao, Y., Liu, H., and Wang, C.: Forest recovery and river discharge at the regional scale of Guangdong Province, China, Water Resour. Res., 46, W09503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008829, 2010.
Ziegler, A. D. and Giambelluca, T. W.: Importance of rural roads as source areas for runoff in mountainous areas of northern Thailand, J. Hydrol., 196, 204–229, 1997.
Ziegler, A. D., Ziegler, A. D., Giambelluca, T. W., Sutherland, R. A., Nullet, M. A., Yarnasarn, S., Pinthong, J., Preechapanya, P., and Jaiaree, S.: Toward understanding the cumulative impacts of roads in upland agricultural watersheds of Northern Thailand, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 104, 145–158, 2004.
Ziegler, A. D., Negishi, J. N., Sidle, R. C., Gorni, T., Noguchi, S., and Rahim Nik, A.: Persistence of road runoff generation in a logged catchment in Peninsular Malaysia, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 32, 1947–1970, 2007.
Zimmermann, B., Elsenbeer, H., and De Moraes, J. M.: The influence of land-use changes on soil hydraulic properties: Implications for runoff generation, Forest Ecol. Manage., 222, 29–38, 2006.
