Articles | Volume 28, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1441-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1441-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Root water uptake patterns are controlled by tree species interactions and soil water variability
Group of Terrestrial Ecohydrology, Institute of Geoscience, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07749 Jena, Germany
Invited contribution by Gökben Demir, recipient of the EGU Atmospheric Sciences Outstanding Student Poster and PICO Award 2019.
Andrew J. Guswa
Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01063, USA
Janett Filipzik
Group of Terrestrial Ecohydrology, Institute of Geoscience, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07749 Jena, Germany
Johanna Clara Metzger
Group of Terrestrial Ecohydrology, Institute of Geoscience, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07749 Jena, Germany
Institute of Soil Science, University of Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Christine Römermann
Plant Biodiversity, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Group of Terrestrial Ecohydrology, Institute of Geoscience, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07749 Jena, Germany
Department of Computational Hydrosystems, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Related authors
Christine Fischer-Bedtke, Johanna Clara Metzger, Gökben Demir, Thomas Wutzler, and Anke Hildebrandt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2899–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Canopies change how rain reaches the soil: some spots receive more and others less water. It has long been debated whether this also leads to locally wetter and drier soil. We checked this using measurements of canopy drip and soil moisture. We found that the increase in soil water content after rain was aligned with canopy drip. Independently, the soil storage reaction was dampened in locations prone to drainage, like hig-macroporosity areas, suggesting that canopy drip enhances bypass flow.
Laura Nadolski, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jacob Nelson, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Richard Nair, Yunpeng Luo, Anke Hildebrandt, Victor Rolo, Markus Reichstein, and Sung-Ching Lee
Biogeosciences, 22, 2935–2958, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2935-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2935-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Semi-arid ecosystems are crucial for Earth's carbon balance and are sensitive to changes in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels. Their carbon dynamics are complex and not fully understood. We studied how long-term nutrient changes affect carbon exchange. In summer, the addition of N+P changed plant composition and productivity. In transitional seasons, carbon exchange was less weather-dependent with N. The addition of N and N+P increases carbon-exchange variability, driven by grass greenness.
Sven Armin Westermann, Anke Hildebrandt, Souhail Bousetta, and Stephan Thober
Biogeosciences, 21, 5277–5303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plants at the land surface mediate between soil and the atmosphere regarding water and carbon transport. Since plant growth is a dynamic process, models need to consider these dynamics. Two models that predict water and carbon fluxes by considering plant temporal evolution were tested against observational data. Currently, dynamizing plants in these models did not enhance their representativeness, which is caused by a mismatch between implemented physical relations and observable connections.
Sandra Raab, Karel Castro-Morales, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Heimann, Jorien Elisabeth Vonk, Nikita Zimov, and Mathias Goeckede
Biogeosciences, 21, 2571–2597, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2571-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2571-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Water status is an important control factor on sustainability of Arctic permafrost soils, including production and transport of carbon. We compared a drained permafrost ecosystem with a natural control area, investigating water levels, thaw depths, and lateral water flows. We found that shifts in water levels following drainage affected soil water availability and that lateral transport patterns were of major relevance. Understanding these shifts is crucial for future carbon budget studies.
Sinikka J. Paulus, Rene Orth, Sung-Ching Lee, Anke Hildebrandt, Martin Jung, Jacob A. Nelson, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Matthias Mauder, Jannis Groh, Alexander Graf, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Biogeosciences, 21, 2051–2085, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Porous materials are known to reversibly trap water from the air, even at low humidity. However, this behavior is poorly understood for soils. In this analysis, we test whether eddy covariance is able to measure the so-called adsorption of atmospheric water vapor by soils. We find that this flux occurs frequently during dry nights in a Mediterranean ecosystem, while EC detects downwardly directed vapor fluxes. These results can help to map moisture uptake globally.
Tobias L. Hohenbrink, Conrad Jackisch, Wolfgang Durner, Kai Germer, Sascha C. Iden, Janis Kreiselmeier, Frederic Leuther, Johanna C. Metzger, Mahyar Naseri, and Andre Peters
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 4417–4432, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4417-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4417-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The article describes a collection of 572 data sets of soil water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data measured with state-of-the-art laboratory methods. Furthermore, the data collection contains basic soil properties such as soil texture and organic carbon content. We expect that the data will be useful for various important purposes, for example, the development of soil hydraulic property models and related pedotransfer functions.
Christine Fischer-Bedtke, Johanna Clara Metzger, Gökben Demir, Thomas Wutzler, and Anke Hildebrandt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2899–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Canopies change how rain reaches the soil: some spots receive more and others less water. It has long been debated whether this also leads to locally wetter and drier soil. We checked this using measurements of canopy drip and soil moisture. We found that the increase in soil water content after rain was aligned with canopy drip. Independently, the soil storage reaction was dampened in locations prone to drainage, like hig-macroporosity areas, suggesting that canopy drip enhances bypass flow.
Sinikka Jasmin Paulus, Tarek Sebastian El-Madany, René Orth, Anke Hildebrandt, Thomas Wutzler, Arnaud Carrara, Gerardo Moreno, Oscar Perez-Priego, Olaf Kolle, Markus Reichstein, and Mirco Migliavacca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6263–6287, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze small inputs of water to ecosystems such as fog, dew, and adsorption of vapor. To measure them, we use a scaling system and later test our attribution of different water fluxes to weight changes. We found that they occur frequently during 1 year in a dry summer ecosystem. In each season, a different flux seems dominant, but they all mainly occur during the night. Therefore, they could be important for the biosphere because rain is unevenly distributed over the year.
Friedrich Boeing, Oldrich Rakovec, Rohini Kumar, Luis Samaniego, Martin Schrön, Anke Hildebrandt, Corinna Rebmann, Stephan Thober, Sebastian Müller, Steffen Zacharias, Heye Bogena, Katrin Schneider, Ralf Kiese, Sabine Attinger, and Andreas Marx
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5137–5161, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we deliver an evaluation of the second generation operational German drought monitor (https://www.ufz.de/duerremonitor) with a state-of-the-art compilation of observed soil moisture data from 40 locations and four different measurement methods in Germany. We show that the expressed stakeholder needs for higher resolution drought information at the one-kilometer scale can be met and that the agreement of simulated and observed soil moisture dynamics can be moderately improved.
Ralf Loritz, Maoya Bassiouni, Anke Hildebrandt, Sibylle K. Hassler, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4757–4771, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4757-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4757-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we combine a deep-learning approach that predicts sap flow with a hydrological model to improve soil moisture and transpiration estimates at the catchment scale. Our results highlight that hybrid-model approaches, combining machine learning with physically based models, are a promising way to improve our ability to make hydrological predictions.
Bahar Bahrami, Anke Hildebrandt, Stephan Thober, Corinna Rebmann, Rico Fischer, Luis Samaniego, Oldrich Rakovec, and Rohini Kumar
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6957–6984, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Leaf area index (LAI) and gross primary productivity (GPP) are crucial components to carbon cycle, and are closely linked to water cycle in many ways. We develop a Parsimonious Canopy Model (PCM) to simulate GPP and LAI at stand scale, and show its applicability over a diverse range of deciduous broad-leaved forest biomes. With its modular structure, the PCM is able to adapt with existing data requirements, and run in either a stand-alone mode or as an interface linked to hydrologic models.
Swamini Khurana, Falk Heße, Anke Hildebrandt, and Martin Thullner
Biogeosciences, 19, 665–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-665-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-665-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we concluded that the residence times of solutes and the Damköhler number (Da) of the biogeochemical reactions in the domain are governing factors for evaluating the impact of spatial heterogeneity of the domain on chemical (such as carbon and nitrogen compounds) removal. We thus proposed a relationship to scale this impact governed by Da. This relationship may be applied in larger domains, thereby resulting in more accurate modelling outcomes of nutrient removal in groundwater.
Josephin Kroll, Jasper M. C. Denissen, Mirco Migliavacca, Wantong Li, Anke Hildebrandt, and Rene Orth
Biogeosciences, 19, 477–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-477-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-477-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plant growth relies on having access to energy (solar radiation) and water (soil moisture). This energy and water availability is impacted by weather extremes, like heat waves and droughts, which will occur more frequently in response to climate change. In this context, we analysed global satellite data to detect in which regions extreme plant growth is controlled by energy or water. We find that extreme plant growth is associated with temperature- or soil-moisture-related extremes.
Cited articles
Agee, E., He, L., Bisht, G., Couvreur, V., Shahbaz, P., Meunier, F., Gough, C. M., Matheny, A. M., Bohrer, G., and Ivanov, V.: Root lateral interactions drive water uptake patterns under water limitation, Adv. Water Resour., 151, 103896, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103896, 2021.
Bachmair, S., Weiler, M., and Troch, P. A.: Intercomparing hillslope hydrological dynamics: Spatio-temporal variability and vegetation cover effects, Water Resour. Res., 48, W05537, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011196, 2012.
Baroni, G., Ortuani, B., Facchi, A., and Gandolfi, C.: The role of vegetation and soil properties on the spatio-temporal variability of the surface soil moisture in a maize-cropped field, J. Hydrol., 489, 148–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.03.007, 2013.
Bartoń, K.: MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference, https://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=MuMIn (last access: 5 July 2021), 2020.
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., and Walker, S.: Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4, J. Stat. Softw., 67, 1–48, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01, 2015.
Blume, T., Zehe, E., and Bronstert, A.: Use of soil moisture dynamics and patterns at different spatio-temporal scales for the investigation of subsurface flow processes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1215–1233, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1215-2009, 2009.
Boergens, E., Güntner, A., Dobslaw, H., and Dahle, C.: Quantifying the Central European Droughts in 2018 and 2019 With GRACE Follow-On, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087285, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087285, 2020.
Bogena, H. R., Herbst, M., Huisman, J. A., Rosenbaum, U., Weuthen, A., and Vereecken, H.: Potential of Wireless Sensor Networks for Measuring Soil Water Content Variability, Vadose Zone J., 9, 1002–1013, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0173, 2010.
Borchers, H. W.: pracma: Practical Numerical Math Functions, R package version 2.4.2, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pracma (last access: 11 May 2022), 2021.
Bouten, W., Heimovaara, T. J., and Tiktak, A.: Spatial patterns of throughfall and soil water dynamics in a Douglas fir stand, Water Resour. Res., 28, 3227–3233, https://doi.org/10.1029/92WR01764, 1992.
Brinkmann, N., Eugster, W., Buchmann, N., and Kahmen, A.: Species-specific differences in water uptake depth of mature temperate trees vary with water availability in the soil, Plant Biol., 21, 71–81, https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12907, 2019.
Brum, M., Vadeboncoeur, M. A., Ivanov, V., Asbjornsen, H., Saleska, S., Alves, L. F., Penha, D., Dias, J. D., Aragão, L. E. O. C., Barros, F., Bittencourt, P., Pereira, L., and Oliveira, R. S.: Hydrological niche segregation defines forest structure and drought tolerance strategies in a seasonal Amazon forest, J. Ecol., 107, 318–333, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13022, 2019.
Burgess, S. S. O., Adams, M. A., Turner, N. C., and Ong, C. K.: The redistribution of soil water by tree root systems, Oecologia, 115, 306–311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050521, 1998.
Cai, G., Vanderborght, J., Langensiepen, M., Schnepf, A., Hüging, H., and Vereecken, H.: Root growth, water uptake, and sap flow of winter wheat in response to different soil water conditions, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2449–2470, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2449-2018, 2018.
Cardon, G. E. and Letey, J.: Plant Water Uptake Terms Evaluated for Soil Water and Solute Movement Models, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 56, 1876–1880, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060038x, 1992.
Carlyle-Moses, D. E., Lishman, C. E., and McKee, A. J.: A preliminary evaluation of throughfall sampling techniques in a mature coniferous forest, J. Forest. Res., 25, 407–413, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-014-0468-8, 2014.
Coenders-Gerrits, A. M. J., Hopp, L., Savenije, H. H. G., and Pfister, L.: The effect of spatial throughfall patterns on soil moisture patterns at the hillslope scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1749–1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1749-2013, 2013.
Cosh, M. H., Jackson, T. J., Moran, S., and Bindlish, R.: Temporal persistence and stability of surface soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 304–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.07.001, 2008.
Couvreur, V., Vanderborght, J., Beff, L., and Javaux, M.: Horizontal soil water potential heterogeneity: simplifying approaches for crop water dynamics models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1723–1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1723-2014, 2014.
Crockford, R. H. and Richardson, D. P.: Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall, stemflow and interception: effect of forest type, ground cover and climate, Hydrol. Process., 14, 2903–2920, 2000.
Dawson, T. E.: Determining water use by trees and forests from isotopic, energy balance and transpiration analyses: the roles of tree size and hydraulic lift, Tree Physiol., 16, 263–272, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.1-2.263, 1996.
del Río, M., Schütze, G., and Pretzsch, H.: Temporal variation of competition and facilitation in mixed species forests in Central Europe, Plant Biol., 16, 166–176, https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12029, 2014.
Demand, D., Blume, T., and Weiler, M.: Spatio-temporal relevance and controls of preferential flow at the landscape scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4869–4889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4869-2019, 2019.
Demir, G. and Hildebrandt, A.: Root water uptake, May–July 2019, Hainich, Germany, project AquaDiva, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10564735, 2024.
Demir, G., Michalzik, B., Filipzik, J., Metzger, J., and Hildebrandt, A.: Spatial variation of grassland canopy affects soil wetting patterns and preferential flow, AUTHOREA, https://doi.org/10.22541/au.164970545.54927607/v1, 2022.
Demir, G., Hildebrandt, A., and Filipzik, J.: Weekly cumulated throughfall and rain data, April–August 2019, Hainich, Germany, project AquaDiva, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10563567, 2024a.
Demir, G., Metzger, J. C., and Hildebrandt, A.: High-resolution throughfall measurement design since 2019, Hainich, Germany, project AquaDiva, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10563472, 2024b.
Demir, G., Hildebrandt, A., and Filipzik, J.: High-resolution soil water content, March–August 2019, Hainich, Germany, project AquaDiva, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10563871, 2024c.
Dunkerley, D.: Stemflow on the woody parts of plants: dependence on rainfall intensity and event profile from laboratory simulations, Hydrol. Process., 28, 5469–5482, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10050, 2014.
Emerman, S. H. and Dawson, T. E.: Hydraulic Lift and Its Influence on the Water Content of the Rhizosphere: An Example from Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum, Oecologia, 108, 273–278, 1996.
Evaristo, J., Kim, M., van Haren, J., Pangle, L. A., Harman, C. J., Troch, P. A., and McDonnell, J. J.: Characterizing the Fluxes and Age Distribution of Soil Water, Plant Water, and Deep Percolation in a Model Tropical Ecosystem, Water Resour. Res., 55, 3307–3327, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023265, 2019.
Fan, J., Oestergaard, K. T., Guyot, A., Jensen, D. G., and Lockington, D. A.: Spatial variability of throughfall and stemflow in an exotic pine plantation of subtropical coastal Australia, Hydrol. Process., 29, 793–804, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10193, 2015.
Fischer-Bedtke, C., Metzger, J. C., Demir, G., Wutzler, T., and Hildebrandt, A.: Throughfall spatial patterns translate into spatial patterns of soil moisture dynamics – empirical evidence, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2899–2918, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2899-2023, 2023.
Forrester, D. I.: The spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests: From pattern to process, Forest Ecol. Manage., 312, 282–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.10.003, 2014.
Forrester, D. I. and Bauhus, J.: A Review of Processes Behind Diversity – Productivity Relationships in Forests, Curr. Forest. Rep., 2, 45–61, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-016-0031-2, 2016.
Forrester, D. I., Theiveyanathan, S., Collopy, J. J., and Marcar, N. E.: Enhanced water use efficiency in a mixed Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii plantation, Forest Ecol. Manage., 259, 1761–1770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.036, 2010.
Gaines, K. P., Stanley, J. W., Meinzer, F. C., McCulloh, K. A., Woodruff, D. R., Chen, W., Adams, T. S., Lin, H., and Eissenstat, D. M.: Reliance on shallow soil water in a mixed-hardwood forest in central Pennsylvania, Tree Physiol., 36, 444–458, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpv113, 2016.
Gebauer, T., Horna, V., and Leuschner, C.: Canopy transpiration of pure and mixed forest stands with variable abundance of European beech, J. Hydrol., 442–443, 2–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.009, 2012.
Gerrits, A. M. J., Pfister, L., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Spatial and temporal variability of canopy and forest floor interception in a beech forest, Hydrol. Process., 24, 3011–3025, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7712, 2010.
González de Andrés, E., Camarero, J. J., Blanco, J. A., Imbert, J. B., Lo, Y.-H., Sangüesa-Barreda, G., and Castillo, F. J.: Tree-to-tree competition in mixed European beech–Scots pine forests has different impacts on growth and water-use efficiency depending on site conditions, J. Ecol., 106, 59–75, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12813, 2018.
Grayson, R. B., Western, A. W., Chiew, F. H. S., and Blöschl, G.: Preferred states in spatial soil moisture patterns: Local and nonlocal controls, Water Resour. Res., 33, 2897–2908, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR02174, 1997.
Guderle, M. and Hildebrandt, A.: Using measured soil water contents to estimate evapotranspiration and root water uptake profiles – a comparative study, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 409–425, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-409-2015, 2015.
Guderle, M., Bachmann, D., Milcu, A., Gockele, A., Bechmann, M., Fischer, C., Roscher, C., Landais, D., Ravel, O., Devidal, S., Roy, J., Gessler, A., Buchmann, N., Weigelt, A., and Hildebrandt, A.: Dynamic niche partitioning in root water uptake facilitates efficient water use in more diverse grassland plant communities, Funct. Ecol., 32, 214–227, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12948, 2018.
Guo, J. S., Hungate, B. A., Kolb, T. E., and Koch, G. W.: Water source niche overlap increases with site moisture availability in woody perennials, Plant Ecol., 219, 719–735, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-018-0829-z, 2018.
Guswa, A. J.: Canopy vs. Roots: Production and Destruction of Variability in Soil Moisture and Hydrologic Fluxes, Vadose Zone J., 11, vzj2011.0159, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2011.0159, 2012.
Guswa, A. J. and Spence, C. M.: Effect of throughfall variability on recharge: application to hemlock and deciduous forests in western Massachusetts, Ecohydrology, 5, 563–574, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.28, 2012.
Hafner, B. D., Tomasella, M., Häberle, K.-H., Goebel, M., Matyssek, R., and Grams, T. E. E.: Hydraulic redistribution under moderate drought among English oak, European beech and Norway spruce determined by deuterium isotope labeling in a split-root experiment, Tree Physiol., 37, 950–960, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx050, 2017.
Hafner, B. D., Hesse, B. D., and Grams, T. E. E.: Friendly neighbours: Hydraulic redistribution accounts for one quarter of water used by neighbouring drought stressed tree saplings, Plant Cell Environ., 44, 1243–1256, https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13852, 2021.
Hildebrandt, A.: Root-Water Relations and Interactions in Mixed Forest Settings, in: Forest-Water Interactions, edited by: Levia, D. F., Carlyle-Moses, D. E., Iida, S., Michalzik, B., Nanko, K., and Tischer, A., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 319–348, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26086-6_14, 2020.
Hildebrandt, A., Kleidon, A., and Bechmann, M.: A thermodynamic formulation of root water uptake, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3441–3454, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3441-2016, 2016.
Hopmans, J. W. and Bristow, K. L.: Current Capabilities and Future Needs of Root Water and Nutrient Uptake Modeling, Adv. Agron., 77, 103–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(02)77014-4, 2002.
Hupet, F. and Vanclooster, M.: Micro-variability of hydrological processes at the maize row scale: implications for soil water content measurements and evapotranspiration estimates, J. Hydrol., 303, 247–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.017, 2005.
Hupet, F., Lambot, S., Javaux, M., and Vanclooster, M.: On the identification of macroscopic root water uptake parameters from soil water content observations, Water Resour. Res., 38, 36-1–36-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001556, 2002.
IUSS Working Group: World reference base for soil resources 2006, A framework for international classification, correlation and communication, World Soil Resources Reports, 103 pp., 2006.
Ivanov, V. Y., Fatichi, S., Jenerette, G. D., Espeleta, J. F., Troch, P. A., and Huxman, T. E.: Hysteresis of soil moisture spatial heterogeneity and the “homogenizing” effect of vegetation, Water Resour. Res., 46, W09521, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008611, 2010.
Jackisch, C., Knoblauch, S., Blume, T., Zehe, E., and Hassler, S. K.: Estimates of tree root water uptake from soil moisture profile dynamics, Biogeosciences, 17, 5787–5808, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5787-2020, 2020.
Jarecke, K. M., Bladon, K. D., and Wondzell, S. M.: The Influence of Local and Nonlocal Factors on Soil Water Content in a Steep Forested Catchment, Water Resour. Res., 57, e2020WR028343, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028343, 2021.
Jonard, F., André, F., Ponette, Q., Vincke, C., and Jonard, M.: Sap flux density and stomatal conductance of European beech and common oak trees in pure and mixed stands during the summer drought of 2003, J. Hydrol., 409, 371–381, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.032, 2011.
Jost, G., Schume, H., and Hager, H.: Factors controlling soil water-recharge in a mixed European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) – Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] stand, Eur. J. Forest Res., 123, 93–104, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-004-0033-7, 2004.
Katul, G. G. and Siqueira, M. B.: Biotic and abiotic factors act in coordination to amplify hydraulic redistribution and lift, New Phytol., 187, 3–6, 2010.
Keim, R. F., Skaugset, A. E., and Weiler, M.: Temporal persistence of spatial patterns in throughfall, J. Hydrol., 314, 263–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.021, 2005.
Keim, R. F., Skaugset, A. E., and Weiler, M.: Storage of water on vegetation under simulated rainfall of varying intensity, Adv. Water Resour., 29, 974–986, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.07.017, 2006.
Kirchen, G., Calvaruso, C., Granier, A., Redon, P.-O., Van der Heijden, G., Bréda, N., and Turpault, M.-P.: Local soil type variability controls the water budget and stand productivity in a beech forest, Forest Ecol. Manage., 390, 89–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.12.024, 2017.
Kleidon, A. and Renner, M.: Thermodynamic limits of hydrologic cycling within the Earth system: concepts, estimates and implications, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2873–2892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2873-2013, 2013.
Kleidon, A., Renner, M., and Porada, P.: Estimates of the climatological land surface energy and water balance derived from maximum convective power, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2201–2218, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2201-2014, 2014.
Klein, T., Rotenberg, E., Cohen-Hilaleh, E., Raz-Yaseef, N., Tatarinov, F., Preisler, Y., Ogée, J., Cohen, S., and Yakir, D.: Quantifying transpirable soil water and its relations to tree water use dynamics in a water-limited pine forest, Ecohydrology, 7, 409–419, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1360, 2014.
Knighton, J., Singh, K., and Evaristo, J.: Understanding Catchment-Scale Forest Root Water Uptake Strategies Across the Continental United States Through Inverse Ecohydrological Modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL085937, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085937, 2019.
Kohlhepp, B., Lehmann, R., Seeber, P., Küsel, K., Trumbore, S. E., and Totsche, K. U.: Aquifer configuration and geostructural links control the groundwater quality in thin-bedded carbonate–siliciclastic alternations of the Hainich CZE, central Germany, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 6091–6116, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6091-2017, 2017.
Kostner, B., Falge, E., and Tenhunen, J. D.: Age-related effects on leaf area/sapwood area relationships, canopy transpiration and carbon gain of Norway spruce stands (Picea abies) in the Fichtelgebirge, Germany, Tree Physiol., 22, 567–574, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.8.567, 2002.
Krämer, I. and Hölscher, D.: Soil water dynamics along a tree diversity gradient in a deciduous forest in Central Germany, Ecohydrology, 3, 262–271, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.103, 2010.
Kreuzwieser, J. and Gessler, A.: Global climate change and tree nutrition: influence of water availability, Tree Physiol., 30, 1221–1234, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq055, 2010.
Kühnhammer, K., Kübert, A., Brüggemann, N., Deseano Diaz, P., van Dusschoten, D., Javaux, M., Merz, S., Vereecken, H., Dubbert, M., and Rothfuss, Y.: Investigating the root plasticity response of Centaurea jacea to soil water availability changes from isotopic analysis, New Phytol., 226, 98–110, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16352, 2020.
Kunert, N., Schwendenmann, L., Potvin, C., and Hölscher, D.: Tree diversity enhances tree transpiration in a Panamanian forest plantation, J. Appl. Ecol., 49, 135–144, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02065.x, 2012.
Küsel, K., Totsche, K. U., Trumbore, S. E., Lehmann, R., Steinhäuser, C., and Herrmann, M.: How Deep Can Surface Signals Be Traced in the Critical Zone? Merging Biodiversity with Biogeochemistry Research in a Central German Muschelkalk Landscape, Front. Earth Sci., 4, 32, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00032, 2016.
Lee, E., Kumar, P., Barron-Gafford, G. A., Hendryx, S. M., Sanchez-Cañete, E. P., Minor, R. L., Colella, T., and Scott, R. L.: Impact of Hydraulic Redistribution on Multispecies Vegetation Water Use in a Semiarid Savanna Ecosystem: An Experimental and Modeling Synthesis, Water Resour. Res., 54, 4009–4027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR021006, 2018.
Le Goff, N. and Ottorini, J.-M.: Root biomass and biomass increment in a beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stand in North-East France, Ann. Forest Sci., 58, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2001104, 2001.
Leuschner, C.: Drought response of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) – A review, Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst., 47, 125576, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2020.125576, 2020.
Levia, D. F. and Frost, E. E.: A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems, J. Hydrol., 274, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00399-2, 2003.
Levia, D. F. and Frost, E. E.: Variability of throughfall volume and solute inputs in wooded ecosystems, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 30, 605–632, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133306071145, 2006.
Levia, D. F., Keim, R. F., Carlyle-Moses, D. E., and Frost, E. E.: Throughfall and Stemflow in Wooded Ecosystems, in: Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry: Synthesis of Past Research and Future Directions, edited by: Levia, D. F., Carlyle-Moses, D., and Tanaka, T., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 425–443, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1363-5_21, 2011.
Levia, D. F., Hudson, S. A., Llorens, P., and Nanko, K.: Throughfall drop size distributions: a review and prospectus for future research: Throughfall drop size distributions, WIREs Water, 4, e1225, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1225, 2017.
Lhomme, J.-P.: Formulation of root water uptake in a multi-layer soil-plant model: does van den Honert's equation hold?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 2, 31–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-31-1998, 1998.
Looy, K. V., Bouma, J., Herbst, M., Koestel, J., Minasny, B., Mishra, U., Montzka, C., Nemes, A., Pachepsky, Y. A., Padarian, J., Schaap, M. G., Tóth, B., Verhoef, A., Vanderborght, J., van der Ploeg, M. J., Weihermüller, L., Zacharias, S., Zhang, Y., and Vereecken, H.: Pedotransfer Functions in Earth System Science: Challenges and Perspectives, Rev. Geophys., 55, 1199–1256, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000581, 2017.
Lübbe, T., Schuldt, B., Coners, H., and Leuschner, C.: Species diversity and identity effects on the water consumption of tree sapling assemblages under ample and limited water supply, Oikos, 125, 86–97, https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.02367, 2016.
Lüdecke, D., Ben-Shachar, M., Patil, I., Waggoner, P., and Makowski, D.: performance: An R Package for Assessment, Comparison and Testing of Statistical Models, J. Open Sour. Softw., 6, 3139, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03139, 2021.
Magh, R.-K., Eiferle, C., Burzlaff, T., Dannenmann, M., Rennenberg, H., and Dubbert, M.: Competition for water rather than facilitation in mixed beech-fir forests after drying-wetting cycle, J. Hydrol., 587, 124944, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124944, 2020.
Magliano, P. N., Whitworth-Hulse, J. I., Florio, E. L., Aguirre, E. C., and Blanco, L. J.: Interception loss, throughfall and stemflow by Larrea divaricata: The role of rainfall characteristics and plant morphological attributes, Ecol. Res., 34, 753–764, https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12036, 2019.
Martínez García, G., Pachepsky, Y. A., and Vereecken, H.: Effect of soil hydraulic properties on the relationship between the spatial mean and variability of soil moisture, J. Hydrol., 516, 154–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.01.069, 2014.
Meinen, C., Leuschner, C., Ryan, N. T., and Hertel, D.: No evidence of spatial root system segregation and elevated fine root biomass in multi-species temperate broad-leaved forests, Trees, 23, 941–950, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-009-0336-x, 2009.
Meißner, M., Köhler, M., Schwendenmann, L., and Hölscher, D.: Partitioning of soil water among canopy trees during a soil desiccation period in a temperate mixed forest, Biogeosciences, 9, 3465–3474, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3465-2012, 2012.
Metzger, J. C., Wutzler, T., Valle, N. D., Filipzik, J., Grauer, C., Lehmann, R., Roggenbuck, M., Schelhorn, D., Weckmüller, J., Küsel, K., Totsche, K. U., Trumbore, S., and Hildebrandt, A.: Vegetation impacts soil water content patterns by shaping canopy water fluxes and soil properties, Hydrol. Process., 31, 3783–3795, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11274, 2017.
Metzger, J. C., Filipzik, J., Michalzik, B., and Hildebrandt, A.: Stemflow Infiltration Hotspots Create Soil Microsites Near Tree Stems in an Unmanaged Mixed Beech Forest, Front. Forest. Glob. Change, 4, 701293, https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.701293, 2021.
Metzger, J. C., Hildebrandt, A., and Filipzik, J.: Soil moisture sensor network, design, location attributes and soil properties, Hainich, Germany, project AquaDiva, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8065170, 2023.
Molina, A. J., Llorens, P., Garcia-Estringana, P., Moreno de las Heras, M., Cayuela, C., Gallart, F., and Latron, J.: Contributions of throughfall, forest and soil characteristics to near-surface soil water-content variability at the plot scale in a mountainous Mediterranean area, Sci. Total Environ., 647, 1421–1432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.020, 2019.
Nadezhdina, N., Cermak, J., Meiresonne, L., and Ceulemans, R.: Transpiration of Scots pine in Flanders growing on soil with irregular substratum, Forest Ecol. Manage., 9, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.089, 2007.
Neumann, R. B. and Cardon, Z. G.: The magnitude of hydraulic redistribution by plant roots: a review and synthesis of empirical and modeling studies, New Phytol., 194, 337–352, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04088.x, 2012.
Nie, C., Huang, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, Y., Zhou, S., Lin, C., and Wang, G.: Effects of soil water content on forest ecosystem water use efficiency through changes in transpiration/evapotranspiration ratio, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 308–309, 108605, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108605, 2021.
Obladen, N., Dechering, P., Skiadaresis, G., Tegel, W., Keßler, J., Höllerl, S., Kaps, S., Hertel, M., Dulamsuren, C., Seifert, T., Hirsch, M., and Seim, A.: Tree mortality of European beech and Norway spruce induced by 2018–2019 hot droughts in central Germany, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 307, 108482, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108482, 2021.
Otto, J., Berveiller, D., Bréon, F.-M., Delpierre, N., Geppert, G., Granier, A., Jans, W., Knohl, A., Kuusk, A., Longdoz, B., Moors, E., Mund, M., Pinty, B., Schelhaas, M.-J., and Luyssaert, S.: Forest summer albedo is sensitive to species and thinning: how should we account for this in Earth system models?, Biogeosciences, 11, 2411–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2411-2014, 2014.
Pearson, R. K.: Data cleaning for dynamic modeling and control, in: 1999 European Control Conference (ECC), 31 August–3 September 1999, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2584–2589, ISBN 978-3-9524173-5-5, https://doi.org/10.23919/ECC.1999.7099714, 1999.
Pretzsch, H., Schütze, G., and Uhl, E.: Resistance of European tree species to drought stress in mixed versus pure forests: evidence of stress release by inter-specific facilitation, Plant Biol., 15, 483–495, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00670.x, 2013.
Priyadarshini, K. V. R., Prins, H. H. T., de Bie, S., Heitkönig, I. M. A., Woodborne, S., Gort, G., Kirkman, K., Ludwig, F., Dawson, T. E., and de Kroon, H.: Seasonality of hydraulic redistribution by trees to grasses and changes in their water-source use that change tree-grass interactions: Hydraulic Redistribution By Trees To Grasses And Changes In Their Water Sources, Ecohydrology, 9, 218–228, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1624, 2016.
Pypker, T. G., Levia, D. F., Staelens, J., and Van Stan, J. T.: Canopy Structure in Relation to Hydrological and Biogeochemical Fluxes, in: Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry: Synthesis of Past Research and Future Directions, edited by: Levia, D. F., Carlyle-Moses, D., and Tanaka, T., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 371–388, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1363-5_18, 2011.
Raat, K. J., Draaijers, G. P. J., Schaap, M. G., Tietema, A., and Verstraten, J. M.: Spatial variability of throughfall water and chemistry and forest floor water content in a Douglas fir forest stand, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 363–374, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-363-2002, 2002.
R Core Team: R: The R Project for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 8 March 2024), 2021.
Rodrigues, A. F., Terra, M. C. N. S., Mantovani, V. A., Cordeiro, N. G., Ribeiro, J. P. C., Guo, L., Nehren, U., Mello, J. M., and Mello, C. R.: Throughfall spatial variability in a neotropical forest: Have we correctly accounted for time stability?, J. Hydrol., 608, 127632, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127632, 2022.
Rodríguez-Robles, U., Arredondo, J. T., Huber-Sannwald, E., Yépez, E. A., and Ramos-Leal, J. A.: Coupled plant traits adapted to wetting/drying cycles of substrates co-define niche multidimensionality, Plant Cell Environ., 43, 2394–2408, https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13837, 2020.
Rosenbaum, U., Bogena, H. R., Herbst, M., Huisman, J. A., Peterson, T. J., Weuthen, A., Western, A. W., and Vereecken, H.: Seasonal and event dynamics of spatial soil moisture patterns at the small catchment scale: Dynamics Of Catchment-Scale Soil Moisture Patterns, Water Resour. Res., 48, W10544, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011518, 2012.
Rothfuss, Y. and Javaux, M.: Reviews and syntheses: Isotopic approaches to quantify root water uptake: a review and comparison of methods, Biogeosciences, 14, 2199–2224, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2199-2017, 2017.
Sadeghi, S. M. M., Gordon, D. A., and Van Stan II, J. T.: A Global Synthesis of Throughfall and Stemflow Hydrometeorology, in: Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation: A Global Synthesis, edited by: Van Stan, I., John, T., Gutmann, E., and Friesen, J., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 49–70, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29702-2_4, 2020.
Schume, H., Jost, G., and Hager, H.: Soil water depletion and recharge patterns in mixed and pure forest stands of European beech and Norway spruce, J. Hydrol., 289, 258–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.11.036, 2004.
Schwärzel, K., Menzer, A., Clausnitzer, F., Spank, U., Häntzschel, J., Grünwald, T., Köstner, B., Bernhofer, C., and Feger, K.-H.: Soil water content measurements deliver reliable estimates of water fluxes: A comparative study in a beech and a spruce stand in the Tharandt forest (Saxony, Germany), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1994–2006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.07.006, 2009.
Seeger, S. and Weiler, M.: Temporal dynamics of tree xylem water isotopes: in situ monitoring and modeling, Biogeosciences, 18, 4603–4627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4603-2021, 2021.
Shachnovich, Y., Berliner, P. R., and Bar, P.: Rainfall interception and spatial distribution of throughfall in a pine forest planted in an arid zone, J. Hydrol., 349, 168–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.10.051, 2008.
Shani, U. and Dudley, L. M.: Modeling water uptake by roots under waterand salt stress: Soil-based and crop response root sink terms, in: PlantRoots: The Hidden Half, 2nd Edn., edited by: Waisel, Y., Eshel, A., and Kafkafi, U., Marcel Dekker, New York, 635–641, ISBN 0-8247-9685-3, 1996.
Silvertown, J., Araya, Y., and Gowing, D.: Hydrological niches in terrestrial plant communities: a review, J. Ecol., 103, 93–108, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12332, 2015.
Spanner, G. C., Gimenez, B. O., Wright, C. L., Menezes, V. S., Newman, B. D., Collins, A. D., Jardine, K. J., Negrón-Juárez, R. I., Lima, A. J. N., Rodrigues, J. R., Chambers, J. Q., Higuchi, N., and Warren, J. M.: Dry Season Transpiration and Soil Water Dynamics in the Central Amazon, Front. Plant Sci., 13, 825097, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.825097, 2022.
Sprenger, M., Llorens, P., Cayuela, C., Gallart, F., and Latron, J.: Mechanisms of consistently disjunct soil water pools over (pore) space and time, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2751–2762, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2751-2019, 2019.
Staelens, J., De Schrijver, A., Verheyen, K., and Verhoest, N. E. C.: Spatial variability and temporal stability of throughfall water under a dominant beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) tree in relationship to canopy cover, J. Hydrol., 330, 651–662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.032, 2006.
Staelens, J., De Schrijver, A., Verheyen, K., and Verhoest, N. E. C.: Rainfall partitioning into throughfall, stemflow, and interception within a single beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) canopy: influence of foliation, rain event characteristics, and meteorology, Hydrol. Process., 22, 33–45, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6610, 2008.
Teuling, A. J. and Troch, P. A.: Improved understanding of soil moisture variability dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L05404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021935, 2005.
Thieurmel, B. and Elmarhraoui, A.: suncalc: Compute Sun Position, Sunlight Phases, Moon Position and Lunar Phase, R package version 0.5.1, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=suncalc (last access: 8 March 2024), 2022.
Tromp-van Meerveld, H. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: On the interrelations between topography, soil depth, soil moisture, transpiration rates and species distribution at the hillslope scale, Adv. Water Resour., 29, 293–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.02.016, 2006.
Tsuruta, K., Kwon, H., Law, B. E., and Kume, T.: Relationship between stem diameter and whole-tree transpiration across young, mature and old-growth ponderosa pine forests under wet and dry soil conditions, Ecohydrology, 16, e2572, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2572, 2023.
Vachaud, G., Passerat De Silans, A., Balabanis, P., and Vauclin, M.: Temporal Stability of Spatially Measured Soil Water Probability Density Function, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 49, 822–828, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040006x, 1985.
Van Stan, J. T., Siegert, C. M., Levia, D. F., and Scheick, C. E.: Effects of wind-driven rainfall on stemflow generation between codominant tree species with differing crown characteristics, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151, 1277–1286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.05.008, 2011.
Van Stan, J. T., Hildebrandt, A., Friesen, J., Metzger, J. C., and Yankine, S. A.: Spatial Variability and Temporal Stability of Local Net Precipitation Patterns, in: Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation: A Global Synthesis, edited by: Van Stan, I., John, T., Gutmann, E., and Friesen, J., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 89–104, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29702-2_6, 2020.
Vereecken, H., Kamai, T., Harter, T., Kasteel, R., Hopmans, J., and Vanderborght, J.: Explaining soil moisture variability as a function of mean soil moisture: A stochastic unsaturated flow perspective, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031813, 2007.
Vereecken, H., Amelung, W., Bauke, S. L., Bogena, H., Brüggemann, N., Montzka, C., Vanderborght, J., Bechtold, M., Blöschl, G., Carminati, A., Javaux, M., Konings, A. G., Kusche, J., Neuweiler, I., Or, D., Steele-Dunne, S., Verhoef, A., Young, M., and Zhang, Y.: Soil hydrology in the Earth system, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 573–587, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00324-6, 2022.
Vitali, V., Forrester, D. I., and Bauhus, J.: Know Your Neighbours: Drought Response of Norway Spruce, Silver Fir and Douglas Fir in Mixed Forests Depends on Species Identity and Diversity of Tree Neighbourhoods, Ecosystems, 21, 1215–1229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0214-0, 2018.
Volkmann, T. H. M., Haberer, K., Gessler, A., and Weiler, M.: High-resolution isotope measurements resolve rapid ecohydrological dynamics at the soil–plant interface, New Phytol., 210, 839–849, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13868, 2016.
Wambsganss, J., Beyer, F., Freschet, G. T., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., and Bauhus, J.: Tree species mixing reduces biomass but increases length of absorptive fine roots in European forests, J. Ecol., 109, 2678–2691, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13675, 2021.
Whelan, M. J. and Anderson, J. M.: Modelling spatial patterns of throughfall and interception loss in a Norway spruce (Picea abies) plantation at the plot scale, J. Hydrol., 186, 335–354, 1996.
Wiekenkamp, I., Huisman, J. A., Bogena, H. R., Lin, H. S., and Vereecken, H.: Spatial and temporal occurrence of preferential flow in a forested headwater catchment, J. Hydrol., 534, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.050, 2016.
Wullaert, H., Pohlert, T., Boy, J., Valarezo, C., and Wilcke, W.: Spatial throughfall heterogeneity in a montane rain forest in Ecuador: Extent, temporal stability and drivers, J. Hydrol., 377, 71–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.001, 2009.
Yu, K. and D'Odorico, P.: Hydraulic lift as a determinant of tree–grass coexistence on savannas, New Phytol., 207, 1038–1051, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13431, 2015.
Zacharias, S. and Wessolek, G.: Excluding Organic Matter Content from Pedotransfer Predictors of Soil Water Retention, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 71, 43–50, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0098, 2007.
Zarebanadkouki, M., Kim, Y. X., and Carminati, A.: Where do roots take up water? Neutron radiography of water flow into the roots of transpiring plants growing in soil, New Phytol., 199, 1034–1044, https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12330, 2013.
Zehe, E., Graeff, T., Morgner, M., Bauer, A., and Bronstert, A.: Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater in the Ore Mountains, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 873–889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-873-2010, 2010.
Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Hu, R., and Pan, Y.: Throughfall and its spatial variability beneath xerophytic shrub canopies within water-limited arid desert ecosystems, J. Hydrol., 539, 406–416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.051, 2016.
Zhu, X., He, Z., Du, J., Chen, L., Lin, P., and Tian, Q.: Spatial heterogeneity of throughfall and its contributions to the variability in near-surface soil water-content in semiarid mountains of China, Forest Ecol. Manage., 488, 119008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119008, 2021.
Zimmermann, A., Zimmermann, B., and Elsenbeer, H.: Rainfall redistribution in a tropical forest: Spatial and temporal patterns, Water Resour. Res., 45, W11413, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007470, 2009.
Zuur, A. F., Ieno, E. N., Walker, N., Saveliev, A. A., and Smith, G. M.: Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R, Springer, New York, NY, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87458-6, 2009.
Short summary
Experimental evidence is scarce to understand how the spatial variation in below-canopy precipitation affects root water uptake patterns. Here, we conducted field measurements to investigate drivers of root water uptake patterns while accounting for canopy induced heterogeneity in water input. We found that tree species interactions and soil moisture variability, rather than below-canopy precipitation patterns, control root water uptake patterns in a mixed unmanaged forest.
Experimental evidence is scarce to understand how the spatial variation in below-canopy...