Articles | Volume 25, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4531-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4531-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Aug 2021
Research article |
| 24 Aug 2021
| 24 Aug 2021
Impacts of land use and land cover change and reforestation on summer rainfall in the Yangtze River basin
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5008, Bergen, Norway
Jie Chen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
Qian Lin
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
Hua Chen
State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
Hubei Key Laboratory of Water System Science for Sponge City Construction, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
Related authors
Wei Li, Jie Chen, Lu Li, Yvan J. Orsolini, Yiheng Xiang, Retish Senan, and Patricia de Rosnay
The Cryosphere, 16, 4985–5000, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow assimilation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) may influence seasonal forecasts over this region. To investigate the impacts of snow assimilation on the seasonal forecasts of snow, temperature and precipitation, twin ensemble reforecasts are initialized with and without snow assimilation above 1500 m altitude over the TP for spring and summer in 2018. The results show that snow assimilation can improve seasonal forecasts over the TP through the interaction between land and atmosphere.
Ling Zhang, Lu Li, Zhongshi Zhang, Joël Arnault, Stefan Sobolowski, Xiaoling Chen, Jianzhong Lu, Anthony Musili Mwanthi, Pratik Kad, Mohammed Abdullahi Hassan, Tanja Portele, Harald Kunstmann, and Zhengkang Zuo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 4109–4132, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4109-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4109-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To address challenges related to unreliable hydrological simulations, we present an enhanced hydrological simulation with a refined climate model and a more comprehensive hydrological model. The model with the two parts outperforms that without, especially in migrating bias in peak flow and dry-season flow. Our findings highlight the enhanced hydrological simulation capability, with the refined climate and lake module contributing 24 % and 76 % improvement, respectively.
Jiaoyang Wang, Dedi Liu, Shenglian Guo, Lihua Xiong, Pan Liu, Hua Chen, Jie Chen, Jiabo Yin, and Yuling Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3315–3339, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3315-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The unclear feedback loops of water supply–hydropower generation–environmental conservation (SHE) nexuses with inter-basin water diversion projects (IWDPs) increase the uncertainty in the rational scheduling of water resources for water receiving and water donation areas. To address the different impacts of IWDPs on dynamic SHE nexuses and explore synergies, a framework is proposed to identify these effects across the different temporal and spatial scales in a reservoir group.
Kun Xie, Lu Li, Hua Chen, Stephanie Mayer, Andreas Dobler, Chong-Yu Xu, and Ozan Mert Göktürk
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2133–2152, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2133-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2133-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We compared hourly and daily extreme precipitation across Norway from HARMONIE Climate models at convection-permitting 3 km (HCLIM3) and 12 km (HCLIM12) resolutions. HCLIM3 more accurately captures the extremes in most regions and seasons (except in summer). Its advantages are more pronounced for hourly extremes than for daily extremes. The results highlight the value of convection-permitting models in improving extreme-precipitation predictions and in helping the local society brace for extreme weather.
Ruikang Zhang, Dedi Liu, Lihua Xiong, Jie Chen, Hua Chen, and Jiabo Yin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5229–5247, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5229-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5229-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flash flood warnings cannot be effective without people’s responses to them. We propose a method to determine the threshold of issuing warnings based on a people’s response process simulation. The results show that adjusting the warning threshold according to people’s tolerance levels to the failed warnings can improve warning effectiveness, but the prerequisite is to increase forecasting accuracy and decrease forecasting variance.
Zhen Cui, Shenglian Guo, Hua Chen, Dedi Liu, Yanlai Zhou, and Chong-Yu Xu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2809–2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ensemble forecasting facilitates reliable flood forecasting and warning. This study couples the copula-based hydrologic uncertainty processor (CHUP) with Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and proposes the novel CHUP-BMA method of reducing inflow forecasting uncertainty of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The CHUP-BMA avoids the normal distribution assumption in the HUP-BMA and considers the constraint of initial conditions, which can improve the deterministic and probabilistic forecast performance.
Qian Lin, Jie Chen, and Deliang Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-826, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-826, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have experienced widespread retreat in recent decades, but impacts of glacier changes that have occurred on regional climate, including precipitation, is still unknown. Thus, this study addressed this knowledge gap, and found that glacier changes exert a more pronounced impact on summer extreme precipitation events than mean precipitation over the TP. This provides a certain theoretical reference for the further improvement of long-term glacier projection.
Jinghua Xiong, Shenglian Guo, Abhishek, Jie Chen, and Jiabo Yin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6457–6476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6457-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6457-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although the "dry gets drier, and wet gets wetter (DDWW)" paradigm is prevalent in summarizing wetting and drying trends, we show that only 11.01 %–40.84 % of the global land confirms and 10.21 %–35.43 % contradicts the paradigm during 1985–2014 from a terrestrial water storage change perspective. Similar proportions that intensify with the increasing emission scenarios persist until the end of the 21st century. Findings benefit understanding of global hydrological responses to climate change.
Wei Li, Jie Chen, Lu Li, Yvan J. Orsolini, Yiheng Xiang, Retish Senan, and Patricia de Rosnay
The Cryosphere, 16, 4985–5000, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4985-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4985-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Snow assimilation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) may influence seasonal forecasts over this region. To investigate the impacts of snow assimilation on the seasonal forecasts of snow, temperature and precipitation, twin ensemble reforecasts are initialized with and without snow assimilation above 1500 m altitude over the TP for spring and summer in 2018. The results show that snow assimilation can improve seasonal forecasts over the TP through the interaction between land and atmosphere.
Shanlin Tong, Weiguang Wang, Jie Chen, Chong-Yu Xu, Hisashi Sato, and Guoqing Wang
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7075–7098, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7075-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7075-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plant carbon storage potential is central to moderate atmospheric CO2 concentration buildup and mitigation of climate change. There is an ongoing debate about the main driver of carbon storage. To reconcile this discrepancy, we use SEIB-DGVM to investigate the trend and response mechanism of carbon stock fractions among water limitation regions. Results show that the impact of CO2 and temperature on carbon stock depends on water limitation, offering a new perspective on carbon–water coupling.
Jiacheng Chen, Jie Chen, Xunchang John Zhang, Peiyi Peng, and Camille Risi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-460, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-460, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
To make full use of the advantages of isotope observations and simulations, this study generates a new dataset by integrating multi-GCM data based on data fusion and bias correction methods. This dataset contains monthly δ18Op over mainland China for the 1870–2017 period with a spatial resolution of 50–60 km. The built isoscape shows similar spatial and temporal distribution characteristics to observations, which is reliable and useful to extend the time and space of observations in China.
Jinghua Xiong, Shenglian Guo, Jie Chen, and Jiabo Yin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-645, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-645, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Although the “dry gets drier and wet gets wetter” (DDWW) paradigm is widely used to describe the trends in wetting and drying globally, we show that 27.1 % of global land agrees with the paradigm, while 22.4 % shows the opposite pattern during the period 1985–2014 from the perspective of terrestrial water storage change. Similar percentages are discovered under different scenarios during the future period. Our findings will benefit the understanding of hydrological responses under climate change.
Trude Eidhammer, Adam Booth, Sven Decker, Lu Li, Michael Barlage, David Gochis, Roy Rasmussen, Kjetil Melvold, Atle Nesje, and Stefan Sobolowski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4275–4297, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We coupled a detailed snow–ice model (Crocus) to represent glaciers in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Hydro model and tested it on a well-studied glacier. Several observational systems were used to evaluate the system, i.e., satellites, ground-penetrating radar (used over the glacier for snow depth) and stake observations for glacier mass balance and discharge measurements in rivers from the glacier. Results showed improvements in the streamflow projections when including the model.
Cited articles
Al-Falahi, A. H., Saddique, N., Spank, U., Gebrechorkos, S. H., and Bernhofer, C.:
Evaluation the Performance of Several Gridded Precipitation Products over the Highland Region of Yemen for Water Resources Management,
Remote Sens.-Basel,
12, 2984, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12182984, 2020.
Azmat, M., Wahab, A., Huggel, C., Qamar, M. U., Hussain, E., Ahmad, S., and Waheed, A.:
Climatic and hydrological projections to changing climate under CORDEX-South Asia experiments over the Karakoram-Hindukush-Himalayan water towers,
Sci. Total Environ.,
703, 135010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135010, 2020.
Bennett, M. T., Mehta, A., and Xu, J.:
Incomplete property rights, exposure to markets and the provision of environmental services in China,
China Econ. Rev.,
22, 485–498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2010.12.002, 2011.
Berrisford, P., Dee, D. P., Poli, P., Brugge, R., Mark, F., Manuel, F., Kållberg, P. W., Kobayashi, S., Uppala, S., and Adrian, S.:
The ERA-Interim archive Version 2.0,
ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, 2011.
Chen, S.-H., and Sun, W.-Y.:
A One-dimensional Time Dependent Cloud Model,
J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II,
80, 99–118, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.80.99, 2002.
Chen, Y., Zhang, A., Zhang, Y., Cui, C., Wan, R., Wang, B., and Fu, Y.:
A Heavy Precipitation Event in the Yangtze River Basin Led by an Eastward Moving Tibetan Plateau Cloud System in the Summer of 2016,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
125, e2020JD032429, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jd032429, 2020.
Clark, P., Roberts, N., Lean, H., Ballard, S. P., and Charlton-Perez, C.:
Convection-permitting models: a step-change in rainfall forecasting,
Meteorol. Appl.,
23, 165–181, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1538, 2016.
Cui, X., Liu, S., and Wei, X.: Impacts of forest changes on hydrology: a case study of large watersheds in the upper reaches of Minjiang River watershed in China, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4279–4290, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4279-2012, 2012.
Davin, E. L., Rechid, D., Breil, M., Cardoso, R. M., Coppola, E., Hoffmann, P., Jach, L. L., Katragkou, E., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Radtke, K., Raffa, M., Soares, P. M. M., Sofiadis, G., Strada, S., Strandberg, G., Tölle, M. H., Warrach-Sagi, K., and Wulfmeyer, V.: Biogeophysical impacts of forestation in Europe: first results from the LUCAS (Land Use and Climate Across Scales) regional climate model intercomparison, Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-183-2020, 2020.
Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, D. P., and Bechtold, P.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828, (data available at: https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/, last access: 27 March 2021), 2011.
Ding, Y., Ren, G., Zhao, Z., Xu, Y., Luo, Y., Li, Q., and Zhang, J.:
Detection, causes and projection of climate change over China: An overview of recent progress,
Adv. Atmos. Sci.,
24, 954–971, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-007-0954-4, 2007.
Dudhia, J.:
Numerical Study of Convection Observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment Using a Mesoscale Two-Dimensional Model,
J. Atmos. Sci.,
46, 3077–3107, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2, 1988.
Fang, J., Tang, Y., and Son, Y.:
Why are East Asian ecosystems important for carbon cycle research?,
Sci. China Life Sci.,
53, 753–756, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-010-4032-2, 2010.
Feng, J.-M., Wang, Y.-L., Ma, Z.-G., and Liu, Y.-H.:
Simulating the Regional Impacts of Urbanization and Anthropogenic Heat Release on Climate across China,
J. Climate,
25, 7187–7203, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00333.1, 2012.
Feng, Y., Li, H., Tong, X., Chen, L., and Liu, Y.:
Projection of land surface temperature considering the effects of future land change in the Taihu Lake Basin of China,
Global Planet. Change,
167, 24–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.05.007, 2018.
Fu, J., Jiang, D., and Huang, Y.: 1 km Grid Population Dataset of China, available at: http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/weben/doi.aspx?Id=131 (last access: 25 July 2021), 2014.
Gallus, W. A., Aligo, E. A., and Segal, M.:
On the Impact of WRF Model Vertical Grid Resolution on Midwest Summer Rainfall Forecasts,
Weather Forecast.,
24, 575–594, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008waf2007101.1, 2009.
Gao, F., de Colstoun, E. B., Ma, R., Weng, Q., Masek, J. G., Chen, J., Pan, Y., and Song, C.:
Mapping impervious surface expansion using medium-resolution satellite image time series: a case study in the Yangtze River Delta, China,
Int. J. Remote Sens.,
33, 7609–7628, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2012.700424, 2012.
Gao, Q., Li, Y., Wan, Y., Qin, X., Jiangcun, W., and Liu, Y.:
Dynamics of alpine grassland NPP and its response to climate change in Northern Tibet,
Climatic Change,
97, 515–528, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9617-z, 2009.
Gao, Q.-Z., Wan, Y.-F., Xu, H.-M., Li, Y., Jiangcun, W.-Z., and Borjigidai, A.:
Alpine grassland degradation index and its response to recent climate variability in Northern Tibet, China,
Quatern. Int.,
226, 143–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.10.035, 2010.
Gleixner, S., Demissie, T., and Diro, G. T.:
Did ERA5 Improve Temperature and Precipitation Reanalysis over East Africa?,
Atmosphere, 11, 996, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11090996, 2020.
Grell, G. A. and Dévényi, D.:
A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
29, 38-31–38-34, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002gl015311, 2002.
Hersbach, H. and Dee, D.: ERA5 reanalysis is in production, ECMWF Newsletter 147, ECMWF, Reading, UK, data available at: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=form (last access: 20 July 2021), 2016.
Hong, S.-Y., Dudhia, J., and Chen, S.-H.:
A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation,
Mon. Weather Rev.,
132, 103–120, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0103:ARATIM>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Hong, S.-Y., Noh, Y., and Dudhia, J.:
A New Vertical Diffusion Package with an Explicit Treatment of Entrainment Processes,
Mon. Weather Rev.,
134, 2318–2341, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3199.1, 2006.
Hu, Y., Zhang, X.-Z., Mao, R., Gong, D.-Y., Liu, H.-B., and Yang, J.:
Modeled responses of summer climate to realistic land use/cover changes from the 1980s to the 2000s over eastern China,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
120, 167–179, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022288, 2015.
Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Xue, L., Wei, X., Zhang, L., and Li, H.:
Comparison of three microphysics parameterization schemes in the WRF model for an extreme rainfall event in the coastal metropolitan City of Guangzhou, China,
Atmos. Res.,
240, 104939, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104939, 2020.
Hurtt, G. C., Frolking, S., Fearon, M. G., Moore, B., Shevliakova, E., Malyshev, S., Pacala, S. W., and Houghton, R. A.:
The underpinnings of land-use history: three centuries of global gridded land-use transitions, wood-harvest activity, and resulting secondary lands,
Glob. Change Biol.,
12, 1208–1229, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01150.x, 2006.
Hurtt, G. C., Chini, L. P., Frolking, S., Betts, R. A., Feddema, J., Fischer, G., Fisk, J. P., Hibbard, K., Houghton, R. A., Janetos, A., Jones, C. D., Kindermann, G., Kinoshita, T., Klein Goldewijk, K., Riahi, K., Shevliakova, E., Smith, S., Stehfest, E., Thomson, A., Thornton, P., van Vuuren, D. P., and Wang, Y. P.:
Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500–2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting
secondary lands,
Climatic Change,
109, 117, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0153-2, 2011.
Kain, J. S.:
The Kain–Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update,
J. Appl. Meteorol.,
43, 170–181, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Knist, S., Goergen, K., and Simmer, C.:
Evaluation and projected changes of precipitation statistics in convection-permitting WRF climate simulations over Central Europe,
Clim. Dynam.,
55, 325–341, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-018-4147-x, 2020.
Kurkute, S., Li, Z., Li, Y., and Huo, F.: Assessment and projection of the water budget over western Canada using convection-permitting weather research and forecasting simulations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3677–3697, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3677-2020, 2020.
Li, J., Chen, F., Zhang, G., Barlage, M., Gan, Y., Xin, Y., and Wang, C.:
Impacts of Land Cover and Soil Texture Uncertainty on Land Model Simulations Over the Central Tibetan Plateau,
J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy.,
10, 2121–2146, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ms001377, 2018.
Li, L., Gochis, D. J., Sobolowski, S., and Mesquita, M. D. S.:
Evaluating the present annual water budget of a Himalayan headwater river basin using a high-resolution atmosphere-hydrology model,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
122, 4786–4807, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jd026279, 2017.
Li, S., Xu, M., and Sun, B.:
Long-term hydrological response to reforestation in a large watershed in southeastern China,
Hydrol. Process.,
28, 5573–5582, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10018, 2014.
Li, W., Chen, J., and Zhang, Z.:
Forest quality-based assessment of the Returning Farmland to Forest Program at the community level in SW China,
Forest Ecol. Manag.,
461, 117938, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117938, 2020.
Lin, L., Gao, T., Luo, M., Ge, E., Yang, Y., Liu, Z., Zhao, Y., and Ning, G.:
Contribution of urbanization to the changes in extreme climate events in urban agglomerations across China,
Sci. Total Environ.,
744, 140264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140264, 2020.
Lin, Q., Chen, J., Li, W., Huang, K., Tan, X., and Chen, H.:
Impacts of land use change on thermodynamic and dynamic changes of precipitation for the Yangtze River Basin, China,
Int. J. Climatol., 41, 3598–3614, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7037, 2021.
Liu, C., Ikeda, K., Rasmussen, R., Barlage, M., Newman, A. J., Prein, A. F., Chen, F., Chen, L., Clark, M., Dai, A., Dudhia, J., Eidhammer, T., Gochis, D., Gutmann, E., Kurkute, S., Li, Y., Thompson, G., and Yates, D.:
Continental-scale convection-permitting modeling of the current and future climate of North America,
Clim. Dynam.,
49, 71–95, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3327-9, 2016.
Liu, J., Liu, M., Deng, X., Zhuang, D., Zhang, Z., and Luo, D.:
The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China,
J. Geogr. Sci.,
12, 275–282, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02837545, 2002.
Liu, J., Liu, M., Zhuang, D., Zhang, Z., and Deng, X.:
Study on spatial pattern of land-use change in China during 1995–2000,
Sci. China Ser. D,
46, 373–384, https://doi.org/10.1360/03yd9033, 2003.
Liu, J., Liu, M., Tian, H., Zhuang, D., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Tang, X., and Deng, X.:
Spatial and temporal patterns of China's cropland during 1990–2000: An analysis based on Landsat TM data,
Remote Sens. Environ.,
98, 442–456, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.08.012, 2005.
Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Xu, X., Kuang, W., Zhou, W., Zhang, S., Li, R., Yan, C., Yu, D., Wu, S., and Jiang, N.:
Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century,
J. Geogr. Sci.,
20, 483–494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-010-0483-4, 2010.
Liu, J., Zhang, Q., and Hu, Y.:
Regional differences of China's urban expansion from late 20th to early 21st century based on remote sensing information,
Chinese Geogr. Sci.,
22, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-012-0510-8, 2012.
Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Xia, D., You, J., Rong, Y., and Bakir, M.:
Impacts of Land-Use and Climate Changes on Hydrologic Processes in the Qingyi River Watershed, China,
J. Hydrol. Eng.,
18, 1495–1512, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000485, 2013.
Maw, K. W. and Min, J.: Impacts of Microphysics Schemes and Topography on the Prediction of the Heavy Rainfall in Western Myanmar Associated with Tropical Cyclone ROANU (2016), Adv. Meteorol., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3252503, 2017.
Mlawer, E. J., Taubman, S. J., Brown, P. D., Iacono, M. J., and Clough, S. A.:
Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
102, 16663–16682, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD00237, 1997.
Nanding, N., Chen, Y., Wu, H., Dong, B., Tian, F., Lott, F. C., Tett, S. F. B., Rico-Ramirez, M. A., Chen, Y., Huang, Z., Yan, Y., Li, D., Li, R., Wang, X., and Fan, X.:
Anthropogenic Influences on 2019 July Precipitation Extremes Over the Mid–Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River,
Frontiers in Environmental Science, 8, 603061, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.603061, 2020.
National Meteorological Information Center: Daily meteorological dataset of basic meteorological elements of China National Surface Weather Station (V3.0) (1951–2010), available at: https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/52c77e9c-df4a-4e27-8e97-d363fdfce10a/ (last access: 25 July 2021), 2019.
Niu, G.-Y., Yang, Z.-L., Mitchell, K. E., Chen, F., Ek, M. B., Barlage, M., Kumar, A., Manning, K., Niyogi, D., Rosero, E., Tewari, M., and Xia, Y.:
The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP): 1. Model description and evaluation with local-scale measurements,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
116, D12109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015139, 2011.
Pitman, A. J., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Avila, F. B., Alexander, L. V., Boisier, J.-P., Brovkin, V., Delire, C., Cruz, F., Donat, M. G., Gayler, V., van den Hurk, B., Reick, C., and Voldoire, A.: Effects of land cover change on temperature and rainfall extremes in multi-model ensemble simulations, Earth Syst. Dynam., 3, 213–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-3-213-2012, 2012.
Robbins, A. S. T., and Harrell, S.:
Paradoxes and Challenges for China's Forests in the Reform Era,
China Quart.,
218, 381–403, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741014000344, 2014.
Shem, W. and Shepherd, M.:
On the impact of urbanization on summertime thunderstorms in Atlanta: Two numerical model case studies,
Atmos. Res.,
92, 172–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.013, 2009.
Shen, S., Yue, P., and Fan, C.:
Quantitative assessment of land use dynamic variation using remote sensing data and landscape pattern in the Yangtze River Delta, China,
Sustain. Comput.-Infor.,
23, 111–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2019.07.006, 2019.
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Duda, M. G., Huang, X.-Y., Wang, W., and Powers, J. G.: The official repository for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, available at: https://github.com/wrf-model/WRF (last access: 25 July 2021), 2008.
Sun, X., Li, C. a., Kuiper, K. F., Zhang, Z., Gao, J., and Wijbrans, J. R.:
Human impact on erosion patterns and sediment transport in the Yangtze River,
Global Planet. Change,
143, 88–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.004, 2016.
Tarek, M., Brissette, F. P., and Arsenault, R.: Evaluation of the ERA5 reanalysis as a potential reference dataset for hydrological modelling over North America, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2527–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2527-2020, 2020.
Trac, C. J., Schmidt, A. H., Harrell, S., and Hinckley, T. M.:
Is the Returning Farmland to Forest Program a Success? Three Case Studies from Sichuan,
Environmental practice,
15, 350–366, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466046613000355, 2013.
Wagner, S., Fersch, B., Yuan, F., Yu, Z., and Kunstmann, H.:
Fully coupled atmospheric-hydrological modeling at regional and long-term scales: Development, application, and analysis of WRF-HMS,
Water Resour. Res.,
52, 3187–3211, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018185, 2016.
Wang, D., Jiang, P., Wang, G., and Wang, D.:
Urban extent enhances extreme precipitation over the Pearl River Delta, China,
Atmos. Sci. Lett.,
16, 310–317, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.559, 2015.
Wang, Y., Rhoads, B. L., Wang, D., Wu, J., and Zhang, X.:
Impacts of large dams on the complexity of suspended sediment dynamics in the Yangtze River,
J. Hydrol.,
558, 184–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.027, 2018.
Wang, Y., Yang, K., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Lu, H., Ouyang, L., Chen, Y., Lazhu, and Wang, B.:
Synergy of orographic drag parameterization and high resolution greatly reduces biases of WRF-simulated precipitation in central Himalaya,
Clim. Dynam., 54, 1729–1740, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-05080-w, 2020.
Wen, Q. H., Zhang, X., Xu, Y., and Wang, B.:
Detecting human influence on extreme temperatures in China,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
40, 1171–1176, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50285, 2013.
Xue, H., Jin, Q., Yi, B., Mullendore, G. L., Zheng, X., and Jin, H.:
Modulation of Soil Initial State on WRF Model Performance Over China,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
122, 11278–11300, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027023, 2017.
Yan, Y., Tang, J., Wang, S., Niu, X., and Le, W.:
Uncertainty of land surface model and land use data on WRF model simulations over China,
Clim. Dynam., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05778-w, 2021.
Yang, Z.-L., Niu, G.-Y., Mitchell, K. E., Chen, F., Ek, M. B., Barlage, M., Longuevergne, L., Manning, K., Niyogi, D., Tewari, M., and Xia, Y.:
The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options (Noah-MP): 2. Evaluation over global river basins,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
116, D12110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015140, 2011.
Yu, L., Liu, Y., Liu, T., and Yan, F.:
Impact of recent vegetation greening on temperature and precipitation over China,
Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
295, 108197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108197, 2020.
Zha, J., Zhao, D., Wu, J., and Zhang, P.:
Numerical simulation of the effects of land use and cover change on the near-surface wind speed over Eastern China,
Clim. Dynam.,
53, 1783–1803, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04737-w, 2019.
Zhang, D., Liu, X., and Bai, P.:
Assessment of hydrological drought and its recovery time for eight tributaries of the Yangtze River (China) based on downscaled GRACE data,
J. Hydrol.,
568, 592–603, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.030, 2019.
Zhang, H., Wu, C., Chen, W., and Huang, G.:
Effect of urban expansion on summer rainfall in the Pearl River Delta, South China,
J. Hydrol.,
568, 747–757, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.036, 2019.
Zhang, J., Zhengjun, L., and Xiaoxia, S.:
Changing landscape in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Yangtze River from 1977 to 2005: Land use/land cover, vegetation cover changes estimated using multi-source satellite data,
Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs.,
11, 403–412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2009.07.004, 2009.
Zhang, W., Villarini, G., Vecchi, G. A., and Smith, J. A.:
Urbanization exacerbated the rainfall and flooding caused by hurricane Harvey in Houston,
Nature,
563, 384–388, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0676-z, 2018.
Zhang, X., Xiong, Z., Zhang, X., Shi, Y., Liu, J., Shao, Q., and Yan, X.:
Simulation of the climatic effects of land use/land cover changes in eastern China using multi-model ensembles,
Global Planet. Change,
154, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.05.003, 2017.
Zhang, X., Chen, J., and Song, S.:
Divergent impacts of land use/cover change on summer precipitation in eastern China from 1980 to 2000,
Int. J. Climatol.,
41, 2360–2374, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6963, 2021.
Zhang, Y., Song, C., Zhang, K., Cheng, X., Band, L. E., and Zhang, Q.:
Effects of land use/land cover and climate changes on terrestrial net primary productivity in the Yangtze River Basin, China, from 2001 to 2010,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
119, 1092–1109, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002616, 2014.
Zinda, J. A., Trac, C. J., Zhai, D., and Harrell, S.:
Dual-function forests in the returning farmland to forest program and the flexibility of environmental policy in China,
Geoforum,
78, 119–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.03.012, 2017.
Short summary
Reforestation can influence climate, but the sensitivity of summer rainfall to reforestation is rarely investigated. We take two reforestation scenarios to assess the impacts of reforestation on summer rainfall under different reforestation proportions and explore the potential mechanisms. This study concludes that reforestation increases summer rainfall amount and extremes through thermodynamics processes, and the effects are more pronounced in populated areas than over the whole basin.
Reforestation can influence climate, but the sensitivity of summer rainfall to reforestation is...
