Articles | Volume 28, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-873-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-873-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Feb 2024
Research article |
| 26 Feb 2024
| 26 Feb 2024
Impacts of hydrofacies geometry designed from seismic refraction tomography on estimated hydrogeophysical variables
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, EOST, ENGEES, ITES UMR 7063, 67000 Strasbourg, France
Sylvain Pasquet
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Université Paris Cité, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ECCE TERRA, 75005 Paris, France
Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, METIS, 75005 Paris, France
Philippe Ackerer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, EOST, ENGEES, ITES UMR 7063, 67000 Strasbourg, France
Related authors
Guillaume Gru, Jean-François Girard, Philippe Ackerer, and Nolwenn Lesparre
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3611, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3611, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We used global sensitivity analysis to study how magnetic resonance sounding signals respond to water flow parameters during a snowmelt event in a mountain catchment. This geophysical sounding technique is directly sensitive to subsurface water content. We show that the signals have a strong, dynamic sensitivity to only some parameters, while others remain uninfluential. This deeper understanding clarifies the potential and limitations of using such data to calibrate hydrological models.
Kaiyan Hu, Bertille Loiseau, Simon D. Carrière, Nolwenn Lesparre, Cédric Champollion, Nicolas K. Martin-StPaul, Niklas Linde, and Damien Jougnot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2997–3018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2997-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2997-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the potential of the electrical self-potential (SP) method, a passive geophysical technique, to provide additional insights into tree transpiration rates. We measured SP and sap velocity in three tree species over a year in a Mediterranean climate. Results indicate SP may characterize transpiration rates, especially during dry seasons. Additionally, the electrokinetic coupling coefficients of these trees align with values typically found in porous geological media.
Rohianuu Moua, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jean-François Girard, Benjamin Belfort, François Lehmann, and Anis Younes
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4317–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4317-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4317-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic properties of soil include the ability of water to move through the soil and the amount of water that is held in the soil in dry or wet conditions. In this work, we further investigate a protocol used to evaluate such hydraulic properties. We propose a modified version of the protocol, with which we show (i) how the data obtained with this protocol are influenced by the soil hydraulic properties and (ii) how one can use it to estimate these properties.
Guillaume Gru, Jean-François Girard, Philippe Ackerer, and Nolwenn Lesparre
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3611, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3611, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
We used global sensitivity analysis to study how magnetic resonance sounding signals respond to water flow parameters during a snowmelt event in a mountain catchment. This geophysical sounding technique is directly sensitive to subsurface water content. We show that the signals have a strong, dynamic sensitivity to only some parameters, while others remain uninfluential. This deeper understanding clarifies the potential and limitations of using such data to calibrate hydrological models.
Kaiyan Hu, Bertille Loiseau, Simon D. Carrière, Nolwenn Lesparre, Cédric Champollion, Nicolas K. Martin-StPaul, Niklas Linde, and Damien Jougnot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2997–3018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2997-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2997-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the potential of the electrical self-potential (SP) method, a passive geophysical technique, to provide additional insights into tree transpiration rates. We measured SP and sap velocity in three tree species over a year in a Mediterranean climate. Results indicate SP may characterize transpiration rates, especially during dry seasons. Additionally, the electrokinetic coupling coefficients of these trees align with values typically found in porous geological media.
David Luttenauer, Aronne Dell'Oca, Alberto Guadagnini, Sylvain Weill, and Philippe Ackerer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-73, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-73, 2024
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Land Surface Model outputs (evaporation, transpiration, groundwater recharge) are influenced by uncertain parameters. Global sensitivity metrics provide a ranking of the importance of uncertain factors. Evaporation is directly influenced by the net radiation and by the parameters associated with the top litter layer. Transpiration appears as mainly influenced by the vegetation characteristics and by albedo. Groundwater recharge is influenced mainly by soil-related parameters.
Rohianuu Moua, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jean-François Girard, Benjamin Belfort, François Lehmann, and Anis Younes
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4317–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4317-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4317-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic properties of soil include the ability of water to move through the soil and the amount of water that is held in the soil in dry or wet conditions. In this work, we further investigate a protocol used to evaluate such hydraulic properties. We propose a modified version of the protocol, with which we show (i) how the data obtained with this protocol are influenced by the soil hydraulic properties and (ii) how one can use it to estimate these properties.
Dimitri Rambourg, Raphaël Di Chiara, and Philippe Ackerer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6147–6162, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6147-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6147-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The reproduction of flows and contaminations underground requires a good estimation of the parameters of the geological environment (mainly permeability and porosity), in three dimensions. While most researchers rely on geophysical methods, which are costly and difficult to implement in the field, this study proposes an alternative using data that are already widely available: piezometric records (monitoring of the water table) and the lithological description of the piezometric wells.
Kouamé Auguste Kouassi, William Francis Kouassi, Oi Mangoua Jules Mangoua, Philippe Ackerer, Gountôh Aristide Douagui, and Issiaka Savané
Proc. IAHS, 384, 49–56, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-49-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-49-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
La caractérisation des aquifères est importante pour la compréhension des eaux souterraines. La modélisation hydrodynamique par approche inverse se présente comme une solution appropriée pour déterminer un paramètre hydrodynamique tel que la transmissivité sur l'ensemble d'une nappe. Les valeurs de transmissivité identifiées dans ce travail présentent une bonne structure dans l'ensemble en comparaison des champs de transmissivités publiées dans des études en Afrique et dans le monde.
Cited articles
Ackerer, J., Chabaux, F., Van der Woerd, J., Viville, D., Pelt, E., Kali, E., Lerouge, C., Ackerer, P., di Chiara Roupert, R., and Négrel, P.: Regolith evolution on the millennial timescale from combined U–Th–Ra isotopes and in situ cosmogenic 10Be analysis in a weathering profile (Strengbach catchment, France), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 453, 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.005, 2016.
Ackerer, J., Jeannot, B., Delay, F., Weill, S., Lucas, Y., Fritz, B., Viville, D., and Chabaux, F.: Crossing hydrological and geochemical modeling to understand the spatiotemporal variability of water chemistry in a headwater catchment (Strengbach, France), Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3111–3133, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3111-2020, 2020.
Ahn, S., Kim, G., and Choi, G.: On the applicable ranges of kinematic and diffusion models in open channels, ASCE Proc. Hydraulic Engineering '93, Specialty Conf., edited by: Shen, H. W., Su, S. T., and Wen, F., San Francisco, CA, 25–30 July 1993, https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0083951 (last access: 12 February 2024) 1993.
Anderson, S. P., von Blanckenburg, F., and White, A. F.: Physical and Chemical Controls on the Critical Zone, Elements, 3, 315–319, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.3.5.315, 2007.
Befus, K. M., Sheehan, A. F., Leopold, M., Anderson, S. P., and Anderson, R. S.: Seismic constraints on critical zone architecture, Boulder Creek watershed, Front Range, Colorado, Vadose Zone J., 10, 915–927, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0108, 2011.
Begonha, A. and Sequeira Braga, M. A.: Weathering of the Oporto granite: geotechnical and physical properties, Catena, 49, 57–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00016-4, 2002.
Belfort, B., Toloni, I., Ackerer, P., Cotel, S., Viville, D., and Lehmann, F.: Vadose Zone Modeling in a Small Forested Catchment: Impact of Water Pressure Head Sampling Frequency on 1D-Model Calibration, Geosciences, 8, 72, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8020072, 2018.
Bertoldi, G. and Rigon, R: Impact of Watershed Geomorphic Characteristics on the Energy and Water Budgets, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 15, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM500.1, 2006.
Beven, K. J. and Kirkby, M. J.: A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology, Hydrol. Sci. J., 24, 43–69, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667909491834, 1979.
Boucher, M., Pierret, M. C., Dumont, M., Viville, D., Legchenko, A., Chevalier, A., and Penz, S.: MRS characterization of a mountain hard rock aquifer: the Strengbach catchment, Vosges Massif, France, Presented at the 6th International workshop on magnetic resonance, Aarhus, Denmark, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340003379_MRS_characterisation_of_a_mountain_hard_rock_aquifer_the_Strengbach_Catchment_Vosges_Massif_France (last access: 12 February 2024), 2015.
Brantley, S. L., Goldhaber, M. B., and Ragnarsdottir, K. V.: Crossing disciplines and scales to understand the critical zone, Elements, 3, 307–314, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.3.5.307, 2007.
Brantley, S. L., McDowell, W. H., Dietrich, W. E., White, T. S., Kumar, P., Anderson, S. P., Chorover, J., Lohse, K. A., Bales, R. C., Richter, D. D., Grant, G., and Gaillardet, J.: Designing a network of critical zone observatories to explore the living skin of the terrestrial Earth, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 841–860, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-841-2017, 2017.
Brooks, P. D., Chorover, J., Fan, Y., Godsey, S. E., Maxwell, R. M., McNamara, J. P., and Tague, C.: Hydrological partitioning in the critical zone: Recent advances and opportunities for developing transferable understanding of water cycle dynamics: Critical Zone Hydrology, Water Resour. Res., 51, 6973–6987, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017039, 2015.
Carrera, J., Alcolea, A., Medina, A., Hidalgo, J., and Slooten, L. J.: Inverse problem in hydrogeology, Hydrogeol. J., 13, 206–222, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0404-7, 2005.
Cassidy, R., Comte, J.-C., Nitsche, J., Wilson, C., Flynn, R., and Ofterdinger, U.: Combining multi-scale geophysical techniques for robust hydro-structural characterisation in catchments underlain by hard rock in post-glacial regions, J. Hydrol., 517, 715–731, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.06.004, 2014.
Costabel, S. and Günther, T.: Noninvasive Estimation of Water Retention Parameters by Observing the Capillary Fringe with Magnetic Resonance Sounding, Vadose Zone J., 13, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2013.09.0163, 2014.
Dal Bo, I., Klotzsche, A., Schaller, M., Ehlers, T. A., Kaufmann, M. S., Fuentes Espoz, J. P., Vereecken, H., and van der Kruk, J.: Geophysical imaging of regolith in landscapes along a climate and vegetation gradient in the Chilean coastal cordillera, Catena, 180, 146–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.Catena.2019.04.023, 2019.
Deutsch, C. V. and Journel, A. G.: GSLIB: Geostatistical Software Library and Users Guide, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195100158, http://claytonvdeutsch.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/GSLIB-Book-Second-Edition.pdf 1997 (code available at: http://www.gslib.com/main_gd.html).
Di Federico, V. and Neuman, S. P.: Scaling of random fields by means of truncated power variograms and associated spectra, Water Resour. Res., 33, 1075–1085, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR00299, 1997.
Diek, S., Temme, A. J. A. M., and Teuling, A. J.: The effect of spatial soil variation on the hydrology of a semi-arid Rocky Mountains catchment, Geoderma, 235–236, 113–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.06.028, 2014.
Dijkstra, E. W.: A note on two problems in connexion with graphs, Numer. Math., 1, 269–271, 1959.
Ebel, B. A. and Loague, K.: Physics-based hydrologic-response simulation: Seeing through the fog of equifinality, Hydrol. Process., 20, 2887–2900, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6388, 2006.
El Gh'Mari, A.: Etude minéralogique, pétrophysique et géochimique de la dynamique d'altération d'un granite soumis aux dépôts atmosphériques acides (bassin versant du Strengbach, Vosges, France): Mécanismes, bilans et modélisationsy, PhD thesis, Strasbourg 1 Univ., Strasbourg, France, https://hal.science/tel-04452531 (last access: 12 February 2024), 1995.
Fichter, J., Dambrine, E., Turpault, M.-P., and Ranger, J.: Base Cation Supply in Spruce and Beech Ecosystems of the Strengbach Catchment (Vosges Mountains, N-E France), Water Air Soil Poll., 1044, 124–148, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004966302517, 1998a.
Fichter, J., Turpault, M. P., Dambrine, E., and Ranger, J.: Mineral evolution of acid forest soils in the Strengbach catchment (Vosges mountains, N-E France), Geoderma, 82, 315–340, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(97)00107-9, 1998b.
Fleckenstein, J. H., Niswonger, R. G., and Fogg, G. E.: River-Aquifer Interactions, Geologic Heterogeneity, and Low-Flow Management, Groundwater, 44, 837–852, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2006.00190.x, 2006.
Flinchum, B. A., Steven Holbrook, W., Rempe, D., Moon, S., Riebe, C. S., Carr, B. J., Hayes, J. L., St. Clair, J., and Philipp Peters, M.: Critical Zone structure under a granite ridge inferred from drilling and three-dimensional seismic refraction data, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 1317–1343, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004280, 2018.
Gabrielli, C. P., McDonnell, J. J., and Jarvis, W. T.: The role of bedrock groundwater in rainfall–runoff response at hillslope and catchment scales, J. Hydrol., 450–451, 117–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.05.023, 2012.
Gourdol, L., Clément, R., Juilleret, J., Pfister, L., and Hissler, C.: Exploring the regolith with electrical resistivity tomography in large-scale surveys: electrode spacing-related issues and possibility, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1785–1812, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1785-2021, 2021.
Henderson F.: Open channel flow. Series in Civil Engineering, MacMillan Pub. and Co., New York, 522 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96447-4, 1966
Henderson, T. J.: A ten year non-randomized cloud seeding program on the Kings River in California, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 5, 697–702, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1966)005<0697:ATYNRC>2.0.CO;2, 1966.
Heße, F., Prykhodko, V., Schlüter, S., and Attinger, S.: Generating random fields with a truncated power-law variogram: A comparison of several numerical methods, Environ. Modell. Softw., 55, 32–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.01.013, 2014.
Holbrook, W. S., Riebe, C. S., Elwaseif, M., Hayes, J. L., Basler-Reeder, K., Harry, D. L., Malazian, A., Dosseto, A., Hartsough, P. C., and Hopmans, J. W.: Geophysical constraints on deep weathering and water storage potential in the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 366–380, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3502, 2014.
Holbrook, W. S., Marcon, V., Bacon, A. R., Brantley, S. L., Carr, B. J., Flinchum, B. A., Richter, D. D., and Riebe, C. S.: Links between physical and chemical weathering inferred from a 65-m-deep borehole through Earth's critical zone, Sci. Rep., 9, 4495, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40819-9, 2019.
Huang, M. H., Hudson-Rasmussen, B., Burdick, S., Lekic, V., Nelson, M. D., Fauria, K. E., and Schmerr, N.: Bayesian seismic refraction inversion for critical zone science and near-surface applications, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 22, e2020GC009172, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009172, 2021.
Hurst, H. E.: Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs, T. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 116, 770–799, https://doi.org/10.1061/TACEAT.0006518, 1951.
Jeannot, B., Weill, S., Eschbach, D., Schmitt, L., and Delay, F.: A low-dimensional integrated subsurface hydrological model coupled with 2-D overland flow_Application to a restored fluvial hydrosystem (Upper Rhine River – France), J. Hydrol., 563, 495–509, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-017-9613-8, 2018.
Kaufmann, M. S., Klotzsche, A., Vereecken, H., and der Kruk, J.: Simultaneous multichannel multi-offset ground-penetrating radar measurements for soil characterization, Vadose Zone J., 19, e20017, https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20017, 2020.
Koch, K., Wenninger, J., Uhlenbrook, S., and Bonell, M.: Joint interpretation of hydrological and geophysical data: electrical resistivity tomography results from a process hydrological research site in the Black Forest Mountains, Germany, Hydrol. Process., 13, 1501–1513, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7275, 2009.
Lanni, C., McDonnell, J., Hopp, L., and Rigon, R.: Simulated effect of soil depth and bedrock topography on near-surface hydrologic response and slope stability, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 146–159, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3267, 2012.
Legchenko, A. and Valla, P.: A review of the basic principles for proton magnetic resonance sounding measurements, J. Appl. Geophys., 50, 3–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00127-1, 2002.
Legchenko, A., Baltassat, J. M., Bobachev, A., Martin, C., Robain, H., and Vouillamoz, J. M.: Magnetic resonance sounding applied to aquifer characterization, Groundwater, 42, 363–373, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02684.x, 2004.
Lesparre, N., Girard, J.-F., Jeannot, B., Weill, S., Dumont, M., Boucher, M., Viville, D., Pierret, M.-C., Legchenko, A., and Delay, F.: Magnetic resonance sounding measurements as posterior information to condition hydrological model parameters: Application to a hard-rock headwater catchment, J. Hydrol., 587, 124941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124941, 2020a.
Lesparre, N., Girard, J.-F., Jeannot, B., Weill, S., Dumont, M., Boucher, M., Viville, D., Pierret, M.-C., Legchenko, A., and Delay, F.: Magnetic resonance sounding dataset of a hard-rock headwater catchment for assessing the vertical distribution of water contents in the subsurface, Data in Brief, 31, 105708, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105708, 2020b.
Mazzilli, N., Boucher, M., Chalikakis, K., Legchenko, A., Jourde, H., and Champollion, C.: Contribution of magnetic resonance soundings for characterizing water storage in the unsaturated zone of karst aquifers, Geophysics, 81, WB49–WB61, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0411.1, 2016.
Moser, T. J.: Shortest path calculation of seismic rays, Geophysics, 56, 59–67, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442958, 1991.
Mualem, Y.: A new model for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res., 12, 513–522, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR012i003p00513, 1976.
Neuman, S. P., Riva, M., and Guadagnini, A.: On the geostatistical characterization of hierarchical media: characterization of hierarchical media, Water Resour. Res., 44, W02403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006228, 2008.
Olona, J., Pulgar, J. A., Fernández-Viejo, G., López-Fernández, C., and González-Cortina, J. M.: Weathering variations in a granitic massif and related geotechnical properties through seismic and electrical resistivity methods, Near Surf. Geophys., 8, 585–599, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2010043, 2010.
Olyphant, J., Pelletier, J. D., and Johnson, R.: Topographic correlations with soil and regolith thickness from shallow-seismic refraction constraints across upland hillslopes in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 41, 1684–1696, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3941, 2016.
Pan, Y., Weill, S., Ackerer, P., and Delay, F.: A coupled stream flow and depth-integrated subsurface flow model for catchment hydrology, J. Hydrol., 530, 66–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.09.044, 2015.
Panday, S. and Huyakorn, P. S.: A fully coupled physically-based spatiallydistributed model for evaluating surface/subsurface flow, Adv. Water Resour., 27, 361–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.02.016, 2004.
Parsekian, A. D., Singha, K., Minsley, B. J., Holbrook, W. S., and Slater, L.: Multiscale geophysical imaging of the critical zone: Geophysical Imaging of the Critical Zone. Rev, Geophys., 53, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000465, 2015.
Pasquet, S.: Seismic profiles measured on the Strengbach catchment (OHGE observation site), France, H+ [data set], https://doi.org/10.26169/hplus.ohge_seismic_profiles, 2019.
Pasquet, S., Holbrook, W. S., Carr, B. J., and Sims, K. W. W.: Geophysical imaging of shallow degassing in a Yellowstone hydrothermal system, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12027–12035, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071306, 2016.
Pasquet, S., Marçais, J., Hayes, J. L., Sak, P. B., Ma, L., and Gaillardet, J.: Catchment-Scale Architecture of the Deep Critical Zone Revealed by Seismic Imaging, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2022GL098433, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098433, 2022.
Pierret, M. C., Cotel, S., Ackerer, P., Beaulieu, E., Benarioumlil, S., Boucher, M., Boutin, R., Chabaux, F., Delay, F., Fourtet, C., Friedmann, P., Fritz, B., Gangloff, S., Girard, J.-F., Legtchenko, A., Viville, D., Weill, S., and Probst, A.: The Strengbach catchment: A multidisciplinary environmental sentry for 30 years, Vadose Zone J., 17, 180090, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2018.04.0090, 2018.
Rempe, D. M. and Dietrich, W. E.: A bottom-up control on fresh-bedrock topography under landscapes, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 6576–6581, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404763111, 2014.
Riebe, C. S., Hahm, W. J., and Brantley, S. L.: Controls on deep critical zone architecture: a historical review and four testable hypotheses: Four Testable Hypotheses about the Deep Critical Zone, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 128–156, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4052, 2017.
Rücker, C., Günther, T., and Wagner, F. M.: pyGIMLi: An open-source library for modelling and inversion in geophysics, Comput. Geosci., 109, 106–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.07.011, 2017 (code available at: https://www.pygimli.org/installation.html).
St. Clair, J., Moon, S., Holbrook, W. S., Perron, J. T., Riebe, C. S., Martel, S. J., Carr, B., Harman, C., Singha, K., and Richter, D. D.: Geophysical imaging reveals topographic stress control of bedrock weathering, Science, 350, 534–538, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab2210, 2015.
Uhlemann, S., Dafflon, B., Wainwright, H. M., Williams, K. H., Minsley, B., Zamudio, K., Carr, B., Falco, N., Ulrich, C., and Hubbard, S.: Surface parameters and bedrock properties covary across a mountainous watershed: Insights from machine learning and geophysics, Sci. Adv., 8, eabj2479, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abj2479, 2022.
van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x, 1980.
Weill, S., Delay, F., Pan, Y., and Ackerer, P.: A low-dimensional subsurface model for saturated and unsaturated flow processes: ability to address heterogeneity, Comput. Geosci., 21, 301–314, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-017-9613-8, 2017.
Weill, S., Lesparre, N., Jeannot, B., and Delay, F.: Variability of Water Transit Time Distributions at the Strengbach Catchment (Vosges Mountains, France) Inferred Through Integrated Hydrological Modeling and Particle Tracking Algorithms, Water, 11, 2637, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122637, 2019.
Zhou, H., Gómez-Hernández, J. J., and Li, L.: Inverse methods in hydrogeology: Evolution and recent trends, Adv. Water Resour., 63, 22–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.10.014, 2014.
Short summary
Vertical maps of seismic velocity reflect variations of subsurface porosity. We use such images to design the geometry of subsurface compartments delimited by velocity thresholds. The obtained patterns are inserted into a hydrogeological model to test the influence of random geometries, velocity thresholds, and hydraulic parameters on data estimated from the model: the depth of the groundwater and magnetic resonance sounding is a geophysical method sensitive to subsurface water content.
Vertical maps of seismic velocity reflect variations of subsurface porosity. We use such images...
