Articles | Volume 28, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3633-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3633-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
On the importance of plant phenology in the evaporative process of a semi-arid woodland: could it be why satellite-based evaporation estimates in the miombo differ?
Henry M. Zimba
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Water Resources Section, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, P.O. Box 50595, Mulungushi House, Independence Avenue, Lusaka, Zambia
Miriam Coenders-Gerrits
Water Resources Section, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
Kawawa E. Banda
Integrated Water Resources Management Centre, Department of Geology, School of Mines, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, Lusaka, Zambia
Petra Hulsman
Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Department of Environment, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Nick van de Giesen
Water Resources Section, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
Imasiku A. Nyambe
Integrated Water Resources Management Centre, Department of Geology, School of Mines, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, Lusaka, Zambia
Hubert H. G. Savenije
Water Resources Section, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands
Related authors
Henry Zimba, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Kawawa Banda, Bart Schilperoort, Nick van de Giesen, Imasiku Nyambe, and Hubert H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1695–1722, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Miombo woodland plants continue to lose water even during the driest part of the year. This appears to be facilitated by the adapted features such as deep rooting (beyond 5 m) with access to deep soil moisture, potentially even ground water. It appears the trend and amount of water that the plants lose is correlated more to the available energy. This loss of water in the dry season by miombo woodland plants appears to be incorrectly captured by satellite-based evaporation estimates.
Henry Zimba, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Kawawa Banda, Petra Hulsman, Nick van de Giesen, Imasiku Nyambe, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-114, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-114, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We compare performance of evaporation models in the Luangwa Basin located in a semi-arid and complex Miombo ecosystem in Africa. Miombo plants changes colour, drop off leaves and acquire new leaves during the dry season. In addition, the plant roots go deep in the soil and appear to access groundwater. Results show that evaporation models with structure and process that do not capture this unique plant structure and behaviour appears to have difficulties to correctly estimating evaporation.
Xuan Chen, Job Augustijn van der Werf, Arjan Droste, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 3447–3480, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3447-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The review highlights the need to integrate urban land surface and hydrological models to better predict and manage compound climate events in cities. We find that inadequate representation of water surfaces, hydraulic systems and detailed building representations are key areas for improvement in future models. Coupled models show promise but face challenges at regional and neighbourhood scales. Interdisciplinary communication is crucial to enhance urban hydrometeorological simulations.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, and Remko Uijlenhoet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1128, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1128, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs), part of mobile phone networks, transmit comparable signals as instruments specially designed to estimate evaporation. Therefore, we investigate if CMLs could be used to estimate evaporation, even though they have not been designed for this purpose. Our results illustrate the potential of using CMLs to estimate evaporation, especially given their global coverage, but also outline some major drawbacks, often a consequence of unfavourable design choices for CMLs.
Muhammad Ibrahim, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Ruud van der Ent, and Markus Hrachowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1703–1723, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1703-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1703-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The quantification of precipitation into evaporation and runoff is vital for water resources management. The Budyko framework, based on aridity and evaporative indices of a catchment, can be an ideal tool for that. However, recent research highlights deviations of catchments from the expected evaporative index, casting doubt on its reliability. This study quantifies deviations of 2387 catchments, finding them minor and predictable. Integrating these into predictions upholds the framework's efficacy.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Oscar K. Hartogensis, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, Bas Walraven, and Remko Uijlenhoet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2974, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2974, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Commercial microwave links (CMLs), part of mobile phone networks, transmit comparable signals as instruments specially designed to estimate evaporation. Therefore, we investigate if CMLs could be used to estimate evaporation, even though they have not been designed for this purpose. Our results illustrate the potential of using CMLs to estimate evaporation, especially given their global coverage, but also outline some major drawbacks, often a consequence of unfavourable design choices for CMLs.
Jerom P. M. Aerts, Jannis M. Hoch, Gemma Coxon, Nick C. van de Giesen, and Rolf W. Hut
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5011–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5011-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5011-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For users of hydrological models, model suitability often hinges on how well simulated outputs match observed discharge. This study highlights the importance of including discharge observation uncertainty in hydrological model performance assessment. We highlight the need to account for this uncertainty in model comparisons and introduce a practical method suitable for any observational time series with available uncertainty estimates.
Hongkai Gao, Markus Hrachowitz, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Fabrizio Fenicia, Qiaojuan Xi, Jianyang Xia, Wei Shao, Ge Sun, and Hubert H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4477–4499, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4477-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4477-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The concept of the root zone is widely used but lacks a precise definition. Its importance in Earth system science is not well elaborated upon. Here, we clarified its definition with several similar terms to bridge the multi-disciplinary gap. We underscore the key role of the root zone in the Earth system, which links the biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and anthroposphere. To better represent the root zone, we advocate for a paradigm shift towards ecosystem-centred modelling.
Luuk D. van der Valk, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Rolf W. Hut, Aart Overeem, Bas Walraven, and Remko Uijlenhoet
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 17, 2811–2832, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-17-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Microwave links, often part of mobile phone networks, can be used to measure rainfall along the link path by determining the signal loss caused by rainfall. We use high-frequency data of multiple microwave links to recreate commonly used sampling strategies. For time intervals up to 1 min, the influence of sampling strategies on estimated rainfall intensities is relatively little, while for intervals longer than 5–15 min, the sampling strategy can have significant influences on the estimates.
Bart Schilperoort, César Jiménez Rodríguez, Bas van de Wiel, and Miriam Coenders-Gerrits
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13, 85–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-85-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-85-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Heat storage in the soil is difficult to measure due to vertical heterogeneity. To improve measurements, we designed a 3D-printed probe that uses fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing to measure a vertical profile of soil temperature. We validated the temperature measurements against standard instrumentation. With the high-resolution data we were able to determine the thermal diffusivity of the soil at a resolution of 2.5 cm, which is much higher compared to traditional methods.
Hubert H. G. Savenije
Proc. IAHS, 385, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-385-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-385-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrology is the bloodstream of the Earth, acting as a living organism, with the ecosystem as its active agent. The ecosystem optimises its survival within the constraints of energy, water, climate and nutrients. It is capable of adjusting the hydrological system and, through evolution, adjust its efficiency of carbon sequestration and moisture uptake. In trying to understand future functioning of hydrology, we have to take into account the adaptability of the ecosystem.
Jiaxing Liang, Hongkai Gao, Fabrizio Fenicia, Qiaojuan Xi, Yahui Wang, and Hubert H. G. Savenije
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-550, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-550, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
The root zone storage capacity (Sumax) is a key element in hydrology and land-atmospheric interaction. In this study, we utilized a hydrological model and a dynamic parameter identification method, to quantify the temporal trends of Sumax for 497 catchments in the USA. We found that 423 catchments (85 %) showed increasing Sumax, which averagely increased from 178 to 235 mm between 1980 and 2014. The increasing trend was also validated by multi-sources data and independent methods.
Dominik Rains, Isabel Trigo, Emanuel Dutra, Sofia Ermida, Darren Ghent, Petra Hulsman, Jose Gómez-Dans, and Diego G. Miralles
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 567–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-567-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-567-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface temperature and surface net radiation are vital inputs for many land surface and hydrological models. However, current remote sensing datasets of these variables come mostly at coarse resolutions, and the few high-resolution datasets available have large gaps due to cloud cover. Here, we present a continuous daily product for both variables across Europe for 2018–2019 obtained by combining observations from geostationary as well as polar-orbiting satellites.
Jessica A. Eisma, Gerrit Schoups, Jeffrey C. Davids, and Nick van de Giesen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3565–3579, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3565-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3565-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Citizen scientists often submit high-quality data, but a robust method for assessing data quality is needed. This study develops a semi-automated program that characterizes the mistakes made by citizen scientists by grouping them into communities of citizen scientists with similar mistake tendencies and flags potentially erroneous data for further review. This work may help citizen science programs assess the quality of their data and can inform training practices.
Hubert T. Samboko, Sten Schurer, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Hodson Makurira, Kawawa Banda, and Hessel Winsemius
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 12, 155–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-155-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-12-155-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates how low-cost technology can be applied in data-scarce catchments to improve water resource management. More specifically, we investigate how drone technology can be combined with low-cost real-time kinematic positioning (RTK) global navigation satellite system (GNSS) equipment and subsequently applied to a 3D hydraulic model so as to generate more physically based rating curves.
Hongkai Gao, Fabrizio Fenicia, and Hubert H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2607–2620, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2607-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2607-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is a deeply rooted perception that soil is key in hydrology. In this paper, we argue that it is the ecosystem, not the soil, that is in control of hydrology. Firstly, in nature, the dominant flow mechanism is preferential, which is not particularly related to soil properties. Secondly, the ecosystem, not the soil, determines the land–surface water balance and hydrological processes. Moving from a soil- to ecosystem-centred perspective allows more realistic and simpler hydrological models.
Nutchanart Sriwongsitanon, Wasana Jandang, James Williams, Thienchart Suwawong, Ekkarin Maekan, and Hubert H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2149–2171, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2149-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2149-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed predictive semi-distributed rainfall–runoff models for nested sub-catchments in the upper Ping basin, which yielded better or similar performance compared to calibrated lumped models. The normalised difference infrared index proves to be an effective proxy for distributed root zone moisture capacity over sub-catchments and is well correlated with the percentage of evergreen forest. In validation, soil moisture simulations appeared to be highly correlated with the soil wetness index.
Henry Zimba, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Kawawa Banda, Bart Schilperoort, Nick van de Giesen, Imasiku Nyambe, and Hubert H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1695–1722, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Miombo woodland plants continue to lose water even during the driest part of the year. This appears to be facilitated by the adapted features such as deep rooting (beyond 5 m) with access to deep soil moisture, potentially even ground water. It appears the trend and amount of water that the plants lose is correlated more to the available energy. This loss of water in the dry season by miombo woodland plants appears to be incorrectly captured by satellite-based evaporation estimates.
Luke N. J. Wedmore, Tess Turner, Juliet Biggs, Jack N. Williams, Henry M. Sichingabula, Christine Kabumbu, and Kawawa Banda
Solid Earth, 13, 1731–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1731-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping and compiling the attributes of faults capable of hosting earthquakes are important for the next generation of seismic hazard assessment. We document 18 active faults in the Luangwa Rift, Zambia, in an active fault database. These faults are between 9 and 207 km long offset Quaternary sediments, have scarps up to ~30 m high, and are capable of hosting earthquakes from Mw 5.8 to 8.1. We associate the Molaza Fault with surface ruptures from two unattributed M 6+ 20th century earthquakes.
Jerom P. M. Aerts, Rolf W. Hut, Nick C. van de Giesen, Niels Drost, Willem J. van Verseveld, Albrecht H. Weerts, and Pieter Hazenberg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4407–4430, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4407-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4407-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years gridded hydrological modelling moved into the realm of hyper-resolution modelling (<10 km). In this study, we investigate the effect of varying grid-cell sizes for the wflow_sbm hydrological model. We used a large sample of basins from the CAMELS data set to test the effect that varying grid-cell sizes has on the simulation of streamflow at the basin outlet. Results show that there is no single best grid-cell size for modelling streamflow throughout the domain.
Hongkai Gao, Chuntan Han, Rensheng Chen, Zijing Feng, Kang Wang, Fabrizio Fenicia, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4187–4208, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Frozen soil hydrology is one of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH). In this study, we developed a novel conceptual frozen soil hydrological model, FLEX-Topo-FS. The model successfully reproduced the soil freeze–thaw process, and its impacts on hydrologic connectivity, runoff generation, and groundwater. We believe this study is a breakthrough for the 23 UPH, giving us new insights on frozen soil hydrology, with broad implications for predicting cold region hydrology in future.
Rolf Hut, Niels Drost, Nick van de Giesen, Ben van Werkhoven, Banafsheh Abdollahi, Jerom Aerts, Thomas Albers, Fakhereh Alidoost, Bouwe Andela, Jaro Camphuijsen, Yifat Dzigan, Ronald van Haren, Eric Hutton, Peter Kalverla, Maarten van Meersbergen, Gijs van den Oord, Inti Pelupessy, Stef Smeets, Stefan Verhoeven, Martine de Vos, and Berend Weel
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 5371–5390, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5371-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-5371-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
With the eWaterCycle platform, we are providing the hydrological community with a platform to conduct their research that is fully compatible with the principles of both open science and FAIR science. The eWatercyle platform gives easy access to well-known hydrological models, big datasets and example experiments. Using eWaterCycle hydrologists can easily compare the results from different models, couple models and do more complex hydrological computational research.
Henry Zimba, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Kawawa Banda, Petra Hulsman, Nick van de Giesen, Imasiku Nyambe, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-114, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-114, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We compare performance of evaporation models in the Luangwa Basin located in a semi-arid and complex Miombo ecosystem in Africa. Miombo plants changes colour, drop off leaves and acquire new leaves during the dry season. In addition, the plant roots go deep in the soil and appear to access groundwater. Results show that evaporation models with structure and process that do not capture this unique plant structure and behaviour appears to have difficulties to correctly estimating evaporation.
Lívia M. P. Rosalem, Miriam Coenders-Gerritis, Jamil A. A. Anache, Seyed M. M. Sadeghi, and Edson Wendland
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-59, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-59, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We monitored the interception process on an undisturbed savanna forest and applied two interception models to evaluate their performance at different time scales and study their seasonal response. As results, both models performed well at a monthly scale and could represent the seasonal trends observed. However, they presented some limitations to predict the evaporative processes on a daily basis.
Laurène J. E. Bouaziz, Emma E. Aalbers, Albrecht H. Weerts, Mark Hegnauer, Hendrik Buiteveld, Rita Lammersen, Jasper Stam, Eric Sprokkereef, Hubert H. G. Savenije, and Markus Hrachowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1295–1318, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1295-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1295-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Assuming stationarity of hydrological systems is no longer appropriate when considering land use and climate change. We tested the sensitivity of hydrological predictions to changes in model parameters that reflect ecosystem adaptation to climate and potential land use change. We estimated a 34 % increase in the root zone storage parameter under +2 K global warming, resulting in up to 15 % less streamflow in autumn, due to 14 % higher summer evaporation, compared to a stationary system.
Paul C. Vermunt, Susan C. Steele-Dunne, Saeed Khabbazan, Jasmeet Judge, and Nick C. van de Giesen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1223–1241, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1223-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1223-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the use of hydrometeorological sensors to reconstruct variations in internal vegetation water content of corn and relates these variations to the sub-daily behaviour of polarimetric L-band backscatter. The results show significant sensitivity of backscatter to the daily cycles of vegetation water content and dew, particularly on dry days and for vertical and cross-polarizations, which demonstrates the potential for using radar for studies on vegetation water dynamics.
Hubert T. Samboko, Sten Schurer, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Hodson Makurira, Kawawa Banda, and Hessel Winsemius
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The study was conducted along the Luangwa River in Zambia. It combines low-cost instruments such as UAVs and GPS kits to collect data for the purposes of water management. A novel technique which seamlessly merges the dry and wet bathymetry before application in a hydraulic model was applied. Successful implementation resulted in water authorities with small budgets being able to monitor flows safely and efficiently without significant compromise on accuracy.
Vassilis Aschonitis, Dimos Touloumidis, Marie-Claire ten Veldhuis, and Miriam Coenders-Gerrits
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 163–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides a global database of correction coefficients for improving the performance of the temperature-based Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration formula and aridity indices (e.g., UNEP, Thornthwaite) that make use of this formula. The coefficients were produced using as a benchmark the ASCE-standardized reference evapotranspiration formula (formerly FAO-56) that requires temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and relative humidity data.
Wouter Dorigo, Irene Himmelbauer, Daniel Aberer, Lukas Schremmer, Ivana Petrakovic, Luca Zappa, Wolfgang Preimesberger, Angelika Xaver, Frank Annor, Jonas Ardö, Dennis Baldocchi, Marco Bitelli, Günter Blöschl, Heye Bogena, Luca Brocca, Jean-Christophe Calvet, J. Julio Camarero, Giorgio Capello, Minha Choi, Michael C. Cosh, Nick van de Giesen, Istvan Hajdu, Jaakko Ikonen, Karsten H. Jensen, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Ileen de Kat, Gottfried Kirchengast, Pankaj Kumar Rai, Jenni Kyrouac, Kristine Larson, Suxia Liu, Alexander Loew, Mahta Moghaddam, José Martínez Fernández, Cristian Mattar Bader, Renato Morbidelli, Jan P. Musial, Elise Osenga, Michael A. Palecki, Thierry Pellarin, George P. Petropoulos, Isabella Pfeil, Jarrett Powers, Alan Robock, Christoph Rüdiger, Udo Rummel, Michael Strobel, Zhongbo Su, Ryan Sullivan, Torbern Tagesson, Andrej Varlagin, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Jeffrey Walker, Jun Wen, Fred Wenger, Jean Pierre Wigneron, Mel Woods, Kun Yang, Yijian Zeng, Xiang Zhang, Marek Zreda, Stephan Dietrich, Alexander Gruber, Peter van Oevelen, Wolfgang Wagner, Klaus Scipal, Matthias Drusch, and Roberto Sabia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5749–5804, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) is a community-based open-access data portal for soil water measurements taken at the ground and is accessible at https://ismn.earth. Over 1000 scientific publications and thousands of users have made use of the ISMN. The scope of this paper is to inform readers about the data and functionality of the ISMN and to provide a review of the scientific progress facilitated through the ISMN with the scope to shape future research and operations.
Markus Hrachowitz, Michael Stockinger, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Ruud van der Ent, Heye Bogena, Andreas Lücke, and Christine Stumpp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4887–4915, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4887-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4887-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Deforestation affects how catchments store and release water. Here we found that deforestation in the study catchment led to a 20 % increase in mean runoff, while reducing the vegetation-accessible water storage from about 258 to 101 mm. As a consequence, fractions of young water in the stream increased by up to 25 % during wet periods. This implies that water and solutes are more rapidly routed to the stream, which can, after contamination, lead to increased contaminant peak concentrations.
Didier de Villiers, Marc Schleiss, Marie-Claire ten Veldhuis, Rolf Hut, and Nick van de Giesen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 5607–5623, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ground-based rainfall observations across the African continent are sparse. We present a new and inexpensive rainfall measuring instrument (the intervalometer) and use it to derive reasonably accurate rainfall rates. These are dependent on a fundamental assumption that is widely used in parameterisations of the rain drop size distribution. This assumption is tested and found to not apply for most raindrops but is still useful in deriving rainfall rates. The intervalometer shows good potential.
Hongkai Gao, Chuntan Han, Rensheng Chen, Zijing Feng, Kang Wang, Fabrizio Fenicia, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-264, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-264, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost hydrology is one of the 23 major unsolved problems in hydrology. In this study, we used a stepwise modeling and dynamic parameter method to examine the impact of permafrost on streamflow in the Hulu catchment in western China. We found that: topography and landscape are dominant controls on catchment response; baseflow recession is slower than other regions; precipitation-runoff relationship is non-stationary; permafrost impacts on streamflow mostly at the beginning of melting season.
Laurène J. E. Bouaziz, Fabrizio Fenicia, Guillaume Thirel, Tanja de Boer-Euser, Joost Buitink, Claudia C. Brauer, Jan De Niel, Benjamin J. Dewals, Gilles Drogue, Benjamin Grelier, Lieke A. Melsen, Sotirios Moustakas, Jiri Nossent, Fernando Pereira, Eric Sprokkereef, Jasper Stam, Albrecht H. Weerts, Patrick Willems, Hubert H. G. Savenije, and Markus Hrachowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1069–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1069-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1069-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the differences in internal states and fluxes of 12 process-based models with similar streamflow performance and assess their plausibility using remotely sensed estimates of evaporation, snow cover, soil moisture and total storage anomalies. The dissimilarities in internal process representation imply that these models cannot all simultaneously be close to reality. Therefore, we invite modelers to evaluate their models using multiple variables and to rely on multi-model studies.
Petra Hulsman, Hubert H. G. Savenije, and Markus Hrachowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 957–982, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-957-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-957-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite observations have increasingly been used for model calibration, while model structural developments largely rely on discharge data. For large river basins, this often results in poor representations of system internal processes. This study explores the combined use of satellite-based evaporation and total water storage data for model structural improvement and spatial–temporal model calibration for a large, semi-arid and data-scarce river system.
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Bart Schilperoort, Adriana del Pilar González-Angarita, and Hubert Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 619–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-619-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-619-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During rainfall events, evaporation from tropical forests is usually ignored. However, the water retained in the canopy during rainfall increases the evaporation despite the high-humidity conditions. In a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica, it was possible to depict vapor plumes rising from the forest canopy during rainfall. These plumes are evidence of forest evaporation. Also, we identified the conditions that allowed this phenomenon to happen using time-lapse videos and meteorological data.
Bart Schilperoort, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, César Jiménez Rodríguez, Christiaan van der Tol, Bas van de Wiel, and Hubert Savenije
Biogeosciences, 17, 6423–6439, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6423-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6423-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With distributed temperature sensing (DTS) we measured a vertical temperature profile in a forest, from the forest floor to above the treetops. Using this temperature profile we can see which parts of the forest canopy are colder (thus more dense) or warmer (and less dense) and study the effect this has on the suppression of turbulent mixing. This can be used to improve our knowledge of the interaction between the atmosphere and forests and improve carbon dioxide flux measurements over forests.
Moctar Dembélé, Bettina Schaefli, Nick van de Giesen, and Grégoire Mariéthoz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5379–5406, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5379-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5379-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates 102 combinations of rainfall and temperature datasets from satellite and reanalysis sources as input to a fully distributed hydrological model. The model is recalibrated for each input dataset, and the outputs are evaluated with streamflow, evaporation, soil moisture and terrestrial water storage data. Results show that no single rainfall or temperature dataset consistently ranks first in reproducing the spatio-temporal variability of all hydrological processes.
Justus G. V. van Ramshorst, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Bart Schilperoort, Bas J. H. van de Wiel, Jonathan G. Izett, John S. Selker, Chad W. Higgins, Hubert H. G. Savenije, and Nick C. van de Giesen
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 5423–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5423-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-5423-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present experimental results of a novel actively heated fiber-optic (AHFO) observational wind-probing technique. We utilized a controlled wind-tunnel setup to assess both the accuracy and precision of AHFO under a range of operational conditions (wind speed, angles of attack and temperature differences). AHFO has the potential to provide high-resolution distributed observations of wind speeds, allowing for better spatial characterization of fine-scale processes.
D. Alex R. Gordon, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Brent A. Sellers, S. M. Moein Sadeghi, and John T. Van Stan II
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4587–4599, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4587-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4587-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Where plants exist, rain must pass through canopies to reach soils. We studied how rain interacts with dogfennel – a highly problematic weed that is abundant in pastures, grasslands, rangelands, urban forests and along highways. Dogfennels evaporated large portions (approx. one-fifth) of rain and drained significant (at times > 25 %) rain (and dew) down their stems to their roots (via stemflow). This may explain how dogfennel survives and even invades managed landscapes during extended droughts.
Cited articles
Abatzoglou, J. T., Dobrowski, S. Z., Parks, S. A., and Hegewisch, K. C.: TerraClimate, Northwest Knowledge Network [data set], https://doi.org/10.7923/G43J3B0R, 2017.
Abatzoglou, J. T., Dobrowski, S. Z., Parks, S. A., and Hegewisch, K. C.: TerraClimate, a high-resolution global dataset of monthly climate and climatic water balance from 1958–2015, Sci. Data, 5, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.191, 2018.
Alexandre, P. J.: Le bilan de l'eau dans le miombo (forêt claire tropicale), Bulletin de la Société géographique de Liège, 13, 107–126, 1997.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M.: FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 – Crop Evapotranspiration, FAO, Rome, 326 pp., http://www.climasouth.eu/sites/default/files/FAO 56.pdf (last access: 20 June, 2022), 1998.
Asadullah, A., McIntyre, N., and Kigobe, M.: Evaluation of five satellite products for estimation of rainfall over Uganda, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 53, 1137–1150, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.6.1137, 2008.
Auzmendi, I., Mata, M., Lopez, G., Girona, J., and Marsal, J.: Intercepted radiation by apple canopy can be used as a basis for irrigation scheduling, Agr. Water Manage., 98, 886–892, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.01.001, 2011.
Beck, H. E., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Levizzani, V., Schellekens, J., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., and de Roo, A.: MSWEP: 3-hourly 0.25° global gridded precipitation (1979–2015) by merging gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 589–615, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-589-2017, 2017.
Beilfuss, R.: A Risky Climate for Southern African Hydro assessing hydrological risks and A Risky Climate for Southern African Hydro, International Rivers, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30193.48486, 2012.
Biggs, T., Petropoulos, G. P., Velpuri, N. M., Marshall, M., Edward, G. P., Nagler, P., and Messina, A.: Remote Sensing of Evapotranspiration from Croplands, Remote Sensing of Water Resources, Disasters, and Urban Studies, 1st Edition, 59–99, https://doi.org/10.1201/b19321, 2015.
Bogawski, P. and Bednorz, E.: Comparison and Validation of Selected Evapotranspiration Models for Conditions in Poland (Central Europe), Water Resour. Manag., 28, 5021–5038, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0787-8, 2014.
Bonnesoeur, V., Locatelli, B., Guariguata, M. R., Ochoa-Tocachi, B. F., Vanacker, V., Mao, Z., Stokes, A., and Mathez-Stiefel, S. L.: Impacts of forests and forestation on hydrological services in the Andes: A systematic review, Forest Ecol. Manag., 433, 569–584, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.033, 2019.
Bonsor, H. C. and Macdonald, A. M.: An initial estimate of depth to groundwater across Africa, British Geological Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Open Report, OR/11/067, 1–26, https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/17907/1/OR11067.pdf (last access: 30 October, 2022), 2011.
Briuinger, D. R., Krishnaiah, P. R., and Cleveland, W. S.: Seasonal and Calendar Adjustment, Handbook of Statistics, 3, 39–72, 1983.
Brust, C., Kimball, J. S., Maneta, M. P., Jencso, K., He, M., and Reichle, R. H.: Using SMAP Level-4 soil moisture to constrain MOD16 evapotranspiration over the contiguous USA, Remote Sens. Environ., 255, 112277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112277, 2021.
Buchhorn, M., Bertels, L., Smets, B., De Roo, B., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N. E., Masiliunas, D., and Linlin, L.: Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100 m: Version 3 Globe 2015–2019: Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, Zenodo, Geneve, Switzerland, September 2020, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938968, 2020a.
Buchhorn, M., Bertels, L., Smets, B., De Roo, B., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N. E., Masiliunas, D., and Linlin, L.: European Commission Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, Land Cover 2015–2019 (raster 100 m), global, annual – version 3 [data set], https://land.copernicus.vgt.vito.be/geonetwork/srv/api/records/clms_global_lcc_100m_v3_yearly (last accessed: 20 December, 2022), 2020b.
Campbell, B., Frost, P., and Byron, N.: Miombo woodlands and their use: overview and key issues, in: The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa, edited by: Campbell, B., Centre for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia, 1–10, ISBN 979-8764-07-2, 1996.
Cheng, M., Jiao, X., Li, B., Yu, X., Shao, M., and Jin, X.: Long time series of daily evapotranspiration in China based on the SEBAL model and multisource images and validation, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3995–4017, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3995-2021, 2021.
Chidumayo, E. N.: Phenology and nutrition of miombo woodland trees in Zambia, Trees, 9, 67–72, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00202124, 1994.
Chidumayo, E. N.: Climate and Phenology of Savanna Vegetation in Southern Africa, J. Veg. Sci., 12, 347, https://doi.org/10.2307/3236848, 2001.
Chidumayo, E. N. and Gumbo, D.J. (Eds.): The dry forests and woodlands of Africa: managing for products and services, The Earthscan Forest Library London, UK, Earthscan, 288 pp., ISBN: 978-1-84971-131-9, 2010.
Cleland, E. E., Chuine, I., Menzel, A., Mooney, H. A., and Schwartz, M. D.: Shifting plant phenology in response to global change, Trends Ecol. Evol., 22, 357–365, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.04.003, 2007.
Ernst, W. and Walker, B. H.: Studies on the Hydrature of Trees in Miombo Woodland in South Central Africa, J. Ecol., 61, 667–673, https://doi.org/10.2307/2258642, 1973.
Fan, Y., Miguez-Macho, G., Jobbágy, E. G., Jackson, R. B., and Otero-Casal, C.: Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10572–10577, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712381114, 2017.
FAO: WaPOR Database methodology: version 2 release, https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d3db4794-fb5b-444c-9b3a-c5fb154c5f9f/content, (last access: 20 December, 2022), 91 pp., 2020.
FAO: WaPOR data, FAO's WaPOR portal [data set], https://data.apps.fao.org/, last access: 20 December 2022.
Forrest, J. and Miller-Rushing, A. J.: Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 365, 3101–3112, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0145, 2010.
Forrest, J., Inouye, D. W., and Thomson, J. D.: Flowering phenology in subalpine meadows: Does climate variation influence community co-flowering patterns?, Ecology, 91, 431–440, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-0099.1, 2010.
Forster, M. A., Kim, T. D. H., Kunz, S., Abuseif, M., Chulliparambil, V. R., Srichandra, J., and Michael, R. N.: Phenology and canopy conductance limit the accuracy of 20 evapotranspiration models in predicting transpiration, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 315, 108824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108824, 2022.
Frost, P.: The Ecology of MiomboWoodlands, edited by: Campbell, B., Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia, 11–55 pp., ISBN 979-8764-07-2, 1996.
Fuller, D. O.: Canopy phenology of some mopane and miombo woodlands in eastern Zambia, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 8, 199–209, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00130.x, 1999.
Fuller, D. O. and Prince, S. D.: Rainfall and foliar dynamics in tropical southern Africa: Potential impacts of global climatic change on Savanna vegetation, Clim. Change, 33, 69–96, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00140514, 1996.
Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., Husak, G., Rowland, J., Harrison, L., Hoell, A., and Michaelsen, J.: The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations – A new environmental record for monitoring extremes, Sci. Data, 2, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.66, 2015a.
Funk, C., Peterson, P., Landsfeld, M., Pedreros, D., Verdin, J., Shukla, S., Husak, G., Rowland, J., Harrison, L., Hoell, A., and Michaelsen, J.: Climate Hazards Group. The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations [data set], https://doi.org/10.15780/G2RP4Q, 2015b.
García, L., Rodríguez, J. D., Wijnen, M., and Pakulski, I.: Earth Observation for Water Resources Management: Current Use and Future Opportunities for the Water Sector, Washington, DC: World Bank, Washington, DC 20433, https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0475-5, 2016.
Gates, D. M. and Hanks, R. J.: Plant factors affecting evapotranspiration, Irrigation of Agricultural Lands, 11, 506–521, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr11.c28, 2015.
Gerrits, A. M. J.: The role of interception in the ydrological cycle, PhD Thesis, Delft Univeristy of Technology, 146 pp., http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:7dd2523b-2169-4e7e-992c-365d2294d02e (last access: 22 December 2022), 2010.
Ghysels, E., Osborn, D. R., and Rodrigues, P. M. M.: Chapter 13 Forecasting Seasonal Time Series, Handbook of Economic Forecasting, 1, 659–711, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0706(05)01013-X, 2006.
Gokmen, M., Vekerdy, Z., Verhoef, A., Verhoef, W., Batelaan, O., and van der Tol, C.: Integration of soil moisture in SEBS for improving evapotranspiration estimation under water stress conditions, Remote Sens. Environ., 121, 261–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.02.003, 2012.
Gray, J., Sulla-Menashe, D., and Friedl, M. A.: MODIS Land Cover Dynamics (MCD12Q2) Product, User Guide Collection 6, 1–8, https://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/pdf/MCD12Q2_Collection6_UserGuide.pdf (last access: 22 December 2022), 2019.
Guan, K., Wood, E. F., Medvigy, D., Kimball, John., Pan, Ming., Caylor, K. K., Sheffield, J., Xu, Xiangtao., and Jones, M. O.: Terrestrial hydrological controls on land surface phenology of African savannas and woodlands, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 119, 1652–1669, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002572, 2014.
Han, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Zhu, Y., Jiang, S., and Wang, L.: Effects of different land use types on potential evapotranspiration in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, North China, J. Geogr. Sci., 29, 922–934, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1637-7, 2019.
Helsel, D. R., Hirsch, R. M., Ryberg, K. R., Archfield, S. A., and Gilroy, E. J.: Statistical methods in water resources: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 4, chap. A3, 458 pp., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm4a3, 2020.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P., Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., De Chiara, G., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D., Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková, M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., de Rosnay, P., Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5 global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hulsman, P., Winsemius, H. C., Michailovsky, C. I., Savenije, H. H. G., and Hrachowitz, M.: Using altimetry observations combined with GRACE to select parameter sets of a hydrological model in a data-scarce region, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3331–3359, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3331-2020, 2020.
Hulsman, P., Hrachowitz, M., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Improving the Representation of Long-Term Storage Variations With Conceptual Hydrological Models in Data-Scarce Regions, Water Resour. Res., 57, 1–31, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028837, 2021.
Jia, Q. and Wang, Y. P.: Relationships between leaf area index and evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of hilly apple orchard in the loess Plateau, Water (Switzerland), 13, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141957, 2021.
Jeffers, J. N. R. and Boaler, S. B.: Ecology of a Miombo site, Lupa North Forest Reserve, Tanzania I. weather and plant growth, 1962–64, J. Ecol., 54, 447–463, https://doi.org/10.2307/2257961, 1966.
Jiménez, C., Prigent, C., and Aires, F.: Toward an estimation of global land surface heat fluxes from multisatellite observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 114, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011392, 2009.
Jiménez, C., Prigent, C., Mueller, B., Seneviratne, S. I., McCabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Rossow, W. B., Balsamo, G., Betts, A. K., Dirmeyer, P. A., Fisher, J. B., Jung, M., Kanamitsu, M., Reichle, R. H., Reichstein, M., Rodell, M., Sheffield, J., Tu, K., and Wang, K.: Global intercomparison of 12 land surface heat flux estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 116, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014545, 2011.
Kleidon, A. and Heimann, M.: A method of determining rooting depth from a terrestrial biosphere model and its impacts on the global water and carbon cycle, Glob. Change Biol., 4, 275–286, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00152.x, 1998.
Kleine, L., Tetzlaff, D., Smith, A., Dubbert, M., and Soulsby, C.: Modelling ecohydrological feedbacks in forest and grassland plots under a prolonged drought anomaly in Central Europe 2018–2020, Hydrol. Process., 35, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14325, 2021.
Kramer, K., Leinonen, I., and Loustau, D.: The importance of phenology for the evaluation of impact of climate change on growth of boreal, temperate and Mediterranean forests ecosystems: an overview, Springer Link, Int. J. Biometeorol., 44, 67–75, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840000066, 2000.
Leroux, L., Jolivot, A., Bégué, A., Lo Seen, D., and Zoungrana, B.: How reliable is the MODIS land cover product for crop mapping Sub-Saharan agricultural landscapes?, Remote Sens. (Basel), 6, 8541–8564, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6098541, 2014.
Liu, M. and Hu, D.: Response of Wetland Evapotranspiration to Land Use/Cover Change and Climate Change in Liaohe River Delta, China, Water-SUI, 11, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050955, 2019.
Liu, W., Wang, L., Zhou, J., Li, Y., Sun, F., Fu, G., Li, X., and Sang, Y. F.: A worldwide evaluation of basin-scale evapotranspiration estimates against the water balance method, J. Hydrol., 538, 82–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.006, 2016.
Liu, X., Chen, F., Barlage, M., and Niyogi, D.: Implementing Dynamic Rooting Depth for Improved Simulation of Soil Moisture and Land Surface Feedbacks in Noah-MP-Crop, J. Adv. Model Earth Sy., 12, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001786, 2020.
Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Yu, P., Xu, L., and Yu, S.: Environmental and canopy conditions regulate the forest floor evapotranspiration of larch plantations, For. Ecosyst., 9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100058, 2022.
Lu, P., Yu, Q., Liu, J., and Lee, X.: Advance of tree-flowering dates in response to urban climate change, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 138, 120–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.04.002, 2006.
Macharia, D., Fankhauser, K., Selker, J. S., Neff, J. C., and Thomas, E. A.: Validation and Intercomparison of Satellite-Based Rainfall Products over Africa with TAHMO In Situ Rainfall Observations, J. Hydrometeorol., 23, 1131–1154, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-21-0161.1, 2022.
Makapela, L.: Review and use of earth observations and remote sensing in water resource management in South Africa: report to the Water Research Commission, 135 pp., https://www.wrc.org.za/wp-content/uploads/mdocs/KV 329-15.pdf (last access: 20 December, 2022), 2015.
Marchesini, V. A., Fernández, R. J., Reynolds, J. F., Sobrino, J. A., and Di Bella, C. M.: Changes in evapotranspiration and phenology as consequences of shrub removal in dry forests of central Argentina, Ecohydrology, 8, 1304–1311, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1583, 2015.
Martens, B., Miralles, D. G., Lievens, H., van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R. A. M., Fernández-Prieto, D., Beck, H. E., Dorigo, W. A., and Verhoest, N. E. C.: GLEAM v3: satellite-based land evaporation and root-zone soil moisture, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 1903–1925, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1903-2017, 2017.
Martins, J. P., Trigo, I., and de Freitas, S. C.: Copernicus Global Land Operations “Vegetation and Energy” “CGLOPS-1”, Copernicus Glob. L. Oper., 368, 1–93, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz9463, 2020.
Miralles, D. G., De Jeu, R. A. M., Gash, J. H., Holmes, T. R. H., and Dolman, A. J.: Magnitude and variability of land evaporation and its components at the global scale, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 967–981, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-967-2011, 2011.
Miralles, D. G., Brutsaert, W., Dolman, A. J., and Gash, J. H.: On the Use of the Term “Evapotranspiration”, Water Resour. Res., 56, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR028055, 2020.
Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Brooks, T. M., Pilgrim, J. D., Konstant, W. R., Da Fonseca, G. A. B., and Kormos, C.: Wilderness and biodiversity conservation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 10309–10313, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1732458100, 2003.
Mu, Q., Heinsch, F. A., Zhao, M., and Running, S. W.: Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 519–536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.04.015, 2007.
Mu, Q., Zhao, M., and Running, S. W.: Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 1781–1800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019, 2011.
Muñoz Sabater, J.: ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.e2161bac, 2019.
Myneni, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and Park, T.: MODIS/Terra Leaf Area Index/FPAR 8-Day L4 Global 500m SIN Grid V061, USGS [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD15A2H.061, 2021.
NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Space Systems and US/Japan ASTER Science Team: ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, distributed by NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, https://doi.org/10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003, 2019.
Nelson, M., Hill, T., Remus, W., and O'connor, M.: Time Series Forecasting Using Neural Networks: Should the Data be Deseasonalized First?, J. Forecast., 18, 359–367, 1999.
Nord, E. A. and Lynch, J. P.: Plant phenology: A critical controller of soil resource acquisition, J. Exp. Bot., 60, 1927–1937, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp018, 2009.
Novick, K. A., Ficklin, D. L., Stoy, P. C., Williams, C. A., Bohrer, G., Oishi, A. C., Papuga, S. A., Blanken, P. D., Noormets, A., Sulman, B. N., Scott, R. L., Wang, L., and Phillips, R. P.: The increasing importance of atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 1023–1027, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3114, 2016.
ORNL DAAC: MODIS and VIIRS Land Products Global Subsetting and Visualization Tool, Subset obtained for MCD12Q2 product at [−12:76252], [32.48406], time period: [31-12-2020] to [31-12-2021], and subset size: [4]_[4] km, ORNL DAAC [data set], Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, https://modis.ornl.gov/globalsubset/ (last access: 23 December 2022), 2018.
Pelletier, J., Paquette, A., Mbindo, K., Zimba, N., Siampale, A., Chendauka, B., Siangulube, F., and Roberts, J. W.: Carbon sink despite large deforestation in African tropical dry forests (miombo woodlands), Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aadc9a, 2018.
Pereira, C. C., Boaventura, M. G., Cornelissen, T., Nunes, Y. R. F., and de Castro, G. C.: What triggers phenological events in plants under seasonal environments? A study with phylogenetically related plant species in sympatry, Braz. J. Biol., 84, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.257969, 2022.
Pieruschka, R., Huber, G., and Berry, J. A.: Control of transpiration by radiation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 13372–13377, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913177107, 2010.
Roberts, J. M.: The role of forests in the hydrological cycle, in: Forests and forest plants, vol. III, 10 pp., https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c10/E5-03-04-02.pdf, (last access: 20 December, 2022), 2013.
Running, S., Mu, Q., and Zhao, M.: MOD16A2 MODIS/Terra Net Evapotranspiration 8-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006, NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Centre [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD16A2.006, 2017.
Running, S. W., Qiaozhen, M., Zhao, M., and Moreno, A.: User’s Guide MODIS Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration (ET) Product NASA Earth Observing System MODIS Land Algorithm (For Collection 6), https://modis-land.gsfc.nasa.gov/pdf/MOD16UsersGuideV2.022019.pdf (last access: 20 December, 2022), 2019.
Ryan, C. M., Pritchard, R., McNicol, I., Owen, M., Fisher, J. A., and Lehmann, C.: Ecosystem services from southern African woodlands and their future under global change, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 371, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0312, 2016.
Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H. L., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., Kistler, R., Woollen, J., Behringer, D., Liu, H., Stokes, D., Grumbine, R., Gayno, G., Wang, J., Hou, Y. T., Chuang, H. Y., Juang, H. M. H., Sela, J., Iredell, M., Treadon, R., Kleist, D., Van Delst, P., Keyser, D., Derber, J., Ek, M., Meng, J., Wei, H., Yang, R., Lord, S., Van Den Dool, H., Kumar, A., Wang, W., Long, C., Chelliah, M., Xue, Y., Huang, B., Schemm, J. K., Ebisuzaki, W., Lin, R., Xie, P., Chen, M., Zhou, S., Higgins, W., Zou, C. Z., Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Han, Y., Cucurull, L., Reynolds, R. W., Rutledge, G., and Goldberg, M.: The NCEP climate forecast system reanalysis, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 91, 1015–1057, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010BAMS3001.1, 2010a.
Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Pan, H., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., Kistler, R., Woollen, J., Behringer, D., Liu, H., Stokes, D., Grumbine, R., Gayno, G., Wang, J., Hou, Y., Chuang, H., Juang, H. H., Sela, J., Iredell, M., Treadon, R., Kleist, D., Delst, P. V., Keyser, D., Derber, J., Ek, M., Meng, J., Wei, H., Yang, R., Lord, S., van den Dool, H., Kumar, A., Wang, W., Long, C., Chelliah, M., Xue, Y., Huang, B., Schemm, J., Ebisuzaki, W., Lin, R., Xie, P., Chen, M., Zhou, S., Higgins, W., Zou, C., Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Han, Y., Cucurull, L., Reynolds, R. W., Rutledge, G., and Goldberg, M.: NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) Monthly Products, January 1979 to December 2010, Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory [data set], https://doi.org/10.5065/D6DN438J, 2010b.
Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., Behringer, D., Hou, Y. T., Chuang, H. Y., Iredell, M., Ek, M., Meng, J., Yang, R., Mendez, M. P., Van Den Dool, H., Zhang, Q., Wang, W., Chen, M., and Becker, E.: The NCEP climate forecast system version 2, J. Clim., 27, 2185–2208, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00823.1, 2014.
Santin-Janin, H., Garel, M., Chapuis, J. L., and Pontier, D.: Assessing the performance of NDVI as a proxy for plant biomass using non-linear models: A case study on the kerguelen archipelago, Polar Biol., 32, 861–871, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-009-0586-5, 2009.
Savenije, H. H. G.: The importance of interception and why we should delete the term evapotranspiration from our vocabulary, Hydrol. Process., 18, 1507–1511, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5563, 2004.
Savenije, H. H. G.: HESS Opinions “Topography driven conceptual modelling (FLEX-Topo)”, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2681–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2681-2010, 2010.
Savory, B. M.: Rooting habits of important miombo species, Zambia Forestry Department, Ndola, Zambia, Research Bulletin, 6, 1–120, 1963.
Schwartz, M. D.: Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science, 2nd edn., edited by: Schwartz, M. D., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 503–519, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6925-0_27, 2013.
Senay, G. B., Bohms, S., Singh, R. K., Gowda, P. H., Velpuri, N. M., Alemu, H., and Verdin, J. P.: Operational Evapotranspiration Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Weather Datasets: A New Parameterization for the SSEB Approach, J. Am. Water Resour. As., 49, 577–591, https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12057, 2013.
Senay, G., Kagone, S., and Velpuri, N. M.: Operational Global Actual Evapotranspiration using the SSEBop model, U.S. Geological Survey [data set], https://doi.org/10.5066/P9OUVUUI, 2020.
Shahidan, M. F., Salleh, E., and Mustafa, K. M. S.: Effects of tree canopies on solar radiation filtration in a tropical microclimatic environment, Sun, Wind and Architecture – The Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Singapore, PLEA 2007, 400–406, 22–24 November, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224054088_Effects_of_tree_canopies_on_solar_radiation_filtration_in_a_tropical_microclimatic_environment (last access: 20 December, 2022), 2007.
Sheil, D.: Forests, atmospheric water and an uncertain future: the new biology of the global water cycle, For. Ecosyst., 5, 19, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-018-0138-y, 2018.
Snyder, R. L. and Spano, D.: Phenology and Evapotranspiration, in: Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science, edited by: Schwartz, M. D., Milwaukee, 521–528, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-007-6925-0 (last access: 19 December, 2022), 2013.
Stancalie, G. and Nert, A.: Possibilities of Deriving Crop Evapotranspiration from Satellite Data with the Integration with Other Sources of Information, Evapotranspiration – Remote Sensing and Modeling, https://doi.org/10.5772/23635, 2012.
Stckli, R., Rutishauser, T., Baker, I., Liniger, M. A., and Denning, A. S.: A global reanalysis of vegetation phenology, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 116, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JG001545, 2011.
Tian, F., Wigneron, J. P., Ciais, P., Chave, J., Ogée, J., Peñuelas, J., Ræbild, A., Domec, J. C., Tong, X., Brandt, M., Mialon, A., Rodriguez-Fernandez, N., Tagesson, T., Al-Yaari, A., Kerr, Y., Chen, C., Myneni, R. B., Zhang, W., Ardö, J., and Fensholt, R.: Coupling of ecosystem-scale plant water storage and leaf phenology observed by satellite, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 2, 1428–1435, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0630-3, 2018.
Tuzet, A. J.: Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthesis, and Transpiration, Modeling, in: Encyclopedia of Agrophysics. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, edited by: Gliński, J., Horabik, J., and Lipiec, J., Dordrecht, 855–858, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_213, 2011.
Urban, J., Ingwers, M. W., McGuire, M. A., and Teskey, R. O.: Increase in leaf temperature opens stomata and decouples net photosynthesis from stomatal conductance in Pinus taeda and Populus deltoides × nigra, J. Exp. Bot., 68, 1757–1767, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx052, 2017.
Van Der Ent, R. J., Savenije, H. H. G., Schaefli, B., and Steele-Dunne, S. C.: Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents, Water Resour. Res., 46, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009127, 2010.
van der Ent, R. J., Wang-Erlandsson, L., Keys, P. W., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Contrasting roles of interception and transpiration in the hydrological cycle – Part 2: Moisture recycling, Earth Syst. Dynam., 5, 471–489, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-5-471-2014, 2014.
Vermote, E. and Wolfe, R.: MOD09GA MODIS-/Terra Surface Reflectance Daily L2G Global 1 km and 500 m SIN Grid V006, USGS [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD09GA.006, 2015.
Vinya, R., Malhi, Y., Brown, N. D., Fisher, J. B., Brodribb, T., and Aragão, L. E. O. C.: Seasonal changes in plant–water relations influence patterns of leaf display in Miombo woodlands: evidence of water conservative strategies, Tree Physiol., 39, 104–112, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpy062, 2018.
Wang, S., Fu, B. J., Gao, G. Y., Yao, X. L., and Zhou, J.: Soil moisture and evapotranspiration of different land cover types in the Loess Plateau, China, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2883–2892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2883-2012, 2012.
Wang-Erlandsson, L., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Gao, H., Jägermeyr, J., Senay, G. B., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Guerschman, J. P., Keys, P. W., Gordon, L. J., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Global root zone storage capacity from satellite-based evaporation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1459–1481, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1459-2016, 2016.
Weerasinghe, I., Bastiaanssen, W., Mul, M., Jia, L., and van Griensven, A.: Can we trust remote sensing evapotranspiration products over Africa?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1565–1586, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1565-2020, 2020.
Wehr, R., Commane, R., Munger, J. W., McManus, J. B., Nelson, D. D., Zahniser, M. S., Saleska, S. R., and Wofsy, S. C.: Dynamics of canopy stomatal conductance, transpiration, and evaporation in a temperate deciduous forest, validated by carbonyl sulfide uptake, Biogeosciences, 14, 389–401, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-389-2017, 2017.
White, F.: The Vegetation of Africa; a descriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa, UNESCO, Paris, 352 pp., https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000058054 (last access: 20 November 2022), 1983.
World Bank: The Zambezi River Basin: A Multi-Sector Investment Opportunities Analysis, Washington, D.C., http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/938311468202138918/State-of-the-Basin (last access: 10 June, 2022), 2010.
Zhang, K., Kimball, J. S., and Running, S. W.: A review of remote sensing based actual evapotranspiration estimation, WIREs Water, 3, 834–853, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1168, 2016.
Zhang, X., Friedl, M. A., Schaaf, C. B., Strahler, A. H., Hodges, J. C. F., Gao, F., Reed, B. C., and Huete, A.: Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 84, 471–475, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00135-9, 2003.
Zhao, M., Peng, C., Xiang, W., Deng, X., Tian, D., Zhou, X., Yu, G., He, H., and Zhao, Z.: Plant phenological modeling and its application in global climate change research: Overview and future challenges, Environ. Rev., 21, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2012-0036, 2013.
Zimba, H., Coenders, M., Hulsman, P., van de Giesen, N., and Savenije, H. H. G.: ZAMSECUR Project Field Data Mpika, 4TU.Research Data [data set], https://doi.org/10.4121/19372352.V2, 2022.
Zimba, H., Coenders-Gerrits, M., Banda, K., Schilperoort, B., van de Giesen, N., Nyambe, I., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Phenophase-based comparison of field observations to satellite-based actual evaporation estimates of a natural woodland: miombo woodland, southern Africa, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1695–1722, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1695-2023, 2023.
Short summary
The fall and flushing of new leaves in the miombo woodlands co-occur in the dry season before the commencement of seasonal rainfall. The miombo species are also said to have access to soil moisture in deep soils, including groundwater in the dry season. Satellite-based evaporation estimates, temporal trends, and magnitudes differ the most in the dry season, most likely due to inadequate understanding and representation of the highlighted miombo species attributes in simulations.
The fall and flushing of new leaves in the miombo woodlands co-occur in the dry season before...