Articles | Volume 26, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-627-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-627-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
09 Feb 2022
Review article |
| 09 Feb 2022
| 09 Feb 2022
Dynamical forcings in heavy precipitation events over Italy: lessons from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign
Mario Marcello Miglietta
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Padua, 35127, Italy
Silvio Davolio
National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Bologna, 40129, Italy
Related authors
Silvio Davolio, Isacco Sala, Alessandro Comunian, Daniele Mastrangelo, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Lucia Drago Pitura, and Federico Grazzini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3447, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3447, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric rivers, narrow and elongated corridors of intense horizontal moisture transport, may produce heavy precipitation where they are forced to rise over the orography. This has been recently shown to occur also in the Mediterranean basin. The present study analyses the presence of atmospheric rivers in this area, in the period 1961–2024, and reveals a strong connection with extreme rainfall over northern-central Italy.
Kerry Emanuel, Tommaso Alberti, Stella Bourdin, Suzana J. Camargo, Davide Faranda, Manos Flaounas, Juan Jesus Gonzalez-Aleman, Chia-Ying Lee, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Claudia Pasquero, Alice Portal, Hamish Ramsay, and Romualdo Romero
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3387, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3387, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storms strongly resembling hurricanes are sometime observed to form well outside the tropics, even in polar latitudes. They behave capriciously, developing very rapidly and then dying just as quickly. We show that strong dynamical processes in the atmosphere can sometimes cause it to become locally much colder than the underlying ocean, creating the conditions for hurricanes to form, but only over small areas and for short times. We call the resulting storms "cyclops".
Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Elenio Avolio, Carlos Calvo-Sancho, Diego Saul Carrió, Stavros Dafis, Emanuele Silvio Gentile, Juan Jesus Gonzalez-Aleman, Suzanne Gray, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Platon Patlakas, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Didier Ricard, Antonio Ricchi, Claudio Sanchez, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1187–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone Ianos of September 2020 was a high-impact but poorly predicted medicane (Mediterranean hurricane). A community effort of numerical modelling provides robust results to improve prediction. It is found that the representation of local thunderstorms controlled the interaction of Ianos with a jet stream at larger scales and its subsequent evolution. The results help us understand the peculiar dynamics of medicanes and provide guidance for the next generation of weather and climate models.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Stavros Dafis, Silvio Davolio, Davide Faranda, Christian Ferrarin, Katharina Hartmuth, Assaf Hochman, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Samira Khodayar, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Platon Patlakas, Michael Sprenger, and Iris Thurnherr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2809, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm Daniel (2023) is one of the most catastrophic ones ever documented in the Mediterranean. Our results highlight the different dynamics and therefore the different predictability skill of precipitation, its extremes and impacts that have been produced in Greece and Libya, the two most affected countries. Our approach concerns a holistic analysis of the storm by articulating dynamics, weather prediction, hydrological and oceanographic implications, climate extremes and attribution theory.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Leonardo Aragão, Lisa Bernini, Stavros Dafis, Benjamin Doiteau, Helena Flocas, Suzanne L. Gray, Alexia Karwat, John Kouroutzoglou, Piero Lionello, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Claudia Pasquero, Platon Patlakas, María Ángeles Picornell, Federico Porcù, Matthew D. K. Priestley, Marco Reale, Malcolm J. Roberts, Hadas Saaroni, Dor Sandler, Enrico Scoccimarro, Michael Sprenger, and Baruch Ziv
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 639–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone detection and tracking methods (CDTMs) have different approaches in defining and tracking cyclone centers. This leads to disagreements on extratropical cyclone climatologies. We present a new approach that combines tracks from individual CDTMs to produce new composite tracks. These new tracks are shown to correspond to physically meaningful systems with distinctive life stages.
Roberto Ingrosso, Piero Lionello, Mario Marcello Miglietta, and Gianfausto Salvadori
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2443–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tornadoes represent disruptive and dangerous weather events. The prediction of these small-scale phenomena depends on the resolution of present weather forecast and climatic projections. This work discusses the occurrence of tornadoes in terms of atmospheric variables and provides analytical expressions for their conditional probability. These formulas represent a tool for tornado alert systems and for estimating the future evolution of tornado frequency and intensity in climate projections.
Christian Ferrarin, Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Marco Bajo, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Elenio Avolio, Diego S. Carrió, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Claudio Sanchez, Platon Patlakas, Juan Jesús González-Alemán, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2273–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The combined use of meteorological and ocean models enabled the analysis of extreme sea conditions driven by Medicane Ianos, which hit the western coast of Greece on 18 September 2020, flooding and damaging the coast. The large spread associated with the ensemble highlighted the high model uncertainty in simulating such an extreme weather event. The different simulations have been used for outlining hazard scenarios that represent a fundamental component of the coastal risk assessment.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Silvio Davolio, Shira Raveh-Rubin, Florian Pantillon, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Miguel Angel Gaertner, Maria Hatzaki, Victor Homar, Samira Khodayar, Gerasimos Korres, Vassiliki Kotroni, Jonilda Kushta, Marco Reale, and Didier Ricard
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 173–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This is a collective effort to describe the state of the art in Mediterranean cyclone dynamics, climatology, prediction (weather and climate scales) and impacts. More than that, the paper focuses on the future directions of research that would advance the broader field of Mediterranean cyclones as a whole. Thereby, we propose interdisciplinary cooperation and additional modelling and forecasting strategies, and we highlight the need for new impact-oriented approaches to climate prediction.
Silvio Davolio, Isacco Sala, Alessandro Comunian, Daniele Mastrangelo, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Lucia Drago Pitura, and Federico Grazzini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3447, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3447, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Atmospheric rivers, narrow and elongated corridors of intense horizontal moisture transport, may produce heavy precipitation where they are forced to rise over the orography. This has been recently shown to occur also in the Mediterranean basin. The present study analyses the presence of atmospheric rivers in this area, in the period 1961–2024, and reveals a strong connection with extreme rainfall over northern-central Italy.
Kerry Emanuel, Tommaso Alberti, Stella Bourdin, Suzana J. Camargo, Davide Faranda, Manos Flaounas, Juan Jesus Gonzalez-Aleman, Chia-Ying Lee, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Claudia Pasquero, Alice Portal, Hamish Ramsay, and Romualdo Romero
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3387, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3387, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storms strongly resembling hurricanes are sometime observed to form well outside the tropics, even in polar latitudes. They behave capriciously, developing very rapidly and then dying just as quickly. We show that strong dynamical processes in the atmosphere can sometimes cause it to become locally much colder than the underlying ocean, creating the conditions for hurricanes to form, but only over small areas and for short times. We call the resulting storms "cyclops".
Claudio Sánchez, Suzanne Gray, Ambrogio Volonté, Florian Pantillon, Ségolène Berthou, and Silvio Davolio
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1429–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1429-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1429-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Medicane Ianos was a very intense cyclone that led to harmful impacts over Greece. We explore what processes are important for the forecasting of Medicane Ianos, with the use of the Met Office weather model. There was a preceding precipitation event before Ianos’s birth, whose energetics generated a bubble in the tropopause. This bubble created the necessary conditions for Ianos to emerge and strengthen, and the processes are enhanced in simulations with a warmer Mediterranean Sea.
Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Elenio Avolio, Carlos Calvo-Sancho, Diego Saul Carrió, Stavros Dafis, Emanuele Silvio Gentile, Juan Jesus Gonzalez-Aleman, Suzanne Gray, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Platon Patlakas, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Didier Ricard, Antonio Ricchi, Claudio Sanchez, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Weather Clim. Dynam., 5, 1187–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-5-1187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone Ianos of September 2020 was a high-impact but poorly predicted medicane (Mediterranean hurricane). A community effort of numerical modelling provides robust results to improve prediction. It is found that the representation of local thunderstorms controlled the interaction of Ianos with a jet stream at larger scales and its subsequent evolution. The results help us understand the peculiar dynamics of medicanes and provide guidance for the next generation of weather and climate models.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Stavros Dafis, Silvio Davolio, Davide Faranda, Christian Ferrarin, Katharina Hartmuth, Assaf Hochman, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Samira Khodayar, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Platon Patlakas, Michael Sprenger, and Iris Thurnherr
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2809, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Storm Daniel (2023) is one of the most catastrophic ones ever documented in the Mediterranean. Our results highlight the different dynamics and therefore the different predictability skill of precipitation, its extremes and impacts that have been produced in Greece and Libya, the two most affected countries. Our approach concerns a holistic analysis of the storm by articulating dynamics, weather prediction, hydrological and oceanographic implications, climate extremes and attribution theory.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Leonardo Aragão, Lisa Bernini, Stavros Dafis, Benjamin Doiteau, Helena Flocas, Suzanne L. Gray, Alexia Karwat, John Kouroutzoglou, Piero Lionello, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Florian Pantillon, Claudia Pasquero, Platon Patlakas, María Ángeles Picornell, Federico Porcù, Matthew D. K. Priestley, Marco Reale, Malcolm J. Roberts, Hadas Saaroni, Dor Sandler, Enrico Scoccimarro, Michael Sprenger, and Baruch Ziv
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 639–661, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cyclone detection and tracking methods (CDTMs) have different approaches in defining and tracking cyclone centers. This leads to disagreements on extratropical cyclone climatologies. We present a new approach that combines tracks from individual CDTMs to produce new composite tracks. These new tracks are shown to correspond to physically meaningful systems with distinctive life stages.
Roberto Ingrosso, Piero Lionello, Mario Marcello Miglietta, and Gianfausto Salvadori
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2443–2448, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2443-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2443-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tornadoes represent disruptive and dangerous weather events. The prediction of these small-scale phenomena depends on the resolution of present weather forecast and climatic projections. This work discusses the occurrence of tornadoes in terms of atmospheric variables and provides analytical expressions for their conditional probability. These formulas represent a tool for tornado alert systems and for estimating the future evolution of tornado frequency and intensity in climate projections.
Christian Ferrarin, Florian Pantillon, Silvio Davolio, Marco Bajo, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Elenio Avolio, Diego S. Carrió, Ioannis Pytharoulis, Claudio Sanchez, Platon Patlakas, Juan Jesús González-Alemán, and Emmanouil Flaounas
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2273–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The combined use of meteorological and ocean models enabled the analysis of extreme sea conditions driven by Medicane Ianos, which hit the western coast of Greece on 18 September 2020, flooding and damaging the coast. The large spread associated with the ensemble highlighted the high model uncertainty in simulating such an extreme weather event. The different simulations have been used for outlining hazard scenarios that represent a fundamental component of the coastal risk assessment.
Emmanouil Flaounas, Silvio Davolio, Shira Raveh-Rubin, Florian Pantillon, Mario Marcello Miglietta, Miguel Angel Gaertner, Maria Hatzaki, Victor Homar, Samira Khodayar, Gerasimos Korres, Vassiliki Kotroni, Jonilda Kushta, Marco Reale, and Didier Ricard
Weather Clim. Dynam., 3, 173–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-3-173-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This is a collective effort to describe the state of the art in Mediterranean cyclone dynamics, climatology, prediction (weather and climate scales) and impacts. More than that, the paper focuses on the future directions of research that would advance the broader field of Mediterranean cyclones as a whole. Thereby, we propose interdisciplinary cooperation and additional modelling and forecasting strategies, and we highlight the need for new impact-oriented approaches to climate prediction.
Samira Khodayar, Silvio Davolio, Paolo Di Girolamo, Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier, Emmanouil Flaounas, Nadia Fourrie, Keun-Ok Lee, Didier Ricard, Benoit Vie, Francois Bouttier, Alberto Caldas-Alvarez, and Veronique Ducrocq
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17051–17078, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Heavy precipitation (HP) constitutes a major meteorological threat in the western Mediterranean. Every year, recurrent events affect the area with fatal consequences. Despite this being a well-known issue, open questions still remain. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the modeling representation of the events must be improved. In this article we present the most recent lessons learned from the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX).
Cited articles
Adirosi, E., Baldini, L., Roberto, N., Gatlin, P., and Tokay, A.:
Improvement of vertical profiles of raindrop size distribution from micro
rain radar using 2D video disdrometer measurements, Atmos. Res., 169B,
404–415, 2016.
Adirosi, E., Nicoletta, R., Montopoli, M., Gorgucci, E., and Baldini, L.:
Influence of disdrometer type on weather radar algorithms from measured DSD:
Application to Italian climatology, Atmosphere, 9, 360, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9090360, 2018.
Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., Kohler, M., Handwerker, J., Wieser, A., Corsmeier,
U., Kottmeier, C., Lambert, D., and Bock, O.: The variability of water vapour
and pre-convective conditions over the mountainous island of Corsica, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 335–346, 2016.
Avolio, E., Cavalcanti, O., Furnari, L., Senatore, A., and Mendicino, G.: Brief communication: Preliminary hydro-meteorological analysis of the flash flood of 20 August 2018 in Raganello Gorge, southern Italy, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1619–1627, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1619-2019, 2019.
Barthlott, C. and Kirshbaum, D. J.: Sensitivity of deep convection to
terrain forcing over Mediterranean islands, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 139, 1762–1779, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2089, 2013.
Barthlott, C. and Davolio, S.: Mechanisms initiating heavy precipitation
over Italy during the HyMeX Special Observation Period 1: A numerical case
study using two mesoscale models, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 238–258,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2630, 2016.
Barthlott, C., Adler, B., Kalthoff, N., Handwerker, J., Kohler, M., and
Wieser, A.: The role of Corsica in initiating nocturnal offshore
convection, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 222–237, 2016.
Bassi, C.: Modelli meteorologici ad alta risoluzione: simulazione di episodi
di precipitazione intensa in Liguria e Toscana durante la campagna HyMeX,
Università di Milano, available at: https://www.sba.unimi.it/en/thesis/49.html (last access: 4 February 2022), 2014.
Bertò, A., Buzzi, A., and Zardi, D.: Back-tracking water vapour
contributing to a precipitation event over Trentino: A case study, Meteorol.
Z., 13, 189–200, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2004/0013-0189, 2004.
Betz, H.-D., Schmidt, K., Laroche, P., Blanche, P., Oettinger, W. P., Defer,
E., Dziewit, Z., and Konarski, J.: LINET – an international lightning
detection network in Europe, Atmos. Res., 91, 564– 573, 2009.
Bock, O., Bosser, P., Pacione, R., Nuret, M., Fourrié, N., and Parracho,
A.: A high-quality reprocessed ground-based GPS dataset for atmospheric
process studies, radiosonde and model evalu ation, and reanalysis of HyMeX
Special Observing Period, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 56–71, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2701, 2016.
Bougeault, P., Binder, P., Buzzi, A., Dirks, R., Houze, R., Kuettner, J.,
Smith, R. B., Steinacker, R., and Volkert, H.: The MAP Special Observing
Period, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 433–462, 2001.
Bouin, M.-N., Redelsperger, J.-L., and Lebeaupin Brossier, C.: Processes
leading to deep convection and sensitivity to sea-state representation
during HyMeX IOP8 heavy precipitation event, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143,
2600–2615, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3111, 2017.
Bresson, E., Ducrocq, V., Nuissier, O., Ricard, D., and de Saint-Aubin, C.:
Idealized numerical simulations of quasi-stationary convective systems over
the northwestern Mediterranean complex terrain, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
138, 1751–1763, 2012.
Bousquet., O. and Smull, B. F.: Observations and impacts of upstream
blocking during a widespread orographic precipitation event, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 129, 391–409, 2003.
Buzzi, A.: Heavy precipitation and Alpine orography, Proc. of the
International Workshop on timely warnings of heavy precipitation episodes
and flash floods, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 21–22 October 2004, 12 pp., 2005.
Buzzi, A. and Alberoni, P. P.: Analysis and numerical modelling of a frontal
passage associated with thunderstorm development over the Po Valley and the
Adriatic Sea, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 48, 205–224, 1992.
Buzzi, A. and Foschini, L.: Mesoscale Meteorological Features Associated
with Heavy Precipitation in the Southern Alpine Region, Meteorol. Atmos.
Phys., 72, 131–146, https://doi.org/10.1007/s007030050011,
2000.
Buzzi, A., D'Isidoro, M., and Davolio, S.: A case study of an orographic
cyclone formation south of the Alps during the MAP-SOP, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 129, 1795–1818, 2003.
Buzzi, A., Davolio, S., Malguzzi, P., Drofa, O., and Mastrangelo, D.: Heavy rainfall episodes over Liguria in autumn 2011: numerical forecasting experiments, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1325–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1325-2014, 2014.
Buzzi, A., Davolio, S., and Fantini, M.: Cyclogenesis in the lee of the
Alps: a review of theories, Bull. of Atmos. Sci. and Technol. 1, 433–457,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42865-020-00021-6, 2020a.
Buzzi, A., Di Muzio, E., and Malguzzi, P.: Barrier winds in the Italian
region and effects of moist processes, Bull. of Atmos. Sci. and Technol.,
1, 59–90, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42865-020-00005-6,
2020b.
Caldas-Alvarez, A. and Khodayar, S.: Assessing atmospheric moisture effects on heavy precipitation during HyMeX IOP16 using GPS nudging and dynamical downscaling, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2753–2776, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2753-2020, 2020.
Cassola, F., Ferrari, F., Mazzino, A., and Miglietta M. M.: The role of the
sea on the flash floods events over Liguria (Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett.,
43, 3534–3542, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068265, 2016.
Caccamo, M. T., Castorina, G., Colombo, F., Insinga, V., Maiorana, E., and
Magazù, S.: Weather forecast performances for complex orographic areas:
Impact of different grid resolutions and of geographic data on heavy
rainfall event simulations in Sicily, Atmos. Res., 198, 22–33, 2017.
Cavaleri, L., Bajo, M., Barbariol, F., Bastianin, M., Benetazzo, A.,
Bertotti, L., Chiggiato, J., Davolio, S., Ferrarin, C., Magnusson, L., Papa,
A., Pezzutto, P., Pomaro, A., and Umgeisser, G.: The October 29, 2018 storm
in Northern Italy – An exceptional event and its modeling, Prog. Oceanogr.,
178, 102178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102178,
2019.
Chazette, P., Flamant, C., Shang, X., Totems, J., Raut, J.-C., Doerenbecher,
A., Ducrocq, V., Fourrié, N., Bock, O., and Cloché, S.: A
multi-instrument and multi-model assessment of atmospheric moisture
variability over the western Mediterranean during HyMeX, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 142, 7–22, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2671, 2016.
Chen, S. H. and Lin, Y. L.: Effects of moist Froude number and CAPE on a
conditionally unstable flow over meso-scale mountain ridge, J. Atmos. Sci.,
62, 331–350, 2005.
Crespi, A., Brunetti, M., Lentini, G., and Maugeri, M.: 1961–1990
high-resolution monthly precipitation climatologies for Italy, Int. J.
Climate, 38, 878–895, 2018.
Davolio, S., Buzzi, A., and Malguzzi, P.: Orographic influence on deep
convection: case study and sensitivity experiments, Meteorol. Z., 15,
215–223, 2006.
Davolio, S., Buzzi, A., and Malguzzi, P.: Orographic triggering of
long-lived convection in three dimensions, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 103,
35–44, 2009.
Davolio, S., Ferretti, R., Baldini, L., Casaioli, M., Cimini, D., Ferrario,
M. E., Gentile, S., Loglisci, N., Maiello, I., Manzato, A., Mariani, S.,
Marsigli, C., Marzano, F. S., Miglietta, M. M., Montani, A., Panegrossi, G.,
Pasi, F., Pichelli, E., Pucillo, A., and Zinzi, A.: The role of the Italian
scientific community in the first HyMeX SOP: an outstanding
multidisciplinary experience, Meteorol. Z., 24, 261–267,
https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2014/0624, 2015a.
Davolio, S., Silvestro, F., and Malguzzi, P.: Effects of Increasing
Horizontal Resolution in a Convection Permitting Model on Flood Forecasting:
The 2011 Dramatic Events in Liguria (Italy), J. Hydrometeorol., 16,
1843-1856, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0094.1, 2015b
Davolio, S., Volontè, A., Manzato, A., Pucillo, A., Cicogna, A., and
Ferrario, M. E.: Mechanisms producing different precipitation patterns over
North-Eastern Italy: insights from HyMeX-SOP1 and previous events, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 188–205, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2731, 2016.
Davolio, S., Henin, R., Stocchi, P., and Buzzi, A.: Bora wind and heavy
persistent precipitation: Atmospheric water balance and role of air-sea
fluxes over the Adriatic Sea, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 1165–1177,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3002, 2017.
Davolio, S., Della Fera, S., Laviola, S., Miglietta, M. M., and Levizzani,
V.: An atmospheric river in the Mediterranean basin: the 29 October 2018
“Vaia” storm over Italy, Mon. Weather Rev., 148, 3571–3588, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-20-0021.1, 2020.
Drobinski, P., Ducrocq, V., Alpert, P., Anagnostou, E., Beìranger, K.,
Borga, M., Braud, I., Chanzy, A., Davolio, S., Delrieu, G., Estournel, C.,
Filali Boubrahmi, N., Font, J., Grubisic, V., Gualdi, S., Homar, V.,
Ivancan-Picek, B., Kottmeier, C., Kotroni, V., Lagouvardos, K., Lionello,
P., Llasat, M. C., Ludwig, W., Lutoff, C., Mariotti, A., Richard, E.,
Romero, R., Rotunno, R., Roussot, O., Ruin, I., Somot, S., Taupier-Letage,
I., Tintore, J., Uijlenhoet, R., and Wernli, H.: HyMeX, a 10-year
multidisciplinary program on the Mediterranean water cycle, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1063–1082, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00242.1, 2014.
Ducrocq, V., Nuissier, O., Ricard, D., Lebeaupin, C., and Thouvenin, T.: A
numerical study of three catastrophic precipitating events over southern
France. Part II: Mesoscale triggering and stationarity factors, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 134, 131–145, 2008.
Ducrocq, V., Braud, I., Davolio, S., Ferretti, R., Flamant, C., Jansa, A.,
Kalthoff, N., Richard, E., Taupier-Letage, I., Ayral, P.-A., Belamari, S.,
Berne, A., Borga, M., Boudevillain, B., Bock, O., Boichard, J.-L., Bouin,
M.-N., Bousquet, O., Bouvier, C., Chiggiato, J., Cimini, D., Corsmeier, U.,
Coppola, L., Cocquerez, P., Defer, E., Drobinski, P., Dufournet, Y.,
Fourrié, N., Gourley, J. J., Labatut, L., Lambert, D., Le Coz, J.,
Marzano, F. S., Molinié, G., Montani, A., Nord, G., Nuret, M., Ramage,
K., Rison, B., Roussot, O., Said, F., Schwarzenboeck, A., Testor, P., Van
Baelen, J., Vincendon, B., Aran, M., and Tamayo, J.: HyMeX SOP1, the field
campaign dedicated to heavy precipitation and flash flooding in the
northwestern Mediterranean, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1083–1100,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00244.1, 2014.
Ducrocq, V., Davolio, S., Ferretti, R., Flamant, C., Homar Santaner, V.,
Kalthoff, N., Richard, E., and Wernli, H.: Introduction to the HyMeX Special
Issue on “Advances in understanding and forecasting of heavy precipitation
in the Mediterranean through the HyMeX SOP1 field campaign”, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 142, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2856, 2016.
Duffourg, F. and Ducrocq, V.: Origin of the moisture feeding the Heavy Precipitating Systems over Southeastern France, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1163–1178, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1163-2011, 2011.
Duffourg, F. and Ducrocq, V.: Assessment of the water supply to
Mediterranean heavy precipitation: a method based on finely designed water
budgets, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 14, 133–138, https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.429, 2013.
Duffourg, F., Nuissier, O., Ducrocq, V., Flamant, C., Chazette, P.,
Delanoë, J., Doerenbecher, A., Fourrié, N., Di Girolamo, P., Lac,
C., Legain, D., Martinet, M., Said, F., and Bock, O.: Offshore deep
convection initiation and maintenance during the HyMeX IOP 16a heavy
precipitation event, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 259–274, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2725, 2016.
Duffourg, F., Lee, K. O., Ducrocq, V., Flamant, C., Chazette, P., and Di
Girolamo, P.: Role of moisture patterns in the backbuilding formation of
HyMeX IOP13 Heavy Precipitating Systems, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144,
291–303, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3201, 2018.
Federico, S., Avolio, E., Petracca, M., Panegrossi, G., Sanò, P., Casella, D., and Dietrich, S.: Simulating lightning into the RAMS model: implementation and preliminary results, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2933–2950, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2933-2014, 2014.
Ferretti, R., Panegrossi, G., Rotunno, R., Pichelli, E., Marzano, F. S.,
Dietrich, S., Picciotti, E., and Vulpiani, G.: An analysis of three
disastrous rain events occurred in Italy: Rome, Cinque Terre and Genoa,
Proc. of the 14th EGU Plinius Conf. on Mediterranean Storms and MEDEX Final
Conf., Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 13–15 November, https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/Plinius14/Plinius14-30.pdf (last access: 4 February 2022), 2012.
Ferretti, R., Pichelli, E., Gentile, S., Maiello, I., Cimini, D., Davolio, S., Miglietta, M. M., Panegrossi, G., Baldini, L., Pasi, F., Marzano, F. S., Zinzi, A., Mariani, S., Casaioli, M., Bartolini, G., Loglisci, N., Montani, A., Marsigli, C., Manzato, A., Pucillo, A., Ferrario, M. E., Colaiuda, V., and Rotunno, R.: Overview of the first HyMeX Special Observation Period over Italy: observations and model results, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1953–1977, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1953-2014, 2014.
Feudale, L. and Manzato, A.: Cloud-to-ground lightning distribution and its
relationship with orography and anthropogenic emissions in the Po Valley, J.
Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 53, 2651–2670, 2014.
Flaounas, E., Fita, L., Lagouvardos, K., and Kotroni, V.: Heavy rainfall in
Mediterranean cyclones, Part II: Water budget, precipitation efficiency and
remote water sources, Clim. Dynam., 53, 2539–2555,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04639-x, 2019.
Fiori, E., Comellas, A., Molini, L., Rebora, N., Siccardi, F., Gochis, D.,
Tanelli, S., and Parodi, A.: Analysis and hindcast simulations of an extreme
rainfall event in the Mediterranean area: The Genoa 2011 case, Atmos. Res.,
138, 13–29, 2014.
Fiori, E., Ferraris, L., Molini, L., Siccardi, F., Kranzlmueller, D., and
Parodi, A.: Triggering and evolution of a deep convective system in the
Mediterranean Sea: modelling and observations at a very fine scale, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 927–941, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2977, 2017.
Fujita, T. T.: Manual of downburst identification for project Nimrod,
Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Paper 156, Dept. of Geophysical
Sciences, University of Chicago, 104 pp., [NTIS PB-286048], http://hdl.handle.net/10605/261961 (last access: 4 February 2022), 1978.
Funatsu, B., Claud, M. C., and Chaboureau, J. P.: Comparison between the
large scale environments of moderate and intense precipitating systems in
the Mediterranean region, Mon. Weather Rev., 137, 3933–3959, 2009.
Gascon, E., Laviola, S., Merino, A., and Miglietta, M. M.: Analysis of a
localized flash-flood event over the central Mediterranean, Atmos. Res.,
182, 256–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.08.007, 2016.
Giaiotti, D. B., Giovannoni, M., Pucillo, A., and Stel, F.: The climatology
of tornadoes and waterspouts in Italy, Atmos. Res., 83, 534–541, 2007.
Giovannini, L., Davolio, S., Zaramella, M., Zardi, D., and Borga,
M.: Multi-model convection-resolving simulations of the October 2018 Vaia
storm over Northeastern Italy, Atmos. Res., 253, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105455, 2021.
Grazzini, F.: Predictability of a large-scale flow conducive to extreme
precipitation over the western Alps, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 95, 123–138,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-006-0205-8, 2007.
Grazzini, F., Craig, G. C., Keil, C., Antolini, G., and Pavan, V.: Extreme
precipitation events over northern Italy. Part I: A systematic
classification with machine-learning techniques, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 146, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3635, 2019.
Guzzetti, F., Stark, C. P., and Salvati, P.: Evaluation of flood and
landslide risk to the population of Italy, Environ. Manage., 36, 15–36,
2005.
Homar, V., Romero, R., Stensrud, D. J., Ramis, C., and Alonso, S.: Numerical
diagnosis of a small, quasi-tropical cyclone over the westernMediterranean:
Dynamical versus boundary factors, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 1469–1490,
2003.
Horvath, K., Ivatek-Sahdan, S., Ivančan-Picek, B., and Grubišić,
V.: Evolution and structure of two severe cyclonic Bora events: contrast
between the northern and southern Adriatic, Weather Forecast., 24, 946–964,
2009.
Isotta, F. A., Frei, C., Weilguni, V., Perčec Tadić, M.,
Lassègues, P., Rudolf, B., Pavan, V., Cacciamani, C., Antolini, G.,
Ratto, S. M., Munari, M., Micheletti, S., Bonati, V., Lussana, C., Ronchi,
C., Panettieri, E., Marigo, G., and Vertačnik, G.: The climate of daily
precipitation in the Alps: development and analysis of a high-resolution
grid dataset from pan-Alpine rain-gauge data, Int. J. Climatol., 34,
1657–1675, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3794, 2014.
Jansa, A., Genoves, A., Picornell, M. A., Campins, J., Riosalido, R., and
Carretero, O.: Western Mediterranean cyclones and heavy rain, Part 2:
Statistical approach, Meteorol. Appl., 8, 43–56, 2001.
Jansa, A., Alpert, P., Arbogast, P., Buzzi, A., Ivancan-Picek, B., Kotroni, V., Llasat, M. C., Ramis, C., Richard, E., Romero, R., and Speranza, A.: MEDEX: a general overview, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1965–1984, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1965-2014, 2014.
Khodayar, S., Fosser, G., Berthou, S., Davolio, S., Drobinski, P., Ducrocq,
V., Ferretti,R., Nuret, M., Pichelli, E., Richard, E., and Bock, O.: A
seamless weather–climate multi-model intercomparison on the representation
of a high impact weather event in the western Mediterranean: HyMeX IOP12, Q.
J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 433–452, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2700, 2016.
Khodayar, S., Czajka, B., Caldas-Alvarez, A., Helgert, S., Flamant, C., Di
Girolamo, P., Bock, O., and Chazette, P.: Multi-scale Observations of
Moisture Feeding Heavy Precipitating Systems in the North-western
Mediterranean during HyMeX IOP12, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 144,
2761–2780, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3402, 2018.
Kirshbaum, D. J. and Straub, D. N.: Linear theory of shallow convection in
deep, vertically sheared atmospheres, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 145,
3129-3147, 2019.
Krichak, S. O., Barkan, J., Breitgand, J. S., Gualdi, S., and Feldstein, S.
B.: The role of the export of tropical moisture into midlatitudes for
extreme precipitation events in the Mediterranean region, Theor. Appl.
Climatol., 121, 499–515, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1244-6, 2015.
Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Ducrocq, V., and Giordani, H.: Sensitivity of three
Mediterranean heavy rain events to two different sea surface fluxes
parameterizations in high-resolution numerical modeling, J. Geophys. Res.,
113, D21109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009613, 2008.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Ducrocq, V., Duffourg, F., Fourrié, N., and
Davolio, S.: Convective initiation and maintenance processes of two
back-building mesoscale convective systems leading to heavy precipitation
events in Southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142,
2623–2635, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2978, 2016.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Ducrocq, V., Duffourg, F., Fourrié, N.,
Delanoë, J., and Bech, J.: Initiation and development of a mesoscale
convective system in the Ebro River Valley and related heavy precipitation
over north-eastern Spain during HyMeX IOP 15a, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143,
942–956, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2978, 2017.
Lee, K.-O., Flamant, C., Duffourg, F., Ducrocq, V., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: Impact of upstream moisture structure on a back-building convective precipitation system in south-eastern France during HyMeX IOP13, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 16845–16862, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-16845-2018, 2018.
Lee, K.-O., Aemisegger, F., Pfahl, S., Flamant, C., Lacour, J.-L., and Chaboureau, J.-P.: Contrasting stable water isotope signals from convective and large-scale precipitation phases of a heavy precipitation event in southern Italy during HyMeX IOP 13: a modelling perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7487–7506, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7487-2019, 2019.
Ličer, M., Smerkol, P., Fettich, A., Ravdas, M., Papapostolou, A., Mantziafou, A., Strajnar, B., Cedilnik, J., Jeromel, M., Jerman, J., Petan, S., Malačič, V., and Sofianos, S.: Modeling the ocean and atmosphere during an extreme bora event in northern Adriatic using one-way and two-way atmosphere–ocean coupling, Ocean Sci., 12, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-71-2016, 2016.
Lin, Y-L., Chiao, S., Wang, T.-A., Kaplan, M. L., and Weglarz, R. P.: Some
common ingredients for heavy orographic rainfall, Weather Forecast., 16,
633–660, 2001.
Llasat, M. C., Llasat-Botija, M., Petrucci, O., Pasqua, A. A., Rosselló, J., Vinet, F., and Boissier, L.: Towards a database on societal impact of Mediterranean floods within the framework of the HYMEX project, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1337–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1337-2013, 2013.
Lombardi, A., Colaiuda, V., Verdecchia, M., and Tomassetti, B.: User-oriented hydrological indices for early warning systems with validation using post-event surveys: flood case studies in the Central Apennine District, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1969–1992, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1969-2021, 2021.
Maiello, I., Gentile, S., Ferretti, R., Baldini, L., Roberto, N., Picciotti, E., Alberoni, P. P., and Marzano, F. S.: Impact of multiple radar reflectivity data assimilation on the numerical simulation of a flash flood event during the HyMeX campaign, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5459–5476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5459-2017, 2017.
Manzato, A.: Hail in NE Italy: Climatology and bivariate analysis with the
sounding–derived indices, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 51, 449–467, 2012.
Manzato, A., Davolio, S., Miglietta, M. M., Pucillo, A., and Setvak, M.: 12
September 2012: A supercell outbreak in NE Italy?, Atmos. Res., 153,
98–118, 2015.
Manzato, A., Cicogna, A., and Pucillo, A.: 6-hour maximum rain in Friuli
Venezia Giulia: Climatology and ECMWF-based forecasts, Atmos. Res., 169,
465–484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.013, 2016.
Manzato, A., Riva, V., Tiesi, A., and Miglietta, M.M.: Analysis of the 4
July 2007 hailstorm in NE Italy, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 3587–3611,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3886, 2020.
Marra, A. C., Federico, S., Montopoli, M., Avolio, E., Baldini, L., Casella,
D., D'Adderio, L. P., Dietrich, S., Sanò, P., Torcasio, R. C., and
Panegrossi, G.: The precipitation structure of the Mediterranean
tropical-like cyclone Numa: analysis of GPM observations and numerical
weather prediction model simulations, Remote Sens., 11, 1690, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11141690, 2019.
Martinotti, M. E., Pisano, L., Marchesini, I., Rossi, M., Peruccacci, S., Brunetti, M. T., Melillo, M., Amoruso, G., Loiacono, P., Vennari, C., Vessia, G., Trabace, M., Parise, M., and Guzzetti, F.: Landslides, floods and sinkholes in a karst environment: the 1–6 September 2014 Gargano event, southern Italy, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 467–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-467-2017, 2017.
Mastrangelo, D., Horvath, K., Riccio, A., and Miglietta, M. M.: Mechanisms
for convection development in a long-lasting heavy precipitation event over
southeastern Italy, Atmos. Res, 100, 586–602,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.10.010, 2011.
Mazzarella, V., Maiello, I., Capozzi, V., Budillon, G., and Ferretti, R.:
Comparison between 3D-Var and 4D-Var data assimilation methods for the
simulation of a heavy rainfall case in central Italy, Adv. Sci. Res., 14,
271–278, https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-14-271-2017, 2017.
Miglietta, M. M. and Buzzi, A.: A numerical study of moist stratified flows
over isolated topography, Tellus, 53A, 481–499, 2001.
Miglietta, M. M. and Buzzi, A.: A numerical study of moist stratified flow
regimes over isolated topography, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1749–1770.
https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.02.225, 2004.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Simulations of moist nearly neutral flow
over a ridge, J. Atmos. Sci, 62, 1410–1427, 2005.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Further results on moist nearly neutral
flow over a ridge, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2881–2897, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3793.1, 2006.
Miglietta, M. M. and Regano, A.: An observational and numerical study of a flash-flood event over south-eastern Italy, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 1417–1430, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1417-2008, 2008.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Numerical simulations of conditionally
unstable flows over a ridge, J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1865–1885, 2009.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Numerical simulations of low-CAPE flows
over a mountain ridge, J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 2391–2401, 2010.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Application of theory to observed cases of
orographically forced convective rainfall, Mon. Weather Rev., 140, 3039–3053,
2012.
Miglietta, M. M. and Rotunno, R.: Numerical simulations of sheared
conditionally unstable flows over a mountain ridge, J. Atmos. Sci., 71,
1747–1762, 2014.
Miglietta, M. M., Manzato, A., and Rotunno, R.: Characteristics and
predictability of a supercell during HyMeX SOP1, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
142, 2839–2853, 2016.
Monai, M., Rossa, A. M., and Bonan, A. C.: Partitioning of snowy and rainy precipitation in a case of a north Adriatic frontal passage, Adv. Geosci., 7, 279–284, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-7-279-2006, 2006.
Moscatello, A., Miglietta, M. M., and Rotunno, R.: Numerical analysis of a
Mediterranean “hurricane” over south-eastern Italy, Mon. Weather Rev., 136,
4373–4397, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008MWR2512.1, 2008.
Nuissier, O., Ducrocq, V., Ricard, D., Lebeaupin, C., and Anquetin, S.: A
numerical study of three catastrophic precipitating events over southern
France. I: Numerical framework and synoptic ingredients, Q. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 134, 111–130, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.200, 2008.
Nuissier, O., Joly, B., Joly, A., Ducrocq, V., and Arbogast, P.: A
statistical downscaling to identify the large-scale circulation patterns
associated with heavy precipitation events over southern France, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 137, 1812–1827, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.866, 2011.
Nuissier, O., Marsigli, C., Vincendon, B., Hally, A., Bouttier, F., Montani,
A., and Paccagnella, T.: Evaluation of two convection-permitting ensemble
systems in the HyMeX Special Observation Period (SOP1) framework, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 142, 404–418, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2859,
2016.
Pichelli, E., Rotunno, R., and Ferretti, R.: Effects of the Alps and
Apennines on forecasts for Po Valley convection in two HyMeX cases, Q. J.
Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2420–2435, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3096, 2017.
Pinto, J. G., Ulbrich, S., Parodi, A., Rudari, R., Boni, G., and Ulbrich,
U.: Identification and ranking of extraordinary rainfall events over
Northwest Italy: The role of Atlantic moisture, J. Geophys. Res., 118,
2085–2097, https://doi.org/10.1002/JGRD.50179, 2013.
Pontrelli, M. D., Bryan, G. H., and Fritsch, J. M.: The Madison County,
Virginia, flash flood of 27 June 1995, Weather Forecast., 14, 384–404, 1999.
Pucillo, A. and Manzato, A.: 08/08/08: The “Olympic storm” event and its
implication about severe weather, in: IV HyMeX Workshop, Bologna, Italy,
8–10 June, https://www.hymex.org/public/workshops/4/BOOK_OF_ABSTRACT_HYMEX_2010.pdf (last access: 4 February 2022), 2010.
Pucillo, A., Miglietta, M. M., Lombardo, K., and Manzato, A.: Application of
a simple analytical model to the study of a bow echo-like storm in
Northeastern Italy, Met. Appl., 27, e1868, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1868, 2020.
Punge, H. J., Bedka, K., Kunz, M., and Werner, A.: A new physically based
stochastic event catalog for hail in Europe, Nat. Hazards, 73, 1625–1645,
2014.
Rainaud, R., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Ducrocq, V., Giordani, H., Nuret, M.,
Fourriè, N., Bouin, M.-N., Taupier-Letage, I., and Legain, D.:
Characterisation of air–sea exchanges over the Western Mediterranean Sea
during the HyMeX SOP1 using the AROME-WMED model, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
142, 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2480, 2016.
Rainaud, R., Lebeaupin Brossier, C., Ducrocq, V., and Giordani, H.:
High-resolution air-sea coupling impact on two heavy precipitation events in
the Western Mediterranean, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 143, 2448–2462, 2017.
Rebora, N., Molini, L., Casella, E., Comellas, A., Fiori, E., Pignone, F.,
Siccardi, F., Silvestro, F., Tanelli, S., and Parodi, A.: Extreme rainfall
in the Mediterranean: What can we learn from observations?, J. Hydrometeor.,
14, 906–922, 2013.
Ricard, D., Ducrocq, V., and Auger, L.: A climatology of the mesoscale
environment associated with heavily precipitating avents over the
Northwestern Mediterranean area, J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 51, 468–488, 2012.
Ricchi, A., Miglietta, M. M., Falco, P. P., Benetazzo, A., Bonaldo, D.,
Bergamasco, A., Sclavo, M., and Carniel, S.: On the use of a coupled
ocean-atmosphere-wave model during an extreme cold air outbreak over the
Adriatic Sea, Atmos. Res., 172, 48–65, 2016.
Ricchi, A., Bonaldo, D., Cioni, G., Carniel, S., and Miglietta, M. M.:
Simulation of a flash-flood event over the Adriatic Sea with a
high-resolution atmosphere-ocean-wave coupled system, Sci. Rep., 11, 9388, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88476-1, 2021.
Roberto, N., Adirosi, E., Baldini, L., Casella, D., Dietrich, S., Gatlin,
P., Panegrossi, G., Petracca, M., Sanò, P., and Tokay, A.: Multi-sensor
analysis of convective activity in central Italy during the HyMeX SOP 1.1,
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 535–552, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-535-2016,
2016.
Rotunno, R. and Ferretti, R.: Mechanisms of intense Alpine rainfall, J.
Atmos. Sci., 58, 1732–1749, 2001.
Rotunno, R. and Houze, R. A.: Lessons on orographic precipitation from the
Mesoscale Alpine Programme, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 811–830,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.67, 2007.
Rotunno, R. and Klemp, J. B.: On the rotation and propagation of simulated
supercell thunderstorms, J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 271–292, 1985.
Salvati, P., Bianchi, C., Rossi, M., and Guzzetti, F.: Societal landslide and flood risk in Italy, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 465–483, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-465-2010, 2010.
Scheffknecht, P., Richard, E., and Lambert, D.: A highly localized
high-precipitation event over Corsica, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,
142, 206–221, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2795, 2016.
Schumacher, R. S. and Johnson, R. H.: Organization and environmental
properties of extreme-rain-producing mesoscale convective systems, Mon. Weather
Rev., 133, 961–976, 2005.
Senatore, A., Davolio, S., Furnari, L., and Mendicino, G.: Reconstructing
flood events in Mediterranean coastal areas using different reanalyses and
high-resolution meteorological models, J. Hydrometeor., 21, 1865–1887, 2020.
Serafin, S., Adler, B., Cuxart, J., De Wekker, S. F. J., Gohm, A.,
Grisogono, B., Kalthoff, N., Kirshbaum, D. J., Rotach, M. W., Schmidli, J.,
Stiperski, I., Večenaj, Ž., and Zardi, D.: Exchange Processes in the
Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Mountainous Terrain, Atmosphere, 9, 102,
https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9030102, 2018.
Silvestro, F., Gabellani, S., Giannoni, F., Parodi, A., Rebora, N., Rudari, R., and Siccardi, F.: A hydrological analysis of the 4 November 2011 event in Genoa, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 2743–2752, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2743-2012, 2012.
Silvestro, F., Rebora, N., Rossi, L., Dolia, D., Gabellani, S., Pignone, F., Trasforini, E., Rudari, R., De Angeli, S., and Masciulli, C.: What if the 25 October 2011 event that struck Cinque Terre (Liguria) had happened in Genoa, Italy? Flooding scenarios, hazard mapping and damage estimation, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1737–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1737-2016, 2016.
Stensrud, D. J.: Importance of low-level jets to climate: A review, J.
Climate, 9, 1698–1711, 1996.
Stocchi, P. and Davolio, S.: Intense air-sea exchanges and heavy orographic
precipitation over Italy: The role of the Adriatic Sea surface temperature
uncertainty, Atmos. Res., 196, 62–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.06.004, 2017.
Thévenot, O., Bouin, M.-N., Ducrocq, V., Lebeaupin Brossier, C.,
Nuissier, O., Pianezze, J., and Duffourg, F.: Influence of the sea state on
Mediterranean heavy precipitation: A case study from HyMeX SOP1, Q. J. Roy.
Meteor. Soc., 142, 377–389, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2660,
2016.
Torcasio, R. C., Federico, S., Comellas Prat, A., Panegrossi, G., D'Adderio,
L. P., and Dietrich, S.: Impact of Lightning Data Assimilation on the
Short-Term Precipitation Forecast over the Central Mediterranean Sea, Remote
Sens., 13, 682, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040682, 2021.
Turato, B., Reale, O., and Siccardi, F.: Water vapor sources of the October
2000 Piedmont flood, J. Hydrometeor., 5, 693–712, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0693:WVSOTO>2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Vulpiani, G., Montopoli, M., Delli Passeri, L., Gioia, A., Giordano, P., and
Marzano, F. S.: On the use of dual-polarized C-band radar for operational
rainfall retrieval in mountainous areas, J. Appl. Meteor. Clim., 51,
405–425, 2012.
Xie, S. P., Xu, H. M., Kessler, W. S., and Nonaka, M.: Air–sea interaction
over the eastern Pacific warm pool: Gap winds, thermocline dome, and
atmospheric convection, J. Climate, 18, 5–20, 2005.
Winschall, A., Pfahl, S., Sodemann, H., and Wernli, H.: Impact of North
Atlantic evaporation hot spots on southern Alpine heavy precipitation
events, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 1245–1258, 2012.
Short summary
The main results emerging from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign and in the subsequent research activity in three Italian target areas are highlighted through conceptual models and through the identification of the relevant mesoscale environmental characteristics conducive to heavy rain events.
The main results emerging from the HyMeX SOP1 campaign and in the subsequent research activity...
