Articles | Volume 26, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4147-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4147-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Assessing the influence of water sampling strategy on the performance of tracer-aided hydrological modeling in a mountainous basin on the Tibetan Plateau
Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of
Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Zhihua He
Center for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan,
Canada
Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of
Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Zhongwang Wei
Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural
Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University,
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Lide Tian
Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan
University, Kunming, China
Related authors
Mahmut Tudaji, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2633–2654, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2633-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2633-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the value of high-resolution data and parameter transferability across temporal scales based on seven catchments in northern China. We found that higher-resolution data do not always improve model performance, questioning the need for such data. Model parameters are transferable across different data resolutions but not across computational time steps. It is recommended to utilize a smaller computational time step when building hydrological models even without high-resolution data.
Mahmut Tudaji, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1919–1937, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1919-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1919-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Common intuition holds that higher input data resolution leads to better results. To assess the benefits of high-resolution data, we conduct simulation experiments using data with various temporal resolutions across multiple catchments and find that higher-resolution data do not always improve model performance, challenging the necessity of pursuing such data. In catchments with small areas or significant flow variability, high-resolution data is more valuable.
Diego Avesani, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-664, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-664, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores how different data sources (snow cover, glacier mass balance, and water isotopes) can improve hydrological modeling in large mountain basins. Using a Bayesian framework, we show that isotopes are particularly useful for reducing uncertainty in low-flow conditions, while snow and glacier data help during melt seasons. By addressing equifinality, our approach enhances model reliability, improving water management and streamflow predictions in mountainous regions.
Mengjiao Zhang, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1033–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1033-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1033-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Owing to differences in the existing published results, we conducted a detailed analysis of the runoff components and future trends in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin and found that the contributions of snowmelt and glacier melt runoff to streamflow (both ~5 %) are limited and much lower than previous results. The streamflow in this area will continuously increase in the future, but the overestimated contribution of glacier melt could lead to an underestimation of this increasing trend.
Yi Nan and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 669–689, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper utilized a tracer-aided model validated by multiple datasets in a large mountainous basin on the Tibetan Plateau to analyze hydrological sensitivity to climate change. The spatial pattern of the local hydrological sensitivities and the influence factors were analyzed in particular. The main finding of this paper is that the local hydrological sensitivity in mountainous basins is determined by the relationship between the glacier area ratio and the mean annual precipitation.
Yi Nan, Zhihua He, Fuqiang Tian, Zhongwang Wei, and Lide Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6151–6172, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6151-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6151-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological modeling has large problems of uncertainty in cold regions. Tracer-aided hydrological models are increasingly used to reduce uncertainty and refine the parameterizations of hydrological processes, with limited application in large basins due to the unavailability of spatially distributed precipitation isotopes. This study explored the utility of isotopic general circulation models in driving a tracer-aided hydrological model in a large basin on the Tibetan Plateau.
Yi Nan, Lide Tian, Zhihua He, Fuqiang Tian, and Lili Shao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3653–3673, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3653-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3653-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study integrated a water isotope module into the hydrological model THREW. The isotope-aided model was subsequently applied for process understanding in the glacierized watershed of Karuxung river on the Tibetan Plateau. The model was used to quantify the contribution of runoff component and estimate the water travel time in the catchment. Model uncertainties were significantly constrained by using additional isotopic data, improving the process understanding in the catchment.
Shiao Feng, Wenhong Wang, Yonggen Zhang, Zhongwang Wei, Jianzhi Dong, Lutz Weihermüller, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-410, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-410, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture is key for weather, farming, and ecosystems, but global datasets have gaps and biases. We compared three products against 1,615 stations with more than 1.9 million measured moisture, finding ERA5-Land highly correlated but biased high, and SMAP-L4 accurate but short-term. Fusing them created an enhanced dataset, improving correlation by 5%, reducing errors by 20%, and enhancing overall fit by 15%. This seamless resource aids drought tracking, water planning, and climate adaptation.
Mahmut Tudaji, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2633–2654, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2633-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2633-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the value of high-resolution data and parameter transferability across temporal scales based on seven catchments in northern China. We found that higher-resolution data do not always improve model performance, questioning the need for such data. Model parameters are transferable across different data resolutions but not across computational time steps. It is recommended to utilize a smaller computational time step when building hydrological models even without high-resolution data.
Zhen Cui and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2275–2291, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2275-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2275-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates stormflow patterns in a forested watershed in north China, highlighting the fact that delayed stormflow is governed by soil water content (SWC) and groundwater level (GWL). When SWC exceeds its storage capacity, excess water infiltrates, recharging groundwater and gradually elevating GWL. Rising GWL enhances subsurface connectivity and lateral flow, synchronizing watershed responses and, in extreme cases, causing a delayed stormflow peak to merge with the direct stormflow peak.
Keer Zhang and Fuqiang Tian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1126, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Spotlighting on Drought-Flood Abrupt Alternation (DFAA) under climate change, this study investigates the mitigating role of reservoirs on DFAA in Lancang-Mekong River Basin. DFAA increase under SSP126 and SSP245, especially upstream Flood-to-Drought (FTD) and downstream Drought-To-Flood (DTF). Reservoirs markedly reduce wet season's FTD and year-round DTF, effectively shorten the monthly span of DFAA. FTD with poorer reservoir control is more challenging than DTF, though DTF is more probable.
Chen Yang, Zitong Jia, Wenjie Xu, Zhongwang Wei, Xiaolang Zhang, Yiguang Zou, Jeffrey McDonnell, Laura Condon, Yongjiu Dai, and Reed Maxwell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2201–2218, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2201-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2201-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the first high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater hydrologic model of the entirety of continental China using ParFlow. The model shows good performance in terms of streamflow and water table depth when compared to global data products and observations. It is essential for water resources management and decision-making in China within a consistent framework in the changing world. It also has significant implications for similar modeling in other places in the world.
Mahmut Tudaji, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1919–1937, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1919-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1919-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Common intuition holds that higher input data resolution leads to better results. To assess the benefits of high-resolution data, we conduct simulation experiments using data with various temporal resolutions across multiple catchments and find that higher-resolution data do not always improve model performance, challenging the necessity of pursuing such data. In catchments with small areas or significant flow variability, high-resolution data is more valuable.
Zhongwang Wei, Qingchen Xu, Fan Bai, Xionghui Xu, Zixin Wei, Wenzong Dong, Hongbin Liang, Nan Wei, Xingjie Lu, Lu Li, Shupeng Zhang, Hua Yuan, Laibo Liu, and Yongjiu Dai
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1380, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1380, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Land surface models are used for simulating earth's surface interacts with the atmosphere. As models grow more complex and detailed, researchers need better tools to evaluate their performance. OpenBench, a new software system that makes evaluation process more comprehensive and efficient. It stands out by incorporating various factors and working with data at any scale which enabling scientists to incorporate new types of models and measurements as our understanding of Earth’s systems evolves.
Diego Avesani, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-664, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-664, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores how different data sources (snow cover, glacier mass balance, and water isotopes) can improve hydrological modeling in large mountain basins. Using a Bayesian framework, we show that isotopes are particularly useful for reducing uncertainty in low-flow conditions, while snow and glacier data help during melt seasons. By addressing equifinality, our approach enhances model reliability, improving water management and streamflow predictions in mountainous regions.
Mengjiao Zhang, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1033–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1033-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1033-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Owing to differences in the existing published results, we conducted a detailed analysis of the runoff components and future trends in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin and found that the contributions of snowmelt and glacier melt runoff to streamflow (both ~5 %) are limited and much lower than previous results. The streamflow in this area will continuously increase in the future, but the overestimated contribution of glacier melt could lead to an underestimation of this increasing trend.
Gaosong Shi, Wenye Sun, Wei Shangguan, Zhongwang Wei, Hua Yuan, Lu Li, Xiaolin Sun, Ye Zhang, Hongbin Liang, Danxi Li, Feini Huang, Qingliang Li, and Yongjiu Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 517–543, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-517-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-517-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we developed the second version of China's high-resolution soil information grid using legacy soil samples and advanced machine learning. This version predicts over 20 soil properties at six depths, providing accurate soil variation maps across China. It outperforms previous versions and global products, offering valuable data for hydrological and ecological analyses and Earth system modelling, enhancing our understanding of soil roles in environmental processes.
Jiahao Shi, Hua Yuan, Wanyi Lin, Wenzong Dong, Hongbin Liang, Zhuo Liu, Jianxin Zeng, Haolin Zhang, Nan Wei, Zhongwang Wei, Shupeng Zhang, Shaofeng Liu, Xingjie Lu, and Yongjiu Dai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-117-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-117-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Flux tower data are widely recognized as benchmarking data for land surface models, but insufficient emphasis on and deficiency in site attribute data limits their true value. We collect site-observed vegetation, soil, and topography data from various sources. The final dataset encompasses 90 sites globally, with relatively complete site attribute data and high-quality flux validation data. This work has provided more reliable site attribute data, benefiting land surface model development.
Zhongyin Cai, Rong Li, Cheng Wang, Qiukai Mao, and Lide Tian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3801, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3801, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Local and upstream specific humidity is the main factor determining non-monsoon season d-excess variability over southeast Tibetan Plateau (TP) due to the intrusion of cold and dry air from upper levels. During the summer monsoon season, d-excess and δ18O mainly reflect the effect of raindrop evaporation on humidity which leads to lower vapor δ18O but higher d-excess values. These findings provide new insights into using water isotopes to track moisture sources and dynamics over the TP.
Ruidong Li, Jiapei Liu, Ting Sun, Shao Jian, Fuqiang Tian, and Guangheng Ni
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3780, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3780, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a new approach to simulate sewer drainage effects for urban flooding with key missing information like flow directions and nodal depths estimated from incomplete information. Tested in Yinchuan, China, our approach exhibits high accuracy in reproducing flood depths and reliably outperforms existing methods in various rainfall scenarios. Our method offers a reliable tool for cities with limited sewer data to improve flood simulation performance.
Khosro Morovati, Keer Zhang, Lidi Shi, Yadu Pokhrel, Maozhou Wu, Paradis Someth, Sarann Ly, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5133–5147, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5133-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5133-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines large daily river flow fluctuations in the dammed Mekong River, developing integrated 3D hydrodynamic and response time models alongside a hydrological model with an embedded reservoir module. This approach allows estimation of travel times between hydrological stations and contributions of subbasins and upstream regions. Findings show a power correlation between upstream discharge and travel time, and significant fluctuations occurred even before dam construction.
Di Wang, Camille Risi, Lide Tian, Di Yang, Gabriel Bowen, Siteng Fan, Yang Su, Hongxi Pang, and Laurent Li
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-151, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2024-151, 2024
Preprint under review for AMT
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and validated a theoretical model for water vapor diffusion through sampling bags. This model accurately reconstructs the initial isotopic composition of the vapor samples. When applied to upper troposphere samples, the corrected data aligned closely with IASI satellite observations, enhancing the accuracy of drone-based measurements.
Bu Li, Ting Sun, Fuqiang Tian, Mahmut Tudaji, Li Qin, and Guangheng Ni
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4521–4538, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper developed hybrid semi-distributed hydrological models by employing a process-based model as the backbone and utilizing deep learning to parameterize and replace internal modules. The main contribution is to provide a high-performance tool enriched with explicit hydrological knowledge for hydrological prediction and to improve understanding about the hydrological sensitivities to climate change in large alpine basins.
Liqing Peng, Justin Sheffield, Zhongwang Wei, Michael Ek, and Eric F. Wood
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 1277–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-1277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Integrating evaporative demand into drought indicators is effective, but the choice of method and the effectiveness of surface features remain undocumented. We evaluate various methods and surface features for predicting soil moisture dynamics. Using minimal ancillary information alongside meteorological and vegetation data, we develop a simple land-cover-based method that improves soil moisture drought predictions, especially in forests, showing promise for better real-time drought forecasting.
Zhen Cui, Fuqiang Tian, Zilong Zhao, Zitong Xu, Yongjie Duan, Jie Wen, and Mohd Yawar Ali Khan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3613–3632, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the response characteristics and occurrence conditions of bimodal hydrographs using 10 years of hydrometric and isotope data in a semi-humid forested watershed in north China. Our findings indicate that bimodal hydrographs occur when the combined total of the event rainfall and antecedent soil moisture index exceeds 200 mm. Additionally, we determined that delayed stormflow is primarily contributed to by shallow groundwater.
Yu Zhu, Shiyin Liu, Ben W. Brock, Lide Tian, Ying Yi, Fuming Xie, Donghui Shangguan, and Yiyuan Shen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2023–2045, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This modeling-based study focused on Batura Glacier from 2000 to 2020, revealing that debris alters its energy budget, affecting mass balance. We propose that the presence of debris on the glacier surface effectively reduces the amount of latent heat available for ablation, which creates a favorable condition for Batura Glacier's relatively low negative mass balance. Batura Glacier shows a trend toward a less negative mass balance due to reduced ablation.
Yi Nan and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 669–689, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper utilized a tracer-aided model validated by multiple datasets in a large mountainous basin on the Tibetan Plateau to analyze hydrological sensitivity to climate change. The spatial pattern of the local hydrological sensitivities and the influence factors were analyzed in particular. The main finding of this paper is that the local hydrological sensitivity in mountainous basins is determined by the relationship between the glacier area ratio and the mean annual precipitation.
Zhihua He, Kevin Shook, Christopher Spence, John W. Pomeroy, and Colin Whitfield
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3525–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the impacts of climate change on snowmelt, soil moisture, and streamflow over the Canadian Prairies. The entire prairie region was divided into seven basin types. We found strong variations of hydrological sensitivity to precipitation and temperature changes in different land covers and basins, which suggests that different water management and adaptation methods are needed to address enhanced water stress due to expected climate change in different regions of the prairies.
Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Fuqiang Tian, Thomas Wild, Mengqi Zhao, Sean Turner, A. F. M. Kamal Chowdhury, Chris R. Vernon, Hongchang Hu, Yuan Zhuang, Mohamad Hejazi, and Hong-Yi Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 5449–5472, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-5449-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Most existing global hydrologic models do not explicitly represent hydropower reservoirs. We are introducing a new water management module to Xanthos that distinguishes between the operational characteristics of irrigation, hydropower, and flood control reservoirs. We show that this explicit representation of hydropower reservoirs can lead to a significantly more realistic simulation of reservoir storage and releases in over 44 % of the hydropower reservoirs included in this study.
Heidi Kreibich, Kai Schröter, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Anne F. Van Loon, Maurizio Mazzoleni, Guta Wakbulcho Abeshu, Svetlana Agafonova, Amir AghaKouchak, Hafzullah Aksoy, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Blanca Aznar, Laila Balkhi, Marlies H. Barendrecht, Sylvain Biancamaria, Liduin Bos-Burgering, Chris Bradley, Yus Budiyono, Wouter Buytaert, Lucinda Capewell, Hayley Carlson, Yonca Cavus, Anaïs Couasnon, Gemma Coxon, Ioannis Daliakopoulos, Marleen C. de Ruiter, Claire Delus, Mathilde Erfurt, Giuseppe Esposito, Didier François, Frédéric Frappart, Jim Freer, Natalia Frolova, Animesh K. Gain, Manolis Grillakis, Jordi Oriol Grima, Diego A. Guzmán, Laurie S. Huning, Monica Ionita, Maxim Kharlamov, Dao Nguyen Khoi, Natalie Kieboom, Maria Kireeva, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Hong-Yi Li, Maria Carmen LLasat, David Macdonald, Johanna Mård, Hannah Mathew-Richards, Andrew McKenzie, Alfonso Mejia, Eduardo Mario Mendiondo, Marjolein Mens, Shifteh Mobini, Guilherme Samprogna Mohor, Viorica Nagavciuc, Thanh Ngo-Duc, Huynh Thi Thao Nguyen, Pham Thi Thao Nhi, Olga Petrucci, Nguyen Hong Quan, Pere Quintana-Seguí, Saman Razavi, Elena Ridolfi, Jannik Riegel, Md Shibly Sadik, Nivedita Sairam, Elisa Savelli, Alexey Sazonov, Sanjib Sharma, Johanna Sörensen, Felipe Augusto Arguello Souza, Kerstin Stahl, Max Steinhausen, Michael Stoelzle, Wiwiana Szalińska, Qiuhong Tang, Fuqiang Tian, Tamara Tokarczyk, Carolina Tovar, Thi Van Thu Tran, Marjolein H. J. van Huijgevoort, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Thorsten Wagener, Yueling Wang, Doris E. Wendt, Elliot Wickham, Long Yang, Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, and Philip J. Ward
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2009–2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2009-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management. We present a dataset containing data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The dataset enables comparative analyses and allows detailed context-specific assessments. Additionally, it supports the testing of socio-hydrological models.
Di Wang, Lide Tian, Camille Risi, Xuejie Wang, Jiangpeng Cui, Gabriel J. Bowen, Kei Yoshimura, Zhongwang Wei, and Laurent Z. X. Li
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 3409–3433, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-3409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the spatial and temporal distribution of vapor isotopes, we present two vehicle-based spatially continuous snapshots of the near-surface vapor isotopes in China during the pre-monsoon and monsoon periods. These observations are explained well by different moisture sources and processes along the air mass trajectories. Our results suggest that proxy records need to be interpreted in the context of regional systems and sources of moisture.
Ruidong Li, Ting Sun, Fuqiang Tian, and Guang-Heng Ni
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 751–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-751-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-751-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed SHAFTS (Simultaneous building Height And FootprinT extraction from Sentinel imagery), a multi-task deep-learning-based Python package, to estimate average building height and footprint from Sentinel imagery. Evaluation in 46 cities worldwide shows that SHAFTS achieves significant improvement over existing machine-learning-based methods.
Christopher Spence, Zhihua He, Kevin R. Shook, John W. Pomeroy, Colin J. Whitfield, and Jared D. Wolfe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5555–5575, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5555-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5555-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We learnt how streamflow from small creeks could be altered by wetland removal in the Canadian Prairies, where this practice is pervasive. Every creek basin in the region was placed into one of seven groups. We selected one of these groups and used its traits to simulate streamflow. The model worked well enough so that we could trust the results even if we removed the wetlands. Wetland removal did not change low flow amounts very much, but it doubled high flow and tripled average flow.
Yongwei Liu, Yuanbo Liu, Wen Wang, Han Zhou, and Lide Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3825–3845, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3825-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3825-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigated the wetting and drying of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) from variations in soil moisture (SM) droughts. We found the TP experienced an abrupt and significant wetting shift in the middle to late 1990s, not merely the steady trends given in literature. This shift is dominated by precipitation and attributed to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The wetting shift indicates a climate regime change. Our innovative work provides implications for further knowledge of the TP climate.
Yongping Wei, Jing Wei, Gen Li, Shuanglei Wu, David Yu, Mohammad Ghoreishi, You Lu, Felipe Augusto Arguello Souza, Murugesu Sivapalan, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2131–2146, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2131-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2131-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
There is increasing tension among the riparian countries of transboundary rivers. This article proposes a socio-hydrological framework that incorporates the slow and less visible societal processes into existing hydro-economic models, revealing the slow and hidden feedbacks between societal and hydrological processes. This framework will contribute to process-based understanding of the complex mechanism that drives conflict and cooperation in transboundary river management.
Christopher Spence, Zhihua He, Kevin R. Shook, Balew A. Mekonnen, John W. Pomeroy, Colin J. Whitfield, and Jared D. Wolfe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1801–1819, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1801-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1801-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We determined how snow and flow in small creeks change with temperature and precipitation in the Canadian Prairie, a region where water resources are often under stress. We tried something new. Every watershed in the region was placed in one of seven groups based on their landscape traits. We selected one of these groups and used its traits to build a model of snow and streamflow. It worked well, and by the 2040s there may be 20 %–40 % less snow and 30 % less streamflow than the 1980s.
Liying Guo, Jing Wei, Keer Zhang, Jiale Wang, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1165–1185, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Data support is crucial for the research of conflict and cooperation on transboundary rivers. Conventional, manual constructions of datasets cannot meet the requirements for fast updates in the big data era. This study brings up a revised methodological framework, based on the conventional method, and a toolkit for the news media dataset tracking of conflict and cooperation dynamics on transboundary rivers. A dataset with good tradeoffs between data relevance and coverage is generated.
Yi Nan, Zhihua He, Fuqiang Tian, Zhongwang Wei, and Lide Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6151–6172, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6151-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6151-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological modeling has large problems of uncertainty in cold regions. Tracer-aided hydrological models are increasingly used to reduce uncertainty and refine the parameterizations of hydrological processes, with limited application in large basins due to the unavailability of spatially distributed precipitation isotopes. This study explored the utility of isotopic general circulation models in driving a tracer-aided hydrological model in a large basin on the Tibetan Plateau.
Kunbiao Li, Fuqiang Tian, Mohd Yawar Ali Khan, Ran Xu, Zhihua He, Long Yang, Hui Lu, and Yingzhao Ma
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 5455–5467, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-5455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Due to complex climate and topography, there is still a lack of a high-quality rainfall dataset for hydrological modeling over the Tibetan Plateau. This study aims to establish a high-accuracy daily rainfall product over the southern Tibetan Plateau through merging satellite rainfall estimates based on a high-density rainfall gauge network. Statistical and hydrological evaluation indicated that the new dataset outperforms the raw satellite estimates and several other products of similar types.
Yi Nan, Lide Tian, Zhihua He, Fuqiang Tian, and Lili Shao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3653–3673, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3653-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3653-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study integrated a water isotope module into the hydrological model THREW. The isotope-aided model was subsequently applied for process understanding in the glacierized watershed of Karuxung river on the Tibetan Plateau. The model was used to quantify the contribution of runoff component and estimate the water travel time in the catchment. Model uncertainties were significantly constrained by using additional isotopic data, improving the process understanding in the catchment.
You Lu, Fuqiang Tian, Liying Guo, Iolanda Borzì, Rupesh Patil, Jing Wei, Dengfeng Liu, Yongping Wei, David J. Yu, and Murugesu Sivapalan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1883–1903, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1883-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1883-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The upstream countries in the transboundary Lancang–Mekong basin build dams for hydropower, while downstream ones gain irrigation and fishery benefits. Dam operation changes the seasonality of runoff downstream, resulting in their concerns. Upstream countries may cooperate and change their regulations of dams to gain indirect political benefits. The socio-hydrological model couples hydrology, reservoir, economy, and cooperation and reproduces the phenomena, providing a useful model framework.
Jing Wei, Yongping Wei, Fuqiang Tian, Natalie Nott, Claire de Wit, Liying Guo, and You Lu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1603–1615, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1603-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1603-2021, 2021
Liming Wang, Songjun Han, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 375–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-375-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-375-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It remains unclear at which timescale the complementary principle performs best in estimating evaporation. In this study, evaporation estimation was assessed over 88 eddy covariance monitoring sites at multiple timescales. The results indicate that the generalized complementary functions perform best in estimating evaporation at the monthly scale. This study provides a reference for choosing a suitable time step for evaporation estimations in relevant studies.
Yanbin Lei, Tandong Yao, Lide Tian, Yongwei Sheng, Lazhu, Jingjuan Liao, Huabiao Zhao, Wei Yang, Kun Yang, Etienne Berthier, Fanny Brun, Yang Gao, Meilin Zhu, and Guangjian Wu
The Cryosphere, 15, 199–214, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-199-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-199-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Two glaciers in the Aru range, western Tibetan Plateau (TP), collapsed suddenly on 17 July and 21 September 2016, respectively, causing fatal damage to local people and their livestock. The impact of the glacier collapses on the two downstream lakes (i.e., Aru Co and Memar Co) is investigated in terms of lake morphology, water level and water temperature. Our results provide a baseline in understanding the future lake response to glacier melting on the TP under a warming climate.
Cited articles
Ala-aho, P., Tetzlaff, D., McNamara, J. P., Laudon, H., and Soulsby, C.:
Using isotopes to constrain water flux and age estimates in snow-influenced
catchments using the STARR (Spatially distributed Tracer-Aided Rainfall–Runoff) model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5089–5110,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5089-2017, 2017.
Birkel, C. and Soulsby, C.: Advancing tracer-aided rainfall-runoff modelling: a review of progress, problems andnrealizedd potential, Hydrol. Process., 29, 5227–5240, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10594, 2015.
Birkel, C., Dunn, S. M., Tetzlaff, D., and Soulsby, C.: Assessing the value
of high-resolution isotope tracer data in the stepwise development of a
lumped conceptual rainfall-runoff model, Hydrol. Process., 24, 2335–2348, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7763, 2010.
Birkel, C., Tetzlaff, D., Dunn, S. M., and Soulsby, C.: Using time domain
and geographic source tracers to conceptualize streamflow generation processes in lumped rainfall-runoff models, Water Resour. Res., 47, W02515, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009547, 2011.
Boral, S. and Sen, I. S.: Tracing `Third Pole' ice meltwater contribution to the Himalayan rivers using oxygen and hydrogen isotopes, Geochem. Perspect. Lett., 13, 48–53, https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2013, 2020.
Bowen, G. J., Cai, Z., Fiorella, R. P., and Putman, A. L.: Isotopes in the
Water Cycle: Regional- to Global-Scale Patterns and Applications, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 47, 453–479, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060220, 2019.
Capell, R., Tetzlaff, D., and Soulsby, C.: Can time domain and source area
tracers reduce uncertainty in rainfall-runoff models in larger heterogeneous catchments?, Water Resour. Res., 48, W09544, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011543, 2012.
Chen, X., Long, D., Hong, Y., Zeng, C., and Yan, D.: Improved modeling of
snow and glacier melting by a progressive two-stage calibration strategy
with GRACE and multisource data: How snow and glacier meltwater contributes
to the runoff of the Upper Brahmaputra River basin?, Water Resources
Research, 53, 2431-2466, 10.1002/2016wr019656, 2017.
Chen, X., Long, D., Liang, S., He, L., Zeng, C., Hao, X., and Hong, Y.:
Developing a composite daily snow cover extent record over the Tibetan Plateau from 1981 to 2016 using multisource data, Remote Sens. Environ., 215,
284–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.06.021, 2018.
Delavau, C. J., Stadnyk, T., and Holmes, T.: Examining the impacts of precipitation isotope input on distributed, tracer-aided hydrological modelling, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2595–2614,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2595-2017, 2017.
Didan, K.: MOD13A3 MODIS/Terra vegetation Indices Monthly L3 Global 1 km SIN
Grid V006, NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD13A3.006, 2015.
Dong, G., Weng, B., Chen, J., Yan, D., and Wang, H.: Variation characteristics of stable isotopes in water along main stream of Naqu River in source area of Nujiang River, Water Resour. Hydropow. Eng., 49, 108–114, 2018.
Duethmann, D., Bolch, T., Farinotti, D., Kriegel, D., Vorogushyn, S., Merz,
B., Pieczonka, T., Jiang, T., Su, B., and Guentner, A.: Attribution of streamflow trends in snow and glacier melt-dominated catchments of the Tarim
River, Central Asia, Water Resour. Res., 51, 4727–4750,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014wr016716, 2015.
Eriksson, D., Bindel, D., and Shoemaker, C.: Dme65/Pysot: V0.1.35, Zenodo
[code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.569554, 2017.
Fassnacht, S. R., Sexstone, G. A., Kashipazha, A. H., Ignacio Lopez-Moreno, J., Jasinski, M. F., Kampf, S. K., and Von Thaden, B. C.: Deriving snow-cover depletion curves for different spatial scales from remote sensing and snow telemetry data, Hydrol. Process., 30, 1708–1717, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10730, 2016.
Gao, J., Tian, L., and Liu, Y.: Oxygen isotope variation in the water cycle of the Yamzho Lake Basin in southern Tibetan Plateau, Chinese Sci. Bull., 54,
2758–2765, 2009.
Geospatial Data Cloud Site: ASTER GDEM 30M, Geospatial Data Cloud Site [data set], http://www.gscloud.cn/sources/details/310?pid=302, last access: 1 January 2019.
He, Y.: Pan-TPE soil map based on Harmonized World Soil Database (V1.2),
National Tibetan Plateau Data Center [data set],
https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/zh-hans/data/3519536a-d1e7-4ba1-8481-6a0b56637baf/?q=HWSD,
last access: 1 January 2019.
He, Z., Vorogushyn, S., Unger-Shayesteh, K., Gafurov, A., Kalashnikova, O., Omorova, E., and Merz, B.: The Value of Hydrograph Partitioning Curves for Calibrating Hydrological Models in Glacierized Basins, Water Resour. Res., 54, 2336–2361, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017wr021966, 2018.
He, Z., Unger-Shayesteh, K., Vorogushyn, S., Weise, S. M., Kalashnikova, O.,
Gafurov, A., Duethmann, D., Barandun, M., and Merz, B.: Constraining hydrological model parameters using water isotopic compositions in a glacierized basin, Central Asia, J. Hydrol., 571, 332–348,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.01.048, 2019.
He, Z., Unger-Shayesteh, K., Vorogushyn, S., Weise, S. M., Duethmann, D.,
Kalashnikova, O., Gafurov, A., and Merz, B.: Comparing Bayesian and traditional end-member mixing approaches for hydrograph separation in a glacierized basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3289–3309, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3289-2020, 2020.
He, Z., Duethmann, D., and Tian, F.: A meta-analysis based review of quantifying the contributions of runoff components to streamflow in glacierized basins, J. Hydrol., 603, 126890, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126890, 2021.
He, Z. H., Tian, F. Q., Gupta, H. V., Hu, H. C., and Hu, H. P.: Diagnostic
calibration of a hydrological model in a mountain area by hydrograph partitioning, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1807–1826,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1807-2015, 2015.
Hindshaw, R. S., Tipper, E. T., Reynolds, B. C., Lemarchand, E., Wiederhold,
J. G., Magnusson, J., Bernasconi, S. M., Kretzschmar, R., and Bourdon, B.:
Hydrological control of stream water chemistry in a glacial catchment (Damma
Glacier, Switzerland), Chem. Geol., 285, 215–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.04.012, 2011.
Immerzeel, W. W., van Beek, L. P. H., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Climate Change
Will Affect the Asian Water Towers, Science, 328, 1382–1385,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1183188, 2010.
Jeelani, G., Shah, R. A., Jacob, N., and Deshpande, R. D.: Estimation of
snow and glacier melt contribution to Liddar stream in a mountainous catchment, western Himalaya: an isotopic approach, Isotop. Environ. Health Stud., 53, 18–35, https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2016.1186671, 2017.
Kendall, C. and Coplen, T. B.: Distribution of oxygen-18 and deuterium in
river waters across the United States, Hydrol. Process., 15, 1363–1393, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.217, 2001.
Klaus, J. and McDonnell, J. J.: Hydrograph separation using stable isotopes: Review and evaluation, J. Hydrol., 505, 47–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.006, 2013.
Knapp, J. L. A., Neal, C., Schlumpf, A., Neal, M., and Kirchner, J. W.: New
water fractions and transit time distributions at Plynlimon, Wales, estimated from stable water isotopes in precipitation and streamflow, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4367–4388, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4367-2019, 2019.
Kong, Y., Wang, K., Pu, T., and Shi, X.: Nonmonsoon Precipitation Dominates
Groundwater Recharge Beneath a Monsoon-Affected Glacier in Tibetan Plateau,
J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 10913–10930, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jd030492, 2019.
Laudon, H., Taberman, I., Ågren, A., Futter, M., Ottosson-Löfvenius,
M., and Bishop, K.: The Krycklan Catchment Study-A flagship infrastructure
for hydrology, biogeochemistry, and climate research in the boreal landscape, Water Resour. Res., 49, 7154–7158, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20520, 2013.
Li, Z., Feng, Q., Li, Z., Yuan, R., Gui, J., and Lv, Y.: Climate background,
fact and hydrological effect of multiphase water transformation in cold regions of the western china: a review, Earth.-Sci. Rev., 190, 33–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.12.004, 2019.
Li, Z.-J., Li, Z.-X., Song, L.-L., Gui, J., Xue, J., Zhang, B. J., and Gao, W. D.: Hydrological and runoff formation processes based on isotope tracing
during ablation period in the source regions of Yangtze River, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4169–4187, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4169-2020, 2020.
Liu, S.: The second glacier inventory dataset of China (version 1.0) (2006–2011), National Tibetan Plateau Data Center [data set],
https://doi.org/10.3972/glacier.001.2013.db, 2012.
Liu, Z., Tian, L., Yao, T., Gong, T., Yin, C., and Yu, W.: Temporal and spatial variations of delta O-18 in precipitation of the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, J. Geogr. Sci., 17, 317–326, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-007-0317-1, 2007.
Lone, A., Jeelani, G., Deshpande, R. D., and Padhya, V.: Estimating the sources of stream water in snow dominated catchments of western Himalayas, Adv. Water Resour., 155, 103995, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103995, 2021.
Lutz, A. F., Immerzeel, W. W., Shrestha, A. B., and Bierkens, M. F. P.:
Consistent increase in High Asia's runoff due to increasing glacier melt and
precipitation, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 587–592, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2237, 2014.
McGuire, K. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: A review and evaluation of catchment
transit time modeling, J. Hydrol., 330, 543–563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.020, 2006.
McGuire, K. J., Weiler, M., and McDonnell, J. J.: Integrating tracer experiments with modeling to assess runoff processes and water transit times, Adv. Water Resour., 30, 824–837, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.07.004, 2007.
Myneni, R., Knyazikhin, Y., and Park, T.: MOD15A2H MODIS/Terra Leaf Area
Index/FPAR 8-Day L4 Global 500 m SIN Grid V006, NASA EOSDIS Land Processes
DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD15A2H.006, 2015.
Nan, Y., Tian, F., Hu, H., Wang, L., and Zhao, S.: Stable Isotope Composition of River Waters across the World, Water, 11, 1760, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091760, 2019.
Nan, Y., Tian, L., He, Z., Tian, F., and Shao, L.: The value of water isotope data on improving process understanding in a glacierized catchment on the Tibetan Plateau, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3653–3673,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3653-2021, 2021a.
Nan, Y., He, Z., Tian, F., Wei, Z., and Tian, L.: Can we use precipitation
isotope outputs of isotopic general circulation models to improve hydrological modeling in large mountainous catchments on the Tibetan Plateau?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6151–6172, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6151-2021, 2021b.
Niinikoski, P. I. A., Hendriksson, N. M., and Karhu, J. A.: Using stable isotopes to resolve transit times and travel routes of river water: a case
study from southern Finland, Isotop. Environ. Health Stud., 52, 380–392, https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2015.1107553, 2016.
Ohlanders, N., Rodriguez, M., and McPhee, J.: Stable water isotope variation
in a Central Andean watershed dominated by glacier and snowmelt, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1035–1050, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1035-2013, 2013.
Parajka, J. and Blöschl, G.: The value of modis snow cover data in validating and calibrating conceptual hydrologic models, J. Hydrol., 358, 240–258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.006, 2008.
Pu, T., Wang, K., Kong, Y., Shi, X., Kang, S., Huang, Y., He, Y., Wang, S., Lee, J., and Cuntz, M.: Observing and Modeling the Isotopic Evolution of Snow Meltwater on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR026423, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr026423, 2020.
Rai, S. P., Singh, D., Jacob, N., Rawat, Y. S., Arora, M., and BhishmKumar:
Identifying contribution of snowmelt and glacier melt to the Bhagirathi River (Upper Ganga) near snout of the Gangotri Glacier using environmental isotopes, Catena, 173, 339–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.031, 2019.
Reggiani, P., Hassanizadeh, S. M., Sivapalan, M., and Gray, W. G.: A unifying framework for watershed thermodynamics: constitutive relationships, Adv. Water Resour., 23, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0309-1708(99)00005-6, 1999.
Schaner, N., Voisin, N., Nijssen, B., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: The contribution of glacier melt to streamflow, Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 034029, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034029, 2012.
Son, K. and Sivapalan, M.: Improving model structure and reducing parameter
uncertainty in conceptual water balance models through the use of auxiliary
data, Water Resour. Res., 43, W01415, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006wr005032, 2007.
Sprenger, M., Stumpp, C., Weiler, M., Aeschbach, W., Allen, S. T., Benettin,
P., Dubbert, M., Hartmann, A., Hrachowitz, M., Kirchner, J. W., McDonnell,
J. J., Orlowski, N., Penna, D., Pfahl, S., Rinderer, M., Rodriguez, N., Schmidt, M., and Werner, C.: The Demographics of Water: A Review of Water Ages in the Critical Zone, Rev. Geophys., 57, 800–834, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018rg000633, 2019.
Stevenson, J. L., Birkel, C., Neill, A. J., Tetzlaff, D., and Soulsby, C.:
Effects of streamflow isotope sampling strategies on the calibration of a
tracer-aided rainfall-runoff model, Hydrol. Process., 35, e14223, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14223, 2021.
Tan, H., Chen, X., Shi, D., Rao, W., Liu, J., Liu, J., Eastoe, C. J., and Wang, J.: Base flow in the Yarlungzangbo River, Tibet, maintained by the
isotopically-depleted precipitation and groundwater discharge, Sci. Total Environ., 759, 143510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143510, 2021.
Tian, F., Hu, H., Lei, Z., and Sivapalan, M.: Extension of the Representative Elementary Watershed approach for cold regions via explicit treatment of energy related processes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 619–644, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-619-2006, 2006.
Tian, F., Xu, R., Nan, Y., Li, K., and He, Z.: Quantification of runoff components in the Yarlung Tsangpo River using a distributed hydrological
model, Adv. Water Sci., 31, 324–336, 2020.
Viviroli, D., Weingartner, R., and Messerli, B.: Assessing the hydrological
significance of the world's mountains, Mount. Res. Dev., 23, 32–40, https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0032:athsot]2.0.co;2, 2003.
Wang, C., Dong, Z., Qin, X., Zhang, J., Du, W., and Wu, J.: Glacier meltwater runoff process analysis using δD and δ18O isotope and chemistry at the remote Laohugou glacier basin in western Qilian
Mountains, China, J. Geogr. Sci., 26, 722–734, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-016-1295-y, 2016.
Wang, Y., Wang, L., Zhou, J., Yao, T., Yang, W., Zhong, X., Liu, R., Hu, Z.,
Luo, L., Ye, Q., Chen, N., and Ding, H.: Vanishing Glaciers at Southeast
Tibetan Plateau Have Not Offset the Declining Runoff at Yarlung Zangbo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094651, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl094651, 2021.
Wolfe, B. B., Karst-Riddoch, T. L., Hall, R. I., Edwards, T. W. D., English,
M. C., Palmini, R., McGowan, S., Leavitt, P. R., and Vardy, S. R.: Classification of hydrological regimes of northern floodplain basins
(Peace–Athabasca Delta, Canada) from analysis of stable isotopes (δ18O, δ2H) and water chemistry, Hydrol. Process., 21, 151–168, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6229, 2007.
Xi, X.: A Review of Water Isotopes in Atmospheric General Circulation Models: Recent Advances and Future Prospects, Int. J. Atmos. Sci., 2014, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/250920, 2014.
Xia, X., Li, S., Wang, F., Zhang, S., Fang, Y., Li, J., Michalski, G., and
Zhang, L.: Triple oxygen isotopic evidence for atmospheric nitrate and its
application in source identification for river systems in the
Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Sci. Total Environ., 688, 270–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.204, 2019.
Xu, R., Hu, H., Tian, F., Li, C., and Khan, M. Y. A.: Projected climate change impacts on future streamflow of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River, Global Planet. Change, 175, 144–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2019.01.012, 2019.
Yang, K. and He, J.: China meteorological forcing dataset (1979–2018),
National Tibetan Plateau Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.11888/AtmosphericPhysics.tpe.249369.file, 2019.
Yde, J. C., Knudsen, N. T., Steffensen, J. P., Carrivick, J. L., Hasholt, B., Ingeman-Nielsen, T., Kronborg, C., Larsen, N. K., Mernild, S. H., Oerter, H., Roberts, D. H., and Russell, A. J.: Stable oxygen isotope variability in two contrasting glacier river catchments in Greenland, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1197–1210, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1197-2016, 2016.
Yoshimura, K., Kanamitsu, M., Noone, D., and Oki, T.: Historical isotope
simulation using Reanalysis atmospheric data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010074, 2008.
Zhang, F., Zhang, H. B., Hagen, S. C., Ye, M., Wang, D. B., Gui, D. W., Zeng, C., Tian, L. D., and Liu, J. S.: Snow cover and runoff modelling in a high mountain catchment with scarce data: effects of temperature and precipitation parameters, Hydrol. Process., 29, 52–65, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10125, 2015.
Zhang, Z., Chen, X., Cheng, Q., and Soulsby, C.: Storage dynamics, hydrological connectivity and flux ages in a karst catchment: conceptual
modelling using stable isotopes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 51–71, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-51-2019, 2019.
Short summary
Tracer-aided hydrological models are useful tool to reduce uncertainty of hydrological modeling in cold basins, but there is little guidance on the sampling strategy for isotope analysis, which is important for large mountainous basins. This study evaluated the reliance of the tracer-aided modeling performance on the availability of isotope data in the Yarlung Tsangpo river basin, and provides implications for collecting water isotope data for running tracer-aided hydrological models.
Tracer-aided hydrological models are useful tool to reduce uncertainty of hydrological modeling...