Articles | Volume 22, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1947-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1947-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Mar 2018
Research article |
| 20 Mar 2018
| 20 Mar 2018
Topography significantly influencing low flows in snow-dominated watersheds
Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, University
of British Columbia (Okanagan campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British
Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
Xiaohua Wei
Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, University
of British Columbia (Okanagan campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British
Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
Xin Yang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal
University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment
Evolution, Nanjing, 210023, China
Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical
Information Resources Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
Krysta Giles-Hansen
Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, University
of British Columbia (Okanagan campus), 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, British
Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada
Mingfang Zhang
School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science
and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
Wenfei Liu
Institute of Ecology and Environmental Science, Nanchang Institute of
Technology, Nanchang, 330099, China
Related authors
Yiping Hou, Mingfang Zhang, Xiaohua Wei, Shirong Liu, Qiang Li, Tijiu Cai, Wenfei Liu, Runqi Zhao, and Xiangzhuo Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1447–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ecohydrological sensitivity, defined as the response intensity of streamflow to vegetation change, indicates the hydrological sensitivity to vegetation change. The study revealed seasonal ecohydrological sensitivities were highly variable, depending on climate condition and watershed attributes. Dry season ecohydrological sensitivity was mostly determined by topography, soil and vegetation, while wet season ecohydrological sensitivity was mainly controlled by soil, landscape and vegetation.
Wenfei Liu, Xiaohua Wei, Qiang Li, Houbao Fan, Honglang Duan, Jianping Wu, Krysta Giles-Hansen, and Hao Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4747–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4747-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4747-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In recent decades, limited research has been conducted to examine the role of watershed properties in hydrological responses in large watersheds. Based on pair-wise comparisons, we conclude that reforestation decreased high flows but increased low flows in the watersheds studied. Hydrological recovery through reforestation is largely dependent on watershed properties when forest change and climate are similar and comparable. This finding has important implications for designing reforestation.
Qiang Li, Xiaohua Wei, Mingfang Zhang, Wenfei Liu, Krysta Giles-Hansen, Yi Wang, and Liangliang Duan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-291, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-291, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Emory C. Ellis, Robert D. Guy, and Xiaohua A. Wei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4667–4684, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4667-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4667-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes water-stable isotope composition by analyzing the impact of forest thinning on lodgepole pine depth-to-water uptake and water-use strategies. Lodgepole pine's primary source is spring snowmelt and shifts to rely on deeper soil water to maintain water uptake. There was no effect of decreased stand density on depth-to-water uptake. It will become more critical that we know how much water forests are using and which strategies trees use to sustain their water supply.
Yiping Hou, Mingfang Zhang, Xiaohua Wei, Shirong Liu, Qiang Li, Tijiu Cai, Wenfei Liu, Runqi Zhao, and Xiangzhuo Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1447–1466, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ecohydrological sensitivity, defined as the response intensity of streamflow to vegetation change, indicates the hydrological sensitivity to vegetation change. The study revealed seasonal ecohydrological sensitivities were highly variable, depending on climate condition and watershed attributes. Dry season ecohydrological sensitivity was mostly determined by topography, soil and vegetation, while wet season ecohydrological sensitivity was mainly controlled by soil, landscape and vegetation.
Shaoqing Dai, Xiaoman Zheng, Lei Gao, Chengdong Xu, Shudi Zuo, Qi Chen, Xiaohua Wei, and Yin Ren
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-36, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-36, 2020
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a method to integrate the advantages of machine learning and spatial statistics, different datasets, and multiple environmental covariates to improve the accuracy of aboveground biomass estimation models, which provides a useful reference for climate change mitigation. This combined method can make full use of data from different sources, and realize the complementary advantages of machine learning and spatial statistics, which has important implications for other fields.
Chuan Yuan, Guangyao Gao, Bojie Fu, Daming He, Xingwu Duan, and Xiaohua Wei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4077–4095, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4077-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4077-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The stemflow dynamics of two xerophytic shrubs were investigated at the inter- and intra-event scales with high-temporal-resolution data in 54 rain events. Stemflow process was depicted by intensity, duration and time lags to rain events. Funneling ratio was calculated as the ratio of stemflow to rainfall intensities. Rainfall intensity and raindrop momentum controlled stemflow intensity and time lags. Influences of rainfall characteristics on stemflow variables showed temporal dependence.
Shaoqing Dai, Xiaoman Zheng, Lei Gao, Shudi Zuo, Qi Chen, Xiaohua Wei, and Yin Ren
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-202, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-202, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a low-cost approach that combines machine learning with spatial statistics to construct a regional forest C sequestration map from non-representative sample units. The experimental results demonstrate that the combined methods can improve the accuracy of the C sequestration map. This work provides a useful reference for climate change mitigation and other cases that used non-representative sample units.
J. Na, X. Yang, X. Fang, G. Tang, and N. Pfeifer
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2-W13, 469–473, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-469-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-469-2019, 2019
Lixin Wang, Xiaohua Wei, Kevin Bishop, Alison D. Reeves, Nadia Ursino, and Rita Winkler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1731–1734, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1731-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1731-2018, 2018
Wenfei Liu, Xiaohua Wei, Qiang Li, Houbao Fan, Honglang Duan, Jianping Wu, Krysta Giles-Hansen, and Hao Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4747–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4747-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4747-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In recent decades, limited research has been conducted to examine the role of watershed properties in hydrological responses in large watersheds. Based on pair-wise comparisons, we conclude that reforestation decreased high flows but increased low flows in the watersheds studied. Hydrological recovery through reforestation is largely dependent on watershed properties when forest change and climate are similar and comparable. This finding has important implications for designing reforestation.
Qiang Li, Xiaohua Wei, Mingfang Zhang, Wenfei Liu, Krysta Giles-Hansen, Yi Wang, and Liangliang Duan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-291, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-291, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Li Min, Yang Xin, and Xiong Liyang
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLI-B3, 279–282, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B3-279-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B3-279-2016, 2016
Related subject area
Subject: Catchment hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Stochastic approaches
Monthly new water fractions and their relationships with climate and catchment properties across Alpine rivers
Technical note: Two-component electrical-conductivity-based hydrograph separation employing an exponential mixing model (EXPECT) provides reliable high-temporal-resolution young water fraction estimates in three small Swiss catchments
Flood frequency analysis using mean daily flows vs. instantaneous peak flows
On the regional-scale variability in flow duration curves in Peninsular India
Towards a conceptualization of the hydrological processes behind changes of young water fraction with elevation: a focus on mountainous alpine catchments
A mixed distribution approach for low-flow frequency analysis – Part 2: Comparative assessment of a mixed probability vs. copula-based dependence framework
A mixed distribution approach for low-flow frequency analysis – Part 1: Concept, performance, and effect of seasonality
Significant regime shifts in historical water yield in the Upper Brahmaputra River basin
A geostatistical spatially varying coefficient model for mean annual runoff that incorporates process-based simulations and short records
Low-flow estimation beyond the mean – expectile loss and extreme gradient boosting for spatiotemporal low-flow prediction in Austria
Impact of bias nonstationarity on the performance of uni- and multivariate bias-adjusting methods: a case study on data from Uccle, Belgium
A space–time Bayesian hierarchical modeling framework for projection of seasonal maximum streamflow
Parsimonious statistical learning models for low-flow estimation
Development of a Wilks feature importance method with improved variable rankings for supporting hydrological inference and modelling
Technical Note: Improved partial wavelet coherency for understanding scale-specific and localized bivariate relationships in geosciences
Effects of climate anomalies on warm-season low flows in Switzerland
Histogram via entropy reduction (HER): an information-theoretic alternative for geostatistics
Estimation of annual runoff by exploiting long-term spatial patterns and short records within a geostatistical framework
A methodology to estimate flow duration curves at partially ungauged basins
The role of flood wave superposition in the severity of large floods
Contribution of low-frequency climatic–oceanic oscillations to streamflow variability in small, coastal rivers of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia)
Stochastic reconstruction of spatio-temporal rainfall patterns by inverse hydrologic modelling
An assessment of trends and potential future changes in groundwater-baseflow drought based on catchment response times
More frequent flooding? Changes in flood frequency in the Pearl River basin, China, since 1951 and over the past 1000 years
A discrete wavelet spectrum approach for identifying non-monotonic trends in hydroclimate data
Evaluating climate change impacts on streamflow variability based on a multisite multivariate GCM downscaling method in the Jing River of China
Estimating unconsolidated sediment cover thickness by using the horizontal distance to a bedrock outcrop as secondary information
On the probability distribution of daily streamflow in the United States
The European 2015 drought from a hydrological perspective
Heterogeneity measures in hydrological frequency analysis: review and new developments
ENSO-conditioned weather resampling method for seasonal ensemble streamflow prediction
Ordinary kriging as a tool to estimate historical daily streamflow records
Trends in floods in West Africa: analysis based on 11 catchments in the region
Implementation and validation of a Wilks-type multi-site daily precipitation generator over a typical Alpine river catchment
Spatial controls on groundwater response dynamics in a snowmelt-dominated montane catchment
Is bias correction of regional climate model (RCM) simulations possible for non-stationary conditions?
Data compression to define information content of hydrological time series
Topological and canonical kriging for design flood prediction in ungauged catchments: an improvement over a traditional regional regression approach?
Regionalised spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature models for flood studies in the Basque Country, Spain
Exploring the physical controls of regional patterns of flow duration curves – Part 1: Insights from statistical analyses
Land cover and water yield: inference problems when comparing catchments with mixed land cover
An elusive search for regional flood frequency estimates in the River Nile basin
Interannual hydroclimatic variability and its influence on winter nutrient loadings over the Southeast United States
Variational assimilation of streamflow into operational distributed hydrologic models: effect of spatiotemporal scale of adjustment
Contrasting trends in floods for two sub-arctic catchments in northern Sweden – does glacier presence matter?
Long-range forecasting of intermittent streamflow
Applying sequential Monte Carlo methods into a distributed hydrologic model: lagged particle filtering approach with regularization
Low-frequency variability of European runoff
Comparison of catchment grouping methods for flow duration curve estimation at ungauged sites in France
Regional flow duration curves for ungauged sites in Sicily
Marius G. Floriancic, Michael P. Stockinger, James W. Kirchner, and Christine Stumpp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3675–3694, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3675-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3675-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Alps are a key water resource for central Europe, providing water for drinking, agriculture, and hydropower production. To assess water availability in streams, we need to understand how much streamflow is derived from old water stored in the subsurface versus more recent precipitation. We use tracer data from 32 Alpine streams and statistical tools to assess how much recent precipitation can be found in Alpine rivers and how this amount is related to catchment properties and climate.
Alessio Gentile, Jana von Freyberg, Davide Gisolo, Davide Canone, and Stefano Ferraris
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1915–1934, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1915-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1915-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Can we leverage high-resolution and low-cost EC measurements and biweekly δ18O data to estimate the young water fraction at higher temporal resolution? Here, we present the EXPECT method that combines two widespread techniques: EC-based hydrograph separation and sine-wave models of the seasonal isotope cycles. The method is not without its limitations, but its application in three small Swiss catchments is promising for future applications in catchments with different characteristics.
Anne Bartens, Bora Shehu, and Uwe Haberlandt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1687–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1687-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1687-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River flow data are often provided as mean daily flows (MDF), in which a lot of information is lost about the actual maximum flow or instantaneous peak flows (IPF) within a day. We investigate the error of using MDF instead of IPF and identify means to predict IPF when only MDF data are available. We find that the average ratio of daily flood peaks and volumes is a good predictor, which is easily and universally applicable and requires a minimum amount of data.
Pankaj Dey, Jeenu Mathai, Murugesu Sivapalan, and Pradeep P. Mujumdar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1493–1514, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the regional streamflow variability in Peninsular India. This variability is governed by monsoons, mountainous systems, and geologic gradients. A linkage between these influencing factors and streamflow variability is established using a Wegenerian approach and flow duration curves.
Alessio Gentile, Davide Canone, Natalie Ceperley, Davide Gisolo, Maurizio Previati, Giulia Zuecco, Bettina Schaefli, and Stefano Ferraris
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2301–2323, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
What drives young water fraction, F*yw (i.e., the fraction of water in streamflow younger than 2–3 months), variations with elevation? Why is F*yw counterintuitively low in high-elevation catchments, in spite of steeper topography? In this paper, we present a perceptual model explaining how the longer low-flow duration at high elevations, driven by the persistence of winter snowpacks, increases the proportion of stored (old) water contributing to the stream, thus reducing F*yw.
Gregor Laaha
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2019–2034, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2019-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2019-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In seasonal climates with a warm and a cold season, low flows are generated by different processes so that return periods used as a measure of event severity will be inaccurate. We propose a novel mixed copula estimator that is shown to outperform previous calculation methods. The new method is highly relevant for a wide range of European river flow regimes and should be used by default.
Gregor Laaha
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 689–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-689-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-689-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing the severity of an extreme event is of particular importance to hydrology and water policies. In this paper we propose a mixed distribution approach for low flows. It provides one consistent approach to quantify the severity of summer, winter, and annual low flows based on their respective annualities (or return periods). We show that the new method is much more accurate than existing methods and should therefore be used by engineers and water agencies.
Hao Li, Baoying Shan, Liu Liu, Lei Wang, Akash Koppa, Feng Zhong, Dongfeng Li, Xuanxuan Wang, Wenfeng Liu, Xiuping Li, and Zongxue Xu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6399–6412, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6399-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6399-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines changes in water yield by determining turning points in the direction of yield changes and highlights that regime shifts in historical water yield occurred in the Upper Brahmaputra River basin, both the climate and cryosphere affect the magnitude of water yield increases, climate determined the declining trends in water yield, and meltwater has the potential to alleviate the water shortage. A repository for all source files is made available.
Thea Roksvåg, Ingelin Steinsland, and Kolbjørn Engeland
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5391–5410, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5391-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5391-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The goal of this work was to make a map of the mean annual runoff for Norway for a 30-year period. We first simulated runoff by using a process-based model that models the relationship between runoff, precipitation, temperature, and land use. Next, we corrected the map based on runoff observations from streams by using a statistical method. We were also able to use data from rivers that only had a few annual observations. We find that the statistical correction improves the runoff estimates.
Johannes Laimighofer, Michael Melcher, and Gregor Laaha
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4553–4574, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our study uses a statistical boosting model for estimating low flows on a monthly basis, which can be applied to estimate low flows at sites without measurements. We use an extensive dataset of 260 stream gauges in Austria for model development. As we are specifically interested in low-flow events, our method gives specific weight to such events. We found that our method can considerably improve the predictions of low-flow events and yields accurate estimates of the seasonal low-flow variation.
Jorn Van de Velde, Matthias Demuzere, Bernard De Baets, and Niko E. C. Verhoest
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2319–2344, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2319-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2319-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An important step in projecting future climate is the bias adjustment of the climatological and hydrological variables. In this paper, we illustrate how bias adjustment can be impaired by bias nonstationarity. Two univariate and four multivariate methods are compared, and for both types bias nonstationarity can be linked with less robust adjustment.
Álvaro Ossandón, Manuela I. Brunner, Balaji Rajagopalan, and William Kleiber
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 149–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-149-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-149-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Timely projections of seasonal streamflow extremes on a river network can be useful for flood risk mitigation, but this is challenging, particularly under space–time nonstationarity. We develop a space–time Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) using temporal climate covariates and copulas to project seasonal streamflow extremes and the attendant uncertainties. We demonstrate this on the Upper Colorado River basin to project spring flow extremes using the preceding winter’s climate teleconnections.
Johannes Laimighofer, Michael Melcher, and Gregor Laaha
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 129–148, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-129-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-129-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to predict long-term averages of low flow on a hydrologically diverse dataset in Austria. We compared seven statistical learning methods and included a backward variable selection approach. We found that separating the low-flow processes into winter and summer low flows leads to good performance for all the models. Variable selection results in more parsimonious and more interpretable models. Linear approaches for prediction and variable selection are sufficient for our dataset.
Kailong Li, Guohe Huang, and Brian Baetz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4947–4966, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4947-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4947-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We proposed a test statistic feature importance method to quantify the importance of predictor variables for random-forest-like models. The proposed method does not rely on any performance measures to evaluate variable rankings, which can thus result in unbiased variable rankings. The resulting variable rankings based on the proposed method could help random forest achieve its optimum predictive accuracy.
Wei Hu and Bing Si
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 321–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-321-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-321-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Partial wavelet coherency method is improved to explore the bivariate relationships at different scales and locations after excluding the effects of other variables. The method was tested with artificial datasets and applied to a measured dataset. Compared with others, this method has the advantages of capturing phase information, dealing with multiple excluding variables, and producing more accurate results. This method can be used in different areas with spatial or temporal datasets.
Marius G. Floriancic, Wouter R. Berghuijs, Tobias Jonas, James W. Kirchner, and Peter Molnar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5423–5438, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5423-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5423-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Low river flows affect societies and ecosystems. Here we study how precipitation and potential evapotranspiration shape low flows across a network of 380 Swiss catchments. Low flows in these rivers typically result from below-average precipitation and above-average potential evapotranspiration. Extreme low flows result from long periods of the combined effects of both drivers.
Stephanie Thiesen, Diego M. Vieira, Mirko Mälicke, Ralf Loritz, J. Florian Wellmann, and Uwe Ehret
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4523–4540, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4523-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4523-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A spatial interpolator has been proposed for exploring the information content of the data in the light of geostatistics and information theory. It showed comparable results to traditional interpolators, with the advantage of presenting generalization properties. We discussed three different ways of combining distributions and their implications for the probabilistic results. By its construction, the method provides a suitable and flexible framework for uncertainty analysis and decision-making.
Thea Roksvåg, Ingelin Steinsland, and Kolbjørn Engeland
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4109–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4109-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4109-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Annual runoff is a measure of how much water flows through a river during a year and is an important quantity, e.g. when planning infrastructure. In this paper, we suggest a new statistical model for annual runoff estimation. The model exploits correlation between rivers and is able to detect whether the annual runoff in the target river follows repeated patterns over time relative to neighbouring rivers. In our work we show for what cases the latter represents a benefit over comparable methods.
Elena Ridolfi, Hemendra Kumar, and András Bárdossy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2043–2060, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2043-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2043-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a new, simple and model-free methodology to estimate the streamflow at partially gauged basins, given the precipitation gauged at another basin. We show that the FDC is not a characteristic of the basin only, but of both the basin and the weather. Because of the dependence on the climate, discharge data at the target site are here retrieved using the Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) of the donor site as it represents in a streamflow-like way the precipitation of the basin.
Björn Guse, Bruno Merz, Luzie Wietzke, Sophie Ullrich, Alberto Viglione, and Sergiy Vorogushyn
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1633–1648, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1633-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1633-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Floods are influenced by river network processes, among others. Flood characteristics of tributaries may affect flood severity downstream of confluences. The impact of flood wave superposition is investigated with regard to magnitude and temporal matching of flood peaks. Our study in Germany and Austria shows that flood wave superposition is not the major driver of flood severity. However, there is the potential for large floods at some confluences in cases of temporal matching of flood peaks.
Juan Camilo Restrepo, Aldemar Higgins, Jaime Escobar, Silvio Ospino, and Natalia Hoyos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2379–2400, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2379-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2379-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the influence of low-frequency oscillations that are linked to large-scale oceanographic–atmospheric processes, on streamflow variability in small mountain rivers of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, aiming to explore streamflow variability, estimate the net contribution to the energy of low-frequency oscillations to streamflow anomalies, and analyze the linkages between streamflow anomalies and large-scale, low-frequency oceanographic–atmospheric processes.
Jens Grundmann, Sebastian Hörning, and András Bárdossy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 225–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-225-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-225-2019, 2019
Jost Hellwig and Kerstin Stahl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6209–6224, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6209-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6209-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the lack of long-term observations, insights into changes of groundwater resources are obscured. In this paper we assess past and potential future changes in groundwater drought in headwater catchments using a baseflow approach. There are a few past trends which are highly dependent on the period of analysis. Catchments with short response times are found to have a higher sensitivity to projected seasonal precipitation shifts, urging for a local management based on response times.
Qiang Zhang, Xihui Gu, Vijay P. Singh, Peijun Shi, and Peng Sun
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2637–2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2637-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2637-2018, 2018
Yan-Fang Sang, Fubao Sun, Vijay P. Singh, Ping Xie, and Jian Sun
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 757–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-757-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-757-2018, 2018
Zhi Li and Jiming Jin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5531–5546, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5531-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5531-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an efficient multisite and multivariate GCM downscaling method and generated climate change scenarios for SWAT to evaluate the streamflow variability within a watershed in China. The application of the ensemble techniques enables us to better quantify the model uncertainties. The peak values of precipitation and streamflow have a tendency to shift from the summer to spring season over the next 30 years. The number of extreme flooding and drought events will increase.
Nils-Otto Kitterød
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4195–4211, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4195-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4195-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The GRANADA open-access database (NGU, 2016a) was used to derive point recordings of thickness of sediment above the bedrock D(u). For each D(u) the horizontal distance to nearest outcrop L(u) was derived from geological maps. The purpose was to utilize L(u) as a secondary function for estimation of D(u). Two estimation methods were employed: ordinary kriging (OK) and co-kriging (CK). A cross-validation analysis was performed to evaluate the additional information in the secondary function L(u).
Annalise G. Blum, Stacey A. Archfield, and Richard M. Vogel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3093–3103, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3093-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3093-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Flow duration curves are ubiquitous in surface water hydrology for applications including water allocation and protection of ecosystem health. We identify three probability distributions that can provide a reasonable fit to daily streamflows across much of United States. These results help us understand of the behavior of daily streamflows and enhance our ability to predict streamflows at ungaged river locations.
Gregor Laaha, Tobias Gauster, Lena M. Tallaksen, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Kerstin Stahl, Christel Prudhomme, Benedikt Heudorfer, Radek Vlnas, Monica Ionita, Henny A. J. Van Lanen, Mary-Jeanne Adler, Laurie Caillouet, Claire Delus, Miriam Fendekova, Sebastien Gailliez, Jamie Hannaford, Daniel Kingston, Anne F. Van Loon, Luis Mediero, Marzena Osuch, Renata Romanowicz, Eric Sauquet, James H. Stagge, and Wai K. Wong
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3001–3024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3001-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3001-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In 2015 large parts of Europe were affected by a drought. In terms of low flow magnitude, a region around the Czech Republic was most affected, with return periods > 100 yr. In terms of deficit volumes, the drought was particularly severe around S. Germany where the event lasted notably long. Meteorological and hydrological events developed differently in space and time. For an assessment of drought impacts on water resources, hydrological data are required in addition to meteorological indices.
Ana I. Requena, Fateh Chebana, and Taha B. M. J. Ouarda
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1651–1668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1651-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1651-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The notion of a measure to quantify the degree of heterogeneity of a region from which information is required to estimate the magnitude of events at ungauged sites is introduced. These heterogeneity measures are needed to compare regions, evaluate the impact of particular sites, and rank the performance of delineating methods. A framework to define and assess their desirable properties is proposed. Several heterogeneity measures are presented and/or developed to be assessed, giving guidelines.
Joost V. L. Beckers, Albrecht H. Weerts, Erik Tijdeman, and Edwin Welles
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3277–3287, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3277-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3277-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic–atmospheric climate modes, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are known to affect the streamflow regime in many rivers around the world. A new method is presented for ENSO conditioning of the ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) method, which is often used for seasonal streamflow forecasting. The method was tested on three tributaries of the Columbia River, OR. Results show an improvement in forecast skill compared to the standard ESP.
William H. Farmer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2721–2735, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2721-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2721-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The potential of geostatistical tools, leveraging the spatial structure and dependency of correlated time series, for the prediction of daily streamflow time series at unmonitored locations is explored. Simple geostatistical tools improve on traditional estimates of daily streamflow. The temporal evolution of spatial structure, including seasonal fluctuations, is also explored. The proposed method is contrasted with more advanced geostatistical methods and shown to be comparable.
B. N. Nka, L. Oudin, H. Karambiri, J. E. Paturel, and P. Ribstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4707–4719, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4707-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4707-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The region of West Africa is undergoing important climate and environmental changes affecting the magnitude and occurrence of floods. This study aims to analyze the evolution of flood hazard in the region and to find links between flood hazards pattern and rainfall or vegetation index patterns.
D. E. Keller, A. M. Fischer, C. Frei, M. A. Liniger, C. Appenzeller, and R. Knutti
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2163–2177, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2163-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2163-2015, 2015
R. S. Smith, R. D. Moore, M. Weiler, and G. Jost
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1835–1856, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1835-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1835-2014, 2014
C. Teutschbein and J. Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 5061–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-5061-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-5061-2013, 2013
S. V. Weijs, N. van de Giesen, and M. B. Parlange
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3171–3187, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3171-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3171-2013, 2013
S. A. Archfield, A. Pugliese, A. Castellarin, J. O. Skøien, and J. E. Kiang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1575–1588, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1575-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1575-2013, 2013
P. Cowpertwait, D. Ocio, G. Collazos, O. de Cos, and C. Stocker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 479–494, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-479-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-479-2013, 2013
L. Cheng, M. Yaeger, A. Viglione, E. Coopersmith, S. Ye, and M. Sivapalan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4435–4446, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4435-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4435-2012, 2012
A. I. J. M. van Dijk, J. L. Peña-Arancibia, and L. A. (Sampurno) Bruijnzeel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3461–3473, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3461-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3461-2012, 2012
P. Nyeko-Ogiramoi, P. Willems, F. M. Mutua, and S. A. Moges
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3149–3163, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3149-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3149-2012, 2012
J. Oh and A. Sankarasubramanian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2285–2298, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2285-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2285-2012, 2012
H. Lee, D.-J. Seo, Y. Liu, V. Koren, P. McKee, and R. Corby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2233–2251, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2233-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2233-2012, 2012
H. E. Dahlke, S. W. Lyon, J. R. Stedinger, G. Rosqvist, and P. Jansson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2123–2141, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2123-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2123-2012, 2012
F. F. van Ogtrop, R. W. Vervoort, G. Z. Heller, D. M. Stasinopoulos, and R. A. Rigby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3343–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3343-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3343-2011, 2011
S. J. Noh, Y. Tachikawa, M. Shiiba, and S. Kim
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3237–3251, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3237-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3237-2011, 2011
L. Gudmundsson, L. M. Tallaksen, K. Stahl, and A. K. Fleig
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2853–2869, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2853-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2853-2011, 2011
E. Sauquet and C. Catalogne
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2421–2435, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2421-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2421-2011, 2011
F. Viola, L. V. Noto, M. Cannarozzo, and G. La Loggia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 323–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-323-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-323-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Ambroise, B., Beven, K., and Freer, J.: Toward a generalization of the
TOPMODEL concepts: Topographic indices of hydrological similarity, Water
Resour. Res., 32, 2135–2145, 1996.
Beven, K.: Linking Parameters across Scales – Subgrid Parameterizations and
Scale-Dependent Hydrological Models, Hydrol Process, 9, 507–525,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360090504, 1995.
Beven, K. and Kirkby, M. J.: A physically based, variable contributing area
model of basin hydrology/Un modèle à base physique de zone d'appel
variable de l'hydrologie du bassin versant, Hydrolog. Sci. J.,
24, 43–69, 1979.
Burrough, P. A., McDonnell, R., McDonnell, R. A., and Lloyd, C. D.:
Principles of geographical information systems, Oxford University Press,
2015.
Cheng, L., Yaeger, M., Viglione, A., Coopersmith, E., Ye, S., and Sivapalan,
M.: Exploring the physical controls of regional patterns of flow duration
curves – Part 1: Insights from statistical analyses, Hydrol. Earth Syst.
Sci., 16, 4435–4446, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4435-2012, 2012.
Daly, C., Halbleib, M., Smith, J. I., Gibson, W. P., Doggett, M. K., Taylor,
G. H., Curtis, J., and Pasteris, P. P.: Physiographically sensitive mapping
of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous
United States, Int. J. Climatol., 28, 2031–2064, 10.1002/joc.1688, 2008.
Desmet, P. J. J. and Govers, G.: A GIS procedure for automatically
calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units, J.
Soil Water Conserv., 51, 427–433, 1996.
Erickson, T. A., Williams, M. W., and Winstral, A.: Persistence of
topographic controls on the spatial distribution of snow in rugged mountain
terrain, Colorado, United States, Water Resour. Res., 41, W04014,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002973, 2005.
Erskine, R. H., Green, T. R., Ramirez, J. A., and MacDonald, L. H.:
Comparison of grid-based algorithms for computing upslope contributing area,
Water Resour. Res., 42, W09416, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004648, 2006.
Fleming, S. W., Whitfield, P. H., Moore, R. D., and Quilty, E. J.:
Regime-dependent streamflow sensitivities to Pacific climate modes cross the
Georgia-Puget transboundary ecoregion, Hydrol. Process., 21, 3264–3287,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6544, 2007.
Gómez-Plaza, A., Martınez-Mena, M., Albaladejo, J., and Castillo, V.:
Factors regulating spatial distribution of soil water content in small
semiarid catchments, J. Hydrol., 253, 211–226, 2001.
Greenlee, D. D.: Raster and vector processing for scanned linework,
Photogramm. Eng. Rem. S., 53, 1383–1387, 1987.
Gromping, U.: Relative importance for linear regression in R: The package
relaimpo, J. Stat. Softw., 17, 27, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v017.i01, 2006.
Hewlett, J. D. and Hibbert, A. R.: Factors affecting the response of small
watersheds to precipitation in humid areas, Forest Hydrology, 1, 275–290,
1967.
Hjerdt, K. N., McDonnell, J. J., Seibert, J., and Rodhe, A.: A new
topographic index to quantify downslope controls on local drainage, Water
Resour. Res., 40, W0560, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003130, 2004.
Jencso, K. G. and McGlynn, B. L.: Hierarchical controls on runoff
generation: Topographically driven hydrologic connectivity, geology, and
vegetation, Water Resour. Res., 47, W11527 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr010666, 2011.
Jenness, J.: Topographic
Position Index (tpi_jen. avx) extension for ArcView 3. x, v. 1.3 a. Jenness
Enterprises, available at: http://www.jennessent.com/arcview/tpi.htm (last access: 16 March 2018),
2006.
Jenness, J. S.: Calculating landscape surface area from digital elevation
models, Wildlife Soc. B., 32, 829–839,
https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0829:Clsafd]2.0.Co;2, 2004.
Karlsen, R. H., Grabs, T., Bishop, K., Buffam, I., Laudon, H., and Seibert,
J.: Landscape controls on spatiotemporal discharge variability in a boreal
catchment, Water Resour. Res., 52, 6541–6556, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019186, 2016.
Li, Q., Qi, J. Y., Xing, Z. S., Li, S., Jiang, Y. F., Danielescu, S., Zhu, H.
Y., Wei, X. H., and Meng, F. R.: An approach for assessing impact of land use
and biophysical conditions across landscape on recharge rate and nitrogen
loading of groundwater, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 196, 114–124,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.06.028, 2014.
Li, Q., Wei, X., Zhang, M., Liu, W., Fan, H., Zhou, G., Giles-Hansen, K.,
Liu, S., and Wang, Y.: Forest cover change and water yield in large forested
watersheds: A global synthetic assessment, Ecohydrology, 10, e1838,
https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1838, 2017.
Liu, W., Wei, X., Li, Q., Fan, H., Duan, H., Wu, J., Giles-Hansen, K., and
Zhang, H.: Hydrological recovery in two large forested watersheds of
southeastern China: the importance of watershed properties in determining
hydrological responses to reforestation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20,
4747–4756, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4747-2016, 2016.
Lyon, S. W., Nathanson, M., Spans, A., Grabs, T., Laudon, H., Temnerud, J.,
Bishop, K. H., and Seibert, J.: Specific discharge variability in a boreal
landscape, Water Resour. Res., 48, W08506, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011wr011073, 2012.
McGuire, K. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: A review and evaluation of catchment
transit time modeling, J. Hydrol., 330, 543–563,
10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.020, 2006.
McGuire, K. J., McDonnell, J. J., Weiler, M., Kendall, C., McGlynn, B. L.,
Welker, J. M., and Seibert, J.: The role of topography on catchment-scale
water residence time, Water Resour. Res., 41, W05002,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004wr003657, 2005.
Moore, I., Burch, G., and Mackenzie, D.: Topographic effects on the
distribution of surface soil water and the location of ephemeral gullies,
Trans. ASAE, 31, 1098–1107, 1988.
Moore, I. D., Grayson, R. B., and Ladson, A. R.: Digital Terrain Modeling –
a Review of Hydrological, Geomorphological, and Biological Applications,
Hydrol. Process., 5, 3–30, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050103, 1991.
Panagos, P., Borrelli, P., and Meusburger, K.: A new European slope length
and steepness factor (LS-Factor) for modeling soil erosion by water,
Geosciences, 5, 117–126, 2015.
Park, S. J. and van de Giesen, N.: Soil-landscape delineation to define
spatial sampling domains for hillslope hydrology, J. Hydrol., 295, 28–46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.02.022, 2004.
Park, S. J., McSweeney, K., and Lowery, B.: Identification of the spatial
distribution of soils using a process-based terrain characterization,
Geoderma, 103, 249–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00042-8, 2001.
Price, K.: Effects of watershed topography, soils, land use, and climate on
baseflow hydrology in humid regions: A review, Prog. Phys. Geog., 35,
465–492, 2011.
Quinn, P., Beven, K., Chevallier, P., and Planchon, O.: The Prediction of
Hillslope Flow Paths for Distributed Hydrological Modeling Using Digital
Terrain Models, Hydrol. Process., 5, 59–79, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050106,
1991.
Quinn, P. F., Beven, K. J., and Lamb, R.: The Ln(a/Tan-Beta) Index – How to
Calculate It and How to Use It within the Topmodel Framework, Hydrol.
Process., 9, 161–182, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360090204, 1995.
Riley, S. J.: Index That Quantifies Topographic Heterogeneity, Intermountain
Journal of Sciences, 5, 23–27, 1999.
Scown, M. W., Thoms, M. C., and De Jager, N. R.: Measuring floodplain spatial
patterns using continuous surface metrics at multiple scales, Geomorphology,
245, 87–101, 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.026, 2015.
Shope, C. L.: Disentangling event-scale hydrologic flow partitioning in
mountains of the Korean Peninsula under extreme precipitation, J. Hydrol.,
538, 399–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.04.050, 2016.
Smakhtin, V. U.: Low flow hydrology: a review, J. Hydrol., 240, 147–186,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00340-1, 2001.
Wang, T., Hamann, A., Spittlehouse, D. L., and Aitken, S. N.: Development of
scale-free climate data for western Canada for use in resource management,
Int. J. Climatol., 26, 383–397, https://doi.org/10.1002/Joc.1247, 2006.
Wei, X., Li, Q., Zhang, M., Giles-Hansen, K., Liu, W., Fan, H., Wang, Y.,
Zhou, G., Piao, S., and Liu, S.: Vegetation cover – another dominant factor
in determining global water resources in forested regions, Glob. Change
Biol., 24, 786–795, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13983, 2018.
Wei, X. H. and Zhang, M. F.: Quantifying streamflow change caused by forest
disturbance at a large spatial scale: A single watershed study, Water Resour.
Res., 46, W12525, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009250, 2010.
Winkler, R. D., Spittlehouse, D. L., and Golding, D. L.: Measured differences
in snow accumulation and melt among clearcut, juvenile, and mature forests in
southern British Columbia, Hydrol. Process., 19, 51–62,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5757, 2005.
Yokoyama, R., Shirasawa, M., and Pike, R. J.: Visualizing topography by
openness: a new application of image processing to digital elevation models,
Photogramm. Eng. Rem. S., 68, 257–266, 2002.
Zeng, C. Y., Yang, L., Zhu, A. X., Rossiter, D. G., Liu, J., Liu, J. Z., Qin,
C. Z., and Wang, D. S.: Mapping soil organic matter concentration at
different scales using a mixed geographically weighted regression method,
Geoderma, 281, 69–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.033, 2016.
Zhang, M. and Wei, X.: Contrasted hydrological responses to forest harvesting
in two large neighbouring watersheds in snow hydrology dominant environment:
implications for forest management and future forest hydrology studies,
Hydrol. Process., 28, 6183–6195, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10107, 2014.
Zhang, M., Wei, X., and Li, Q.: A quantitative assessment on the response of
flow regimes to cumulative forest disturbances in large snow-dominated
watersheds in the interior of British Columbia, Canada, Ecohydrology, 9,
843–859, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1687, 2016.
Zhang, M. F., Liu, N., Harper, R., Li, Q., Liu, K., Wei, X. H., Ning, D. Y.,
Hou, Y. P., and Liu, S. R.: A global review on hydrological responses to
forest change across multiple spatial scales: Importance of scale, climate,
forest type and hydrological regime, J. Hydrol., 546, 44–59,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.040, 2017.
Short summary
Topography plays an important role in determining the spatial heterogeneity of ecological, geomorphological, and hydrological processes. Topography plays a more dominant role in low flows than high flows. Our analysis also identified five significant TIs: perimeter, slope length factor, surface area, openness, and terrain characterization index. These can be used to compare watersheds when low flow assessments are conducted, specifically in snow-dominated regions.
Topography plays an important role in determining the spatial heterogeneity of ecological,...
