Articles | Volume 26, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-731-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-731-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Influence of initial soil moisture in a regional climate model study over West Africa – Part 2: Impact on the climate extremes
Brahima Koné
LASMES – African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (ACE CCBAD)/Université Félix
Houphouët Boigny, 00225 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
LASMES – African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (ACE CCBAD)/Université Félix
Houphouët Boigny, 00225 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000 Grenoble,
France
Adama Diawara
LASMES – African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (ACE CCBAD)/Université Félix
Houphouët Boigny, 00225 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Sandrine Anquetin
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38000 Grenoble,
France
N'datchoh Evelyne Touré
LASMES – African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (ACE CCBAD)/Université Félix
Houphouët Boigny, 00225 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Adama Bamba
LASMES – African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (ACE CCBAD)/Université Félix
Houphouët Boigny, 00225 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Arsene Toka Kobea
LASMES – African Centre of Excellence on Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture (ACE CCBAD)/Université Félix
Houphouët Boigny, 00225 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
Related authors
Brahima Koné, Arona Diedhiou, Adama Diawara, Sandrine Anquetin, N'datchoh Evelyne Touré, Adama Bamba, and Arsene Toka Kobea
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 711–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-711-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-711-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of initial soil moisture anomalies can persist for up to 3–4 months and is greater on temperature than on precipitation over West Africa. The strongest homogeneous impact on temperature is located over the Central Sahel, with a peak change of −1.5 and 0.5 °C in the wet and dry experiments, respectively. The strongest impact on precipitation in the wet and dry experiments is found over the West and Central Sahel, with a peak change of about 40 % and −8 %, respectively.
Carlo Destouches, Arona Diedhiou, Sandrine Anquetin, Benoit Hingray, Armand Pierre, Dominique Boisson, and Adermus Joseph
Earth Syst. Dynam., 16, 497–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-497-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-16-497-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work provides a relevant analysis of changes in extreme precipitation over the Caribbean and their link with warming in different ocean basins. It also improves our understanding of the impact of warming on extreme precipitation events, which can cause devastating damage to economic sectors such as agriculture, biodiversity, health, and energy.
Léo Clauzel, Sandrine Anquetin, Christophe Lavaysse, Gilles Bergametti, Christel Bouet, Guillaume Siour, Rémy Lapere, Béatrice Marticorena, and Jennie Thomas
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 25, 997–1021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-997-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-997-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Solar energy production in West Africa is set to rise and needs accurate solar radiation estimates which are affected by desert dust. This work analyses a March 2021 dust event using a modelling strategy incorporating desert dust. Results show that considering desert dust cuts errors in solar radiation estimates by 75 % and reduces surface solar radiation by 18 %. This highlights the importance of incorporating dust aerosols into solar forecasting for better accuracy.
Camille Crapart, Sandrine Anquetin, Juliette Blanchet, and Arona Diedhiou
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3710, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3710, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates global dryland dynamics and aridification under future climate scenarios. By employing the FAO Aridity Index and an ensemble of 13 CMIP6 models, we provide projections for dryland distribution and aridity index across three socio-economic pathways (SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5), for the near-term (2030–2060) and for the long-term (2070–2100) future. Our findings give insights on the future distribution of the world water resources and climatic conditions.
Rebecca M. Garland, Katye E. Altieri, Laura Dawidowski, Laura Gallardo, Aderiana Mbandi, Nestor Y. Rojas, and N'datchoh E. Touré
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 5757–5764, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5757-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-5757-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This opinion piece focuses on two geographical areas in the Global South where the authors are based that are underrepresented in atmospheric science. This opinion provides context on common challenges and constraints, with suggestions on how the community can address these. The focus is on the strengths of atmospheric science research in these regions. It is these strengths, we believe, that highlight the critical role of Global South researchers in the future of atmospheric science research.
Koffi Claude Alain Kouadio, Siélé Silué, Ernest Amoussou, Kouakou Lazare Kouassi, Arona Diedhiou, Talnan Jean Honoré Coulibaly, Salomon Obahoundjé, Sacré Regis Didi, and Houebagnon Saint Jean Coulibaly
Proc. IAHS, 385, 39–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-385-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-385-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydropower (HP) is the 2nd source of energy in Côte d'Ivoire. However water resource for HP is threatened by climate change (CC). Therefore the hydro potential and production are impacted. This study investigates the impacts of future CC in the White Bandama watershed using hydrological modelling coupled with GIS analysis. It emerges that in the future an upward trend in flows will be recorded. This could contribute to the siltation of dams and an increase in the risk of flooding in the basin.
Ma-Lyse Nema, Bachir Saley Mahaman, Arona Diedhiou, and Assiel Mugabe
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-47, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-47, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
My early experience inspired me to write this paper because I was always curious about the reasons behind the frequent landslides that occurred in the area where I was born. Now, my dream has come true because this study was centered on the same region, same people, and because I discovered the causes and preventative measures for landslides in my area. I hope that when establishing policies for disaster management in the study area, decision-makers will take these results into consideration.
Julia Crook, Cornelia Klein, Sonja Folwell, Christopher M. Taylor, Douglas J. Parker, Adama Bamba, and Kouakou Kouadio
Weather Clim. Dynam., 4, 229–248, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-4-229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate recent deforestation in West Africa and use a climate model allowing explicit convection to determine impacts on early season rainfall. We find enhanced rainfall over deforestation, in line with recent observational results, due to changes in circulation rather than humidity, showing potential for future studies. Local changes depend on initial soil moisture, deforestation extent, and ocean proximity, with sea breezes shifting inland where surface friction decreased.
Eva Boisson, Bruno Wilhelm, Emmanuel Garnier, Alain Mélo, Sandrine Anquetin, and Isabelle Ruin
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 831–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-831-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-831-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the database of Historical Impacts of Floods in the Arve Valley (HIFAVa). It reports flood occurrences and impacts (1850–2015) in a French Alpine catchment. Our results show an increasing occurrence of impacts from 1920 onwards, which is more likely related to indirect source effects and/or increasing exposure rather than hydrological changes. The analysis reveals that small mountain streams caused more impacts (67 %) than the main river.
Brahima Koné, Arona Diedhiou, Adama Diawara, Sandrine Anquetin, N'datchoh Evelyne Touré, Adama Bamba, and Arsene Toka Kobea
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 711–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-711-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-711-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of initial soil moisture anomalies can persist for up to 3–4 months and is greater on temperature than on precipitation over West Africa. The strongest homogeneous impact on temperature is located over the Central Sahel, with a peak change of −1.5 and 0.5 °C in the wet and dry experiments, respectively. The strongest impact on precipitation in the wet and dry experiments is found over the West and Central Sahel, with a peak change of about 40 % and −8 %, respectively.
Salomon Obahoundje, Ernest Amoussou, Marc Youan Ta, Lazare Kouakou Kouassi, and Arona Diedhiou
Proc. IAHS, 384, 343–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-343-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-343-2021, 2021
Affoué Berthe Yao, Sampah Georges Eblin, Loukou Alexis Brou, Kouakou Lazare Kouassi, Gla Blaise Ouede, Ibrahim Salifou, Arona Diedhiou, and Bi Crépin Péné
Proc. IAHS, 384, 203–211, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-384-203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to analyse the frequency, intensity and duration of extreme climate events in order to optimise sugarcane production in the Ferkessédougou sugar complexes. This study could enable the Ferkessédougou sugar complexes managers to develop strategies for adaptation to climate change.
Sekou Keita, Catherine Liousse, Eric-Michel Assamoi, Thierno Doumbia, Evelyne Touré N'Datchoh, Sylvain Gnamien, Nellie Elguindi, Claire Granier, and Véronique Yoboué
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3691–3705, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3691-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3691-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This inventory fills the gap in African regional inventories, providing biofuel and fossil fuel emissions that take into account African specificities. It could be used for air quality modeling. We show that all pollutant emissions are globally increasing during the period 1990–2015. Also, West Africa and East Africa emissions are largely due to domestic fire and traffic activities, while southern Africa and northern Africa emissions are largely due to industrial and power plant sources.
Derrick K. Danso, Sandrine Anquetin, Arona Diedhiou, Kouakou Kouadio, and Arsène T. Kobea
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 1133–1152, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-1133-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-1133-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The atmospheric and surface conditions that exist during the occurrence of daytime low-level clouds (LLCs) and their influence on solar radiation were investigated in West Africa. During the monsoon season, these LLCs are linked to high moisture flux driven by strong southwesterly winds from the Gulf of Guinea and significant background moisture levels. Their occurrence leads to a strong reduction in the incoming solar radiation and has large impacts on the surface energy budget.
Martin Ménégoz, Evgenia Valla, Nicolas C. Jourdain, Juliette Blanchet, Julien Beaumet, Bruno Wilhelm, Hubert Gallée, Xavier Fettweis, Samuel Morin, and Sandrine Anquetin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5355–5377, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5355-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5355-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The study investigates precipitation changes in the Alps, using observations and a 7 km resolution climate simulation over 1900–2010. An increase in mean precipitation is found in winter over the Alps, whereas a drying occurred in summer in the surrounding plains. A general increase in the daily annual maximum of precipitation is evidenced (20 to 40 % per century), suggesting an increase in extreme events that is significant only when considering long time series, typically 50 to 80 years.
Cited articles
Bichet, A. and Diedhiou, A.: West African Sahel has become wetter during the last 30 years, but dry spells are shorter and more frequent, Clim. Res., 75, 155–162, 2018a.
Bichet, A. and Diedhiou, A.: Less frequent and more intense rainfall along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea in West and Central Africa (1981–2014), Clim. Res., 76, 191–201, 2018b.
Damien, D., Chung, C. E., Ekman, A. M. L., and Brandefelt, J.: Which significance test performs the best in climate simulations?, Tellus A, 66, 23139, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v66.23139, 2014.
Danielson, J. J. and Gesch, D. B.: Global multi-resolution terrain elevation
data 2010 (GMTED2010), US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1073,
p. 26, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111073, 2011.
Diaconescu, E. P., Gachon, P., Scinocca, J., and Laprise, R.: Evaluation of
daily precipitation statistics and monsoon onset/retreat over West Sahel in
multiple data sets, Clim. Dynam., 45, 1325–1354, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2383-2, 2015.
Didi Sacré Regis, M , Mouhamed, L., Kouakou, K., Adeline, B., Arona, D.,
Koffi Claude, A. K., Talnan, J. H. C., Salomon, O., and Issiaka, S.: Using the CHIRPS Dataset to Investigate Historical Changes in Precipitation Extremes in West Africa, Climate, 8, 84, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8070084, 2020.
Easterling, D. R., Meehl, G. A., Parmesan, C., Changnon, S. A., Karl, T. R., and Mearns, L. O.: Climate Extremes: Observations, Modeling and Impacts, Science, 289, 2068–2074, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5487.2068, 2000.
Emanuel, K. A.: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale
models, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2313–2335, 1991.
Fan, Y. and van den Dool, H.: A global monthly land surface air temperature
analysis for 1948–present, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D01103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008470, 2008.
Folland, C. K., Palmer, T. N. , and Parker, D. E.: Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, Nature, 320, 602–607, 1986.
Fontaine, B. and Janicot, S.: Sea Surface Temperature Fields Associated with West African Rainfall Anomaly Types, J. Climate, 9, 2935–2940, https://doi.org/10.1175/15200442(1996)009$<$2935:SSTFAW$>$, 1996.
Funk, C. C., Peterson, P. J., Landsfeld, M. F., Pedreros, D. H., Verdin, J. P., Rowland, J. D., Romero, B. E., Husak, G. J., Michaelsen, J. C., and Verdin, A. P.: A quasi-global precipitation time series for drought monitoring, US Geological Survey Data Series 832, US Geological Survey [data set], p. 4, https://data.chc.ucsb.edu/products/CHIRPS-2.0/global_daily/netcdf/p05/ (last access: 7 February 2022), 2014.
Gao, X.-J., Shi, Y., and Giorgi, F.: Comparison of convective parameterizations in RegCM4 experiments over China with CLM as the land surface model, Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 9, 246–254,
https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2016.1172938, 2016.
Giorgi, F., Coppola, E., Solmon, F., Mariotti, L., Sylla, M. B., Bi, X., Elguindi, N., Diro, G. T., Nair, V., Giuliani, G., Cozzini, S., Guettler, I., O'Brien, T., Tawfik, A., Shalaby, A., Zakey, A. S., Steiner, A., Stordal, F., Sloan, L., and Brankovic, C.: RegCM4: model description and preliminary tests over multiple CORDEX domains, Clim. Res., 52, 7–29, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01018, 2012.
Giuliani, G.: The Regional Climate Model version 4.7.1 source code, ICTP [code], https://github.com/ICTP/RegCM/releases/tag/4.7.1 (last access: 7 February 2022), 2021.
Grell, G., Dudhia, J., and Stauffer, D. R.: A description of the fifth generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), National Center for
Atmospheric Research Tech Note NCAR/TN-398+STR, NCAR, Boulder, CO, https://doi.org/10.5065/D60Z716B, 1994.
Holtslag, A., De Bruijn, E., and Pan, H. L.: A high resolution air mass
transformation model for short-range weather forecasting, Mon. Weather Rev.,
118, 1561–1575, 1990.
IPCC: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, in: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L., Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK., 996 pp., https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ (last access: 7 February 2022), 2007.
IPCC: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, in: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp., http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ (last access: 7 February 2022), 2013.
Jaeger, E. B., and Seneviratne, S. I.: Impact of soil moisture–atmosphere
coupling on European climate extremes and trends in a regional climate model, Clim. Dynam., 36, 1919–1939, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0780-8, 2011.
Kiehl, J. T., Hack, J. J., Bonan, G. B., Boville, B. A., Briegleb, B. P.,
Williamson, D. L., and Rasch, P. J.: Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3), Technical Note NCAR/TN−420+STR, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 152 pp., https://doi.org/10.5065/D6FF3Q99, 1996.
Klutse, B. A. N., Sylla, B. M., Diallo, I., Sarr, A., Dosio, A., Diedhiou, A., Kamga, A., Lamptey, B., Ali, A., Gbobaniyi, E. O., Owusu, K., Lennard, C., Hewitson, B., Nikulin, G., Panitz, H.-J., and Büchner, M.: Daily
characteristics of West African summer monsoon precipitation in CORDEX
simulations, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 123, 369–386, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1352-3, 2016.
Koné, B., Diedhiou, A., N'datchoh, E. T., Sylla, M. B., Giorgi, F., Anquetin, S., Bamba, A., Diawara, A., and Kobea, A. T.: Sensitivity study of the regional climate model RegCM4 to different convective schemes over West Africa, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 1261–1278, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1261-2018, 2018.
Koné, B., Diedhiou, A., Diawara, A., Anquetin, S., Touré, N. E., Bamba, A., and Kobea, A. T.: Influence of initial soil moisture in a regional climate model study over West Africa – Part 1: Impact on the climate mean, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 711–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-711-2022, 2022.
Koster, R. D., Guo, Z. H., Dirmeyer, P. A., Bonan, G., Chan, E., Cox, P., Davies, H., Gordon, C. T., Gordon, C. T., Lawrence, D., Liu, P., Lu, C. H., Malyshev, S., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, K., Mocko, D., Oki, K., Oleson, K., Pitman, A., Sud, Y. C., Taylor, C. M., Verseghy, D., Vasic, R., Xue, Y., and Yamada, T.: The global land–atmosphere coupling experiment. Part I: Overview, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 590–610, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM510.1, 2006.
Larsen, J.: Record heat wave in Europe takes 35,000 lives, Earth Policy
Institute, http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2003/update29 (last access: 5 February 2022), 2003.
Lawrence, D. M., Oleson, K. W., Flanner, M. G., Thornton, P. E., Swenson, S. C., Lawrence, P.J., Zeng, X., Yang, Z.-L., Levis, S., Sakaguchi, K., Bonan, G. B., and Slater, A. G.: Parameterization improvements and functional and structuraladvances in version 4 of the Community Land Model, J. Adv. Model.
Earth Syst., 3, M03001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011MS000045, 2011.
Le Barbé, L., Lebel, L., and Tapsoba, D.: Rainfall variability in west
africa during the years 1950–1990, J. Climate, 15, 187–202, 2002.
Loveland, T. R., Reed, B. C., Brown, J. F., Ohlen, D. O., Zhu, Z., Yang, L., and Merchant, J. W.: Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 21,
1303–1330, 2000.
Liu, D., Wang, G., Mei, R., Yu, Z., and Yu, M.: Impact of initial soil moisture anomalies on climate mean and extremes over Asia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020890, 2014.
Menéndez, C. G., Giles, J., Ruscica, R., Zaninelli, P., Coronato, T.,
Falco, M., Sörensson, A., Fita, L., Carril, A., and Li, L.: Temperature variability and soil–atmosphere interaction in South America simulated by two regional climate models, Clim. Dynam., 53, 2919–2930, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04668-6, 2019.
NCAR: Command Language (Version 6.6.2) [Software], UCAR/NCAR/CISL/TDD, Boulder, Colorado [code], https://doi.org/10.5065/D6WD3XH5, 2019.
Nicholson, S. E.: The nature of rainfall fluctuations in subtropical West-Africa, Mon. Weather Rev., 22109, 2191–2208, 1980.
Nicholson, S. E.: Land Surface processes and Sahel climate, Rev. Geophys., 38, 117–139, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999rg900014, 2000.
Nikulin, G., Jones, C., Samuelsson, P., Giorgi, F., Asrar, G., Büchner, M., Cerezo-Mota, R., Christensen, O. B., Déque, M., Fernandez, J., Hansler, A., van Meijgaard, E., Sylla, M. B., and Sushama, L.: Precipitation climatology in an ensemble of CORDEX-Africa regional climate simulations, J. Climate, 25, 6057–6078, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00375.1, 2012.
Oleson, K., Lawrence, D. M., Bonan, G. B., Drewniak, B., Huang, M., Koven, C. D., and Yang, Z.-L.: Technical description of version 4.5 of the Community Land Model (CLM), No. NCAR/TN-503+STR, NCAR, https://doi.org/10.5065/D6RR1W7M, 2013.
Pal, J. S., Small, E. E., and Elthair, E. A.: Simulation of regional scale water and energy budgets: representation of subgrid cloud and precipitation
processes within RegCM, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 29579–29594, 2000.
Pan, Y., Wang, W., and Shi, W.: Assessment of CPC-T2m Global Daily Surface Air Temperature (CPC-T2m) Analysis, Assessment, Science and Technology Infusion Climate Bulletin, NOAA's National Weather Service, in: 44th NOAA Annual Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, 22–24 October 2019, Durham, NC [data set], https://downloads.psl.noaa.gov/Datasets/cpc_global_temp/ (last access: 7 February 2022), 2019.
Peterson, T. C., Folland, C., Gruza, G., Hogg, W. Mokssit, A., and Plummer, N.: Report on the activities of the working group on climate change detection
and related rapporteurs 1998–2001, WMO Rep. WCDMP 47, WMO-TD 1071, WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, 144 pp., https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/30144/1/048_wgccd.pdf (last access: 5 February 2022), 2001.
Philippon, N., Mougin, E., Jarlan, L., and Frison, P.-L.: Analysis of the
linkages between rainfall and land surface conditions in the West African
monsoon through CMAP, ERS-WSC,and NOAA-AVHR R data, J. Geophys. Res., 110,
D24115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006394, 2005.
Reynolds, R. W. and Smith, T. M.: Improved global sea surface temperature
analysis using optimum interpolation, J. Climate, 7, 929–948, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1994)007<0929:IGSSTA>2.0.CO;2, 1994.
Simmons, A. S., Uppala, D. D., and Kobayashi S.: ERA-interim: new ECMWF
reanalysis products from 1989 onwards, ECMWF Newslett., 110, 29–35, 2007.
Solmon, F., Giorgi, F., and Liousse, C.: Aerosol modeling for regional climate studies: application to anthropogenic particles and evaluation over a
European/African domain, Tellus B, 58, 51–72, 2006.
Sundqvist, H. E., Berge, E., and Kristjansson, J. E.: The effects of domain
choice on summer precipitation simulation and sensitivity in a regional climate model, J. Climate, 11, 2698–2712, 1989.
Sylla, M. B., Giorgi, F., and Stordal, F.: Large-scale origins of rainfall and temperature bias in high resolution simulations over Southern Africa,
Clim. Res., 52, 193–211, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01044, 2012.
Tadross, M. A., Gutowski Jr., W. J., Hewitson, B. C., Jack, C., and New, M.: MM5 simulations of interannual change and the diurnal cycle of southern African regional climate, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 86, 63–80, 2006.
Takahashi, H. G. and Polcher, J.: Weakening of rainfall intensity on wet soils over the wet Asian monsoon region using a high-resolution regional climate model, Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 6, 1–18, 2019.
Thanh, N.-D., Fredolin, T. T., Jerasorn, S., Faye, C., Long, T.-T., Thanh, N.-X., Tan, P.-V., Liew, J., Gemma, N., Patama, S., Dodo, G., and Edvin, A.: Performance evaluation of RegCM4 in simulating extreme rainfall and temperature indices over the CORDEX-Southeast Asia region, Int. J. Climatol., 37, 1634–1647, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4803, 2017.
Uppala, S., Dee, D., Kobayashi, S., Berrisford, P., and Simmons, A.: Towards a climate data assimilation system: status update of ERA-interim, ECMWF
Newslett., 15, 12–18, 2008.
Wang, G., Yu, M., Pal, J. S., Mei, R., Bonan, G. B., Levis, S., and Thornton, P. E.: On the development of a coupled regional climate vegetation model RCM-CLM-CN-DV and its validation its tropical Africa, Clim. Dynam., 46,
515–539, 2016.
Yan, Z. and Yang, C.: Geographic patterns of climate extreme changes in China during 1951–1997, Clim. Environ. Res., 5, 267–272, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2000.03.05, 2000.
Zakey, A. S., Solmon, F., and Giorgi, F.: Implementation and testing of a
desert dust module in a regional climate model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6,
4687–4704, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4687-2006, 2006.
Zeng, X., Zhao, M., and Dickinson, R .E.: Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic
algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and
TAO DATA, J. Climate, 11, 2628–2644, 1998.
Zhang, J., Wang, W. C., and Wu, L.: Land–atmosphere coupling and diurnal
temperature range over the contiguous United States, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L06706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL037505, 2009.
Zhang, J. Y., Wu, L. Y., and Dong, W.: Land-atmosphere coupling and summer
climate variability over East Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014714, 2011.
Short summary
The impact of initial soil moisture is more significant on temperature extremes than on precipitation extremes. A stronger impact is found on maximum temperature than on minimum temperature. The impact on extreme precipitation indices is homogeneous, especially over the Central Sahel, and dry (wet) experiments tend to decrease (increase) the number of precipitation extreme events but not their intensity.
The impact of initial soil moisture is more significant on temperature extremes than on...