Articles | Volume 26, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1565-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1565-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Continuous monitoring of a soil aquifer treatment system's physico-chemical conditions to optimize operational performance
Tuvia Turkeltaub
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990, Israel
Alex Furman
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Ron Mannheim
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Noam Weisbrod
Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990, Israel
Related authors
Tuvia Turkeltaub and Golan Bel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4263–4274, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Future climate projections suggest that climate change will impact groundwater recharge, with its exact effects being uncertain due to incomplete understanding of rainfall, evapotranspiration, and recharge relations. We studied the effects of changes in the average, spread, and frequency of extreme events of rainfall and evapotranspiration on groundwater recharge. We found that increasing or decreasing the potential evaporation has the most dominant effect on groundwater recharge.
Tuvia Turkeltaub and Golan Bel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 289–302, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is an essential resource affected by climate conditions and anthropogenic activities. Estimations of groundwater recharge under current and future climate conditions require long-term climate records that are scarce. Different methods to synthesize climate data, based on observations, are used to estimate groundwater recharge. In terms of groundwater recharge estimation, the best synthesis method is based on the daily statistics corrected to match the observed monthly statistics.
Ilil Levakov, Zeev Ronen, Tuvia Turkeltaub, and Ofer Dahan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1179, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel approach for in-situ large-scale remediation of contaminated unsaturated zone and groundwater. Flow and transport models were calibrated against continuously monitored data, enabling evaluation of the required conditions for optimal contaminate removal. The results enabled realistic data-based predictions of the time frame that is required to attain full contaminant removal through efficient and low-cost in-situ treatment technique.
Edwin Y. Saavedra Cifuentes, Alex Furman, Ravid Rosenzweig, and Aaron I. Packman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 6999–7022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6999-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6999-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research addresses the challenge that bioclogging poses to the operation of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) systems. A conceptual model that considers the dynamic interactions between microbial activity, water flow, and soil clogging is presented and studied to optimize SAT operation. Simulations show that tweaking wet and dry periods enhance water infiltration and SAT performance. Additionally, a link between the biomass spatial distribution and the wet and dry cycles was discovered.
Tuvia Turkeltaub and Golan Bel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4263–4274, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4263-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4263-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Future climate projections suggest that climate change will impact groundwater recharge, with its exact effects being uncertain due to incomplete understanding of rainfall, evapotranspiration, and recharge relations. We studied the effects of changes in the average, spread, and frequency of extreme events of rainfall and evapotranspiration on groundwater recharge. We found that increasing or decreasing the potential evaporation has the most dominant effect on groundwater recharge.
Ido Arad, Aviya Ziner, Shany Ben Moshe, Noam Weisbrod, and Alex Furman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2509–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2509-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2509-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In a series of long-column experiments, subsurface air injection in soil aquifer treatment (Air-SAT) was tested as an alternative to conventional flooding–drying operation (FDO) in tertiary wastewater (WW) treatment. Our results show that Air-SAT allows for the treatment of increased WW volumes and results in similar or better effluent quality compared with FDO. These results highlight the possibility of using air injection to treat more effluent and alleviate the pressure on existing SAT sites.
Tuvia Turkeltaub and Golan Bel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 289–302, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-289-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-289-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is an essential resource affected by climate conditions and anthropogenic activities. Estimations of groundwater recharge under current and future climate conditions require long-term climate records that are scarce. Different methods to synthesize climate data, based on observations, are used to estimate groundwater recharge. In terms of groundwater recharge estimation, the best synthesis method is based on the daily statistics corrected to match the observed monthly statistics.
Ilil Levakov, Zeev Ronen, Tuvia Turkeltaub, and Ofer Dahan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1179, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1179, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel approach for in-situ large-scale remediation of contaminated unsaturated zone and groundwater. Flow and transport models were calibrated against continuously monitored data, enabling evaluation of the required conditions for optimal contaminate removal. The results enabled realistic data-based predictions of the time frame that is required to attain full contaminant removal through efficient and low-cost in-situ treatment technique.
Xin Liu, Zengyu Zhang, and Alex Furman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-31, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-31, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This paper built a systematic model to simulate geophysical signals in response to soil physico-bio-chemical dynamics based on the subsurface natural environment. The results show that geophysical signals can better reflect the typical contamination (i.e., C and N) concentration and degradation. Additionally, the signals are also sensitive to water content and flux. Thus, the research can guide the detection of typical contamination and water leakage in the subsurface.
Cited articles
Amy, G. and Drewes, J.: Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) as a natural and sustainable wastewater reclamation/reuse technology: Fate of wastewater effluent organic Matter (EfoM) and trace organic compounds, Environ. Monit. Assess., 129, 19–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9421-4, 2007.
Arye, G., Tarchitzky, J., and Chen, Y.: Treated wastewater effects on water repellency and soil hydraulic properties of soil aquifer treatment infiltration basins, J. Hydrol., 397, 136–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.046, 2011.
Asano, T. and Cotruvo, J. A.: Groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater: Health and regulatory considerations, Water Res., 38, 1941–1951, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.023, 2004.
Ben Moshe, S., Weisbrod, N., Barquero, F., Sallwey, J., Orgad, O., and Furman, A.: On the role of operational dynamics in biogeochemical efficiency of a soil aquifer treatment system, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 417–426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-417-2020, 2020.
Ben Moshe, S., Weisbrod, N., and Furman, A.: Optimization of soil aquifer treatment (SAT) operation using a reactive transport model, Vadose Zone J., 20, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20095, 2021.
Ben-Noah, I., Nitsan, I., Cohen, B., Kaplan, G., and Friedman, S. P.: Soil aeration using air injection in a citrus orchard with shallow groundwater, Agr. Water Manage., 245, 106664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106664, 2021b.
Berner, R. A.: A new geochemical classification of sedimentary environments, J. Sediment. Perol., 51, 359–365, https://doi.org/10.1306/212F7C7F-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D, 1981.
Bohrerova, Z., Stralkova, R., Podesvova, J., Bohrer, G., and Pokorny, E.: The relationship between redox potential and nitrification under different sequences of crop rotations, Soil Till. Res., 77, 25–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2003.10.006, 2004.
Bouwer, H.: Artificial recharge of groundwater: Hydrogeology and engineering, Hydrogeol. J., 10, 121–142, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0182-4, 2002.
Brettar, I., Sanchez-Perez, J. M., and Trémolières, M.: Nitrate elimination by denitrification in hardwood forest soils of the Upper Rhine floodplain – Correlation with redox potential and organic matter, Hydrobiologia, 469, 11–21, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015527611350, 2002.
Christensen, T. H., Bjerg, P. L., Banwart, S. A., Jakobsen, R., Heron, G., and Albrechtsen, H. J.: Characterization of redox conditions in groundwater contaminant plumes, J. Contam. Hydrol., 45, 165–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00109-1, 2000.
Cook, F. J. and Knight, J. H.: Oxygen Transport to Plant Roots, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67, 20–31, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.2000, 2003.
Díaz-Cruz, M. S. and Barceló, D.: Trace organic chemicals contamination in ground water recharge, Chemosphere, 72, 333–342, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.031, 2008.
Dillon, P.: Future management of aquifer recharge, Hydrogeol. J., 13, 313–316, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0413-6, 2005.
Doerr, S. H., Shakesby, R. A., and Walsh, R. P. D.: Soil water repellency: Its causes, characteristics and hydro-geomorphological significance, Earth Sci. Rev., 51, 33–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00011-8, 2000.
Drewes, J. E.: Ground water replenishment with recycled water – Water quality improvements during managed aquifer recharge, Ground Water, 47, 502–505, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2009.00587_5.x, 2009.
Dutta, T., Carles-Brangarí, A., Fernàndez-Garcia, D., Rubol, S., Tirado-Conde, J., and Sanchez-Vila, X.: Vadose zone oxygen (O2) dynamics during drying and wetting cycles: An artificial recharge laboratory experiment, J. Hydrol., 527, 151–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.048, 2015.
Elkayam, R., Sopliniak, A., Gasser, G., Pankratov, I., and Lev, O.: Oxidizer Demand in the Unsaturated Zone of a Surface-Spreading Soil Aquifer Treatment System, Vadose Zone J., 14, vzj2015.03.0047, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2015.03.0047, 2015.
Essandoh, H. M. K., Tizaoui, C., and Mohamed, M. H. A.: Removal of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen during simulated soil aquifer treatment, Water Res., 47, 3559–3572, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.013, 2013.
Fox, P., Aboshanp, W., and Alsamadi, B.: Analysis of soils to demonstrate sustained organic carbon removal during soil aquifer treatment, J. Environ. Qual., 34, 156–163, 2005.
Froelich, P. N., Klinkhammer, G. P., Bender, M. L., Luedtke, N. A., Heath, G. R., Cullen, D., Dauphin, P., Hammond, D., Hartman, B., and Maynard, V.: Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 43, 1075–1090, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(79)90095-4, 1979.
Ganot, Y., Holtzman, R., Weisbrod, N., Nitzan, I., Katz, Y., and Kurtzman, D.: Monitoring and modeling infiltration–recharge dynamics of managed aquifer recharge with desalinated seawater, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4479–4493, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4479-2017, 2017.
Goren, O., Lazar, B., Burg, A., and Gavrieli, I.: Mobilization and retardation of reduced manganese in sandy aquifers: Column experiments, modeling and implications, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 96, 259–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.06.032, 2012.
Goren, O., Burg, A., Gavrieli, I., Negev, I., Guttman, J., Kraitzer, T., Kloppmann, W., and Lazar, B.: Biogeochemical processes in infiltration basins and their impact on the recharging effluent, the soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system of the Shafdan plant, Israel, Appl. Geochem., 48, 58–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.06.017, 2014.
Gorski, G., Fisher, A. T., Beganskas, S., Weir, W. B., Redford, K., Schmidt, C., and Saltikov, C.: Field and Laboratory Studies Linking Hydrologic, Geochemical, and Microbiological Processes and Enhanced Denitrification during Infiltration for Managed Recharge, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 9491–9501, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01191, 2019.
Grau-martínez, A., Torrentó, C., Carrey, R., Rodríguez-escales, P., Domènech, C., Ghiglieri, G., Soler, A., and Otero, N.: Feasibility of two low-cost organic substrates for inducing denitrification in artificial recharge ponds: Batch and flow-through experiments, J. Contam. Hydrol., 198, 48–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2017.01.001, 2017.
Grau-martínez, A., Folch, A., Torrentó, C., Valhondo, C., Barba, C., Domènech, C., Soler, A., and Otero, N.: Monitoring induced denitrification during managed aquifer recharge in an infiltration pond, J. Hydrol., 561, 123–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.03.044, 2018.
Greskowiak, J., Prommer, H., Massmann, G., and Nützmann, G.: Modeling seasonal redox dynamics and the corresponding fate of the pharmaceutical residue phenazone during artificial recharge of groundwater, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 6615–6621, https://doi.org/10.1021/es052506t, 2006.
Grinshpan, M., Furman, A., Dahlke, H. E., Raveh, E., and Weisbrod, N.: From managed aquifer recharge to soil aquifer treatment on agricultural soils: Concepts and challenges, Agr. Water Manage., 255, 106991, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106991, 2021.
Grinshpan, M., Turkeltaub, T., Furman, A., Raveh, E., and Weisbrod, N.: On the use of orchards to support soil aquifer treatment systems, Agr. Water Manag., 260, 107315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107315, 2022.
Guswa, A. J., Celia, M. A., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I.: Models of soil moisture dynamics in ecohydrology: A comparative study, Water Resour. Res., 38, 5-1–5-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000826, 2002.
Hargreaves, J. A.: Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture, Aquac. Eng., 34, 344–363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.009, 2006.
Hinchey, E. K. and Schaffner, L. C.: An evaluation of electrode insertion techniques for measurement of redox potential in estuarine sediments, Chemosphere, 59, 703–710, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.029, 2005.
Icekson-Tal, N., Avraham, O., Sack, J., and Cikurel, H.: Water reuse in Israel – the Dan region project: evaluation of water quality and reliability of plant's operation, Water Supply, 3, 231–237, 2003.
Inbar, Y.: New standards for treated wastewater reuse in Israel, in: Wastewater reuse–risk assessment, decision-making and environmental security, edited by: Zaidi M., Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Springer, 291–296, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6027-4_28, 2007.
Israel Meterological Service (IMS): Web Israel Meteorological Service: Data base, https://ims.data.gov.il/ims/1, last access: 6 March 2022.
Kfir, O., Tal, A., Gross, A., and Adar, E.: The effect of reservoir operational features on recycled wastewater quality, Resour. Conserv. Recy., 68, 76–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.08.002, 2012.
Kirschbaum, M. U. F.: The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage, Soil Biol. Biochem., 27, 753–760, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)00242-S, 1995.
Lin, C., Greenwald, D., and Banin, A.: Temperature dependence of infiltration rate during large scale water recharge into soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67, 487–493, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.4870, 2003.
Lin, C., Eshel, G., Negev, I., and Banin, A.: Long-term accumulation and material balance of organic matter in the soil of an effluent infiltration basin, Geoderma, 148, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.09.017, 2008.
Mächler, L., Peter, S., Brennwald, M. S., and Kipfer, R.: Excess air formation as a mechanism for delivering oxygen to groundwater, Water Resour. Res., 49, 6847–6856, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20547, 2013.
Massmann, G., Greskowiak, J., Dünnbier, U., Zuehlke, S., Knappe, A., and Pekdeger, A.: The impact of variable temperatures on the redox conditions and the behaviour of pharmaceutical residues during artificial recharge, J. Hydrol., 328, 141–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.12.009, 2006.
McMahon, P. B. and Chapelle, F. H.: Redox processes and water quality of selected principal aquifer systems, Ground Water, 46, 259–271, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00385.x, 2008.
Miller, J. H., Ela, W. P., Lansey, K. E., Chipello, P. L., and Arnold, R. G.: Nitrogen Transformations during Soil–Aquifer Treatment of Wastewater Effluent–Oxygen Effects in Field Studies, J. Environ. Eng., 132, 1298–1306, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2006)132:10(1298), 2006.
Mizrahi, G., Furman, A., and Weisbrod, N.: Infiltration under Confined Air Conditions: Impact of Inclined Soil Surface, Vadose Zone J., 15, vzj2016.04.0034, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2016.04.0034, 2016.
Morrison, C. M., Betancourt, W. Q., Quintanar, D. R., Lopez, G. U., Pepper, I. L., and Gerba, C. P.: Potential indicators of virus transport and removal during soil aquifer treatment of treated wastewater effluent, Water Res., 177, 115812, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115812, 2020.
Nadav, I., Arye, G., Tarchitzky, J., and Chen, Y.: Enhanced infiltration regime for treated-wastewater purification in soil aquifer treatment (SAT), J. Hydrol., 420–421, 275–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.12.013, 2012a.
Nadav, I., Tarchitzky, J., and Chen, Y.: Soil cultivation for enhanced wastewater infiltration in soil aquifer treatment (SAT), J. Hydrol., 470–471, 75–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.08.013, 2012b.
Negev, I., Shechter, T., Shtrasler, L., Rozenbach, H., and Livne, A.: The effect of soil tillage equipment on the recharge capacity of infiltration ponds, 12, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020541, 2020.
Nimmo, J. R., Schmidt, K. M., Perkins, K. S., and Stock, J. D.: Rapid Measurement of Field-Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity for Areal Characterization, Vadose Zone J., 8, 142–149, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2007.0159, 2009.
Oren, O., Gavrieli, I., Burg, A., Guttman, J., and Lazar, B.: Manganese mobilization and enrichment during soil aquifer treatment (SAT) of effluents, the Dan Region Sewage Reclamation Project (Shafdan), Israel, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 766–772, https://doi.org/10.1021/es060576+, 2007.
Quanrud, D. M., Arnold, R. G., Wilson, L. G., Gordon, H. J., Graham, D. W., and Amy, G. L.: Fate of Organics during Column Studies of Soil Aquifer Treatment, J. Environ. Eng., 122, 314–321, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1996)122:4(314), 1996.
Quanrud, D. M., Hafer, J., Karpiscak, M. M., Zhang, J., Lansey, K. E., and Arnold, R. G.: Fate of organics during soil-aquifer treatment: Sustainability of removals in the field, Water Res., 37, 3401–3411, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00489-X, 2003.
Reddy, K. R., D’angelo, E. M., and Harris, W. G.: Biogeochemistry of wetlands, in: Handbook of Soil Science, edited by: Summer, M. E., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 89–119, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203491454, 1998.
Rezanezhad, F., Couture, R. M., Kovac, R., O'Connell, D., and Van Cappellen, P.: Water table fluctuations and soil biogeochemistry: An experimental approach using an automated soil column system, J. Hydrol., 509, 245–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.036, 2014.
Ritter, A. and Muñoz-Carpena, R.: Performance evaluation of hydrological models: Statistical significance for reducing subjectivity in goodness-of-fit assessments, J. Hydrol., 480, 33–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.12.004, 2013.
Rodríguez-Escales, P., Barba, C., Sanchez-Vila, X., Jacques, D., and Folch, A.: Coupling Flow, Heat, and Reactive Transport Modeling to Reproduce in Situ Redox Potential Evolution: Application to an Infiltration Pond, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 12092–12101, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c03056, 2020.
Sallwey, J., Jurado, A., Barquero, F., and Fahl, J.: Enhanced removal of contaminants of emerging concern through hydraulic adjustments in soil aquifer treatment, Water, 12, 2627, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092627, 2020.
Sattar, A. M. A.: Prediction of Organic Micropollutant Removal in Soil Aquifer Treatment System Using GEP, J. Hydrol. Eng., 21, 04016027, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001372, 2016.
Schmidt, C. M., Fisher, A. T., Racz, A. J., Lockwood, B. S., and Huertos, M. L.: Linking denitrification and infiltration rates during managed groundwater recharge, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 9634–9640, https://doi.org/10.1021/es2023626, 2011.
Sharma, S. K. and Kennedy, M. D.: Soil aquifer treatment for wastewater treatment and reuse, Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 119, 671–677, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.09.013, 2017.
Shenker, M., Seitelbach, S., Brand, S., Haim, A., and Litaor, M. I.: Redox reactions and phosphorus release in re-flooded soils of an altered wetland, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 56, 515–525, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00692.x, 2005.
Silver, M., Knöller, K., Schlögl, J., Kübeck, C., and Schüth, C.: Nitrogen cycling and origin of ammonium during infiltration of treated wastewater for managed aquifer recharge, Appl. Geochem., 97, 71–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.08.003, 2018.
Skopp, J., Jawson, M. D., and Doran, J. W.: Steady-State Aerobic Microbial Activity as a Function of Soil Water Content, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 54, 1619–1625, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400060018x, 1990.
Sopilniak, A., Elkayam, R., and Lev, O.: Nitrification in a soil-aquifer treatment system: Comparison of potential nitrification and concentration profiles in the vadose zone, Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts, 19, 1571–1582, https://doi.org/10.1039/c7em00402h, 2017.
Sopilniak, A., Elkayam, R., Rossin, A. V., and Lev, O.: Emerging organic pollutants in the vadose zone of a soil aquifer treatment system: Pore water extraction using positive displacement, Chemosphere, 190, 383–392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.010, 2018.
Stumm, W., and Morgan, J. J.: Aquatic chemistry, 3rd ed., Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-51185-4, 1996.
Tsangaratos, P., Kallioras, A., Pizpikis, T., Vasileiou, E., Ilia, I., and Pliakas, F.: Multi-criteria Decision Support System (DSS) for optimal locations of Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) facilities, Sci. Total Environ., 603–604, 472–486, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.238, 2017.
Tufenkji, N., Redman, J. A., and Elimelech, M.: Interpreting deposition patterns of microbial particles in laboratory-scale column experiments, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37, 616–623, https://doi.org/10.1021/es025871i, 2003.
Turkeltaub, T.: Paper Hess-2021-455, Figshare [data set], https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19314032, 2022.
Wallace, C. D., Sawyer, A. H., and Barnes, R. T.: Spectral analysis of continuous redox data reveals geochemical dynamics near the stream–aquifer interface, Hydrol. Process., 33, 405–413, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13335, 2019.
Wallis, M. G. and Horne, D. J.: Soil water repellency, in: Advances in Soil Science, 265–267, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2930-8_2, 1992.
Short summary
The quality control and optimization of soil aquifer treatment (SAT) performance is challenging due to the multiple factors and costs involved. We installed in situ subsurface monitoring sensors that provided continuous high-resolution monitoring of the biochemical and physical conditions of an active SAT system. Data analysis facilitated the determination of the optimal drying and wetting stages, which are critical for suitable SAT management.
The quality control and optimization of soil aquifer treatment (SAT) performance is challenging...