Articles | Volume 26, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1527-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1527-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
22 Mar 2022
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 22 Mar 2022
| 22 Mar 2022
Evaporation enhancement drives the European water-budget deficit during multi-year droughts
Christian Massari
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
National Research Council (CNR), Research Institute for
Geo-Hydrological Protection, Perugia, 06126, Italy
Francesco Avanzi
CIMA Research Foundation, Via Armando Magliotto 2, 17100, Savona, Italy
Giulia Bruno
CIMA Research Foundation, Via Armando Magliotto 2, 17100, Savona, Italy
University of Genoa, Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi, Viale Causa, 13 – 16145, Genova, Italy
Simone Gabellani
CIMA Research Foundation, Via Armando Magliotto 2, 17100, Savona, Italy
Daniele Penna
Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI)
University of Florence, via San Bonaventura 13, 50145, Florence-Firenze, Italy
Stefania Camici
National Research Council (CNR), Research Institute for
Geo-Hydrological Protection, Perugia, 06126, Italy
Related authors
Sofia Ortenzi, Lucio Di Matteo, Daniela Valigi, Marco Donnini, Marco Dionigi, Davide Fronzi, Josie Geris, Fabio Guadagnano, Ivan Marchesini, Paolo Filippucci, Francesco Avanzi, Daniele Penna, and Christian Massari
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4368, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4368, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates groundwater–surface water interactions in the Ussita catchment (Italy), using hydrological, hydrochemical–isotopic, thermal drone, and satellite data. Results show that fractured limestone aquifers sustain streamflow, with snowmelt contributing ~20% to recharge. The integrated approach supports water management, climate adaptation, and ecosystem sustainability in Mediterranean mountain regions.
Xiangmei Liu, Peng Shen, Jiaqi Chen, David Andrew Barry, Christian Massari, Jiansheng Chen, Mingming Feng, Xi Zhang, Fenyan Ma, Fei Yang, and Haixia Jin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4263, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4263, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Our research in the Songnen Basin of Northeast China has revealed why numerous lakes remain unfrozen during winter. By studying Lake Chagan, we discovered that deep groundwater sustains these lakes, likely flowing through subterranean channels from the Tibetan Plateau. When earthquakes disrupt these conduits, water rises along fault lines to replenish the lakes. This finding challenges the theory that graben lakes primarily depend on local precipitation.
Louise Busschaert, Michel Bechtold, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Dirk Raes, Sujay V. Kumar, and Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2550, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2550, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates irrigation in the Po Valley using AquaCrop and Noah-MP models with sprinkler irrigation. Noah-MP shows higher annual rates than AquaCrop due to more water losses. After adjusting, both align with reported irrigation ranges (500–600 mm/yr). Soil moisture estimates from both models match satellite data, though both have limitations in vegetation and evapotranspiration modeling. The study emphasizes the need for observations to improve irrigation estimates.
Paolo Filippucci, Luca Brocca, Luca Ciabatta, Hamidreza Mosaffa, Francesco Avanzi, and Christian Massari
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-156, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-156, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate rainfall data is essential, yet measuring daily precipitation worldwide is challenging. This research presents HYdroclimatic PERformance-enhanced Precipitation (HYPER-P), a dataset combining satellite, ground, and reanalysis data to estimate precipitation at a 1 km scale from 2000 to 2023. HYPER-P improves accuracy, especially in areas with few rain gauges. This dataset supports scientists and decision-makers in understanding and managing water resources more effectively.
Ather Abbas, Yuan Yang, Ming Pan, Yves Tramblay, Chaopeng Shen, Haoyu Ji, Solomon H. Gebrechorkos, Florian Pappenberger, Jong Cheol Pyo, Dapeng Feng, George Huffman, Phu Nguyen, Christian Massari, Luca Brocca, Tan Jackson, and Hylke E. Beck
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4194, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4194, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study evaluated 23 precipitation datasets using a hydrological model at global scale to assess their suitability and accuracy. We found that MSWEP V2.8 excels due to its ability to integrate data from multiple sources, while others, such as IMERG and JRA-3Q, demonstrated strong regional performances. This research assists in selecting the appropriate dataset for applications in water resource management, hazard assessment, agriculture, and environmental monitoring.
Louise Busschaert, Michel Bechtold, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Dirk Raes, Sujay V. Kumar, and Gabrielle J. M. De Lannoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4974019, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4974019, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates irrigation in the Po Valley using AquaCrop and Noah-MP models with sprinkler irrigation. Noah-MP shows higher annual rates than AquaCrop due to more water losses. After adjusting, both align with reported irrigation ranges (500–600 mm/yr). Soil moisture estimates from both models match satellite data, though both have limitations in vegetation and evapotranspiration modeling. The study emphasizes the need for observations to improve irrigation estimates.
Søren Julsgaard Kragh, Jacopo Dari, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Luca Brocca, Rasmus Fensholt, Simon Stisen, and Julian Koch
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 441–457, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comparison of methodologies to quantify irrigation to enhance regional irrigation estimates. To evaluate the methodologies, we compared various approaches to quantify irrigation using soil moisture, evapotranspiration, or both within a novel baseline framework, together with irrigation estimates from other studies. We show that the synergy from using two equally important components in a joint approach within a baseline framework yields better irrigation estimates.
Shima Azimi, Christian Massari, Giuseppe Formetta, Silvia Barbetta, Alberto Tazioli, Davide Fronzi, Sara Modanesi, Angelica Tarpanelli, and Riccardo Rigon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4485–4503, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4485-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4485-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the water budget of nested karst catchments using simple methods and modeling. By utilizing the available data on precipitation and discharge, we were able to determine the response lag-time by adopting new techniques. Additionally, we modeled snow cover dynamics and evapotranspiration with the use of Earth observations, providing a concise overview of the water budget for the basin and its subbasins. We have made the data, models, and workflows accessible for further study.
Jacopo Dari, Luca Brocca, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Angelica Tarpanelli, Silvia Barbetta, Raphael Quast, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Vahid Freeman, Anaïs Barella-Ortiz, Pere Quintana-Seguí, David Bretreger, and Espen Volden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1555–1575, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1555-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigation is the main source of global freshwater consumption. Despite this, a detailed knowledge of irrigation dynamics (i.e., timing, extent of irrigated areas, and amounts of water used) are generally lacking worldwide. Satellites represent a useful tool to fill this knowledge gap and monitor irrigation water from space. In this study, three regional-scale and high-resolution (1 and 6 km) products of irrigation amounts estimated by inverting the satellite soil moisture signals are presented.
Riccardo Rigon, Giuseppe Formetta, Marialaura Bancheri, Niccolò Tubini, Concetta D'Amato, Olaf David, and Christian Massari
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4773–4800, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The
Digital Earth(DE) metaphor is very useful for both end users and hydrological modelers. We analyse different categories of models, with the view of making them part of a Digital eARth Twin Hydrology system (called DARTH). We also stress the idea that DARTHs are not models in and of themselves, rather they need to be built on an appropriate information technology infrastructure. It is remarked that DARTHs have to, by construction, support the open-science movement and its ideas.
Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Michel Bechtold, Hans Lievens, Angelica Tarpanelli, Luca Brocca, Luca Zappa, and Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4685–4706, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4685-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4685-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Given the crucial impact of irrigation practices on the water cycle, this study aims at estimating irrigation through the development of an innovative data assimilation system able to ingest high-resolution Sentinel-1 radar observations into the Noah-MP land surface model. The developed methodology has important implications for global water resource management and the comprehension of human impacts on the water cycle and identifies main challenges and outlooks for future research.
Stefania Camici, Gabriele Giuliani, Luca Brocca, Christian Massari, Angelica Tarpanelli, Hassan Hashemi Farahani, Nico Sneeuw, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6935–6956, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents an innovative approach, STREAM (SaTellite-based Runoff Evaluation And Mapping), to derive daily river discharge and runoff estimates from satellite observations of soil moisture, precipitation, and terrestrial total water storage anomalies. Potentially useful for multiple operational and scientific applications, the added value of the STREAM approach is the ability to increase knowledge on the natural processes, human activities, and their interactions on the land.
Lorenzo Alfieri, Francesco Avanzi, Fabio Delogu, Simone Gabellani, Giulia Bruno, Lorenzo Campo, Andrea Libertino, Christian Massari, Angelica Tarpanelli, Dominik Rains, Diego G. Miralles, Raphael Quast, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Huan Wu, and Luca Brocca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3921–3939, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows advances in high-resolution satellite data for hydrology. We performed hydrological simulations for the Po River basin using various satellite products, including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and snow depth. Evaporation and snow depth improved a simulation based on high-quality ground observations. Interestingly, a model calibration relying on satellite data skillfully reproduces observed discharges, paving the way to satellite-driven hydrological applications.
Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Alexander Gruber, Hans Lievens, Angelica Tarpanelli, Renato Morbidelli, and Gabrielle J. M. De Lannoy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6283–6307, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Worldwide, the amount of water used for agricultural purposes is rising and the quantification of irrigation is becoming a crucial topic. Land surface models are not able to correctly simulate irrigation. Remote sensing observations offer an opportunity to fill this gap as they are directly affected by irrigation. We equipped a land surface model with an observation operator able to transform Sentinel-1 backscatter observations into realistic vegetation and soil states via data assimilation.
Daniele Masseroni, Stefania Camici, Alessio Cislaghi, Giorgio Vacchiano, Christian Massari, and Luca Brocca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5589–5601, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5589-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5589-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate 63 years of changes in annual streamflow volume across Europe, using a data set of more than 3000 stations, with a special focus on the Mediterranean basin. The results show decreasing (increasing) volumes in the southern (northern) regions. These trends are strongly consistent with the changes in temperature and precipitation.
Louise Mimeau, Yves Tramblay, Luca Brocca, Christian Massari, Stefania Camici, and Pascal Finaud-Guyot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 653–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-653-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-653-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture is a key variable related to droughts and flood genesis, but little is known about the evolution of soil moisture under climate change. Here, using a simulation approach, we show that changes in soil moisture are driven by changes in precipitation intermittence rather than changes in precipitation intensity or in temperature.
Stefania Camici, Christian Massari, Luca Ciabatta, Ivan Marchesini, and Luca Brocca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4869–4885, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4869-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4869-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper performs the most comprehensive European-scale evaluation to date of satellite rainfall products for river flow prediction. In doing so, how errors transfer from satellite-based rainfall products into flood simulation is investigated in depth and, for the first time, quantitative guidelines on the use of these products for hydrological applications are provided. This result can represent a keystone in the use of satellite rainfall products, especially in data-scarce regions.
Martina Leone, Francesco Avanzi, Umberto Morra Di Cella, Simone Gabellani, Edoardo Cremonese, Michel Isabellon, Paolo Pogliotti, Riccardo Scotti, Andrea Monti, Luca Ferraris, and Roberto Colombo
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3705, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3705, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how glaciers helped sustain summer river flow during the severe snow shortages of 2022 and 2023 in the Italian Alps. Using high-resolution modeling and long-term data, we found that glacier melt contributed up to three times more than in average years. This enhanced melt partly compensated for low snow and precipitation, showing the critical role of glaciers in supporting water resources during droughts.
Sofia Ortenzi, Lucio Di Matteo, Daniela Valigi, Marco Donnini, Marco Dionigi, Davide Fronzi, Josie Geris, Fabio Guadagnano, Ivan Marchesini, Paolo Filippucci, Francesco Avanzi, Daniele Penna, and Christian Massari
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4368, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4368, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates groundwater–surface water interactions in the Ussita catchment (Italy), using hydrological, hydrochemical–isotopic, thermal drone, and satellite data. Results show that fractured limestone aquifers sustain streamflow, with snowmelt contributing ~20% to recharge. The integrated approach supports water management, climate adaptation, and ecosystem sustainability in Mediterranean mountain regions.
Xiangmei Liu, Peng Shen, Jiaqi Chen, David Andrew Barry, Christian Massari, Jiansheng Chen, Mingming Feng, Xi Zhang, Fenyan Ma, Fei Yang, and Haixia Jin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4263, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4263, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Our research in the Songnen Basin of Northeast China has revealed why numerous lakes remain unfrozen during winter. By studying Lake Chagan, we discovered that deep groundwater sustains these lakes, likely flowing through subterranean channels from the Tibetan Plateau. When earthquakes disrupt these conduits, water rises along fault lines to replenish the lakes. This finding challenges the theory that graben lakes primarily depend on local precipitation.
Giulia Bruno, Laurent Strohmenger, and Doris Duethmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 4473–4489, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-4473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Decreases in streamflow during dry periods threaten ecosystems and society, and increases in evapotranspiration may contribute to them. From data for small catchments in Germany, summer low flows decreased over 1970–2019, and evapotranspiration increases significantly contributed to that. Lower-than-expected annual streamflow occurred during the 1989–1993 drought in catchments with increases in evapotranspiration. Changes in evapotranspiration need full consideration for streamflow prediction.
Louise Busschaert, Michel Bechtold, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Dirk Raes, Sujay V. Kumar, and Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2550, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2550, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates irrigation in the Po Valley using AquaCrop and Noah-MP models with sprinkler irrigation. Noah-MP shows higher annual rates than AquaCrop due to more water losses. After adjusting, both align with reported irrigation ranges (500–600 mm/yr). Soil moisture estimates from both models match satellite data, though both have limitations in vegetation and evapotranspiration modeling. The study emphasizes the need for observations to improve irrigation estimates.
Paolo Filippucci, Luca Brocca, Luca Ciabatta, Hamidreza Mosaffa, Francesco Avanzi, and Christian Massari
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-156, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-156, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate rainfall data is essential, yet measuring daily precipitation worldwide is challenging. This research presents HYdroclimatic PERformance-enhanced Precipitation (HYPER-P), a dataset combining satellite, ground, and reanalysis data to estimate precipitation at a 1 km scale from 2000 to 2023. HYPER-P improves accuracy, especially in areas with few rain gauges. This dataset supports scientists and decision-makers in understanding and managing water resources more effectively.
Giulia Blandini, Francesco Avanzi, Lorenzo Campo, Simone Gabellani, Kristoffer Aalstad, Manuela Girotto, Satoru Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Hirashima, and Luca Ferraris
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-423, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-423, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable SWE and snow depth estimates are key for water management in snow regions. To tackle computational challenges in data assimilation, we suggest a Long Short-Term Memory neural network for operational data assimilation in snow hydrology. Once trained, it cuts computation by 70 % versus an EnKF, with a slight RMSE increase (+6 mm SWE, +6 cm snow depth). This work advances deep learning in snow hydrology, offering an efficient, scalable, and low-cost modeling framework.
Ather Abbas, Yuan Yang, Ming Pan, Yves Tramblay, Chaopeng Shen, Haoyu Ji, Solomon H. Gebrechorkos, Florian Pappenberger, Jong Cheol Pyo, Dapeng Feng, George Huffman, Phu Nguyen, Christian Massari, Luca Brocca, Tan Jackson, and Hylke E. Beck
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4194, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4194, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study evaluated 23 precipitation datasets using a hydrological model at global scale to assess their suitability and accuracy. We found that MSWEP V2.8 excels due to its ability to integrate data from multiple sources, while others, such as IMERG and JRA-3Q, demonstrated strong regional performances. This research assists in selecting the appropriate dataset for applications in water resource management, hazard assessment, agriculture, and environmental monitoring.
Louise Busschaert, Michel Bechtold, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Dirk Raes, Sujay V. Kumar, and Gabrielle J. M. De Lannoy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4974019, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4974019, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates irrigation in the Po Valley using AquaCrop and Noah-MP models with sprinkler irrigation. Noah-MP shows higher annual rates than AquaCrop due to more water losses. After adjusting, both align with reported irrigation ranges (500–600 mm/yr). Soil moisture estimates from both models match satellite data, though both have limitations in vegetation and evapotranspiration modeling. The study emphasizes the need for observations to improve irrigation estimates.
Marco M. Lehmann, Josie Geris, Ilja van Meerveld, Daniele Penna, Youri Rothfuss, Matteo Verdone, Pertti Ala-Aho, Matyas Arvai, Alise Babre, Philippe Balandier, Fabian Bernhard, Lukrecija Butorac, Simon Damien Carrière, Natalie C. Ceperley, Zuosinan Chen, Alicia Correa, Haoyu Diao, David Dubbert, Maren Dubbert, Fabio Ercoli, Marius G. Floriancic, Teresa E. Gimeno, Damien Gounelle, Frank Hagedorn, Christophe Hissler, Frédéric Huneau, Alberto Iraheta, Tamara Jakovljević, Nerantzis Kazakis, Zoltan Kern, Karl Knaebel, Johannes Kobler, Jiří Kocum, Charlotte Koeber, Gerbrand Koren, Angelika Kübert, Dawid Kupka, Samuel Le Gall, Aleksi Lehtonen, Thomas Leydier, Philippe Malagoli, Francesca Sofia Manca di Villahermosa, Chiara Marchina, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Hannu Marttila, Aline Meyer Oliveira, Gaël Monvoisin, Natalie Orlowski, Kadi Palmik-Das, Aurel Persoiu, Andrei Popa, Egor Prikaziuk, Cécile Quantin, Katja T. Rinne-Garmston, Clara Rohde, Martin Sanda, Matthias Saurer, Daniel Schulz, Michael Paul Stockinger, Christine Stumpp, Jean-Stéphane Venisse, Lukas Vlcek, Stylianos Voudouris, Björn Weeser, Mark E. Wilkinson, Giulia Zuecco, and Katrin Meusburger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-409, 2024
Revised manuscript under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a unique large-scale isotope dataset to study water dynamics in European forests. Researchers collected data from 40 beech and spruce forest sites in spring and summer 2023, using a standardized method to ensure consistency. The results show that water sources for trees change between seasons and vary by tree species. This large dataset offers valuable information for understanding plant water use, improving ecohydrological models, and mapping water cycles across Europe.
Ginevra Fabiani, Julian Klaus, and Daniele Penna
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2683–2703, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
There is a limited understanding of the role that topography and climate play in tree water use. Through a cross-site comparison in Luxembourg and Italy, we investigated beech water use along slopes in different climates. Our findings indicate that in landscapes characterized by stronger hydraulic and climatic gradients there is greater spatial variation in tree physiological responses. This highlights how differing growing conditions across landscapes can lead to contrasting tree performances.
Søren Julsgaard Kragh, Jacopo Dari, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Luca Brocca, Rasmus Fensholt, Simon Stisen, and Julian Koch
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 441–457, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-441-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-441-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a comparison of methodologies to quantify irrigation to enhance regional irrigation estimates. To evaluate the methodologies, we compared various approaches to quantify irrigation using soil moisture, evapotranspiration, or both within a novel baseline framework, together with irrigation estimates from other studies. We show that the synergy from using two equally important components in a joint approach within a baseline framework yields better irrigation estimates.
Lorenzo Alfieri, Andrea Libertino, Lorenzo Campo, Francesco Dottori, Simone Gabellani, Tatiana Ghizzoni, Alessandro Masoero, Lauro Rossi, Roberto Rudari, Nicola Testa, Eva Trasforini, Ahmed Amdihun, Jully Ouma, Luca Rossi, Yves Tramblay, Huan Wu, and Marco Massabò
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 199–224, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-199-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-199-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes Flood-PROOFS East Africa, an impact-based flood forecasting system for the Greater Horn of Africa. It is based on hydrological simulations, inundation mapping, and estimation of population and assets exposed to upcoming river floods. The system supports duty officers in African institutions in the daily monitoring of hydro-meteorological disasters. A first evaluation shows the system performance for the catastrophic floods in the Nile River basin in summer 2020.
Francesca Munerol, Francesco Avanzi, Eleonora Panizza, Marco Altamura, Simone Gabellani, Lara Polo, Marina Mantini, Barbara Alessandri, and Luca Ferraris
Geosci. Commun., 7, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To contribute to advancing education in a warming climate and prepare the next generations to play their role in future societies, we designed “Water and Us”, a three-module initiative focusing on the natural and anthropogenic water cycle, climate change, and conflicts. This study aims to introduce the initiative's educational objectives, methods, and early results.
Shima Azimi, Christian Massari, Giuseppe Formetta, Silvia Barbetta, Alberto Tazioli, Davide Fronzi, Sara Modanesi, Angelica Tarpanelli, and Riccardo Rigon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4485–4503, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4485-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4485-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the water budget of nested karst catchments using simple methods and modeling. By utilizing the available data on precipitation and discharge, we were able to determine the response lag-time by adopting new techniques. Additionally, we modeled snow cover dynamics and evapotranspiration with the use of Earth observations, providing a concise overview of the water budget for the basin and its subbasins. We have made the data, models, and workflows accessible for further study.
Giulia Blandini, Francesco Avanzi, Simone Gabellani, Denise Ponziani, Hervé Stevenin, Sara Ratto, Luca Ferraris, and Alberto Viglione
The Cryosphere, 17, 5317–5333, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5317-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-5317-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Automatic snow depth data are a valuable source of information for hydrologists, but they also tend to be noisy. To maximize the value of these measurements for real-world applications, we developed an automatic procedure to differentiate snow cover from grass or bare ground data, as well as to detect random errors. This procedure can enhance snow data quality, thus providing more reliable data for snow models.
Jacopo Dari, Luca Brocca, Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Angelica Tarpanelli, Silvia Barbetta, Raphael Quast, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Vahid Freeman, Anaïs Barella-Ortiz, Pere Quintana-Seguí, David Bretreger, and Espen Volden
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1555–1575, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1555-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1555-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Irrigation is the main source of global freshwater consumption. Despite this, a detailed knowledge of irrigation dynamics (i.e., timing, extent of irrigated areas, and amounts of water used) are generally lacking worldwide. Satellites represent a useful tool to fill this knowledge gap and monitor irrigation water from space. In this study, three regional-scale and high-resolution (1 and 6 km) products of irrigation amounts estimated by inverting the satellite soil moisture signals are presented.
Francesco Avanzi, Simone Gabellani, Fabio Delogu, Francesco Silvestro, Flavio Pignone, Giulia Bruno, Luca Pulvirenti, Giuseppe Squicciarino, Elisabetta Fiori, Lauro Rossi, Silvia Puca, Alexander Toniazzo, Pietro Giordano, Marco Falzacappa, Sara Ratto, Hervè Stevenin, Antonio Cardillo, Matteo Fioletti, Orietta Cazzuli, Edoardo Cremonese, Umberto Morra di Cella, and Luca Ferraris
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 639–660, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-639-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-639-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Snow cover has profound implications for worldwide water supply and security, but knowledge of its amount and distribution across the landscape is still elusive. We present IT-SNOW, a reanalysis comprising daily maps of snow amount and distribution across Italy for 11 snow seasons from September 2010 to August 2021. The reanalysis was validated using satellite images and snow measurements and will provide highly needed data to manage snow water resources in a warming climate.
Giulia Bruno, Doris Duethmann, Francesco Avanzi, Lorenzo Alfieri, Andrea Libertino, and Simone Gabellani
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-416, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-416, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological models often have issues during droughts. We used the distributed Continuum model over the Po river basin and independent datasets of streamflow (Q), evapotranspiration (ET), and storage. Continuum simulated Q well during wet years and moderate droughts. Performances declined for a severe drought and we explained this drop with an increased uncertainty in ET anomalies in human-affected croplands. These findings provide guidelines for assessments of model robustness during droughts.
Andrea Taramelli, Margherita Righini, Emiliana Valentini, Lorenzo Alfieri, Ignacio Gatti, and Simone Gabellani
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3543–3569, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3543-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3543-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims to support decision-making processes to prioritize effective interventions for flood risk reduction and mitigation for the implementation of flood risk management concepts in urban areas. Our findings provide new insights into vulnerability spatialization of urban flood events for the residential sector, demonstrating that the nature of flood pathways varies spatially and is influenced by landscape characteristics, as well as building features.
Riccardo Rigon, Giuseppe Formetta, Marialaura Bancheri, Niccolò Tubini, Concetta D'Amato, Olaf David, and Christian Massari
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4773–4800, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The
Digital Earth(DE) metaphor is very useful for both end users and hydrological modelers. We analyse different categories of models, with the view of making them part of a Digital eARth Twin Hydrology system (called DARTH). We also stress the idea that DARTHs are not models in and of themselves, rather they need to be built on an appropriate information technology infrastructure. It is remarked that DARTHs have to, by construction, support the open-science movement and its ideas.
Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Michel Bechtold, Hans Lievens, Angelica Tarpanelli, Luca Brocca, Luca Zappa, and Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4685–4706, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4685-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4685-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Given the crucial impact of irrigation practices on the water cycle, this study aims at estimating irrigation through the development of an innovative data assimilation system able to ingest high-resolution Sentinel-1 radar observations into the Noah-MP land surface model. The developed methodology has important implications for global water resource management and the comprehension of human impacts on the water cycle and identifies main challenges and outlooks for future research.
Stefania Camici, Gabriele Giuliani, Luca Brocca, Christian Massari, Angelica Tarpanelli, Hassan Hashemi Farahani, Nico Sneeuw, Marco Restano, and Jérôme Benveniste
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6935–6956, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6935-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6935-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents an innovative approach, STREAM (SaTellite-based Runoff Evaluation And Mapping), to derive daily river discharge and runoff estimates from satellite observations of soil moisture, precipitation, and terrestrial total water storage anomalies. Potentially useful for multiple operational and scientific applications, the added value of the STREAM approach is the ability to increase knowledge on the natural processes, human activities, and their interactions on the land.
Angelica Tarpanelli, Alessandro C. Mondini, and Stefania Camici
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2473–2489, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2473-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2473-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed 10 years of river discharge data from almost 2000 sites in Europe, and we extracted flood events, as proxies of flood inundations, based on the overpasses of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellites to derive the percentage of potential inundation events that they were able to observe. Results show that on average 58 % of flood events are potentially observable by Sentinel-1 and only 28 % by Sentinel-2 due to the obstacle of cloud coverage.
Lorenzo Alfieri, Francesco Avanzi, Fabio Delogu, Simone Gabellani, Giulia Bruno, Lorenzo Campo, Andrea Libertino, Christian Massari, Angelica Tarpanelli, Dominik Rains, Diego G. Miralles, Raphael Quast, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Huan Wu, and Luca Brocca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3921–3939, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work shows advances in high-resolution satellite data for hydrology. We performed hydrological simulations for the Po River basin using various satellite products, including precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and snow depth. Evaporation and snow depth improved a simulation based on high-quality ground observations. Interestingly, a model calibration relying on satellite data skillfully reproduces observed discharges, paving the way to satellite-driven hydrological applications.
Giulia Zuecco, Anam Amin, Jay Frentress, Michael Engel, Chiara Marchina, Tommaso Anfodillo, Marco Borga, Vinicio Carraro, Francesca Scandellari, Massimo Tagliavini, Damiano Zanotelli, Francesco Comiti, and Daniele Penna
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3673–3689, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3673-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the variability in the isotopic composition of plant water extracted by two different methods, i.e., cryogenic vacuum distillation (CVD) and Scholander-type pressure chamber (SPC). Our results indicated that the isotopic composition of plant water extracted by CVD and SPC was significantly different. We concluded that plant water extraction by SPC is not an alternative for CVD as SPC mostly extracts the mobile plant water whereas CVD retrieves all water stored in the sampled tissue.
Francesco Avanzi, Simone Gabellani, Fabio Delogu, Francesco Silvestro, Edoardo Cremonese, Umberto Morra di Cella, Sara Ratto, and Hervé Stevenin
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 4853–4879, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4853-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-4853-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing in real time how much snow and glacier ice has accumulated across the landscape has significant implications for water-resource management and flood control. This paper presents a computer model – S3M – allowing scientists and decision makers to predict snow and ice accumulation during winter and the subsequent melt during spring and summer. S3M has been employed for real-world flood forecasting since the early 2000s but is here being made open source for the first time.
Tessa Maurer, Francesco Avanzi, Steven D. Glaser, and Roger C. Bales
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 589–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-589-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-589-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting how much water will end up in rivers is more difficult during droughts because the relationship between precipitation and streamflow can change in unexpected ways. We differentiate between changes that are predictable based on the weather patterns and those harder to predict because they depend on the land and vegetation of a particular region. This work helps clarify why models are less accurate during droughts and helps predict how much water will be available for human use.
Sara Modanesi, Christian Massari, Alexander Gruber, Hans Lievens, Angelica Tarpanelli, Renato Morbidelli, and Gabrielle J. M. De Lannoy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6283–6307, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Worldwide, the amount of water used for agricultural purposes is rising and the quantification of irrigation is becoming a crucial topic. Land surface models are not able to correctly simulate irrigation. Remote sensing observations offer an opportunity to fill this gap as they are directly affected by irrigation. We equipped a land surface model with an observation operator able to transform Sentinel-1 backscatter observations into realistic vegetation and soil states via data assimilation.
Daniele Masseroni, Stefania Camici, Alessio Cislaghi, Giorgio Vacchiano, Christian Massari, and Luca Brocca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5589–5601, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5589-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5589-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate 63 years of changes in annual streamflow volume across Europe, using a data set of more than 3000 stations, with a special focus on the Mediterranean basin. The results show decreasing (increasing) volumes in the southern (northern) regions. These trends are strongly consistent with the changes in temperature and precipitation.
Francesco Avanzi, Giulia Ercolani, Simone Gabellani, Edoardo Cremonese, Paolo Pogliotti, Gianluca Filippa, Umberto Morra di Cella, Sara Ratto, Hervè Stevenin, Marco Cauduro, and Stefano Juglair
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2109–2131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2109-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Precipitation tends to increase with elevation, but the magnitude and distribution of this enhancement remain poorly understood. By leveraging over 11 000 spatially distributed, manual measurements of snow depth (snow courses) upstream of two reservoirs in the western European Alps, we show that these courses bear a characteristic signature of orographic precipitation. This opens a window of opportunity for improved modeling accuracy and, ultimately, our understanding of the water budget.
Louise Mimeau, Yves Tramblay, Luca Brocca, Christian Massari, Stefania Camici, and Pascal Finaud-Guyot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 653–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-653-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-653-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture is a key variable related to droughts and flood genesis, but little is known about the evolution of soil moisture under climate change. Here, using a simulation approach, we show that changes in soil moisture are driven by changes in precipitation intermittence rather than changes in precipitation intensity or in temperature.
James W. Kirchner, Sarah E. Godsey, Madeline Solomon, Randall Osterhuber, Joseph R. McConnell, and Daniele Penna
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5095–5123, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5095-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5095-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Streams and groundwaters often show daily cycles in response to snowmelt and evapotranspiration. These typically have a roughly 6 h time lag, which is often interpreted as a travel-time lag. Here we show that it is instead primarily a phase lag that arises because aquifers integrate their inputs over time. We further show how these cycles shift seasonally, mirroring the springtime retreat of snow cover to higher elevations and the seasonal advance and retreat of photosynthetic activity.
Stefania Camici, Christian Massari, Luca Ciabatta, Ivan Marchesini, and Luca Brocca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4869–4885, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4869-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4869-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The paper performs the most comprehensive European-scale evaluation to date of satellite rainfall products for river flow prediction. In doing so, how errors transfer from satellite-based rainfall products into flood simulation is investigated in depth and, for the first time, quantitative guidelines on the use of these products for hydrological applications are provided. This result can represent a keystone in the use of satellite rainfall products, especially in data-scarce regions.
Cited articles
Addy, K., Gold, A. J., Welsh, M. K., August, P. V., Stolt, M. H., Arango, C.
P., and Groffman, P. M.: Connectivity and Nitrate Uptake Potential of
Intermittent Streams in the Northeast USA, Front. Ecol. Evol., 7, 225,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00225, 2019.
Alvarez-Garreton, C., Boisier, J. P., Garreaud, R., Seibert, J., and Vis, M.: Progressive water deficits during multiyear droughts in basins with long hydrological memory in Chile, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 429–446, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-429-2021, 2021.
Amin, A., Zuecco, G., Geris, J., Schwendenmann, L., McDonnell, J. J., Borga,
M., and Penna, D.: Depth distribution of soil water sourced by plants at the
global scale: A new direct inference approach, Ecohydrology, 13, e2177,
https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2177, 2020.
Armstrong, A., Stedman, R. C., Bishop, J. A., and Sullivan, P. J.: What's a
Stream Without Water? Disproportionality in Headwater Regions Impacting
Water Quality, Environ. Manage., 50, 849–860,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9928-0, 2012.
Avanzi, F., Rungee, J., Maurer, T., Bales, R., Ma, Q., Glaser, S., and Conklin, M.: Climate elasticity of evapotranspiration shifts the water balance of Mediterranean climates during multi-year droughts, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4317–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4317-2020, 2020.
Bales, R. C., Goulden, M. L., Hunsaker, C. T., Conklin, M. H., Hartsough, P.
C., O'Geen, A. T., Hopmans, J. W., and Safeeq, M.: Mechanisms controlling
the impact of multi-year drought on mountain hydrology, Sci. Rep., 8, 690,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-19007-0, 2018.
Barbeta, A. and Peñuelas, J.: Relative contribution of groundwater to
plant transpiration estimated with stable isotopes, Sci. Rep., 7, 10580,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09643-x, 2017.
Berghuijs, W. R., Woods, R. A., and Hrachowitz, M.: A precipitation shift
from snow towards rain leads to a decrease in streamflow, Nat. Clim. Change,
4, 583–586, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2246, 2014.
Beven, K. and Freer, J.: Equifinality, data assimilation, and uncertainty
estimation in mechanistic modelling of complex environmental systems using
the GLUE methodology, J. Hydrol., 249, 11–29,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00421-8, 2001.
Biederman, J. A., Harpold, A. A., Gochis, D. J., Ewers, B. E., Reed, D. E.,
Papuga, S. A., and Brooks, P. D.: Increased evaporation following widespread
tree mortality limits streamflow response, Water Resour. Res., 50,
5395–5409, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014994, 2014.
Bowd, E. J., Banks, S. C., Strong, C. L., and Lindenmayer, D. B.: Long-term
impacts of wildfire and logging on forest soils, Nat. Geosci., 12, 113–118,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0294-2, 2019.
Box, G. E. P. and Cox, D. R.: An Analysis of Transformations, J. R. Stat.
Soc. Ser. B Methodol., 26, 211–243,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1964.tb00553.x, 1964.
Budyko, M. I. and Miller, D. H.: Climate and Life, vol. 18, 1st edn.,
New York Academic Press, 507 pp., edited by: Budyko, ISBN 9780080954530, 1974.
Carrière, S. D., Martin-StPaul, N. K., Cakpo, C. B., Patris, N., Gillon,
M., Chalikakis, K., Doussan, C., Olioso, A., Babic, M., Jouineau, A.,
Simioni, G., and Davi, H.: The role of deep vadose zone water in tree
transpiration during drought periods in karst settings – Insights from
isotopic tracing and leaf water potential, Sci. Total Environ., 699, 134332,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134332, 2020.
Choat, B., Brodribb, T. J., Brodersen, C. R., Duursma, R. A., López, R.,
and Medlyn, B. E.: Triggers of tree mortality under drought, Nature, 558,
531–539, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0240-x, 2018.
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): ERA5 data, https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47, 2022.
Cornes, R., van der Schrier, G., van den Besselaar, E. J. M., and Jones, P. D.: An Ensemble Version of the E-OBS Temperature and Precipitation Datasets, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JD028200, 2018.
Crochemore, L., Isberg, K., Pimentel, R., Pineda, L., Hasan, A., and
Arheimer, B.: Lessons learnt from checking the quality of openly accessible
river flow data worldwide, Hydrol. Sci. J., 65, 699–711,
https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1659509, 2020.
Datry, T., Fritz, K., and Leigh, C.: Challenges, developments and
perspectives in intermittent river ecology, Freshw. Biol., 61, 1171–1180,
https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12789, 2016.
De Kauwe, M. G., Zhou, S.-X., Medlyn, B. E., Pitman, A. J., Wang, Y.-P., Duursma, R. A., and Prentice, I. C.: Do land surface models need to include differential plant species responses to drought? Examining model predictions across a mesic-xeric gradient in Europe, Biogeosciences, 12, 7503–7518, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7503-2015, 2015.
Dijk, A. I. J. M. van, Beck, H. E., Crosbie, R. S., Jeu, R. A. M. de, Liu,
Y. Y., Podger, G. M., Timbal, B., and Viney, N. R.: The Millennium Drought
in southeast Australia (2001–2009): Natural and human causes and
implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society, Water
Resour. Res., 49, 1040–1057, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20123, 2013.
Domec, J.-C. and Johnson, D. M.: Does homeostasis or disturbance of
homeostasis in minimum leaf water potential explain the isohydric versus
anisohydric behavior of Vitis vinifera L. cultivars?, Tree Physiol., 32,
245–248, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps013, 2012.
Domínguez-Castro, F., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Tomás-Burguera, M.,
Peña-Gallardo, M., Beguería, S., El Kenawy, A., Luna, Y., and
Morata, A.: High spatial resolution climatology of drought events for Spain:
1961–2014, Int. J. Climatol., 39, 5046–5062,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6126, 2019.
Dong, J., Dirmeyer, P. A., Lei, F., Anderson, M. C., Holmes, T. R. H., Hain,
C., and Crow, W. T.: Soil Evaporation Stress Determines Soil
Moisture-Evapotranspiration Coupling Strength in Land Surface Modeling,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL090391,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090391, 2020.
ECA&D: E-OBS, https://www.ecad.eu/download/ensembles/download.php#datafiles, last access: 8 March 2022.
Fan, Y., Miguez-Macho, G., Jobbágy, E. G., Jackson, R. B., and
Otero-Casal, C.: Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth, P. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10572–10577, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712381114,
2017.
Feng, X., Thompson, S. E., Woods, R., and Porporato, A.: Quantifying
Asynchronicity of Precipitation and Potential Evapotranspiration in
Mediterranean Climates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 14692–14701,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085653, 2019.
Fink, A. H., Brücher, T., Krüger, A., Leckebusch, G. C., Pinto, J.
G., and Ulbrich, U.: The 2003 European summer heatwaves and drought
– synoptic diagnosis and impacts, Weather, 59, 209–216,
https://doi.org/10.1256/wea.73.04, 2004.
Fovet, O., Belemtougri, A., Boithias, L., Braud, I., Charlier, J.-B.,
Cottet, M., Daudin, K., Dramais, G., Ducharne, A., Folton, N., Grippa, M.,
Hector, B., Kuppel, S., Le Coz, J., Legal, L., Martin, P., Moatar, F.,
Molénat, J., Probst, A., Riotte, J., Vidal, J.-P., Vinatier, F., and
Datry, T.: Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams: Perspectives for
critical zone science and research on socio-ecosystems, WIREs Water, 8,
e1523, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1523, 2021.
Fowler, K., Knoben, W., Peel, M., Peterson, T., Ryu, D., Saft, M., Seo, K.,
and Western, A.: Many commonly used rainfall-runoff models lack long, slow
dynamics: implications for runoff projections, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR025286, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025286, 2020.
Fowler, K. J. A., Peel, M. C., Western, A. W., Zhang, L., and Peterson, T.
J.: Simulating runoff under changing climatic conditions: Revisiting an
apparent deficiency of conceptual rainfall-runoff models, Water Resour.
Res., 52, 1820–1846, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018068, 2016.
García-Ruiz, J. M., López-Moreno, J. I., Vicente-Serrano, S. M.,
Lasanta–Martínez, T., and Beguería, S.: Mediterranean water
resources in a global change scenario, Earth-Sci. Rev., 105, 121–139,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.006, 2011.
Garreaud, R. D., Alvarez-Garreton, C., Barichivich, J., Boisier, J. P., Christie, D., Galleguillos, M., LeQuesne, C., McPhee, J., and Zambrano-Bigiarini, M.: The 2010–2015 megadrought in central Chile: impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 6307–6327, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6307-2017, 2017.
Gentilesca, T., Camarero, J. J., Colangelo, M., Nolè, A., and Ripullone,
F.: Drought-induced oak decline in the western Mediterranean region: an
overview on current evidences, mechanisms and management options to improve
forest resilience, IForest – Biogeosciences For., 10, 796,
https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor2317-010, 2017.
Goulden, M. L. and Bales, R. C.: California forest die-off linked to
multi-year deep soil drying in 2012–2015 drought, Nat. Geosci., 12,
632–637, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0388-5, 2019.
Gouveia, C. M., Trigo, R. M., Beguería, S., and Vicente-Serrano, S. M.:
Drought impacts on vegetation activity in the Mediterranean region: An
assessment using remote sensing data and multi-scale drought indicators,
Glob. Planet. Change, 151, 15–27,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.011, 2017.
GRDC (Global Runoff Data Center): Discharge observations and shapefiles, https://www.bafg.de/GRDC/EN/01_GRDC/grdc_node.html (last access: 17 March 2022), 2022.
Griffin, D. and Anchukaitis, K. J.: How unusual is the 2012–2014 California
drought?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 9017–9023,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062433, 2014.
Hahm, W. J., Dralle, D. N., Rempe, D. M., Bryk, A. B., Thompson, S. E.,
Dawson, T. E., and Dietrich, W. E.: Low Subsurface Water Storage Capacity
Relative to Annual Rainfall Decouples Mediterranean Plant Productivity and
Water Use From Rainfall Variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6544–6553,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083294, 2019.
Haile, G. G., Tang, Q., Hosseini-Moghari, S.-M., Liu, X., Gebremicael, T.
G., Leng, G., Kebede, A., Xu, X., and Yun, X.: Projected Impacts of Climate
Change on Drought Patterns Over East Africa, Earths Future, 8,
e2020EF001502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001502, 2020.
Hanel, M., Rakovec, O., Markonis, Y., Máca, P., Samaniego, L.,
Kyselý, J., and Kumar, R.: Revisiting the recent European droughts from
a long-term perspective, Sci. Rep., 8, 9499,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27464-4, 2018.
Haylock, M. R., Hofstra, N., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Klok, E. J., Jones, P. D., and New, M.: A European daily high-resolution gridded data set of surface temperature and precipitation for 1950–2006, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D20119, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010201, 2008.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Hirahara, S., Horányi, A.,
Muñoz-Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Schepers, D.,
Simmons, A., Soci, C., Abdalla, S., Abellan, X., Balsamo, G., Bechtold, P.,
Biavati, G., Bidlot, J., Bonavita, M., Chiara, G. D., Dahlgren, P., Dee, D.,
Diamantakis, M., Dragani, R., Flemming, J., Forbes, R., Fuentes, M., Geer,
A., Haimberger, L., Healy, S., Hogan, R. J., Hólm, E., Janisková,
M., Keeley, S., Laloyaux, P., Lopez, P., Lupu, C., Radnoti, G., Rosnay, P.
de, Rozum, I., Vamborg, F., Villaume, S., and Thépaut, J.-N.: The ERA5
global reanalysis, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 146, 1999–2049,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803, 2020.
Hiederer, R. and Hiederer, R.: Mapping Soil Properties for Europe- Spatial
Representation of, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union
Technical Research series, 47 pp., ISBN 978-92-79-32516-8, https://doi.org/10.2788/94128, 2013.
Hughes, J., Potter, N., Zhang, L., and Bridgart, R.: Conceptual Model
Modification and the Millennium Drought of Southeastern Australia, Water,
13, 669, https://doi.org/10.3390/w13050669, 2021.
ISPRA HIS: River discharge data, http://www.hiscentral.isprambiente.gov.it/hiscentral/default.aspx, last access: 8 March 2022.
Karban, R. and Pezzola, E.: Effects of a multi-year drought on a
drought-adapted shrub, Artemisia tridentata, Plant Ecol., 218, 547–554,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-017-0710-5, 2017.
Kennedy, D., Swenson, S., Oleson, K. W., Lawrence, D. M., Fisher, R., Lola
da Costa, A. C., and Gentine, P.: Implementing Plant Hydraulics in the
Community Land Model, Version 5, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 11, 485–513,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001500, 2019.
Klos, P. Z., Goulden, M. L., Riebe, C. S., Tague, C. L., O'Geen, A. T.,
Flinchum, B. A., Safeeq, M., Conklin, M. H., Hart, S. C., Berhe, A. A.,
Hartsough, P. C., Holbrook, W. S., and Bales, R. C.: Subsurface
plant-accessible water in mountain ecosystems with a Mediterranean climate,
WIRES Water, 5, e1277, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1277,
2018.
Kottegoda, N. and Rosso, R.: Applied Statistics for Civil and
Environmental Engineers, Wiley, ISBN-13 978-1-4051-7917-1, 2008.
Kundzewicz, Z. W. and Robson, A. J.: Change detection in hydrological
records – a review of the methodology/Revue méthodologique de la
détection de changements dans les chroniques hydrologiques, Hydrol. Sci.
J., 49, 7–19, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.49.1.7.53993, 2004.
Lennox, R. J., Crook, D. A., Moyle, P. B., Struthers, D. P., and Cooke, S.
J.: Toward a better understanding of freshwater fish responses to an
increasingly drought-stricken world, Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., 29, 71–92,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-018-09545-9, 2019.
Li, L., Yang, Z.-L., Matheny, A. M., Zheng, H., Swenson, S. C., Lawrence, D.
M., Barlage, M., Yan, B., McDowell, N. G., and Leung, L. R.: Representation
of Plant Hydraulics in the Noah-MP Land Surface Model: Model Development and
Multiscale Evaluation, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 13, e2020MS002214,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002214, 2021.
Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., González-Hidalgo, J. C.,
López-Moreno, J. I., and Cortesi, N.: Hydrological drought response to
meteorological drought in the Iberian Peninsula, Clim. Res., 58, 117–131,
https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01177, 2013.
Marsh, T., Monkhouse, R., Arnell, N., Lees, M., and Reynard, N.: The 1988–92
drought, NERC Institute of Hydrology, ISBN 0948540591, 1994
Martens, B., Schumacher, D. L., Wouters, H., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Verhoest, N. E. C., and Miralles, D. G.: Evaluating the land-surface energy partitioning in ERA5, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 4159–4181, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4159-2020, 2020.
Massari, C., Brocca, L., Pellarin, T., Abramowitz, G., Filippucci, P., Ciabatta, L., Maggioni, V., Kerr, Y., and Fernandez Prieto, D.: A daily 25 km short-latency rainfall product for data-scarce regions based on the integration of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission rainfall and multiple-satellite soil moisture products, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2687–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2687-2020, 2020.
Mastrotheodoros, T., Pappas, C., Molnar, P., Burlando, P., Manoli, G.,
Parajka, J., Rigon, R., Szeles, B., Bottazzi, M., Hadjidoukas, P., and
Fatichi, S.: More green and less blue water in the Alps during warmer
summers, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 155–161,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0676-5, 2020.
Maurer, T., Avanzi, F., Glaser, S. D., and Bales, R. C.: Drivers of drought-induced shifts in the water balance through a Budyko approach, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 589–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-589-2022, 2022.
McDowell, N., Pockman, W. T., Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D., Cobb, N.,
Kolb, T., Plaut, J., Sperry, J., West, A., Williams, D. G., and Yepez, E.
A.: Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some
plants survive while others succumb to drought?, New Phytol., 178, 719–739,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x, 2008.
McDowell, N. G.: Deriving pattern from complexity in the processes
underlying tropical forest drought impacts, New Phytol., 219, 841–844,
https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15341, 2018.
McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., and Kleist, J.: The relationship of
drought frequency and duration to time scales, in: Proceedings of the 8th
Conference on Applied Climatology, Anaheim, California, 17–22 January 1993, Boston, American Meteorological Society, 179–184, 1993.
McNamara, J. P., Tetzlaff, D., Bishop, K., Soulsby, C., Seyfried, M.,
Peters, N. E., Aulenbach, B. T., and Hooper, R.: Storage as a Metric of
Catchment Comparison, Hydrol. Process., 25, 3364–3371,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8113, 2011.
Miralles, D. G., Jiménez, C., Jung, M., Michel, D., Ershadi, A., McCabe, M. F., Hirschi, M., Martens, B., Dolman, A. J., Fisher, J. B., Mu, Q., Seneviratne, S. I., Wood, E. F., and Fernández-Prieto, D.: The WACMOS-ET project – Part 2: Evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 823–842, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-823-2016, 2016.
Miralles, D. G., Gentine, P., Seneviratne, S. I., and Teuling, A. J.:
Land-atmospheric feedbacks during droughts and heatwaves: state of the
science and current challenges, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1436, 19–35,
https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13912, 2019.
Murphy, C., Harrigan, S., Hall, J., and Wilby, R. L.: Climate-driven trends
in mean and high flows from a network of reference stations in Ireland,
Hydrol. Sci. J., 58, 755–772, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.782407,
2013.
Nogueira, M., Boussetta, S., Balsamo, G., Albergel, C., Trigo, I. F.,
Johannsen, F., Miralles, D. G., and Dutra, E.: Upgrading Land-Cover and
Vegetation Seasonality in the ECMWF Coupled System: Verification With
FLUXNET Sites, METEOSAT Satellite Land Surface Temperatures, and ERA5
Atmospheric Reanalysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 126, e2020JD034163,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JD034163, 2021.
Orth, R. and Destouni, G.: Drought reduces blue-water fluxes more strongly
than green-water fluxes in Europe, Nat. Commun., 9, 3602,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06013-7, 2018.
Pagano, T. C., Wood, A. W., Ramos, M.-H., Cloke, H. L., Pappenberger, F., Clark, M. P., Cranston, M., Kavetski, D., Mathevet, T., Sorooshian, S., and Verkade, J. S.: Challenges of Operational River Forecasting, J. Hydrometeorol., 15, 1692–1707, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0188.1, 2014.
Parry, S., Hannaford, J., Lloyd-Hughes, B., and Prudhomme, C.: Multi-year
droughts in Europe: analysis of development and causes, Hydrol. Res., 43,
689–706, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.024, 2012.
Peña-Angulo, D., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Domínguez-Castro, F., Noguera, I., Tomas-Burguera, M., López-Moreno, J. I., Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., and El Kenawy, A.: Unravelling the role of vegetation on the different trends between climatic and hydrologic drought in headwater catchments of Spain, Anthropocene, 36, 100309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2021.100309, 2021.
Peña-Gallardo, M., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Hannaford, J., Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Svoboda, M., Domínguez-Castro, F., Maneta, M., Tomas-Burguera, M., and Kenawy, A. E.: Complex influences of meteorological drought time-scales on hydrological droughts in natural basins of the contiguous Unites States, J. Hydrol., 568, 611–625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.11.026, 2019.
Peters, E., Bier, G., van Lanen, H. A. J., and Torfs, P. J. J. F.:
Propagation and spatial distribution of drought in a groundwater catchment,
J. Hydrol., 321, 257–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.08.004,
2006.
Peterson, T. J., Saft, M., Peel, M. C., and John, A.: Watersheds may not
recover from drought, Science, 372, 745–749,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd5085, 2021.
Piniewski, M., Marcinkowski, P., and Kundzewicz, Z. W.: Trend detection in
river flow indices in Poland, Acta Geophys., 66, 347–360,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-018-0116-3, 2018.
Qiu, J., Crow, W. T., Dong, J., and Nearing, G. S.: Model representation of the coupling between evapotranspiration and soil water content at different depths, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-581-2020, 2020.
Rempe, D. M. and Dietrich, W. E.: Direct observations of rock moisture, a
hidden component of the hydrologic cycle, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115,
2664–2669, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800141115, 2018.
Rodell, M., Velicogna, I., and Famiglietti, J. S.: Satellite-based estimates
of groundwater depletion in India, Nature, 460, 999–1002,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08238, 2009.
Roudier, P., Andersson, J. C. M., Donnelly, C., Feyen, L., Greuell, W., and
Ludwig, F.: Projections of future floods and hydrological droughts in Europe
under a +2 ∘C global warming, Clim. Change, 135, 341–355,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1570-4, 2016.
Rungee, J., Bales, R., and Goulden, M.: Evapotranspiration response to
multiyear dry periods in the semiarid western United States, Hydrol.
Process., 33, 182–194, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13322, 2019.
Rye, C. F. and Smettem, K. R. J.: The effect of water repellent soil surface
layers on preferential flow and bare soil evaporation, Geoderma, 289,
142–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.11.032, 2017.
Saft, M., Western, A. W., Zhang, L., Peel, M. C., and Potter, N. J.: The
influence of multiyear drought on the annual rainfall-runoff relationship:
An Australian perspective, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2444–2463,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015348, 2015.
Saft, M., Peel, M. C., Western, A. W., and Zhang, L.: Predicting shifts in
rainfall-runoff partitioning during multiyear drought: Roles of dry period
and catchment characteristics: runoff shifts during decadal drought, Water
Resour. Res., 52, 9290–9305, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019525, 2016.
Samaniego, L., Thober, S., Kumar, R., Wanders, N., Rakovec, O., Pan, M.,
Zink, M., Sheffield, J., Wood, E. F., and Marx, A.: Anthropogenic warming
exacerbates European soil moisture droughts, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 421–426,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0138-5, 2018.
Seager, R., Liu, H., Kushnir, Y., Osborn, T. J., Simpson, I. R., Kelley, C. R., and Nakamura, J.: Mechanisms of Winter Precipitation Variability in the European–Mediterranean Region Associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Climate, 33, 7179–7196, 2020.
Seneviratne, S. I., Corti, T., Davin, E. L., Hirschi, M., Jaeger, E. B.,
Lehner, I., Orlowsky, B., and Teuling, A. J.: Investigating soil
moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 99, 125–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004, 2010.
Senf, C., Buras, A., Zang, C. S., Rammig, A., and Seidl, R.: Excess forest
mortality is consistently linked to drought across Europe, Nat. Commun., 11,
6200, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19924-1, 2020.
Sheffield, J. and Wood, E. F.: Projected changes in drought occurrence under
future global warming from multi-model, multi-scenario, IPCC AR4
simulations, Clim. Dynam, 31, 79–105,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0340-z, 2008.
Sheffield, J. and Wood, E. F.: Drought: Past problems and future scenarios, Publisher Taylor and Francis, https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849775250, ebook ISBN 9781849775250, 210 pp., January 2012.
SNIRH: Portuguese national database, http://snirh.pt/, last access: 8 March 2022.
Spence, C.: A Paradigm Shift in Hydrology: Storage Thresholds Across Scales
Influence Catchment Runoff Generation, Geogr. Compass, 4, 819–833,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00341.x, 2010.
Spinoni, J., Naumann, G., Vogt, J. V., and Barbosa, P.: The biggest drought
events in Europe from 1950 to 2012, J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 3, 509–524,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.01.001, 2015.
Stahl, K., Hisdal, H., Hannaford, J., Tallaksen, L. M., van Lanen, H. a. J.,
Sauquet, E., Demuth, S., Fendekova, M., and Jódar, J.: Streamflow trends
in Europe: evidence from a dataset of near-natural catchments, Hydrol. Earth
Syst. Sci., 14, 2367–2382, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2367-2010, 2010.
Teuling, A. J. and Hoek van Dijke, A. J.: Forest age and water yield,
Nature, 578, E16–E18, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1941-5, 2020.
Teuling, A. J., Van Loon, A. F., Seneviratne, S. I., Lehner, I., Aubinet,
M., Heinesch, B., Bernhofer, C., Grünwald, T., Prasse, H., and Spank,
U.: Evapotranspiration amplifies European summer drought: Evapotranspiration
and summer droughts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2071–2075,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50495, 2013.
Teuling, A. J., de Badts, E. A. G., Jansen, F. A., Fuchs, R., Buitink, J., Hoek van Dijke, A. J., and Sterling, S. M.: Climate change, reforestation/afforestation, and urbanization impacts on evapotranspiration and streamflow in Europe, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3631–3652, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3631-2019, 2019.
Tian, W., Liu, X., Liu, C., and Bai, P.: Investigation and simulations of
changes in the relationship of precipitation-runoff in drought years, J.
Hydrol., 565, 95–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.08.015, 2018.
Tian, W., Bai, P., Wang, K., Liang, K., and Liu, C.: Simulating the change
of precipitation-runoff relationship during drought years in the eastern
monsoon region of China, Sci. Total Environ., 723, 138172,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138172, 2020.
Tijdeman, E., Barker, L. J., Svoboda, M. D., and Stahl, K.: Natural and
Human Influences on the Link Between Meteorological and Hydrological Drought
Indices for a Large Set of Catchments in the Contiguous United States, Water
Resour. Res., 54, 6005–6023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017WR022412, 2018.
Troch, P. A., Lahmers, T., Meira, A., Mukherjee, R., Pedersen, J. W., Roy,
T., and Valdés-Pineda, R.: Catchment coevolution: A useful framework for
improving predictions of hydrological change?, Water Resour. Res., 51,
4903–4922, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017032, 2015.
Unesco: Map of the world distribution of arid regions: Explanatory note,
Unesco, ISBN 92-3-101484-6, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, 1979.
Van Loon, A. F. and Laaha, G.: Hydrological drought severity explained by
climate and catchment characteristics, J. Hydrol., 526, 3–14,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.059, 2015.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Lopez-Moreno, J.-I., Beguería, S.,
Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., García-Ruiz, J. M.,
Azorin-Molina, C., Morán-Tejeda, E., Revuelto, J., Trigo, R., Coelho,
F., and Espejo, F.: Evidence of increasing drought severity caused by
temperature rise in southern Europe, Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 044001,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044001, 2014.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Peña-Gallardo, M., Hannaford, J., Murphy, C.,
Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Dominguez-Castro, F., López-Moreno, J. I.,
Beguería, S., Noguera, I., Harrigan, S., and Vidal, J.-P.: Climate,
Irrigation, and Land Cover Change Explain Streamflow Trends in Countries
Bordering the Northeast Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 10821–10833,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084084, 2019.
Wehner, M., Easterling, D. R., Lawrimore, J. H., Heim, R. R., Vose, R. S.,
and Santer, B. D.: Projections of Future Drought in the Continental United
States and Mexico, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 1359–1377,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1351.1, 2011.
Short summary
Droughts are a creeping disaster, meaning that their onset, duration and recovery are challenging to monitor and forecast. Here, we provide further evidence of an additional challenge of droughts, i.e. the fact that the deficit in water supply during droughts is generally much more than expected based on the observed decline in precipitation. At a European scale we explain this with enhanced evapotranspiration, sustained by higher atmospheric demand for moisture during such dry periods.
Droughts are a creeping disaster, meaning that their onset, duration and recovery are...
