Articles | Volume 25, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Jun 2021
Research article |
| 16 Jun 2021
| 16 Jun 2021
Dynamics of hydrological and geomorphological processes in evaporite karst at the eastern Dead Sea – a multidisciplinary study
Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Helmholtz Centre –German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany
Dynamics of the Ocean Floor, Seafloor Modelling Group, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstr. 1–3, Kiel 24148, Germany
Robert A. Watson
Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), UCD School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Eoghan P. Holohan
Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), UCD School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Rena Meyer
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark
Ulrich Polom
Department S1 - Seismics, Gravimetry, and Magnetics, Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics, Stilleweg 2, Hanover 30655, Germany
Fernando M. Dos Santos
Instituto Dom Luís, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande Edifício C1, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
Xavier Comas
Department of Geosciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
Hussam Alrshdan
MDA/IDC, Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Mahmoud Al Moussa Abaidat Street, Amman 140027, Jordan
Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Helmholtz Centre –German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany
Institute for Applied Geosciences, TU Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, Berlin 10587, Germany
Torsten Dahm
Physics of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Helmholtz Centre –German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany
Institute of Earth and Environmental Science-Earth Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25, Potsdam 14476, Germany
Related authors
Hanna Z. Schulten, Robert A. Watson, Djamil Al-Halbouni, and Eoghan P. Holohan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5280, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5280, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Sinkhole collapse can destroy buildings and infrastructure. Probability of collapse of a certain size within a given time frame is key to estimating associated risk. We map and analyse the sizes of >2000 sinkholes formed over the last 40 years on the Dead Sea’s eastern shore. We show that sinkhole sizes are constrained to within a range of c. 1–80 m in diameter (in a log-normal size-frequency relationship), so that probability of a sinkhole collapse of a size outside of that range is very small.
Hanna Z. Schulten, Robert A. Watson, Djamil Al-Halbouni, and Eoghan P. Holohan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5280, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5280, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Sinkhole collapse can destroy buildings and infrastructure. Probability of collapse of a certain size within a given time frame is key to estimating associated risk. We map and analyse the sizes of >2000 sinkholes formed over the last 40 years on the Dead Sea’s eastern shore. We show that sinkhole sizes are constrained to within a range of c. 1–80 m in diameter (in a log-normal size-frequency relationship), so that probability of a sinkhole collapse of a size outside of that range is very small.
Mikhail Tsypin, Viet Dung Nguyen, Mauro Cacace, Guido Blöcher, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Elco Luijendijk, and Charlotte Krawczyk
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4335, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4335, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Shallow groundwater temperatures are increasing as a consequence of global warming. At the same time, climate models project substantial changes in future groundwater recharge, with impacts on groundwater levels. We investigated the combined effects of these two processes. Our modeling results suggest that decreased annual recharge or increased cold recharge in winter can locally slow groundwater warming, but not sufficiently to stop or reverse the overall warming trend.
Janek Greskowiak, Rena Meyer, Jairo Cueto, Nico Skibbe, Anja Reckhardt, Thomas Günther, Stephan Ludger Seibert, Kai Schwalfenberg, Dietmar Pommerin, Mike Müller-Petke, and Gudrun Massmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3132, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3132, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mixing of fresh groundwater and circulating seawater below beaches triggers water-rock chemical reactions and may affect coastal water quality. The subsurface of so-called high-energy beaches that are exposed to high tides, waves and storm floods are understudied as monitoring under these conditions is difficult. For the first time, this study quantifies the subsurface flow and mixing processes of a high-energy beach with the help of computer simulations based on an extensive set of field data.
Rena Meyer, Janek Greskowiak, Stephan L. Seibert, Vincent E. Post, and Gudrun Massmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1469–1482, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1469-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1469-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The subsurface of sandy beaches under high-energy conditions where tides, waves, and storms constantly reshape the beach surface is globally common and relevant for the alteration of solute fluxes across the land–sea continuum. Our generic modelling study highlights the relevance of dynamic boundary conditions paired with aquifer properties for groundwater flow, salt transport, and mixing reactions in coastal aquifers that are exposed to strong natural forces.
Aileen L. Doran, Victoria Dutch, Bridget Warren, Robert A. Watson, Kevin Murphy, Angus Aldis, Isabelle Cooper, Charlotte Cockram, Dyess Harp, Morgane Desmau, and Lydia Keppler
Geosci. Commun., 7, 227–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-227-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-7-227-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, we have seen a global change in how we communicate, with an unplanned shift to virtual platforms, leading to inadvertent exclusion during online events. This article aims to provide guidance on planning online/hybrid events from an accessibility viewpoint, based on the combined experiences of several groups and individuals. Nevertheless, this is not a fully comprehensive guide, as every event is unique and has its own accessibility design needs.
Rahmantara Trichandi, Klaus Bauer, Trond Ryberg, Benjamin Heit, Jaime Araya Vargas, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 747–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates subsurface weathering zones, revealing their structure through shear wave velocity variations. The research focuses on the arid climate of Pan de Azúcar National Park, Chile, using seismic ambient noise recordings to construct pseudo-3D models. The resulting models show the subsurface structure, including granite gradients and mafic dike intrusions. Comparison with other sites emphasizes the intricate relationship between climate, geology, and weathering depth.
Sonja H. Wadas, Hermann Buness, Raphael Rochlitz, Peter Skiba, Thomas Günther, Michael Grinat, David C. Tanner, Ulrich Polom, Gerald Gabriel, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1673–1696, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The dissolution of rocks poses a severe hazard because it can cause subsidence and sinkhole formation. Based on results from our study area in Thuringia, Germany, using P- and SH-wave reflection seismics, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic methods, and gravimetry, we develop a geophysical investigation workflow. This workflow enables identifying the initial triggers of subsurface dissolution and its control factors, such as structural constraints, fluid pathways, and mass movement.
Tomáš Fischer, Pavla Hrubcová, Torsten Dahm, Heiko Woith, Tomáš Vylita, Matthias Ohrnberger, Josef Vlček, Josef Horálek, Petr Dědeček, Martin Zimmer, Martin P. Lipus, Simona Pierdominici, Jens Kallmeyer, Frank Krüger, Katrin Hannemann, Michael Korn, Horst Kämpf, Thomas Reinsch, Jakub Klicpera, Daniel Vollmer, and Kyriaki Daskalopoulou
Sci. Dril., 31, 31–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-31-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-31-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The newly established geodynamic laboratory aims to develop modern, comprehensive, multiparameter observations at depth for studying earthquake swarms, crustal fluid flow, mantle-derived fluid degassing and processes of the deep biosphere. It is located in the West Bohemia–Vogtland (western Eger Rift) geodynamic region and comprises a set of five shallow boreholes with high-frequency 3-D seismic arrays as well as continuous real-time fluid monitoring at depth and the study of the deep biosphere.
Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, Jan Henninges, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1291–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate the applicability of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) acquired using wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology for deep geothermal reservoir imaging and characterization. Borehole DAS data provide critical input for seismic interpretation and help assess small-scale geological structures. This case study can be used as a basis for detailed structural exploration of geothermal reservoirs and provide insightful information for geothermal exploration projects.
Rena Meyer, Wenmin Zhang, Søren Julsgaard Kragh, Mie Andreasen, Karsten Høgh Jensen, Rasmus Fensholt, Simon Stisen, and Majken C. Looms
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3337–3357, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3337-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3337-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount and spatio-temporal distribution of soil moisture, the water in the upper soil, is of great relevance for agriculture and water management. Here, we investigate whether the established downscaling algorithm combining different satellite products to estimate medium-scale soil moisture is applicable to higher resolutions and whether results can be improved by accounting for land cover types. Original satellite data and downscaled soil moisture are compared with ground observations.
Martin Peter Lipus, Felix Schölderle, Thomas Reinsch, Christopher Wollin, Charlotte Krawczyk, Daniela Pfrang, and Kai Zosseder
Solid Earth, 13, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A fiber-optic cable was installed along a freely suspended rod in a deep geothermal well in Munich, Germany. A cold-water injection test was monitored with fiber-optic distributed acoustic and temperature sensing. During injection, we observe vibrational events in the lower part of the well. On the basis of a mechanical model, we conclude that the vibrational events are caused by thermal contraction of the rod. The results illustrate potential artifacts when analyzing downhole acoustic data.
Gesa Maria Petersen, Simone Cesca, Sebastian Heimann, Peter Niemz, Torsten Dahm, Daniela Kühn, Jörn Kummerow, Thomas Plenefisch, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1233–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1233-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1233-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Alpine mountains are known for a complex tectonic history. We shed light onto ongoing tectonic processes by studying rupture mechanisms of small to moderate earthquakes between 2016 and 2019 observed by the temporary AlpArray seismic network. The rupture processes of 75 earthquakes were analyzed, along with past earthquakes and deformation data. Our observations point at variations in the underlying tectonic processes and stress regimes across the Alps.
Gilda Currenti, Philippe Jousset, Rosalba Napoli, Charlotte Krawczyk, and Michael Weber
Solid Earth, 12, 993–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the capability of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to record dynamic strain changes related to Etna volcano activity in 2019. To validate the DAS measurements, we compute strain estimates from seismic signals recorded by a dense broadband array. A general good agreement is found between array-derived strain and DAS measurements along the fibre optic cable. Localised short wavelength discrepancies highlight small-scale structural heterogeneities in the investigated area.
Mohammad Farzamian, Dario Autovino, Angelo Basile, Roberto De Mascellis, Giovanna Dragonetti, Fernando Monteiro Santos, Andrew Binley, and Antonio Coppola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1509–1527, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1509-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1509-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil salinity is a serious threat in numerous arid and semi-arid areas of the world. Given this threat, efficient field assessment methods are needed to monitor the dynamics of soil salinity in salt-affected lands efficiently. We demonstrate that rapid and non-invasive geophysical measurements modelled by advanced numerical analysis of the signals and coupled with hydrological modelling can provide valuable information to assess the spatio-temporal variability in soil salinity over large areas.
Jan Henninges, Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 12, 521–537, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a seismic survey in two 4.3 km deep geothermal research wells using the novel method of distributed acoustic sensing and wireline cables. The characteristics of the acquired data, methods for data processing and quality improvement, and interpretations on the geometry and structure of the sedimentary and volcanic reservoir rocks are presented. The method enables measurements at high temperatures and reduced cost compared to conventional sensors.
Cited articles
Abarca, E., Carrera, J., Held, R., Sánchez-Vila, X., Dentz, M., Kinzelbach, W., and Vázquez-Suné, E.:
Effective dispersion in seawater intrusion through heterogeneous aquifers,
Groundw. Saline Intrusion,
edited by: Araguás, L., Custodio, E., and Manzano, M.,
Hidrogeol. y Aguas Subterráneas,
15, 49–62, 2005.
Abelson, M., Baer, G., Shtivelman, V., Wachs, D., Raz, E., Crouvi, O., Kurzon, I., and Yechieli, Y.:
Collapse-sinkholes and radar interferometry reveal neotectonics concealed within the Dead Sea basin,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
30, 1545, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017103, 2003.
Abelson, M., Yechieli, Y., Crouvi, O., Baer, G., Wachs, D., Bein, A., and Shtivelman, V.:
Evolution of the Dead Sea sinkholes,
in: New frontiers in Dead Sea paleoenvironmental research: Geological Society of America Special Paper 401, 241–253,
edited by: Enzel, Y., Agnon, A., and Stein, M.,
Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2401(16), 2006.
Abelson, M., Yechieli, Y., Baer, G., Lapid, G., Behar, N., Calvo, R., and Rosensaft, M.:
Natural versus human control on subsurface salt dissolution and development of thousands of sinkholes along the Dead Sea coast,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth,
122, 1262–1277, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004219, 2017.
Abelson, M., Aksinenko, T., Kurzon, I., Pinsky, V., Baer, G., Nof, R., and Yechieli, Y.:
Nanoseismicity forecasts sinkhole collapse in the Dead Sea coast years in advance,
Geology,
46, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1130/G39579.1, 2018.
Abou Karaki, N., Fiaschi, S., Paenen, K., Al-Awabdeh, M., and Closson, D.: Exposure of tourism development to salt karst hazards along the Jordanian Dead Sea shore, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2111–2127, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2111-2019, 2019.
Abusaada, M. and Sauter, M.:
Studying the flow dynamics of a karst aquifer system with an equivalent porous medium model,
Groundwater,
51, 641–650, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.01003.x, 2013.
Akawwi, E., Kakish, M., and Hadadin, N.:
The geological model and the groundwater aspects of the area surrounding the eastern shores of the Dea Sea (DS) – Jordan,
WSEAS Trans. Inf. Sci. Appl.,
6, 670–683, 2009.
Al-Halbouni, D., Holohan, E. P., Saberi, L., Alrshdan, H., Sawarieh, A., Closson, D., Walter, T. R., and Dahm, T.:
Sinkholes, subsidence and subrosion on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea as revealed by a close-range photogrammetric survey,
Geomorphology,
285, 305–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.02.006, 2017.
Al-Halbouni, D., Holohan, E. P., Taheri, A., Schöpfer, M. P. J., Emam, S., and Dahm, T.: Geomechanical modelling of sinkhole development using distinct elements: model verification for a single void space and application to the Dead Sea area, Solid Earth, 9, 1341–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1341-2018, 2018.
Al-Halbouni, D., Holohan, E. P., Taheri, A., Watson, R. A., Polom, U., Schöpfer, M. P. J., Emam, S., and Dahm, T.: Distinct element geomechanical modelling of the formation of sinkhole clusters within large-scale karstic depressions, Solid Earth, 10, 1219–1241, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019, 2019.
Al-Zoubi, A. S., Abueladas, A. E. A., Al-Rzouq, R. I., Camerlynck, C., Akkawi, E., Ezarsky, M., Abu-Hamatteh, Z. S. H., Ali, W., and Al Rawashdeh, S.: Use of 2D multi electrodes resistivity imagining for sinkholes hazard assessment along the eastern part of the Dead Sea, Jordan, Am. J. Environ. Sci., 3, 229–233, 2007.
Alfaro, P., Liesch, T., and Goldscheider, N.:
Modelling groundwater over-extraction in the southern Jordan Valley with scarce data,
Hydrogeol. J.,
25, 1319–1340, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1535-y, 2017.
Allègre, V., Jouniaux, L., Lehmann, F., and Sailhac, P.:
Streaming potential dependence on water-content in Fontainebleau sand,
Geophys. J. Int.,
182, 1248–1266, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04716.x, 2010.
Alrshdan, H.:
Geophysical Investigations of Ghor Haditha Sinkholes, Jordan,
in: 74th EAGE Workshop on Dead Sea Sinkholes – Causes, Effects and Solutions, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4–7 June,
https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143060, 2012.
Arav, R., Filin, S., and Avni, Y.:
Geomorphology Sinkhole swarms from initiation to stabilisation based on in situ high-resolution 3-D observations,
Geomorphology,
351, 106916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106916, 2020.
Archie, G. E.:
The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics,
Transactions of the AIME,
146, 54–62, https://doi.org/10.2118/942054-G, 1942.
Arkin, A. and Gilat, Y.:
Dead Sea sinkholes – an ever-developing hazard,
Environ. Geol.,
39, 711–722, 2000.
Arriolabengoa, M., D'Angeli, I. M., De Waele, J., Parise, M., Ruggieri, R., Sanna, L., Madonia, G., and Vattano, M.:
Flank Margin Caves in Telogenetic Limestones in Italy,
in: 17th International Congress of Speleology, Sydney, Australia, 23–29 July,
https://doi.org/10.1163/156854295X00122, 2017.
Avni, Y., Lensky, N., Dente, E., Shviro, M., Arav, R., Gavrieli, I., Yechieli, Y., Abelson, M., Lutzky, H., Filin, S., Haviv, I., and Baer, G.:
Self-accelerated development of salt karst during flash floods along the Dead Sea Coast, Israel,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth,
121, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003738, 2016.
Back, W., Hanshaw, B., and Van Driel, J. N.:
Role of groundwater in shaping the eastern coastline of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico,
in: Groundwater as a geomorphic agent,
edited by: LaFleur, R. G.,
Allen and Unwin, Boston, 281–293, 1984.
Bakalowicz, M.:
Karst and karst groundwater resources in the Mediterranean,
Environ. Earth Sci.,
74, 5–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4239-4, 2015.
Bakalowicz, M., El Hakim, M., and El-Hajj, A.:
Karst groundwater resources in the countries of eastern Mediterranean: The example of Lebanon,
Environ. Geol.,
54, 597–604, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0854-z, 2008.
Bakker, M., Post, V., Langevin, C. D., Hughes, J. D., White, J. T., Starn, J. J., and Fienen, M. N.: Scripting MODFLOW model development using Python and FloPy, Groundwater,
54, 733–739, 2016.
Bartov, Y.:
Lake Levels and Sequence Stratigraphy of Lake Lisan, the Late Pleistocene Precursor of the Dead Sea,
Quaternary Res.,
57, 9–21, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2284, 2002.
Batayneh, A. T., Abueladas, A. A., and Moumani, K. A.: Use of ground-penetrating radar for assessment of potential sinkhole conditions: An example from Ghor al Haditha area, Jordan,
Environ. Geol.,
41, 977–983, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-001-0477-8, 2002.
Ben Moshe, L., Haviv, I., Enzel, Y., Zilberman, E., and Matmon, A.:
Incision of alluvial channels in response to a continuous base level fall: Field characterization, modeling, and validation along the Dead Sea,
Geomorphology,
93, 524–536, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.014, 2008.
Biswas, A.:
A review on modeling, inversion and interpretation of self-potential in mineral exploration and tracing paleo-shear zones,
Ore Geol. Rev.,
91, 21–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.10.024, 2017.
Bodet, L., Galibert, P. Y., Dhemaied, A., Camerlynck, C., and Al- Zoubi, A.:
Surface-wave profiling for sinkhole hazard assessment along the eastern Dead Sea shoreline (Ghor Al-Haditha, Jordan),
in: 72nd EAGE Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC, Barcelona, Spain, 14–17 June,
2010.
Bookman, R., Enzel, Y., Agnon, A., and Stein, M.:
Late Holocene lake levels of the Dead Sea,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
116, 555–571, 2004.
Bowman, D., Shachnovich-Firtel, Y., and Devora, S.:
Stream channel convexity induced by continuous base level lowering, the Dead Sea, Israel, Geomorphology,
92, 60–75, 2007.
Bowman, D., Svoray, T., Devora, S., Shapira, I., and Laronne, J. B.:
Extreme rates of channel incision and shape evolution in response to a continuous, rapid base-level fall, the Dead Sea, Israel,
Geomorphology,
114, 227–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.07.004, 2010.
Brook, D. and Murphy, P.:
Caves of Grassington Moor,
in: Caves and Karst of the Yorkshire Dales, Part 2: the caves,
edited by: Waltham, T. and Lowe, D.,
British Cave Research Association, Buxton, UK, 328, 2017.
Camerlynck, C., Al-Ruzouq, R., Al-Zoubi, A. S., Boucher, M., Bodet, L., Dhemaied, A., Galibert, P. Y., and Abueladas, A.:
Geophysical Assessment of Sinkhole Hazard Evaluation at Ghor Haditha (Dead Sea, Jordan), 74th EAGE Workshop on Dead
Sea Sinkholes – Causes, Effects and Solutions, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4–7 June,
https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143063, 2012.
Carbonel, D., Rodríguez-Tribaldos, V., Gutiérrez, F., Galve, J. P., Guerrero, J., Zarroca, M., Roqué, C., Linares, R., McCalpin, J. P., and Acosta, E.:
Investigating a damaging buried sinkhole cluster in an urban area (Zaragoza city, NE Spain) integrating multiple techniques: Geomorphological surveys, DInSAR, DEMs, GPR, ERT, and trenching,
Geomorphology,
229, 3–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.02.007, 2014.
Čeru, T. and Gosar, A.:
Application of ground penetrating radar in karst environments: An overview,
Geologija,
62, 279–300, https://doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2019.014, 2019.
Charrach, J.:
Investigations into the Holocene geology of the Dead Sea basin,
Carbonates Evaporite.,
34, 1415–1442, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-018-0454-x, 2018.
Closson, D. and Abou Karaki, N.:
Salt karst and tectonics: sinkholes development along tension cracks between parallel strike-slip faults, Dead Sea, Jordan, Earth Surf. Proc. Land.,
34, 1408–1421, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1829, 2009.
Closson, D., Karaki, N. A., Klinger, Y., and Hussein, M. J.:
Subsidence and Sinkhole Hazard Assessment in the Southern Dead Sea Area, Jordan,
Pure Appl. Geophys.,
162, 221–248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-004-2598-y, 2005.
Closson, D., LaMoreaux, P. E., Abou Karaki, N., and Al-Fugha, H.:
Karst system developed in salt layers of the Lisan Peninsula, Dead Sea, Jordan,
Environ. Geol.,
52, 155–172, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0469-9, 2007.
Corwin, R. F.:
The Self-potential method for environmental and engineering applications,
in: Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics,
edited by: Ward, S. H.,
Society of Exploration Geophysicists, SEG Digital Library, 127–145, 1990.
Croucher, A. E. and O'Sullivan, M. J.:
The Henry Problem for Saltwater Intrusion,
Water Resour. Res.,
31, 1809–1814, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR00431, 1995.
D'Angeli, I. M., Sanna, L., Calzoni, C., and De Waele, J.:
Uplifted flank margin caves in telogenetic limestones in the Gulf of Orosei (Central-East Sardinia-Italy) and their palaeogeographic significance,
Geomorphology,
231, 202–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.008, 2015.
Dahlin, T. and Loke, M.:
Resolution of 2D Wenner resistivity imaging as assessed by numerical modelling,
J. Appl. Geophys.,
38, 237–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(97)00030-X, 1998.
Dente, E., Lensky, N. G., Morin, E., Grodek, T., Sheffer, N. A., and Enzel, Y.:
Geomorphic Response of a Low-Gradient Channel to Modern, Progressive Base-Level Lowering: Nahal HaArava, the Dead Sea,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth,
122, 2468–2487, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004081, 2017.
Dente, E., Lensky, N. G., Morin, E., Dunne, T., and Enzel, Y.:
Sinuosity evolution along an incising channel: New insights from the Jordan River response to the Dead Sea level fall,
Earth Surf. Proc. Land.,
44, 781–795, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4530, 2019.
Despain, J. D. and Stock, G. M.:
Geomorphic history of Crystal Cave, southern Sierra Nevada, California,
J. Cave Karst Stud.,
67, 92–102, 2005.
Drabbe, J. and Ghyben, B. W.: Nota in verband met de voorgenomen putboring nabij Amsterdam, Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Instituut van Ingenieurs, 21, The Hague, the Netherlands, 1889.
El-Isa, Z., Rimawi, O., Jarrar, G., Abou Karaki, N., Taqieddin, S., Atallah, M., Seif El-Din, N., and Al Saed, A.:
Assessment of the hazard of subsidence and sinkholes in Ghor Al-Haditha area,
Technical Report, University of Jordan, Amman,
1995.
Ezersky, M. G.:
Geoelectric structure of the Ein Gedi sinkhole occurrence site at the Dead Sea shore in Israel,
J. Appl. Geophys.,
64, 56–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2007.12.003, 2008.
Ezersky, M. G. and Frumkin, A.:
Fault – Dissolution front relations and the Dead Sea sinkhole problem,
Geomorphology,
201, 35–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.002, 2013.
Ezersky, M. G. and Frumkin, A.:
Evaluation and mapping of Dead Sea coastal aquifers salinity using Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) resistivity measurements,
C. R. Geosci.,
349, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2016.08.001, 2017.
Ezersky, M. G., Legchenko, A., Al-Zoubi, A. S., Levi, E., Akkawi, E., and Chalikakis, K.:
TEM study of the geoelectrical structure and groundwater salinity of the Nahal Hever sinkhole site, Dead Sea shore, Israel,
J. Appl. Geophys.,
75, 99–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.06.011, 2011.
Ezersky, M. G., Eppelbaum, L. V., Al-Zoubi, A. S., Keydar, S., Abueladas, A., Akkawi, E., and Medvedev, B.:
Geophysical prediction and following development sinkholes in two Dead Sea areas, Israel and Jordan,
Environ. Earth Sci.,
70, 1463–1478, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2233-2, 2013a.
Ezersky, M. G., Bodet, L., Akawwi, E., Al-Zoubi, A. S., Camerlynck, C., Dhemaied, A., and Galibert, P.-Y.:
Seismic Surface-wave Prospecting Methods for Sinkhole Hazard Assessment along the Dead Sea Shoreline,
J. Environ. Eng. Geoph.,
18, 233–253, https://doi.org/10.2113/JEEG18.4.233, 2013b.
Ezersky, M. G., Legchenko, A., Eppelbaum, L., and Al-Zoubi, A. S.:
Overview of the geophysical studies in the Dead Sea coastal area related to evaporite karst and recent sinkhole development,
Int. J. Speleol.,
46, 277–302, https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.46.2.2087, 2017.
Fabregat, I., Gutiérrez, F., Roqué, C., Comas, X., Zarroca, M., Carbonel, D., Guerrero, J., and Linares, R.:
Reconstructing the internal structure and long-term evolution of hazardous sinkholes combining trenching, electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and ground penetrating radar (GPR), Geomorphology,
285, 287–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.02.024, 2017.
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf, D. E.:
The shuttle radar topography mission,
Rev. Geophys.,
45, 1–43, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007.
Farrant, A. R. and Simms, M. J.:
Ogof Draenen: Speleogenesis of a hydrological see-saw from the karst of South Wales,
Cave Karst Sci.,
38, 31–52, 2011.
Farzamian, M., Alves Ribeiro, J., Khalil, M. A., Monteiro Santos, F. A., Filbandi Kashkouli, M., Bortolozo, C. A., and Mendonça, J. L.:
Application of Transient Electromagnetic and Audio-Magnetotelluric Methods for Imaging the Monte Real Aquifer in Portugal,
Pure Appl. Geophys.,
176, 719–735, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2030-7, 2019a.
Farzamian, M., Paz, M. C., Paz, A. M., Castanheira, N. L., Gonçalves, M. C., Monteiro Santos, F. A., and Triantafilis, J.:
Mapping soil salinity using electromagnetic conductivity imaging—A comparison of regional and location-specific calibrations,
Land. Degrad. Dev.,
30, 1393–1406, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3317, 2019b.
Fiaschi, S., Closson, D., Paenen, K., and Abou Karaki, N.: Mapping Vulnerable Tourism Infrastructure in Karst Environment with an Integrated Remote Sensing Approach. The Dead Sea, Jordan, Case Study, Processdings of the IGARSS IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 490–493, Valencia, Spain, 22–27 July, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518446, 2018.
Fleury, P., Bakalowicz, M., and de Marsily, G.:
Submarine springs and coastal karst aquifers: A review,
J. Hydrol.,
339, 79–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.03.009, 2007.
Ford, D. and Williams, P. (Eds.):
Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology,
Wiley, Chichester, 2007.
Frumkin, A.:
Salt Karst,
in: Treatise on Geomorphology, vol. 6,
edited by: Shroder, J. and Frumkin, A.,
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 407–424, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00113-5, 2013.
Frumkin, A., Ezersky, M. G., Al-Zoubi, A. S., Akkawi, E., and Abueladas, A.-R.:
The Dead Sea sinkhole hazard: Geophysical assessment of salt dissolution and collapse, Geomorphology,
134, 102–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.023, 2011.
Garba, M. A., Vialle, S., Madadi, M., Gurevich, B., and Lebedev, M.: Electrical formation factor of clean sand from laboratory measurements and digital rock physics, Solid Earth, 10, 1505–1517, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1505-2019, 2019.
Garfunkel, Z. and Ben-Avraham, Z.:
The structure of the Dead Sea basin,
Tectonophysics,
266, 155–176, 1996.
Geo Slope: Henry Saltwater Intrusion Problem, Technical Report, Geo-Slope Int. Ltd., Calgary, available at: http://downloads.geo-slope.com/geostudioresources/examples/8/0/CtranW/Henry Density Dependent.pdf (last access: 11 June 2021), 2004.
Ghasemizadeh, R., Yu, X., Butscher, C., Hellweger, F., Padilla, I., Alshawabkeh, A., and Cao, B. Y.:
Equivalent porous media (EPM) simulation of groundwater hydraulics and contaminant transport in Karst aquifers,
PLoS One,
10, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138954, 2015.
Giampaolo, V., Capozzoli, L., Grimaldi, S., and Rizzo, E.:
Sinkhole risk assessment by ERT: The case study of Sirino Lake (Basilicata, Italy),
Geomorphology,
253, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.09.028, 2016.
Goldscheider, N.: Overview of Methods Applied in Karst Hydrogeology, in: Karst Aquifers – Characterization and Engineering, edited by: Stefanovic, Z., Springer International Publishing, Zurich, Switzerland, 127–145, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12850-4_4, 2015.
Goldscheider, N. and Drew, D.:
Methods in Karst Hydrogeology,
edited by: Goldscheider, N. and Drew, D.,
Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2007.
Gómez-Ortiz, D. and Martín-Crespo, T.:
Assessing the risk of subsidence of a sinkhole collapse using ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography,
Eng. Geol.,
149–150, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.07.022, 2012.
Gonçalves, R., Farzamian, M., Monteiro Santos, F. A., Represas, P., Mota Gomes, A., Lobo de Pina, A. F., and Almeida, E. P.:
Application of Time-Domain Electromagnetic Method in Investigating Saltwater Intrusion of Santiago Island (Cape Verde),
Pure Appl. Geophys.,
174, 4171–4182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1642-7, 2017.
Goode, D. J., Senior, L. A., Subah, A., and Jaber, A.: Groundwater-level trends and forecasts, and salinity trends, in the Azraq, Dead Sea, Hammad, Jordan Side Valleys, Yarmouk, and Zarqa groundwater basins, Jordan, OFR no. 2013-1061, USGS Pennsylvania Water Science Center, New Cumberland, US, 2013.
Grinat, M., Südekum, W., Epping, D., Grelle, T., and Meyer, R.:
An automated electrical resistivity tomography system to monitor the freshwater/saltwater zone on a North Sea Island,
in: Near Surface 2010 – 16th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Zurich, Switzerland, 6–8 September, 2010.
Gustafsson, J.:
Efficient geological investigations using low frequency GPR, First Break,
23, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.23.8.26663, 2005.
Gutiérrez, F., Galve, J. P., Lucha, P., Castaneda, C., Bonachea, J., and Guerrero, J.:
Integrating geomorphological mapping, trenching, InSAR and GPR for the identification and characterization of sinkholes: A review and application in the mantled evaporite karst of the Ebro Valley (NE Spain),
Geomorphology,
134, 144–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.01.018, 2011.
Gutiérrez, F., Parise, M., De Waele, J., and Jourde, H.:
A review on natural and human-induced geohazards and impacts in karst,
Earth-Sci. Rev.,
138, 61–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.08.002, 2014.
Hartmann, A., Goldscheider, N., Wagener, T., Lange, J., and Weiler, M.:
Karst water resources in a changing world: Review of hydrological modeling approaches,
Rev. Geophys.,
52, 218–242, 2014.
Henry, H. R.:
Interfaces between salt water and fresh water in coastal aquifers, US Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Pap., C35-70, available at:
https://pubs.usgs.gov (last access: 11 June 2021), 1964.
Herzberg, A.:
Die Wasserversorgung einiger Nordseebäder,
J. Gasbeleucht. Wasserversorg.,
44, 842–844, 1901.
IOH and APC:
Institute of Hydrology, Arab Potash Company Jordan: Groundwater model study of north Dhira phase 1, TFS Project T05057a9, 38 pp., available at: http://nora.nerc.ac.uk (last access: 11 June 2021), 1995.
ISRAMAR, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Israel Marine Data Center: Webpage, available at: https://isramar.ocean.org.il, last access: 16 December 2020.
Jardani, A., Revil, A., Santos, F., Fauchard, C., and Dupont, J. P. P.:
Detection of preferential infiltration pathways in sinkholes using joint inversion of self-potential and EM-34 conductivity data,
Geophys. Prospect.,
55, 749–760, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.2007.00638.x, 2007.
Jardani, A., Revil, A., and Dupont, J. P.: Stochastic joint inversion of hydrogeophysical data for salt tracer test monitoring and hydraulic conductivity imaging, Adv. Water Resour., 52, 62–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.08.005, 2013.
Jol, H.:
Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Applications,
edited by: Jol, H.,
Elsevier B. V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2009.
Jouniaux, L. and Ishido, T.:
Electrokinetics in Earth Sciences: A Tutorial,
Int. J. Geophys.,
2012, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/286107, 2012.
Kafri, U. and Goldman, M.:
The use of the time domain electromagnetic method to delineate saline groundwater in granular and carbonate aquifers and to evaluate their porosity,
J. Appl. Geophys.,
57, 167–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.09.001, 2005.
Kafri, U., Goldman, M., Lyakhovsky, V., Scholl, C., Helwig, S., and Tezkan, B.:
The configuration of the fresh-saline groundwater interface within the regional Judea Group carbonate aquifer in northern Israel between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea base levels as delineated by deep geoelectromagnetic soundings,
J. Hydrol.,
344, 123–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.07.003, 2007.
Kafri, U., Goldman, M., and Levi, E.:
The relationship between saline groundwater within the Arava Rift Valley in Israel and the present and ancient base levels as detected by deep geoelectromagnetic soundings,
Environ. Geol.,
54, 1435–1445, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0924-2, 2008.
Kaufmann, G. and Braun, J.:
Karst Aquifer evolution in fractured, porous rocks,
Water Resour. Res.,
36, 1381–1391, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999WR900356, 2000.
Kaufmann, G. and Romanov, D.:
Structure and evolution of collapse sinkholes: Combined interpretation from physico-chemical modelling and geophysical field work,
J. Hydrol.,
17, 2958, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.050, 2016.
Kaufmann, G., Romanov, D., Tippelt, T., Vienken, T., Werban, U., Dietrich, P., Mai, F., and Börner, F.:
Mapping and modelling of collapse sinkholes in soluble rock: The Münsterdorf site, northern Germany,
J. Appl. Geophys.,
154, 64–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.04.021, 2018.
Kennedy, J. and Eberhart, R. C.: Particle swarm optimization, in: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on neural networks, 4, 1942–1948, Perth, Australia, 27 November–1 December, 1995.
Khalil, B.:
The Geology of the Ar Rabba Area: Map Sheet 3152 IV, Mapping Project Bull. 22,
Geology Directorate, Geological Mapping Division, Amman, Jordan, 106 pp., 1992.
Khlaifat, A., Al-Khashman, O., and Qutob, H.:
Physical and chemical characterization of Dead Sea mud,
Mater. Charact.,
61, 564–568, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2010.02.015, 2010.
Kiro, Y., Yechieli, Y., Lyakhovsky, V., Shalev, E., and Starinsky, a.:
Time response of the water table and saltwater transition zone to a base level drop,
Water Resour. Res.,
44, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006752, 2008.
Kirsch, R. (Ed.):
Groundwater Geophysics – A Tool for Hydrogeology,
Springer, Berlin, 2006.
Klimchouk, A., Ford, D. C., Palmer, A. N., and Dreybrodt, W. (Eds): Speleogenesis: evolution of karst aquifers, National Speleological Society Inc., Huntsville, Alabama, 2000.
Klimchouk, A., Tymokhina, E., and Amelichev, G.:
Speleogenetic effects of interaction between deeply derived fracture-conduit flow and intrastratal matrix flow in hypogene karst settings,
Int. J. Speleol.,
41, 161–179, https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.41.2.4, 2012.
Kovács, A., Perrochet, P., Király, L., and Jeannin, P. Y.:
A quantitative method for the characterisation of karst aquifers based on spring hydrograph analysis,
J. Hydrol.,
303, 152–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.08.023, 2005.
Krawczyk, C. M., Polom, U., Trabs, S., and Dahm, T.:
Sinkholes in the city of Hamburg—New urban shear-wave reflection seismic system enables high-resolution imaging of subrosion structures,
J. Appl. Geophys.,
78, 133–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.02.003, 2012.
Kruse, S., Grasmueck, M., Weiss, M., and Viggiano, D.:
Sinkhole structure imaging in covered Karst terrain,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
33, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026975, 2006.
Kruse, S. E., Schneider, J. C., Inman, J. A., and Allen, J. A.: Ground penetrating radar imaging of the freshwater/saltwater interface on a carbonate island, Key Largo, Florida, in: 8th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, 23–26 May, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.383588, 2000.
Langevin, C. D. and Guo, W.:
MODFLOW/MT3DMS-based simulation of variable-density ground water flow and transport,
Ground Water,
44, 339–351, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00156.x, 2006.
Lee, H.:
SEAWAT with Flopy Density-driven flow simulation,
presentation, available at: https://www2.hawaii.edu/~jonghyun/classes/S18/CEE696/files/12_flopy_seawat.pdf (last access: 11 June 2021),
2018.
Levy, Y., Burg, A., Yechieli, Y., and Gvirtzman, H.:
Displacement of springs and changes in groundwater flow regime due to the extreme drop in adjacent lake levels: The Dead Sea rift,
J. Hydrol., 587, 124928, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124928, 2020.
Levy, Y., Shalev, E., Burg, A., Yechieli, Y., and Gvirtzman, H.: Three-dimensional configuration and dynamics of the fresh – saline water interface near two saline lakes with different levels (Middle East), Hydrogeol. J., 1–11, 2021.
Loke, M. H. and Dahlin, T.:
A comparison of the Gauss–Newton and quasi-Newton methods in resistivity imaging inversion,
J. Appl. Geophys.,
49, 149–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(01)00106-9, 2002.
Loke, M. H., Wilkinson, P. B., Chambers, J. E., and Meldrum, P. I.:
Rapid inversion of data from 2D resistivity surveys with electrode displacements,
Geophys. Prospect.,
66, 579–594, 2018.
Malehmir, A., Socco, L. V, Bastani, M., Krawczyk, C. M., Pfaffhuber, A. A., Miller, R. D., Maurer, H., Frauenfelder, R., Suto, K., Bazin, S., Merz, K., and Dahlin, T.:
Near-Surface Geophysical Characterization of Areas Prone to Natural Hazards: A Review of the Current and Perspective on the Future,
Adv. Geophys.,
57, 51–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agph.2016.08.001, 2016.
Margiotta, S., Negri, S., Parise, M., and Valloni, R.:
Mapping the susceptibility to sinkholes in coastal areas, based on stratigraphy, geomorphology and geophysics,
Nat. Hazards,
62, 657–676, 2012.
Margiotta, S., Negri, S., Parise, M., and Quarta, T. A. M.:
Karst geosites at risk of collapse: the sinkholes at Nociglia (Apulia, SE Italy),
Environ. Earth Sci.,
75, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4848-y, 2016.
Meqbel, N. M. M., Ritter, O., and Group, D.:
A magnetotelluric transect across the Dead Sea Basin: electrical properties of geological and hydrological units of the upper crust,
Geophys. J. Int.,
193, 1415–1431, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt051, 2013.
Meyer, R., Engesgaard, P., Hinsby, K., Piotrowski, J. A., and Sonnenborg, T. O.: Estimation of effective porosity in large-scale groundwater models by combining particle tracking, auto-calibration and 14C dating, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4843–4865, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4843-2018, 2018a.
Meyer, R., Engesgaard, P., Høyer, A. S., Jørgensen, F., Vignoli, G., and Sonnenborg, T. O.:
Regional flow in a complex coastal aquifer system: Combining voxel geological modelling with regularized calibration,
J. Hydrol.,
562, 544–563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.020, 2018b.
Meyer, R., Engesgaard, P., and Sonnenborg, T. O.:
Origin and Dynamics of Saltwater Intrusion in a Regional Aquifer: Combining 3-D Saltwater Modeling With Geophysical and Geochemical Data,
Water Resour. Res., 55, 1792–1813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023624, 2019.
Monteiro Dos Santos, F. A.:
Inversion of self-potential of idealized bodies' anomalies using particle swarm optimization,
Comput. Geosci.,
36, 1185–1190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2010.01.011, 2010.
Mount, G. J., Comas, X., and Cunningham, K. J.:
Characterization of the porosity distribution in the upper part of the karst Biscayne aquifer using common offset ground penetrating radar, Everglades National Park, Florida,
J. Hydrol.,
515, 223–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.048, 2014.
Mount, G. J., Comas, X., Wright, W. J., and McClellan, M. D.:
Delineation of macroporous zones in the unsaturated portion of the Miami Limestone using ground penetrating radar, Miami Dade County, Florida,
J. Hydrol.,
527, 872–883, 2015.
Murthy, B. V. S. and Haricharan, P.:
Nomograms for the complete interpretation of spontaneous potential profiles over sheet like and cylindrical 2D structures,
Geophysics,
50, 27–35, 1985.
Muzirafuti, A., Boualoul, M., Barreca, G., Allaoui, A., Bouikbane, H., Lanza, S., Crupi, A., and Randazzo, G.:
Fusion of Remote Sensing and Applied Geophysics for Sinkholes Identification in Tabular Middle Atlas of Morocco (the Causse of El Hajeb): Impact on the Protection of Water Resource, Resources,
9, 51, https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9040051, 2020.
Mylroie, J. E. and Carew, J. L.:
The flank margin model for dissolution cave development in carbonate platforms,
Earth Surf. Proc. Land.,
15, 413–424, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290150505, 1990.
Neal, A.:
Ground-penetrating radar and its use in sedimentology: Principles, problems and progress,
Earth-Sci. Rev.,
66, 261–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.01.004, 2004.
Neugebauer, I., Brauer, A., Schwab, M. J., Dulski, P., Frank, U., Hadzhiivanova, E., Kitagawa, H., Litt, T., Schiebel, V., Taha, N., and Waldmann, N. D.:
Evidences for centennial dry periods at ∼ 3300 and ∼ 2800 cal. yr BP from micro-facies analyses of the Dead Sea sediments, Holocene,
25, 1358–1371, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683615584208, 2015.
Odeh, T., Rödiger, T., Geyer, S., and Schirmer, M.:
Hydrological modelling of a heterogeneous catchment using an integrated approach of remote sensing, a geographic information system and hydrologic response units: the case study of Wadi Zerka Ma'in catchment area, north east of the Dead Sea,
Environ. Earth Sci.,
73, 3309–3326, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3627-5, 2015.
Overbeek, J. T. G.:
Electrochemistry of the double layer,
Colloid Sci.,
1, 115–193, 1952.
Palmer, A.:
The origin of maze caves,
Natl. Speleol. Soc. Bull.,
37, 56–76, 1975.
Palmer, A. N.:
Origin and morphology of limestone caves,
Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
103, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0001:OAMOLC>2.3.CO;2, 1991.
Palmer, A. N.:
Cave Geology,
Cave Books, Dayton, Ohio, 454 pp., 2007.
Palmer, A. N.:
Passage Growth and Development,
in: Encyclopedia of Caves,
edited by: White, W. B. and Culver, D. C., second edn.,
Elsevier, Academic Press, Amsterdam, 598–603, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-383832-2.00088-8, 2012.
Parise, M.:
Sinkholes,
in: Encyclopedia of Caves,
edited by: White W. B., Culver D. C., and Pipan, T.,
third edn, Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 934–942, 2019.
Parise, M., Closson, D., Gutiérrez, F., and Stevanović, Z.:
Anticipating and managing engineering problems in the complex karst environment,
Environ. Earth Sci.,
74, 7823–7835, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4647-5, 2015.
Parise, M., Gabrovsek, F., Kaufmann, G., and Ravbar, N.:
Recent advances in karst research: from theory to fieldwork and applications,
Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ.,
466, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP466.26, 2018.
Paz, C., Alcalá, F. J., Carvalho, J. M., and Ribeiro, L.:
Current uses of ground penetrating radar in groundwater-dependent ecosystems research,
Sci. Total Environ.,
595, 868–885, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.210, 2017.
Plan, L., Filipponi, M., Behm, M., Seebacher, R., and Jeutter, P.:
Constraints on alpine speleogenesis from cave morphology – A case study from the eastern Totes Gebirge (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria),
Geomorphology,
106, 118–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.09.011, 2009.
Polom, U., Alrshdan, H., Al-Halbouni, D., Holohan, E. P., Dahm, T., Sawarieh, A., Atallah, M. Y., and Krawczyk, C. M.: Shear wave reflection seismic yields subsurface dissolution and subrosion patterns: application to the Ghor Al-Haditha sinkhole site, Dead Sea, Jordan, Solid Earth, 9, 1079–1098, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018, 2018.
Pool, M. and Carrera, J.:
A correction factor to account for mixing in Ghyben–Herzberg and critical pumping rate approximations of seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers,
Water Resour. Res.,
47, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010256, 2011.
Price, M.:
Introducing groundwater, 2nd edn.,
Routledge, London, UK, 2013.
Rauen, A.:
GeoTest – User Manual, available at: http://www.geophysik-dr-rauen.de/download/geotest/Manual_GeoTest.pdf (last access: 11 June 2021), 2016.
Revil, A. and Linde, N.:
Chemico-electromechanical coupling in microporous media,
J. Colloid Interf. Sci.,
302, 682–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.06.051, 2006.
Revil, A., Pezard, P. A., and Glover, P. W. J.:
Streaming potential in porous media 1. Theory of the zeta potential,
J. Geophys. Res.,
104, 20021–20031, 1999a.
Revil, A., Schwaeger, H., Cathles, L. M., and Manhardt, P. D.:
Streaming Potential in porous meida 2. Theory and application to geothermal systems,
J. Geophys. Res.,
B9, 20033–20048, 1999b.
Richards, K., Revil, A., Jardani, A., Henderson, F., Batzle, M., and Haas, A.:
Pattern of shallow ground water flow at Mount Princeton Hot Springs, Colorado, using geoelectrical methods,
J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.,
198, 217–232, 2010.
Romanov, D., Kaufmann, G., and Al-Halbouni, D.:
Basic processes and factors determining the evolution of collapse sinkholes – a sensitivity study,
Eng. Geol.,
270, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105589, 2020.
Ruggieri, R. and De Waele, J.:
Lower- to middle pleistocene flank margin caves at custonaci (Trapani, NW Sicily) and their relation with past sea levels,
Acta Carsologica,
43, 11–22, https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v43i1.899, 2014.
Sachse, A. C. F.:
Hydrological and hydro-geological model of the Western Dead Sea catchment, Israel and West Bank, Faculty of Environmental Science, TU Dresden, Germany,
2015.
Salameh, E. and El-Naser, H.:
The Interface Configuration of the Fresh-/ Dead Sea Water – Theory and Measurements,
Acta Hydroch. Hydrob.,
28, 323–328, 2000.
Salameh, E., Shteiwi, M., and Al Raggad, M.:
Water resources of jordan: political, social and economic implications of scarce water resources,
Springer International Publishing, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77748-1, 2018.
Sandmeier, K. J.:
ReflexW 9.0,
User Manual, Karlsruhe, available at: https://www.sandmeier-geo.com (last access: 11 June 2021), 2019.
Sauro, U.:
Closed Depressions in Karst Areas, second edition,
edited by: White, W. and Gulver, D., Elsevier,
Academic Press, Amsterdam, 140–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-383832-2.00133-X, 2012.
Sawarieh, A., Al Adas, A., Al Bashish, A., and Al Seba'i, E.:
Sinkholes Phenomena At Ghor Al Haditha Area – Internal Report No. 12,
Natural Resources Authority, Amman, Jordan, 2000.
Scanlon, B. R., Mace, R. E., Barrett, M. E., and Smith, B.:
Can we simulate regional groundwater flow in a karst system using equivalent porous media models? Case study, Barton Springs Edwards aquifer, USA,
J. Hydrol.,
276, 137–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00064-7, 2003.
Schlumberger, C.: Etude sur la prospection electrique du sous-sol, second edition, edited by: Gauthier-Villars, Librarie du Bureau des Longitudes, de L'École Polytecnique, Paris, France, 1920.
Sevil, J., Gutiérrez, F., Zarroca, M., and Desir, G.:
Sinkhole investigation in an urban area by trenching in combination with GPR, ERT and high-precision leveling. Mantled evaporite karst of Zaragoza city, NE Spain,
Eng. Geol.,
231, 9–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.10.009, 2017.
Shalev, E., Lyakhovsky, V., and Yechieli, Y.:
Salt dissolution and sinkhole formation along the Dead Sea shore,
J. Geophys. Res.,
111, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004038, 2006.
Sheriff, R. E. and Geldart, L. P.:
Exploration seismology,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
Shviro, M., Haviv, I., and Baer, G. G.:
High-resolution InSAR constraints on flood-related subsidence and evaporite dissolution along the Dead Sea shores: Interplay between hydrology and rheology, Geomorphology,
293, 53–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.04.033, 2017.
Siebert, C., Mallast, U., Rödiger, T., Strey, M., Ionescu, D., Häusler, S., and Noriega, B.:
Submarine groundwater discharge at the Dead Sea,
23rd Water Intrusion Meet. Husum, Ger., 16–20 June, 366–370, 2014.
Sill, W. R.:
Self potential modeling from primary flows,
Geophysics,
48, 76–86, 1983.
Simms, M. J. and Hunt, J. B.:
Flow capture and reversal in the Agen Allwedd Entrance Series, south Wales: Evidence for glacial flooding and impoundment,
Cave Karst Sci.,
34, 69–76, 2007.
Simpson, M. J. and Clement, T. P.:
Improving the worthiness of the Henry problem as a benchmark for density-dependent groundwater flow models,
Water Resour. Res.,
40, W01504, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002199, 2004.
Sjödahl, P., Dahlin, T., Johansson, S., and Loke, M. H.:
Resistivity monitoring for leakage and internal erosion detection at Hällby embankment dam,
J. Appl. Geophys.,
65, 155–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2008.07.003, 2008.
Smart, P. L., Beddows, P. A., Coke, J., Doerr, S., Smith, S., and Whitaker, F. F.:
Cave development on the caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Quintana Roo, Mexico,
Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am.,
404, 105–128, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2404(10), 2006.
Strey, M.:
2-D numerical flow and density modeling in Dead Sea Group sediments (Darge, Israel), thesis,
Freiberger Online Geology, 36, 1–134,
2014.
Šušteršič, F.:
Relationships between deflector faults, collapse dolines and collector channel formation: some examples from Slovenia,
Int. J. Speleol.,
35, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.35.1.1, 2006.
Taqieddin, S. A., Abderahman, N. S., and Atallah, M.:
Sinkhole hazards along the eastern Dead Sea shoreline area, Jordan: a geological and geotechnical consideration,
Environ. Geol.,
39, 1237–1253, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002549900095, 2000.
Ten Brink, U. S. and Flores, C. H.:
Geometry and subsidence history of the Dead Sea basin: A case for fluid-induced mid-crustal shear zone?,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
117, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008711, 2012.
Torfstein, A., Haase-Schramm, A., Waldmann, N., Kolodny, Y., and Stein, M.:
U-series and oxygen isotope chronology of the mid-Pleistocene Lake Amora (Dead Sea basin),
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
73, 2603–2630, 2009.
Vachtman, D. and Laronne, J. B.:
Hydraulic geometry of cohesive channels undergoing base level drop,
Geomorphology,
197, 76–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.04.039, 2013.
Vichabian, Y. and Morgan, F. D.:
Self potentials in cave detection,
Leading Edge,
21, 866, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1508953, 2002.
Voytek, E. B., Rushlow, C. R., Godsey, S. E., and Singha, K.:
Identifying hydrologic flowpaths on arctic hillslopes using electrical resistivity and self potential,
Geophysics,
81, WA225–WA232, https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2015-0172.1, 2016.
Waltham, T., Bell, F., and Culshaw, M. G.:
Sinkholes and subsidence: Karst and Cavernous Rocks in Engineering and Construction,
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005.
Warren, J. K.:
Evaporites: Sediments, resources and hydrocarbons,
Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,
1–1035, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32344-9, 2006.
Watson, R. A., Holohan, E. P., Al-Halbouni, D., Saberi, L., Sawarieh, A., Closson, D., Alrshdan, H., Abou Karaki, N., Siebert, C., Walter, T. R., and Dahm, T.: Sinkholes and uvalas in evaporite karst: spatio-temporal development with links to base-level fall on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea, Solid Earth, 10, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1451-2019, 2019.
Wust-Bloch, G. H. and Joswig, M.:
Pre-collapse identification of sinkholes in unconsolidated media at Dead Sea area by `nanoseismic monitoring' (graphical jackknife location of weak sources by few, low-SNR records),
Geophys. J. Int.,
167, 1220–1232, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03083.x, 2006.
Yechieli, Y.:
Fresh-Saline Ground Water Interface in the Western Dead Sea Area,
Ground Water,
38, 615–623, 2000.
Yechieli, Y. and Ronen, D.:
Self-diffusion of water in a natural hypersaline solution (Dead Sea brine),
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
23, 845–848, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL00592, 1996.
Yechieli, Y., Magaritz, M., Levy, Y., Weber, U., Kafri, U., Woelfli, W., and Bonani, G.:
Late Quaternary Geological History of the Dead Sea Area, Israel,
Quaternary Res.,
39, 59–67, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1007, 1993.
Yechieli, Y., Kafri, U., Goldman, M., and Voss, C.:
Factors controlling the configuration of the fresh–saline water interface in the Dead Sea coastal aquifers: synthesis of TDEM surveys and numerical groundwater modeling,
Hydrogeol. J.,
9, 367–377, 2001.
Yechieli, Y., Wachs, D., and Abelson, M.:
Formation of sinkholes along the shores of the Dead Sea—Summary of the first stage of investigation,
GSI Curr. Res.,
13, 1–6, 2002.
Yechieli, Y., Abelson, M., Bein, A., Crouvi, O., and Shtivelman, V.:
Sinkhole 'swarms' along the Dead Sea cost: Reflection of disturbance of lake and adjacent groundwater systems,
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.,
118, 1075–1087, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25880.1, 2006.
Yechieli, Y., Abelson, M., and Baer, G.:
Sinkhole formation and subsidence along the Dead Sea coast, Israel,
Hydrogeol. J.,
24, 601–612, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1338-y, 2016.
Zidane, A., Younes, A., Huggenberger, P., and Zechner, E.:
The Henry semianalytical solution for saltwater intrusion with reduced dispersion,
Water Resour. Res.,
48, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011157, 2012.
Short summary
The rapid decline of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked a dynamic reaction from the coastal groundwater system, with physical and chemical erosion creating subsurface voids and conduits. By combining remote sensing, geophysical methods, and numerical modelling at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore, we link groundwater flow patterns to the formation of surface stream channels, sinkholes and uvalas. Better understanding of this karst system will improve regional hazard assessment.
The rapid decline of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked a dynamic reaction from the...
