Articles | Volume 17, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1331-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1331-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Review article
| 
10 Apr 2013
Review article |
| 10 Apr 2013
Estimating actual, potential, reference crop and pan evaporation using standard meteorological data: a pragmatic synthesis
T. A. McMahon
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
M. C. Peel
Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
L. Lowe
Sinclair Knight Merz, P.O. Box 312, Flinders Lane, Melbourne, 8009, Australia
R. Srikanthan
Water Division, Bureau of Meteorology, GPO 1289, Melbourne, 3001, Australia
T. R. McVicar
Land and Water Division, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clunies Ross Drive, Acton, ACT 2602, Australia
Related authors
M. C. Peel, R. Srikanthan, T. A. McMahon, and D. J. Karoly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1615–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1615-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1615-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a proof-of-concept approximation of within-GCM uncertainty using non-stationary stochastic replicates of monthly precipitation and temperature projections and investigate the impact of within-GCM uncertainty on projected runoff and reservoir yield. Amplification of within-GCM variability from precipitation to runoff to reservoir yield suggests climate change impact assessments ignoring within-GCM uncertainty would provide water resources managers with an unjustified sense of certainty
T. A. McMahon, M. C. Peel, and D. J. Karoly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 361–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-361-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-361-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Here we assess GCM performance from a hydrologic perspective. We identify five better performing CMIP3 GCMs that reproduce grid-scale climatological statistics of observed precipitation and temperature over global land regions for future hydrologic simulation. GCM performance in reproducing observed mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation, mean annual temperature and mean monthly precipitation and temperature was assessed and ranked, and five better performing GCMs were identified.
T. A. McMahon, M. C. Peel, and J. Szilagyi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4865–4867, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4865-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4865-2013, 2013
Yi Y. Liu, Albert I. J. M. van Dijk, Patrick Meir, and Tim R. McVicar
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-155, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-155, 2023
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Swings in Amazon forest greenness were observed during the 2015/16 drought, but no satisfactory explanation has been found. We, based on water storage, temperature and atmospheric moisture demand, developed a method to delineate the regions where forests were under stress. These drought-affected regions were mainly identified at the beginning and end of the drought, resulting in below-average greenness. For the months in between without stress, greenness responded positively to strong sunlight.
Keirnan Fowler, Murray Peel, Margarita Saft, Tim J. Peterson, Andrew Western, Lawrence Band, Cuan Petheram, Sandra Dharmadi, Kim Seong Tan, Lu Zhang, Patrick Lane, Anthony Kiem, Lucy Marshall, Anne Griebel, Belinda E. Medlyn, Dongryeol Ryu, Giancarlo Bonotto, Conrad Wasko, Anna Ukkola, Clare Stephens, Andrew Frost, Hansini Gardiya Weligamage, Patricia Saco, Hongxing Zheng, Francis Chiew, Edoardo Daly, Glen Walker, R. Willem Vervoort, Justin Hughes, Luca Trotter, Brad Neal, Ian Cartwright, and Rory Nathan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6073–6120, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, we have seen multi-year droughts tending to cause shifts in the relationship between rainfall and streamflow. In shifted catchments that have not recovered, an average rainfall year produces less streamflow today than it did pre-drought. We take a multi-disciplinary approach to understand why these shifts occur, focusing on Australia's over-10-year Millennium Drought. We evaluate multiple hypotheses against evidence, with particular focus on the key role of groundwater processes.
Luca Trotter, Wouter J. M. Knoben, Keirnan J. A. Fowler, Margarita Saft, and Murray C. Peel
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 6359–6369, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
MARRMoT is a piece of software that emulates 47 common models for hydrological simulations. It can be used to run and calibrate these models within a common environment as well as to easily modify them. We restructured and recoded MARRMoT in order to make the models run faster and to simplify their use, while also providing some new features. This new MARRMoT version runs models on average 3.6 times faster while maintaining very strong consistency in their outputs to the previous version.
Keirnan J. A. Fowler, Suwash Chandra Acharya, Nans Addor, Chihchung Chou, and Murray C. Peel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3847–3867, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3847-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3847-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the Australian edition of the Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-sample Studies (CAMELS) series of datasets. CAMELS-AUS comprises data for 222 unregulated catchments with long-term monitoring, combining hydrometeorological time series (streamflow and 18 climatic variables) with 134 attributes related to geology, soil, topography, land cover, anthropogenic influence and hydroclimatology. It is freely downloadable from https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.921850.
Yuting Yang, Tim R. McVicar, Dawen Yang, Yongqiang Zhang, Shilong Piao, Shushi Peng, and Hylke E. Beck
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3411–3427, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3411-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3411-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed an analytical ecohydrological model that considers three aspects of vegetation response to eCO2 (i.e., stomatal response, LAI response, and rooting depth response) to detect the impact of eCO2 on continental runoff over the past 3 decades globally. Our findings suggest a minor role of eCO2 on the global runoff changes, yet highlight the negative runoff–eCO2 response in semiarid and arid regions which may further threaten the limited water resource there.
Yuting Yang, Shulei Zhang, Michael L. Roderick, Tim R. McVicar, Dawen Yang, Wenbin Liu, and Xiaoyan Li
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2921–2930, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2921-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2921-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Many previous studies using offline drought indices report that future warming will increase worldwide drought. However, this contradicts observations/projections of vegetation greening and increased runoff. We resolved this paradox by re-calculating the same drought indices using direct climate model outputs and find no increase in future drought as the climate warms. We also find that accounting for the impact of CO2 on plant transpiration avoids the previous overestimation of drought.
Wouter J. M. Knoben, Jim E. Freer, Keirnan J. A. Fowler, Murray C. Peel, and Ross A. Woods
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 2463–2480, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2463-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2463-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Computer models are used to predict river flows. A good model should represent the river basin to which it is applied so that flow predictions are as realistic as possible. However, many different computer models exist, and selecting the most appropriate model for a given river basin is not always easy. This study combines computer code for 46 different hydrological models into a single coding framework so that models can be compared in an objective way and we can learn about model differences.
Z. K. Tesemma, Y. Wei, M. C. Peel, and A. W. Western
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2821–2836, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2821-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2821-2015, 2015
M. C. Peel, R. Srikanthan, T. A. McMahon, and D. J. Karoly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1615–1639, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1615-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1615-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a proof-of-concept approximation of within-GCM uncertainty using non-stationary stochastic replicates of monthly precipitation and temperature projections and investigate the impact of within-GCM uncertainty on projected runoff and reservoir yield. Amplification of within-GCM variability from precipitation to runoff to reservoir yield suggests climate change impact assessments ignoring within-GCM uncertainty would provide water resources managers with an unjustified sense of certainty
T. A. McMahon, M. C. Peel, and D. J. Karoly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 361–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-361-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-361-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Here we assess GCM performance from a hydrologic perspective. We identify five better performing CMIP3 GCMs that reproduce grid-scale climatological statistics of observed precipitation and temperature over global land regions for future hydrologic simulation. GCM performance in reproducing observed mean and standard deviation of annual precipitation, mean annual temperature and mean monthly precipitation and temperature was assessed and ranked, and five better performing GCMs were identified.
Z. K. Tesemma, Y. Wei, M. C. Peel, and A. W. Western
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10515-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10515-2014, 2014
Revised manuscript not accepted
T. A. McMahon, M. C. Peel, and J. Szilagyi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4865–4867, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4865-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4865-2013, 2013
N. Andela, Y. Y. Liu, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, R. A. M. de Jeu, and T. R. McVicar
Biogeosciences, 10, 6657–6676, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6657-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6657-2013, 2013
H. E. Beck, L. A. Bruijnzeel, A. I. J. M. van Dijk, T. R. McVicar, F. N. Scatena, and J. Schellekens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2613–2635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2613-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2613-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Engineering Hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches
Floods and droughts: a multivariate perspective
Technical note: Statistical generation of climate-perturbed flow duration curves
Deep learning methods for flood mapping: a review of existing applications and future research directions
Extreme floods in Europe: going beyond observations using reforecast ensemble pooling
Hydroinformatics education – the Water Informatics in Science and Engineering (WISE) Centre for Doctoral Training
Wetropolis extreme rainfall and flood demonstrator: from mathematical design to outreach
Technical note: The beneficial role of a natural permeable layer in slope stabilization by drainage trenches
Assessing the impacts of reservoirs on downstream flood frequency by coupling the effect of scheduling-related multivariate rainfall with an indicator of reservoir effects
Observation operators for assimilation of satellite observations in fluvial inundation forecasting
Contribution of potential evaporation forecasts to 10-day streamflow forecast skill for the Rhine River
Inundation mapping based on reach-scale effective geometry
Effects of variability in probable maximum precipitation patterns on flood losses
The challenge of forecasting impacts of flash floods: test of a simplified hydraulic approach and validation based on insurance claim data
A comparison of the discrete cosine and wavelet transforms for hydrologic model input data reduction
Hydrological modeling of the Peruvian–Ecuadorian Amazon Basin using GPM-IMERG satellite-based precipitation dataset
Technical note: Design flood under hydrological uncertainty
Topography- and nightlight-based national flood risk assessment in Canada
Regime shifts in annual maximum rainfall across Australia – implications for intensity–frequency–duration (IFD) relationships
Performance evaluation of groundwater model hydrostratigraphy from airborne electromagnetic data and lithological borehole logs
A continuous rainfall model based on vine copulas
Estimates of global dew collection potential on artificial surfaces
Climate changes of hydrometeorological and hydrological extremes in the Paute basin, Ecuadorean Andes
An assessment of the ability of Bartlett–Lewis type of rainfall models to reproduce drought statistics
Modeling root reinforcement using a root-failure Weibull survival function
Socio-hydrology: conceptualising human-flood interactions
Application of a model-based rainfall-runoff database as efficient tool for flood risk management
HydroViz: design and evaluation of a Web-based tool for improving hydrology education
Web 2.0 collaboration tool to support student research in hydrology – an opinion
SCS-CN parameter determination using rainfall-runoff data in heterogeneous watersheds – the two-CN system approach
Discharge estimation combining flow routing and occasional measurements of velocity
Experimental investigation of the predictive capabilities of data driven modeling techniques in hydrology - Part 2: Application
Comment on "A praxis-oriented perspective of streamflow inference from stage observations – the method of Dottori et al. (2009) and the alternative of the Jones Formula, with the kinematic wave celerity computed on the looped rating curve" by Koussis (2009)
An evaluation of the Canadian global meteorological ensemble prediction system for short-term hydrological forecasting
Manuela Irene Brunner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2479–2497, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
I discuss different types of multivariate hydrological extremes and their dependencies, including regional extremes affecting multiple locations, such as spatially connected flood events; consecutive extremes occurring in close temporal succession, such as successive droughts; extremes characterized by multiple characteristics, such as floods with jointly high peak discharge and flood volume; and transitions between different types of extremes, such as drought-to-flood transitions.
Veysel Yildiz, Robert Milton, Solomon Brown, and Charles Rougé
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2499–2507, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The proposed approach is based on the parameterisation of flow duration curves (FDCs) to generate hypothetical streamflow futures. (1) We sample a broad range of future climates with modified values of three key streamflow statistics. (2) We generate an FDC for each hydro-climate future. (3) The resulting ensemble is ready to support robustness assessments in a changing climate. Our approach seamlessly represents a large range of futures with increased frequencies of both high and low flows.
Roberto Bentivoglio, Elvin Isufi, Sebastian Nicolaas Jonkman, and Riccardo Taormina
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4345–4378, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4345-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4345-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Deep learning methods have been increasingly used in flood management to improve traditional techniques. While promising results have been obtained, our review shows significant challenges in building deep learning models that can (i) generalize across multiple scenarios, (ii) account for complex interactions, and (iii) perform probabilistic predictions. We argue that these shortcomings could be addressed by transferring recent fundamental advancements in deep learning to flood mapping.
Manuela I. Brunner and Louise J. Slater
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 469–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing the rarity and magnitude of very extreme flood events occurring less than twice a century is challenging due to the lack of observations of such rare events. Here we develop a new approach, pooling reforecast ensemble members from the European Flood Awareness System to increase the sample size available to estimate the frequency of extreme flood events. We demonstrate that such ensemble pooling produces more robust estimates than observation-based estimates.
Thorsten Wagener, Dragan Savic, David Butler, Reza Ahmadian, Tom Arnot, Jonathan Dawes, Slobodan Djordjevic, Roger Falconer, Raziyeh Farmani, Debbie Ford, Jan Hofman, Zoran Kapelan, Shunqi Pan, and Ross Woods
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2721–2738, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2721-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2721-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
How can we effectively train PhD candidates both (i) across different knowledge domains in water science and engineering and (ii) in computer science? To address this issue, the Water Informatics in Science and Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training (WISE CDT) offers a postgraduate programme that fosters enhanced levels of innovation and collaboration by training a cohort of engineers and scientists at the boundary of water informatics, science and engineering.
Onno Bokhove, Tiffany Hicks, Wout Zweers, and Thomas Kent
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2483–2503, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2483-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2483-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wetropolis is a
table-topdemonstration model with extreme rainfall and flooding, including random rainfall, river flow, flood plains, an upland reservoir, a porous moor, and a city which can flood. It lets the viewer experience extreme rainfall and flood events in a physical model on reduced spatial and temporal scales with an event return period of 6.06 min rather than, say, 200 years. We disseminate its mathematical design and how it has been shown most prominently to over 500 flood victims.
Gianfranco Urciuoli, Luca Comegna, Marianna Pirone, and Luciano Picarelli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1669–1676, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate, through a numerical approach, that the presence of soil layers of higher permeability, a not unlikely condition in some deep landslides in clay, may be exploited to improve the efficiency of systems of drainage trenches for slope stabilization. The problem has been examined for the case that a unique pervious layer, parallel to the ground surface, is present at an elevation higher than the bottom of the trenches.
Bin Xiong, Lihua Xiong, Jun Xia, Chong-Yu Xu, Cong Jiang, and Tao Du
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4453–4470, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4453-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4453-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a new indicator of reservoir effects, called the rainfall–reservoir composite index (RRCI). RRCI, coupled with the effects of static reservoir capacity and scheduling-related multivariate rainfall, has a better performance than the previous indicator in terms of explaining the variation in the downstream floods affected by reservoir operation. A covariate-based flood frequency analysis using RRCI can provide more reliable downstream flood risk estimation.
Elizabeth S. Cooper, Sarah L. Dance, Javier García-Pintado, Nancy K. Nichols, and Polly J. Smith
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2541–2559, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2541-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2541-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Flooding from rivers is a huge and costly problem worldwide. Computer simulations can help to warn people if and when they are likely to be affected by river floodwater, but such predictions are not always accurate or reliable. Information about flood extent from satellites can help to keep these forecasts on track. Here we investigate different ways of using information from satellite images and look at the effect on computer predictions. This will help to develop flood warning systems.
Bart van Osnabrugge, Remko Uijlenhoet, and Albrecht Weerts
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1453–1467, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1453-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1453-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A correct estimate of the amount of future precipitation is the most important factor in making a good streamflow forecast, but evaporation is also an important component that determines the discharge of a river. However, in this study for the Rhine River we found that evaporation forecasts only give an almost negligible improvement compared to methods that use statistical information on climatology for a 10-day streamflow forecast. This is important to guide research on low flow forecasts.
Cédric Rebolho, Vazken Andréassian, and Nicolas Le Moine
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5967–5985, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5967-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5967-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Inundation models are useful for hazard management and prevention. They are traditionally based on hydraulic partial differential equations (with satisfying results but large data and computational requirements). This study presents a simplified approach combining reach-scale geometric properties with steady uniform flow equations. The model shows promising results overall, although difficulties persist in the most complex urbanised reaches.
Andreas Paul Zischg, Guido Felder, Rolf Weingartner, Niall Quinn, Gemma Coxon, Jeffrey Neal, Jim Freer, and Paul Bates
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2759–2773, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a model experiment and distributed different rainfall patterns over a mountain river basin. For each rainfall scenario, we computed the flood losses with a model chain. The experiment shows that flood losses vary considerably within the river basin and depend on the timing of the flood peaks from the basin's sub-catchments. Basin-specific characteristics such as the location of the main settlements within the floodplains play an additional important role in determining flood losses.
Guillaume Le Bihan, Olivier Payrastre, Eric Gaume, David Moncoulon, and Frédéric Pons
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5911–5928, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5911-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5911-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper illustrates how an integrated flash flood monitoring (or forecasting) system may be designed to directly provide information on possibly flooded areas and associated impacts on a very detailed river network and over large territories. The approach is extensively tested in the regions of Alès and Draguignan, located in south-eastern France. Validation results are presented in terms of accuracy of the estimated flood extents and related impacts (based on insurance claim data).
Ashley Wright, Jeffrey P. Walker, David E. Robertson, and Valentijn R. N. Pauwels
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3827–3838, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3827-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3827-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The accurate reduction of hydrologic model input data is an impediment towards understanding input uncertainty and model structural errors. This paper compares the ability of two transforms to reduce rainfall input data. The resultant transforms are compressed to varying extents and reconstructed before being evaluated with standard simulation performance summary metrics and descriptive statistics. It is concluded the discrete wavelet transform is most capable of preserving rainfall time series.
Ricardo Zubieta, Augusto Getirana, Jhan Carlo Espinoza, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, and Luis Aragon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3543–3555, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3543-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3543-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper indicates that precipitation data derived from GPM-IMERG correspond more closely to TMPA V7 than TMPA RT datasets, but both GPM-IMERG and TMPA V7 precipitation data tend to overestimate, in comparison to observed rainfall (by 11.1 % and 15.7 %, respectively). Statistical analysis indicates that GPM-IMERG is as useful as TMPA V7 or TMPA RT datasets for estimating observed streamflows in Andean–Amazonian regions (Ucayali Basin, southern regions of the Amazon Basin of Peru and Ecuador).
Anna Botto, Daniele Ganora, Pierluigi Claps, and Francesco Laio
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3353–3358, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3353-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3353-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The paper provides an easy-to-use implementation of the UNCODE framework, which allows one to estimate the design flood value by directly accounting for sample uncertainty. Other than a design tool, this methodology is also a practical way to quantify the value of data in the design process.
Amin Elshorbagy, Raja Bharath, Anchit Lakhanpal, Serena Ceola, Alberto Montanari, and Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2219–2232, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2219-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2219-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Flood mapping is one of Canada's major national interests. This work presents a simple and effective method for large-scale flood hazard and risk mapping, applied in this study to Canada. Readily available data, such as remote sensing night-light data, topography, and stream network were used to create the maps.
D. C. Verdon-Kidd and A. S. Kiem
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4735–4746, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4735-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4735-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall intensity-frequency-duration (IFD) relationships are required for the design and planning of water supply and management systems around the world. Currently IFD information is based on the "stationary climate assumption". However, this paper provides evidence of regime shifts in annual maxima rainfall time series using 96 daily rainfall stations and 66 sub-daily rainfall stations across Australia. Importantly, current IFD relationships may under- or overestimate the design rainfall.
P. A. Marker, N. Foged, X. He, A. V. Christiansen, J. C. Refsgaard, E. Auken, and P. Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3875–3890, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3875-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3875-2015, 2015
H. Vernieuwe, S. Vandenberghe, B. De Baets, and N. E. C. Verhoest
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2685–2699, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2685-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2685-2015, 2015
H. Vuollekoski, M. Vogt, V. A. Sinclair, J. Duplissy, H. Järvinen, E.-M. Kyrö, R. Makkonen, T. Petäjä, N. L. Prisle, P. Räisänen, M. Sipilä, J. Ylhäisi, and M. Kulmala
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 601–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-601-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-601-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The global potential for collecting usable water from dew on an
artificial collector sheet was investigated by utilising 34 years of
meteorological reanalysis data as input to a dew formation model. Continental dew formation was found to be frequent and common, but daily yields were
mostly below 0.1mm.
D. E. Mora, L. Campozano, F. Cisneros, G. Wyseure, and P. Willems
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 631–648, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-631-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-631-2014, 2014
M. T. Pham, W. J. Vanhaute, S. Vandenberghe, B. De Baets, and N. E. C. Verhoest
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 5167–5183, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-5167-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-5167-2013, 2013
M. Schwarz, F. Giadrossich, and D. Cohen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4367–4377, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4367-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4367-2013, 2013
G. Di Baldassarre, A. Viglione, G. Carr, L. Kuil, J. L. Salinas, and G. Blöschl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3295–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3295-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3295-2013, 2013
L. Brocca, S. Liersch, F. Melone, T. Moramarco, and M. Volk
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3159–3169, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3159-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3159-2013, 2013
E. Habib, Y. Ma, D. Williams, H. O. Sharif, and F. Hossain
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3767–3781, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3767-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3767-2012, 2012
A. Pathirana, B. Gersonius, and M. Radhakrishnan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2499–2509, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2499-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2499-2012, 2012
K. X. Soulis and J. D. Valiantzas
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1001–1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1001-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1001-2012, 2012
G. Corato, T. Moramarco, and T. Tucciarelli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2979–2994, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2979-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2979-2011, 2011
A. Elshorbagy, G. Corzo, S. Srinivasulu, and D. P. Solomatine
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1943–1961, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1943-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1943-2010, 2010
A. D. Koussis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1093–1097, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1093-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1093-2010, 2010
J. A. Velázquez, T. Petit, A. Lavoie, M.-A. Boucher, R. Turcotte, V. Fortin, and F. Anctil
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2221–2231, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2221-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-2221-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Abbott, M. B., Bathurst, C., Cunge, J. A., O'Connell, P. E., and Rasmussen, J.: An introduction to the European Hydrological System – Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, SHE. 1. History and philosophy of a physically-based, distributed modelling system, J. Hydrol., 87, 45–59, 1986a.
Abbott, M. B., Bathurst, C., Cunge, J. A., O'Connell, P. E., and Rasmussen, J.: An introduction to the European Hydrological System – Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, SHE. 2. Structure of a physically-based, distributed modelling system, J. Hydrol., 87, 61–77, 1986b.
Abtew, W.: Evaporation estimation for Lake Okeechobee in South Florida, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 127, 140–177, 2001.
Abtew, W. and Obeysekera, J.: Lysimeter study of evapotranspiration of Cattails and comparison of three methods, T. ASAE, 38, 121–129, 1995.
Abulohom, M. S., Shah, S. M. S., and Ghumman, A. R.: Development of a rainfall-runoff model, its calibration and validation, Water Resour. Manag., 15, 149–163, 2001.
Alexandris, S., Stricevic, R., and Petkovic, S.: Comparative analysis of reference evapotranspiration from the surface of rainfed grass in central Serbia, calculated by six empirical methods against the Penman-Monteith formula, European Water, 21/22, 17–28, 2008.
Ali, S., Ghosh, N. C., and Singh, R.: Evaluating best evaporation estimate model for water surface evaporation in semi-arid India, Hydrol. Process., 22, 1093–1106, 2008.
Allen, R. G. and Pruitt, W. O.: Rational use of the FAO Blaney-Criddle Formula, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 112, 139–155, 1986.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M.: Crop evapotranspiration Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1998.
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Howell, T. A., and Jensen, M. E.: Evapotranspiration information reporting: I. Factors governing measurement accuracy, Agr. Water Manage., 98, 899–920, 2011.
Amatya, D. M., Skaggs, R. G., and Gregory, J. D.: Comparison of methods for estimating REF-ET, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 121, 427–435, 1995.
ASCE Standardization of Reference Evapotranspiration Task Committee: The ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation, Task Committee on Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration, January 2005, EWRI-American Society Civil Engineers, 59 pp., 2000.
ASCE: The ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation, edited by: Allen, R. G., Walter, I. A., Elliott, R., Howell, T., Itenfisu, D., and Jensen, M., American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005.
Baumgartner, W. C. and Reichel, E.: The world water balance. Mean annual global, continental and marine precipitation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1975.
Beven, K.: A sensitivity analysis of the Penman-Monteith actual evapotranspiration estimates, J. Hydrol., 44, 169–190, 1979.
Boesten, J. J. T. I. and Stroosnijder, L.: Simple model for daily evaporation from fallow tilled soil under spring conditions in a temperate climate, Neth. J. Agr. Sci., 34, 75–90, 1986.
Bouchet, R. J.: Evapotranspiration reelle et potentielle, signification climatique, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publ., 62, 134–142, 1963.
Boughton, W.: The Australian water balance model, Environ. Modell. Softw., 19, 943–956, 2004.
Brutsaert, W.: Evaporation into the Atmosphere, Theory, History, and Applications, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, 1982.
Brutsaert, W. and Parlange, M. B.: Hydrologic cycle explains the evaporation paradox, Nature, 396, p. 30, 1998.
Brutsaert, W. and Strickler, H.: An advection-aridity approach to estimate actual regional evapotranspiration, Water Resour. Res., 15, 443–449, 1979.
Burnash, R. J. C., Ferral, R. L., and McGuire, R. A.: A generalized streamflow simulation system – conceptual modelling for digital computers, US Department of Commerce, National Weather Service and State of California, Department of Water Resources, 1973.
Budyko, M. I.: Climate and Life, translated from Russian by Miller, D. H., Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1974.
Castellvi, F., Stockle, C. O., Perez, P. J., and Ibanez, M.: Comparison of methods for applying the Priestley-Taylor equation at a regional scale, Hydrol. Process., 15, 1609–1620, 2001.
Chattopadhyay, N. and Hulme, M.: Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent and future climate change, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 87, 55–73, 1997.
Chen, D., Gao, G., Xu, C. Y., Guo, J., and Ren, G.: Comparison of the Thornthwaite method and pan data with the standard Penman–Monteith estimates of reference evapotranspiration in China, Clim. Res., 28, 123–132, 2005.
Chiew, F. H. S. and Leahy, C. P.: Comparison of evapotranspiration variables in evapotranspiration maps for Australia with commonly used evapotranspiration variables, Australian Journal of Water Resources, 7, 1–11, 2003.
Chiew, F. H. S. and McMahon, T. A.: Estimating groundwater recharge using surface watershed modelling approach, J. Hydrol., 114, 285–304, 1990.
Chiew, F. H. S., Stewardson, M. J., and McMahon, T. A.: Comparison of six rainfall-runoff modelling approaches, J. Hydrol., 147, 1–36, 1993.
Chiew, F. H. S., Kamaladasa, N. N., Malano, H. M., and McMahon, T. A.: Penman-Monteith, FAO-24 reference crop evapotranspiration and class-A pan data in Australia, Agr. Water Manage., 28, 9–21, 1995.
Chiew, F. H. S., Peel, M. C., and Western, A. W.: Application and testing of the simple rainfall-runoff model SIMHYD, in: Mathematical Models of Small Watershed Hydrology and Applications, edited by: Singh, V. P. and Frevert, D. K., Water Resources Publications, Colorado, 335–367, 2002.
Cohen, S., Ianetz, A., and Stanhill, G.: Evaporative climate changes at Bet Dagan, Israel, 1964–1998, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 111, 83–91, 2002.
Cong, Z. T., Yang, D. W., and Ni, G. H.: Does evaporation paradox exist in China?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 357–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-357-2009, 2009.
Crosbie, R. S., Jolly, I. D., Leaney, F. W., and Petheram, C.: Can the dataset of field based recharge estimates in Australia be used to predict recharge in data-poor areas?, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2023–2038, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2023-2010, 2010.
Daaman, C. C. and Simmonds, L. P.: Measurement of evaporation from bare soil and its estimation using surface resistance, Water Resour. Res., 32, 1393–1402, 1996.
Dawson, T. E., Burgess, S. S. O., Tu, K. P., Oliveira, R. S., Santiago, L. S., Fisher, J. B., Simonin, K. A., and Ambrose, A. R.: Nighttime transpiration in woody plants from contrasting ecosystems, Tree Physiol., 27, 561–575, 2007.
de Bruin, H. A. R.: The determination of (reference crop) evapotranspiration from routine weather data, Proceedings of Technical Meeting 38, Committee for Hydrological Research TNO, Evaporation in relation to hydrology, Proceedings and Informations, 28, 25–37, 1981.
de Bruin, H. A. R.: Temperature and energy balance of a water reservoir determined from standard weather data of a land station, J. Hydrol., 59, 261–274, 1982.
de Bruin, H. A. R.: From Penman to Makkink, In Evaporation and Weather, Proceedings and Informations 39, 5–31, Committee for Hydrological Research TNO, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1987.
Dingman, S. L.: Physical Hydrology, Prentice Hall, Upper Savage, New Jersey, 1992.
Donohue, R. J., Roderick, M. L., and McVicar, T. R.: On the importance of including vegetation dynamics in Budyko's hydrological model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 983–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-983-2007, 2007.
Donohue, R. J., McVicar, T. R., and Roderick, M. L.: Assessing the ability of potential evaporation formulations to capture the dynamics in evaporative demand within a changing climate, J. Hydrol., 386, 186–197, 2010a.
Donohue, R. J., Roderick, M. L., and McVicar, T. R.: Can dynamic vegetation information improve the accuracy of Budyko's hydrological model?, J. Hydrol., 390, 23–34, 2010b.
Donohue, R. J., Roderick, M. L., and McVicar, T. R.: Assessing the differences in sensitivities of runoff to changes in climatic conditions across a large basin, J. Hydrol., 406, 234–244, 2011.
Donohue, R. J., Roderick, M. L., and McVicar, T. R.: Roots, storms and soil pores: incorporating key ecohydrological processes into Budyko's hydroclimatic framework, J. Hydrol., 436–437, 35–50, 2012.
dos Reis, R. J. and Dias, N. L.: Multi-season lake evaporation: energy budget estimates and CRLE model assessment with limited meteorological observations, J. Hydrol., 208, 135–147, 1998.
Douglas, E. M., Jacobs, J. M., Sumner, D. M., and Ray, R. L.: A comparison of models for estimating potential evapotranspiration for Florida land cover types, J. Hydrol., 373, 366–376, 2009.
Doyle, P.: Modelling catchment evaporation: an objective comparison of the Penman and Morton approaches, J. Hydrol., 121, 257–276, 1990.
Droogers, P. and Allen, R. G.: Estimating reference evapotranspiration under inaccurate data conditions, Irrig. Drain. Syst., 16, 33–45, 2002.
Edinger, J. E., Duttweiller, D. W., and Geyer, J. C.: The response of water temperature to meteorological conditions, Water Resour. Res., 4, 1137–1143, 1968.
Eichinger, W. E., Parlange, M. B., and Strickler, H.: On the concept of equilibrium evaporation and the value of the Priestley-Taylor coefficient, Water Resour. Res., 32, 161–164, 1996.
Elsawwaf, M., Willems, P., and Feyen, J.: Assessment of the sensitivity and prediction uncertainty of evaporation models applied to Nasser Lake, Egypt, J. Hydrol., 395, 10–22, 2010.
Federer, C. A., Vörösmarty, C., and Fekete, B.: Intercomparison of methods for calculating potential evaporation in regional global water balance models, Water Resour. Res., 32, 2315–2321, 1996.
Feng, X., Vico, G., and Porporato, A.: On the effects of seasonality on soil water balance and plant growth, Water Resour. Res., 48, W05543, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011263, 2012.
Ficke, J. F.: Comparison of evaporation computation methods, Pretty Lake, La Grange County, Northeastern Indiana, United States Geological Survey Professional Papers, 686-A, 49 pp., 1972.
Ficke, J. F., Adams, D. B., and Danielson, T. W.: Evaporation from seven reservoirs in the Denver Water-Supply System, Central Colorado, United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations, 76–114, 170 pp., 1977.
Finch, J. W.: A comparison between measured and modelled open water evaporation from a reservoir in south-east England, Hydrol. Process., 15, 2771–2778, 2001.
Finch, J. and Calver, A.: Methods for the quantification of evaporation from lakes, Prepared for the World Meteorological Organization Commission of Hydrology, CEH Wallingford, UK, 2008.
Finch, J. W. and Gash, J. H. C.: Application of a simple finite difference model for estimating evaporation from open water, J. Hydrol., 255, 253–259, 2002.
Fisher, J. B., Whittaker, R. J., and Malhi, Y.: ET come home: potential evapotranspiration in geographical ecology, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 20, 1–18, 2011.
Fleming, P. M., Brown, J. A. H., and Aitken, A. P.: Evaporation in Botswana and Australia, the transference of equations and techniques between continents, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium 1989, The Institution of Engineers Australia, National Conference Publication, 89, 58–65, 1989.
Fu, B. P.: On the calculation of the evaporation from land surface, Sci. Atmos. Sin., 5, 23–31, 1981 (in Chinese).
Fu, G., Charles, S. H., and Yu, J.: A critical overview of pan evaporation trends over the last 50 years, Climate Change, 97, 193–214, 2009.
Gallego-Elvira, B., Baille, A., Martín-Górriz, B., and Martínez-Álvarez, V.: Energy balance and evaporation loss of an agricultural reservoir in a semi-arid climate (south-eastern Spain), Hydrol. Process., 24, 758–766, 2010.
Garcia, M., Raes, D., Allen, R., and Herbas, C.: Dynamics of reference evapotranspiration in the Bolivian highlands (Altiplano), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 125, 67–82, 2004.
Garrett, D. R. and Hoy, R. D.: A study of monthly lake to pan coefficients using a numerical lake model. Hydrology Symposium, 1978, The Institution of Engineers Australia, National Conference Publication, 78, 145–149, 1978.
Gash, J. H. C.: An analytical model of rainfall interception by forests, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 105, 43–55, 1979.
Glenn, E. P., Nagler, P. L., and Huete, A. R.: Vegetation index methods for estimating evapotranspiration by remote sensing, Surv. Geophys., 31, 531–55, 2010.
Granger, R. J.: An examination of the concept of potential evaporation, J. Hydrol., 111, 9–19, 1989a.
Granger, R. J.: A complementary relationship approach for evaporation from nonsaturated surfaces, J. Hydrol., 111, 31–38, 1989b.
Granger, R. J. and Gray, D. M.: Evaporation from natural nonsaturated surfaces, J. Hydrol., 111, 21–29, 1989.
Gunston, H. and Batchelor, C. H.: A comparison of the Priestley–Taylor and Penman methods for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration in tropical countries, Agr. Water Manage., 6, 65–77, 1982.
Ham, J. M. and DeSutter, T. M.: Seepage losses and nitrogen export from swine waste lagoons: a water balance study, J. Environ. Qual., 28, 1090–1099, 1999.
Han, S., Hu, H., Yang, D., and Tiam, F.: A complementary relationship evaporation model referring to the Granger model and the advection-aridity model, Hydrol. Process., 25, 2094–2101, 2011.
Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato., M., and Lo, K.: Global surface temperature change, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG4004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010RG0000345, 2010.
Hargreaves, G. H. and Samani, Z. A.: Reference crop evapotranspiration from temperature, Appl. Eng. Agric., 1, 96–99, 1985.
Harmsen, E. W., Pérez, A. G., and Winter, A.: Estimating long-term average monthly evapotranspiration from pan evaporation data at seven locations in Puerto Rico, NOAA-CREST/NASA-EPSCoR Joint Symposium for Climate Studies, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus, 7 pp., 2003.
Hobbins, M. T. and Ramírez, J. A.: Trends in pan evaporation and actual evapotranspiration across the conterminous U.S.: Paradoxical or complementary?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13503, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019846, 2004.
Hobbins, M. T., Ramírez, J. A., Brown, T. C., and Claessens, L. H. J. M.: The complementary relationship in estimation of regional evapotranspiration: The Complementary Relationship Areal Evapotranspiration and Advection-Aridity models, Water Resour. Res., 37, 1367–1387, 2001a.
Hobbins, M. T., Ramírez, J. A., and Brown, T. C.: Complementary relationship in the estimation of regional evapotranspiration: An enhanced Advection-Aridity model, Water Resour. Res., 37, 1389–1403, 2001b.
Hounam, C. E.: Comparison between pan and lake evaporation, World Meteorological Organisation Technical Note 126, 52 pp., 1973.
Hoy, R. D. and Stephens, S. K.: Field study of evaporation – Analysis of data from Eucumbene, Cataract, Manton and Mundaring, Australian Water Resources Council Technical Paper 21, 195 pp., 1977.
Hoy, R. D. and Stephens, S. K.: Field study of lake evaporation – analysis of data from phase 2 storages and summary of phase 1 and phase 2, Australian Water Resources Council Technical Report Paper No. 41, 1979.
Irmak, S., Odhiambo, L. O., and Mutiibwa, D.: Evaluating the impact of daily net radiation models on grass and alfalfa-reference evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteith equation in a subhumid and semiarid climate, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 137, 59–72, 2011.
Istanbulluoglu, E., Wang, T., Wright, O. M., and Lenters, J. D.: Interpretation of hydrologic trends from a water balance perspective: the role of groundwater storage in the Budyko hypothesis, Water Resour. Res., 48, W00H16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010100, 2012.
Jayasuriya, L. N. N., O'Neill, I. C., McMahon, T. A., and Nathan, R. J.: Parameter uncertainty in rainfall-runoff modelling, Conference on Agricultural Engineering, Hawkesbury Agricultural College, NSW, 1988.
Jayasuriya, L. N. N., Dunin, F. X., McMahon, T. A., and O'Neill, I. C.: The complementary method and its use in modelling evapotranspiration for forested and grass catchments, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Christchurch, NZ, 1989.
Jensen, M. E., Burman, R. D., and Allen, R. G. (Eds): Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements, ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice, 70, 1990.
Johnson, F. and Sharma, A.: A comparison of Australian open water body evaporation trends for current and future climates estimated from Class A evaporation pan and general circulation models, J. Hydrometeorol., 11, 105–121, 2010.
Jones, R. N., Bowler, J. M., and McMahon, T. A.: Modelling water budgets of closed lakes, western Victoria, Quaternary Australasia Papers, 11, 50–60, 1993.
Jones, R. N., McMahon, T. A., and Bowler, J. M.: Modelling historical lake levels and recent climate change at three closed lakes, Western Victoria, Australia (c. 1840–1990), J. Hydrol., 246, 159–180, 2001.
Jovanovic, B., Jones, D., and Collins, D.: A high-quality monthly pan evaporation dataset for Australia, Climatic Change, 87, 517–535, 2008.
Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Seneviratne, S. I., Sheffield, J., Goulden, M. L., Bonan, G., Cescatti, A., Chen, J., de Jeu, R., Dolman, A. J., Eugster, W., Gerten, D., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Heike, J., Kimball, J., Law, B. E., Montagnani, L., Mu, Q., Mueller, B., Oleson, K., Papale, D., Richardson, A.D., Roupsard, O., Running, S., Tomelleri, E., Viovy, N., Weber, U., Williams, C., Wood, E., Zaekle, S., and Zhang, K.: Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply, Nature, 467, 951–954, 2010.
Kahler, D. M. and Brutsaert, W.: Complementary relationship between daily evaporation in the environment and pan evaporation, Water Resour. Res., 42, W05413, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004541, 2006.
Kalma, J. D., McVicar, T. R., and McCabe, M. F.: Estimating land surface evaporation: A review of methods using remotely sensed surface temperature data, Surv. Geophys., 29, 421–469, 2008.
Katerji, N. and Perrier, A.: A model of actual evapotranspiration for a field of lucerne – the role of a crop coefficient, Agronomie, 3, 513–521, 1983.
Katerji, N. and Rana, G.: Crop reference evapotranspiration: a discussion of the concept, analysis of the process and validation, Water Resour. Manag., 25, 1581–1600, 2011.
Katul, G. G. and Parlange, M. B.: Estimation of bare soil evaporation using skin temperature measurements, J. Hydrol., 132, 91–106, 1992.
Kay, A. L. and Davies, H. N.: Calculating potential evaporation from climate model data: A source of uncertainty for hydrological climate change impacts, J. Hydrol., 358, 221–239, 2008.
Keijman, J. Q.: The estimation of the energy balance of a lake from simple weather data. Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 7, 399–407, 1974.
Keijman, J. Q.: Theoretical background of some methods for determining of evaporation, In Evaporation in Relation to Hydrology, Proceedings and Informations 28, 12–24, Committee for Hydrological Research TNO, The Hague, 1981.
Keijman, J. Q. and Koopmans, R. W. R.: A comparison of several methods of estimating the evaporation of Lake Flevo, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publ., 109, 225–232, 1973.
Kirono, D. G. C. and Jones, R. N.: A bivariate test for detecting inhomogeneities in pan evaporation time series, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 56, 93–103, 2007.
Kirono, D. G. C., Jones, R. N., and Cleugh, H. A.: Pan-evaporation measurements and Morton-point potential evaporation estimates in Australia: are their trends the same?, Int. J. Climatol., 29, 711–718, 2009.
Kohler, M. A.: Lake and pan evaporation, in: Water-Loss Investigations: Lake Hefner Studies, Technical Report, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 269, 127–149, 1954.
Kohler, M. A. and Parmele, L. H.: Generalized estimates of free-water evaporation, Water Resour. Res., 3, 997–1005, 1967.
Kohler M. A., Nordenson, T. J., and Fox, W. E.: Evaporation from pans and lakes, Weather Bureau Research Paper 38, US Department of Commerce, Washington, 1955.
Kondo, J. and Saigusa, N.: A model and experimental study of evaporation from bare-soil surfaces, J. Appl. Meteorol., 31, 304–312, 1992.
Konukcu, F.: Modification of the Penman method for computing bare soil evaporation, Hydrol. Process., 21, 3627–3634, 2007.
Lhomme, J.-P.: A theoretical basis for the Priestley-Taylor coefficient, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 82, 179–191, 1997.
Lhomme, J. P. and Guilioni, L.: Comments on some articles about the complementary relationship, J. Hydrol., 323, 1–3, 2006
Lidén, R. and Harlin, J.: Analysis of conceptual rainfall-runoff modelling performance in different climates, J. Hydrol., 238, 231–247, 2000.
Linacre, E. T.: Data-sparse estimation of lake evaporation, using a simplified Penman equation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 64, 237–256, 1993.
Linacre, E. T.: Estimating U.S. Class-A pan evaporation from few climate data, Water Int., 19, 5–14, 1994.
Liu, B., Xu, M., Henderson, M., and Gong, W.: A spatial analysis of pan evaporation trends in China, 1955–2000, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004511, 2004.
Lowe, L. D., Webb, J. A., Nathan, R. J., Etchells, T., and Malano, H. M.: Evaporation from water supply reservoirs: An assessment of uncertainty, J. Hydrol., 376, 261–274, 2009.
Lu, J., Sun, G. McNulty, S. G., and Amatya, D. M.: A comparison of six potential evapotranspiration methods for regional use in the Southeastern United States, J. Am. Water Resour. As., 41, 621–633, 2005.
Luo, Y. F., Peng, S. Z., Klan, S., Cui, Y. L., Wang, Y., and Feng, Y. H.: A comparative study of groundwater evapotranspiration functions, 18th IMACS World Congress MODSIM09 Proceedings, 3095–3101, 2009.
Maidment, D. R.: Handbook of Hydrology, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1992.
Masoner, J. R., Stannard, D. I., and Christenson, S. C.: Differences in evaporation between a floating pan and Class-A pan on land, J. Am. Water Resour. As., 44, 552–561, 2008.
McJannet, D. L., Webster, I. T., Stenson, M. P., and Sherman, B. S.: Estimating open water evaporation for the Murray-Darling Basin. A report to the Australian Government from the CSIRO Murray-Darling Basin Sustainable Yields Project, CSIRO, Australia, 50 pp., 2008.
McJannet, D. L., Webster, I. T., and Cook, F. J.: An area-dependent wind function for estimating open water evaporation using land-based meteorological data, Environ. Modell. Softw., 31, 76–83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.11.017, 2012.
McKenney, M. S. and Rosenberg, N. J.: Sensitivity of some potential evapotranspiration estimation methods to climate change, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 64, 81–110, 1993.
McMahon, T. A. and Adeloye, A. J.: Water Resources Yield, Water Resources Publications, LLC, Colorado, 220 pp., 2005.
McNaughton, K. G.: Evaporation and advection I: evaporation from extensive homogeneous surfaces, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 181–191, 1976.
McVicar, T. R., Li, L. T., Van Niel, T. G., Hutchinson, M. F., Mu, X.-M., and Liu, Z.-H.: Spatially distributing 21 years of monthly hydrometeorological data in China: Spatio-temporal analysis of FAO-56 crop reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation in the context of climate change, CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 8/05, Canberra, Australia, available at: http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/technical2005/tr8-05.pdf, 2005.
McVicar, T. R., Li, L. T., Van Niel, T. G., Zhang, L., Li, R., Yang, Q. K., Zhang, X. P., Mu, X. M., Wen, Z. M., Liu, W. Z., Zhao, Y. A., Liu, Z. H., and Gao, P.: Developing a decision support tool for China's re-vegetation program: Simulating regional impacts of afforestation on average annual streamflow in the Loess Plateau, Forest Ecol. Manag., 251, 65–81, 2007a.
McVicar, T. R., Van Niel, T. G., Li, L. T., Hutchinson, M. F., Mu, X. M., and Liu, Z. H.: Spatially distributing monthly reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation considering topographical influences, J. Hydrol., 338, 196–220, 2007b.
McVicar, T. R., Van Niel, T. G., Li, L. T., Roderick, M. L., Rayner, D. P. Ricciardulli, L., and Donohue, R. J.: Wind speed climatology and trends for Australia, 1975-2006: Capturing the stilling phenomenon and comparison with near-surface reanalysis output, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035627, 2008.
McVicar, T. R., Roderick, M. L., Donohue, R. J., Li, L. T., Van Niel, T. G., Thomas, A., Grieser, J., Jhajharia, D., Himri, Y., Mahowald, N. M., Mescherskaya, A. V., Kruger, A. C., Rehman, S., and Dinpashoh, Y.: Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds: Implications for evaporation, J. Hydrol., 416–417, 182–205, 2012a.
McVicar, T. R., Roderick, M. L., Donohue, R. J., and Van Niel, T. G.: Less bluster ahead? Overlooked ecohydrological implications of global trends of terrestrial near-surface wind speeds, Ecohydrology, 5, 381–388, 2012b.
Milly, P. C. D. and Dunne, K. A.: Macroscale water fluxes 2. Water and energy supply control of their interannual variability, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1206, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001/WR000760, 2002.
Mohamed, Y. A., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Savenije, H. H. G., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., and Finlayson, C. M.: Evaporation from wetland versus open water: a theoretical explanation and an application with satellite data over the Sudd wetland, Royal Netherlands Met. Institute, available at: http://www.knmi.nl/publications/fulltexts/sudd_wetland.pdf, 2008.
Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and environment, in: The state and movement of water in living organisms, Symposium Society Experimental Biology, edited by: Fogg, G. E., 19, 205–234, Cambridge University Press, London, 1965.
Monteith, J. L.: Evaporation and surface temperature, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 1–27, 1981.
Monteith, J. L.: Weather and water in the Sudano-Sahelian zone. Soil Water Balance in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone, Proceedings of the Niamey Workshop, February 1991, International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication, 199, 11–28, 1991.
Morton, F. I.: Climatological estimates of lake evaporation, Water Resour. Res., 15, 64–76, 1979.
Morton, F. I.: Operational estimates of areal evapotranspiration and their significance to the science and practice of hydrology, J. Hydrol., 66, 1–76, 1983a.
Morton, F. I.: Operational estimates of lake evaporation, J. Hydrol., 66, 77–100, 1983b.
Morton, F. I.: Practical estimates of lake evaporation, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 25, 371–387, 1986.
Morton, F. I., Richard, F., and Fogarasi, S.: Operational estimates of areal evapotranspiration and lake evaporation – Program WREVAP, NHRI Paper 24, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, 1985.
Mutziger, A. J., Burt, C. M., Howes, D. J., and Allen, R. G.: Comparison of measured and FAO-56 modeled evaporation from bare soil, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 13, 59–72, 2005.
Muzylo, A., Llorens, P., Valente, F., Keize, J. J., Domingo, F., and Gash, J. H. C.: A review of rainfall interception modelling, J. Hydrol., 370, 191–206, 2009.
Nandagiri, L. and Kovoor, G. M.: Performance evaluation of Reference Evapotranspiration equations across a range of Indian climates, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 132, 238–249, 2006.
Nash, J. E.: Potential evaporation and "the complementary relationship", J. Hydrol., 111, 1–7, 1989.
Nichols, J., Eichinger, W., Cooper, D. I., Prueger, J. H., Hipps, L. E., Neale, C. M. U., and Bawazir, A. S.: Comparison of evaporation estimation methods for a riparian area, IIHR Technical Report No 436, Hydroscience and Engineering, University of Iowa, 2004.
Ol'dekop, E. M.: On evaporation from the surface of river basins, Transactions on Meteorological Observations, 4, University of Tartu, 1911 (in Russian).
Oudin, L., Hervieu, F., Michel, C., Perrin, C., Andréassian, V., Anctil, F., and Loumagne, C.: Which potential evapotranspiration input for a lumped rainfall–runoff model? Part 2 – Towards a simple and efficient potential evapotranspiration model for rainfall–runoff modelling, J. Hydrol., 303, 290–306, 2005.
Ozdogan, M., Salvucci, G. D., and Anderson, B. T.: Examination of the Bouchet-Morton complementary relationship using a mesoscale climate model and observations under a progressive irrigation scenario, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 235–251, 2006.
Penman, H. L.: Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 193, 120–145, 1948.
Penman, H. L.: Evaporation: An introductory survey, Neth. J. Agr. Sci., 4, 9–29, 1956.
Pereira, A. R.: The Priestley-Taylor parameter and the decoupling factor for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 125, 305–313, 2004.
Perrier, A.: Étude physique de l'évapotranspiration dans le conditions naturelles. II. expressions et parameters donnant l'évapotranspiration réele d'une surface "mince", Ann. Agronomy, 26, 105–123, 1975.
Peterson, T. C., Golubev, V. S., and Groisman, P. Ya.: Evaporation losing its strength, Nature, 377, 687–688, 1995.
Petheram, C., Walker, G., Grayson, R., Thierfelder, T., and Zhang, L.: Towards a framework for predicting impacts of land-use on recharge: 1. A review of recharge studies in Australia, Aus. J. Soil Sci., 40, 397–417, 2002.
Pettijohn, J. C. and Salvucci, G. D.: A new two-dimensional physical basis for the Complementary Relationship between terrestrial and pan evaporation, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 565–574, 2009.
Philip, J. R.: Evaporation and moisture and heat fields in the soil, J. Meteorol., 14, 354–366, 1957.
Pike, J. G.: The estimation of annual runoff from meteorological data in a tropical climate, J. Hydrol., 2, 116–123, 1964.
Potter, N. J. and Zhang, L.: Interannual variability of catchment water balance in Australia, J. Hydrol., 369, 120–129, 2009.
Priestley, C. H. B. and Taylor, R. J.: On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large scale parameters, Mon. Weather Rev., 100, 81–92, 1972.
Qiu, G. Y., Yano, T., and Momii, K.: An improved methodology to measure evaporation from bare soil based on comparison of surface temperature with a dry soil surface, J. Hydrol., 210, 93–105, 1998.
Ramírez, J. A., Hobbins, M. T., and Brown, T. C.: Observational evidence of the complementary relationship in regional evaporation lends strong support for Bouchet's hypothesis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023549, 2005.
Raupach, M. R.: Combination theory and equilibrium evaporation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 1149–1181, 2001.
Raupach, M. R., Kirby, J. M., Barrett, D. J., Briggs, P. R., Lu, H., and Zhang, H.: Balances of Water, Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Australian Landscapes: (2) Model Formulation and Testing, CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 41/01, Canberra, 2001.
Ritchie, J. T.: Model for predicting evaporation from row crop with incomplete cover, Water Resour. Res., 8, 1204–1213, 1972.
Roderick, M. L. and Farquhar, G. D.: Changes in Australian pan evaporation from 1970 to 2002, Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1077–1090, 2004.
Roderick, M. L., Rotstayn, L. D., Farquhar, G. D. and Hobbins, M. T.: On the attribution of changing pan evaporation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031166, 2007.
Roderick, M. L., Hobbins, M. T., and Farquhar, G. D.: Pan evaporation trends and the terrestrial water balance. 1. Principles and observations, Geography Compass, 3, 746–760, 2009a.
Roderick, M. L., Hobbins, M. T., and Farquhar, G. D.: Pan evaporation trends and the terrestrial water balance. 2. Energy balance and interpretation, Geography Compass, 3, 761–780, 2009b.
Rosenberry, D. O., Sturrock, A. M., and Winter, T. C.: Evaluation of the energy budget method of determining evaporation at Williams Lake, Minnesota, using alternative instrumentation and study approaches, Water Resour. Res., 29, 2473–2483, 1993.
Rosenberry, D. O., Stannard, D. I., Winter, T. C., and Martinez , M. L.: Comparison of 13 equations for determining evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake Area, North Dakota, USA, Wetlands, 24, 483–497, 2004.
Rosenberry, D. O., Winter, T. C., Buso, D. C., and Likens, G. E.: Comparison of 15 evaporation methods applied to a small mountain lake in the northeastern USA, J. Hydrol., 340, 149–166, 2007.
Rotstayn, L. D., Roderick, M. L., and Farquhar, G. D.: A simple pan-evaporation model for analysis of climate simulation: Evaluation over Australia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17715, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027114, 2006.
Rutter, A. J., Kershaw, K. A., Robins, P. C., and Morton, A. J.: A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. I. Derivation of the model from observations in a plantation of Corsican pine, Agr. Meteorol., 9, 367–384, 1971.
Rutter, A. J., Morton, A. J., and Robins, P. C.: A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests. II. Generalization of the model and comparison with observations in some coniferous and hardwood stands, J. Appl. Ecol., 12, 367–380, 1975.
Sacks, L. A., Lee, T. M., and Radell, M. J.: Comparison of energy-budget evaporation losses from two morphometrically different Florida seepage lakes, J. Hydrol., 156, 311–334, 1994.
Salvucci, G. D.: Soil and moisture independent estimation of stage-two evaporation from potential evaporation and albedo or surface temperature, Water Resour. Res., 33, 111–122, 1997.
Scanlon, B. R., Keese, K. E., Flint, A. L., Flint, L. E., Gaye, C. B., Edmunds, W. M., and Simmers, I.: Global synthesis of groundwater recharge in semiarid and arid regions. Hydrol. Process., 20, 3335–3370, 2006.
Schneider, K., Ketzer, B., Breuer, L., Vaché, K. B., Bernhofer. C., and Frede, H.-G.: Evaluation of evapotranspiration methods for model validation in a semi-arid watershed in northern China, Adv. Geosci., 11, 37–42, 2007.
Schreiber, P.: Über die Beziehungen zwischen dem Niederschlag und der Wasserführung der Flüβe in Mitteleuropa, Z. Meteorol., 21, 441–452, 1904.
Sheffield, J., Goteti, G., and Wood, E. F.: Development of a 50-year high-resolution global dataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling, J. Climate, 19, 3088–3111, 2006.
Shenbin, C., Yunfeng, L., and Thomas, A.: Climatic change on the Tibetan Plateau: potential evapotranspiration trends from 1961–2000, Climatic Change, 76, 291–319, 2006.
Shi, T., Guan, D., Wang, A., Wu, J., Jin, C., and Han, S.: Comparison of three models to estimate evapotranspiration for a temperate mixed forest, Hydrol. Process., 22, 3431–3443, 2008.
Shuttleworth, W. J.: Evaporation, Chapter 4, in: Handbook of Hydrology, edited by: Maidment, D. R., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1992.
Shuttleworth, W. J.: Putting the "vap" into evaporation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 210–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-210-2007, 2007.
Shuttleworth, W. J. and Wallace, J. S.: Calculating the water requirements of irrigated crops in Australia using the Matt-Shuttleworth approach, T. ASABE, 52, 1895–1906, 2009.
Shuttleworth, W. J., Serrat-Capdevila, A., Roderick, M. L., and Scott, R. L.: On the theory relating changes in area-average and pan evaporation, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1230–1247, 2009.
Siriwardena, L., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: The impact of land use change on catchment hydrology in large catchments: The Comet River, Central Queensland, Australia, J. Hydrol., 326, 199–214, 2006.
Slatyer, R. O. and McIlroy, I. C.: Evaporation and the principle of its measurement, in: Practical Meteorology, CSIRO (Australia) and UNESCO, Paris, 1961.
Snyder, R. L., Bali, K., Ventura, F., and Gomez-MacPherson, H.: Estimating evaporation from bare or nearly bare soil, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 126, 399–403, 2000.
Souch, C., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Wolfe, C. P.: Evapotranspiration rates from wetlands with different disturbance histories: Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Wetlands, 18, 216–229, 1998.
Stannard, D. I.: Comparison of Penman-Monteith, Shuttleworth-Wallace, and modified Priestley-Taylor Evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland, Water Resour. Res., 29, 1379–1392, 1993.
Stewart, R. B. and Rouse, W. R.: A simple method for determining the evaporation from shallow lakes and ponds, Water Resour. Res., 12, 623–628, 1976.
Stigter, C. J.: Assessment of the quality of generalized wind functions in Penman's equations, J. Hydrol., 45, 321–331, 1980.
Sumner, D. M. and Jacobs, J. M.: Utility of Penman-Monteith, Priestley-Taylor, reference evapotranspiration, and pan evaporation methods to estimate pasture evapotranspiration, J. Hydrol., 308, 81–104, 2005.
Sweers, H. E.: A nomograph to estimate the heat-exchange coefficient at the air-water interface as a function of wind speed and temperature; a critical survey of some literature, J. Hydrol., 30, 375–401, 1976.
Szilagyi, J.: Modeled areal evaporation trends over the conterminous United States, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 127, 196–200, 2001.
Szilagyi, J.: On the inherent asymmetric nature of the complementary relationship of evaporation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028708, 2007.
Szilagyi, J. and Jozsa, J.: New findings about the complementary relationship-based evaporation estimation methods, J. Hydrol., 354, 171–186, 2008.
Szilagyi, J. and Jozsa, J.: Complementary relationship of evaporation and the mean annual water-energy balance, Water Resour. Res. 45, W09201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008129, 2009.
Thom, A. S., Thony, J.-L., and Vauclin, M,: On the proper employment of evaporation pans and atmometers in estimating potential transpiration, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 107, 711–736, 1981.
Thomas, A.: Development and properties of 0.25-degree gridded evapotranspiration data fields of China for hydrological studies, J. Hydrol., 358, 145–158, 2008.
Thornthwaite, C. W.: An approach toward a rational classification of climate, Geogr. Rev., 38, 55–94, 1948.
Todorovic. M.: Single-layer evapotranspiration model with variable canopy resistance, J. Irrig. Drain. E. ASCE, 125, 235–245, 1999.
Trajkovic, S. and Kolakovic, S.: Evaluation of reference evapotranspiration equations under humid conditions, Water Resour. Manag., 23, 3057–3067, 2009.
Turc, L.: Water balance of soils; relationship between precipitation, evapotranspiration and runoff, Ann. Agronomy, 5, 491–595, 1954 (in French).
Turc, L.: Estimation of irrigation water requirements, potential evapotranspiration: A simple climatic formula evolved up to date, Ann. Agronomy, 12, 13–49, 1961 (in French).
Valiantzas, J. D.: Simplified versions for the Penman evaporation equation using routine weather data, J. Hydrol., 331, 690–702, 2006.
van Bavel, C. H. M.: Potential evaporation: The combination concept and its experimental verification, Water Resour. Res., 2, 455–467, 1966.
Van Niel, T. G., McVicar, T. R., Roderick, M. L., van Dijk, A. I. J. M, Renzullo, L. J., and van Gorsel, E.: Correcting for systematic error in satellite-derived latent heat flux due to assumptions in temporal scaling: Assessment from flux tower observations, J. Hydrol., 409, 140–148, 2011.
Vardavas, I. M. and Fountoulakis, A.: Estimation of lake evaporation from standard meteorological measurements: application to four Australian lakes in different climatic regions, Ecol. Model., 84, 139–150, 1996.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Lanjeri, S., and Lopez-Moreno, J.: Comparison of different procedures to map reference evapotranspiration using geographical information systems and regression-based techniques, Int. J. Climatol., 27, 1103–1118, 2007.
Wang, D. B.: Evaluating interannual water storage changes at watersheds in Illinois based on long-term soil moisture and groundwater level data, Water Resour. Res., 48, W03502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010759, 2012.
Wang, Q. J., Chiew, F. H. S., McConachy, F. L. N., James, R., de Hoedt, G. C., and Wright, W. J.: Climatic Atlas of Australia Evapotranspiration, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, 2001.
Watson, F. G. R., Vertessy, R. A., and Grayson, R. B.: Large scale modelling of forest hydrological processes and their long-term effect on water yield, Hydrol. Process., 13, 689–700, 1999.
Weeks, W. D.: Evaporation: a case study using data from a lake in Eastern Queensland, Hydrology and Water resources Symposium, Melbourne, The Institution of Engineers, Australia, National Conference Publication 82/3, 189–193, 1982.
Weedon, G. P., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Shuttleworth, W. J., Blyth, E., Osterle, H., Adam, J. C., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.: Creation of the WATCH forcing data and its use to assess global and regional Reference Crop Evaporation over land during the Twentieth Century, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 823–848, 2011.
Wei{ß}, M. and Menzel, L.: A global comparison of four potential evapotranspiration equations and their relevance to stream flow modelling in semi-arid environments, Adv. Geosci., 18, 15–23, 2008.
Welsh, W. D.: Water balance modelling in Bowen, Queensland, and the ten iterative steps in model development and evaluation, Environ. Modell. Softw., 23, 195–205, 2008.
Wessel, D. A. and Rouse, W. R.: Modelling evaporation from wetland tundra, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 68, 109–130, 1994.
Wiesner, C. J.: Climate, irrigation and agriculture, Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1970.
Wilson, E. M.: Engineering Hydrology, Fourth Edition, Macmillan, London, 1990.
Winter, T. C.: Uncertainties in estimating the water balance of lakes, Water Resour. Bull., 17, 82–115, 1981.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Guide to meteorological instruments and methods of observation, Seventh Edition, WMO, 2006.
Xu, C.-Y. and Chen, D.: Comparison of seven models for estimation of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge using lysimeter measurement data in Germany, Hydrol. Process., 19, 3717–3734, 2005.
Xu, C-Y. and Singh, V. P.: Evaluation and generalisation of radiation-based methods for calculating evaporation, Hydrol. Process., 14, 339–349, 2000.
Xu, C.-Y. and Singh, V. P.: Evaluation and generalisation of temperature-based methods for calculating evaporation, Hydrol. Process., 15, 305–319, 2001.
Xu, C.-Y. and Singh, V. P.: Cross comparison of empirical equations for calculating potential evapotranspiration with data from Switzerland, Water Resour. Manag., 16, 197–219, 2002.
Yang, D., Sun, F., Liu, Z., Cong, Z., and Lei, Z.: Interpreting the complementary relationship in non-humid environments based on the Budyko and Penman hypotheses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL02657, 2006.
Yang, H., Yang, D., Lei, Z., and Sun, F.: New analytical derivation of the mean annual water-energy balance equation, Water Resour. Res., 44, W03410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006135, 2008.
Yao, H.: Long-term study of lake evaporation and evaluation of seven estimation methods: Results from Dickie Lake, South-central Ontario, Canada, Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2, 59–77, 2009.
Yu, J. J., Zhang, Y. Q., and Liu, C. M.: Validity of the Bouchet's complementary relationship at 102 observatories across China, Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 52, 708–713, 2009.
Yunusa, I. A. M., Sedgley, R. H., and Tennant, D.: Evaporation from bare soil in south-western Australia: a test of two models using lysimetry, Aust. J. Soil Res., 32, 437–446, 1994.
Zhao, R.-N.: The Xinanjiang model applied in China, J. Hydrol., 135, 371–381, 1992.
Zhang, L., Dawes, W. R., and Walker, G. R.: Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetation changes at catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., 37, 701–708, 2001.
Zhang, L., Hickel, K., Dawes, W. R., Chiew, F. H. S., Western, A. W., and Briggs, P. R.: A rational function approach for estimating mean annual evapotranspiration, Water Resour. Res., 40, W02502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002710, 2004.
Zhang, L., Potter, N., Hickel, K., Zhang, Y. Q., and Shao, Q. X.: Water balance modeling over variable time scales based on the Budyko framework-model development and testing, J. Hydrol. 360, 117–131, 2008.
Zhang, X. P., Zhang, L., McVicar, T. R., Van Niel, T. G., Li, L. T., Li, R., Yang, Q. K., and Liang, W.: Modeling the impact of afforestation on mean annual streamflow in the Loess Plateau, China, Hydrol. Process., 22, 1996–2004, 2008.
Zhang, Y. Q. and Chiew, F. H. S.: Estimation of mean annual runoff across southeast Australia by incorporating vegetation types into Budyko-framework, Australian Journal of Water Resources, 15, 109–120, 2011.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(955 KB) - Metadata XML
- Corrigendum
- Comment
-
Supplement
(1878 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
