Articles | Volume 28, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2785-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2785-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Jul 2024
Research article |
| 02 Jul 2024
| 02 Jul 2024
Developing a tile drainage module for the Cold Regions Hydrological Model: lessons from a farm in southern Ontario, Canada
Mazda Kompanizare
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Canmore and Saskatoon, Canada
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Diogo Costa
Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Canmore and Saskatoon, Canada
Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
Merrin L. Macrae
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
John W. Pomeroy
Centre for Hydrology, University of Saskatchewan, Canmore and Saskatoon, Canada
Richard M. Petrone
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
André Bertoncini and John W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 983–1000, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-983-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-983-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall and snowfall spatial estimation for hydrological purposes is often compromised in cold mountain regions due to inaccessibility, creating sparse gauge networks with few high-elevation gauges. This study developed a framework for quantifying gauge network uncertainty, considering elevation to aid in future gauge placement in mountain regions. Results show that gauge placement above 2000 m is the most cost-effective measure to decrease gauge network uncertainty in the Canadian Rockies.
Kevin R. Shook, Paul H. Whitfield, Christopher Spence, and John W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5173–5192, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies suggest that the velocities of water running off landscapes in the Canadian Prairies may be much smaller than generally assumed. Analyses of historical flows for 23 basins in central Alberta show that many of the rivers responded more slowly and that the flows are much slower than would be estimated from equations developed elsewhere. The effects of slow flow velocities on the development of hydrological models of the region are discussed, as are the possible causes.
Phillip Harder, Warren D. Helgason, and John W. Pomeroy
The Cryosphere, 18, 3277–3295, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3277-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3277-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing the amount of water in snow (SWE) at high spatial resolutions is an unresolved challenge. In this work, we tested a drone-mounted passive gamma spectrometer to quantify SWE. We found that the gamma observations could resolve the average and spatial variability of SWE down to 22.5 m resolutions. Further, by combining drone gamma SWE and lidar snow depth we could estimate SWE at sub-metre resolutions which is a new opportunity to improve the measurement of shallow snowpacks.
Diogo Costa, Kyle Klenk, Wouter Knoben, Andrew Ireson, Raymond J. Spiteri, and Martyn Clark
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2787, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2787, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
This work helps improve water quality simulations in aquatic ecosystems through a new modeling concept, which we termed “OpenWQ”. It allows tailoring biogeochemistry calculations and integration with existing hydrological (water quantity) simulation tools. The integration is demonstrated with two hydrological models. The models were tested for different pollution scenarios. This paper helps improve interoperability, transparency, flexibility, and reproducibility in water quality simulations.
Zhihua He, Kevin Shook, Christopher Spence, John W. Pomeroy, and Colin Whitfield
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3525–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the impacts of climate change on snowmelt, soil moisture, and streamflow over the Canadian Prairies. The entire prairie region was divided into seven basin types. We found strong variations of hydrological sensitivity to precipitation and temperature changes in different land covers and basins, which suggests that different water management and adaptation methods are needed to address enhanced water stress due to expected climate change in different regions of the prairies.
Marcos R. C. Cordeiro, Kang Liang, Henry F. Wilson, Jason Vanrobaeys, David A. Lobb, Xing Fang, and John W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5917–5931, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the issue of increasing interest in the hydrological impacts of converting cropland to perennial forage cover in the Canadian Prairies. By developing customized models using the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling (CRHM) platform, this long-term (1992–2013) modelling study is expected to provide stakeholders with science-based information regarding the hydrological impacts of land use conversion from annual crop to perennial forage cover in the Canadian Prairies.
Christopher Spence, Zhihua He, Kevin R. Shook, John W. Pomeroy, Colin J. Whitfield, and Jared D. Wolfe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5555–5575, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5555-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5555-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We learnt how streamflow from small creeks could be altered by wetland removal in the Canadian Prairies, where this practice is pervasive. Every creek basin in the region was placed into one of seven groups. We selected one of these groups and used its traits to simulate streamflow. The model worked well enough so that we could trust the results even if we removed the wetlands. Wetland removal did not change low flow amounts very much, but it doubled high flow and tripled average flow.
Dhiraj Pradhananga and John W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2605–2616, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2605-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study considers the combined impacts of climate and glacier changes due to recession on the hydrology and water balance of two high-elevation glaciers. Peyto and Athabasca glacier basins in the Canadian Rockies have undergone continuous glacier loss over the last 3 to 5 decades, leading to an increase in ice exposure and changes to the elevation and slope of the glacier surfaces. Streamflow from these glaciers continues to increase more due to climate warming than glacier recession.
Christopher Spence, Zhihua He, Kevin R. Shook, Balew A. Mekonnen, John W. Pomeroy, Colin J. Whitfield, and Jared D. Wolfe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1801–1819, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1801-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1801-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We determined how snow and flow in small creeks change with temperature and precipitation in the Canadian Prairie, a region where water resources are often under stress. We tried something new. Every watershed in the region was placed in one of seven groups based on their landscape traits. We selected one of these groups and used its traits to build a model of snow and streamflow. It worked well, and by the 2040s there may be 20 %–40 % less snow and 30 % less streamflow than the 1980s.
Dhiraj Pradhananga, John W. Pomeroy, Caroline Aubry-Wake, D. Scott Munro, Joseph Shea, Michael N. Demuth, Nammy Hang Kirat, Brian Menounos, and Kriti Mukherjee
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2875–2894, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2875-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2875-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents hydrological, meteorological, glaciological and geospatial data of Peyto Glacier Basin in the Canadian Rockies. They include high-resolution DEMs derived from air photos and lidar surveys and long-term hydrological and glaciological model forcing datasets derived from bias-corrected reanalysis products. These data are crucial for studying climate change and variability in the basin and understanding the hydrological responses of the basin to both glacier and climate change.
Paul H. Whitfield, Philip D. A. Kraaijenbrink, Kevin R. Shook, and John W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2513–2541, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using only warm season streamflow records, regime and change classifications were produced for ~ 400 watersheds in the Nelson and Mackenzie River basins, and trends in water storage and vegetation were detected from satellite imagery. Three areas show consistent changes: north of 60° (increased streamflow and basin greenness), in the western Boreal Plains (decreased streamflow and basin greenness), and across the Prairies (three different patterns of increased streamflow and basin wetness).
Chris M. DeBeer, Howard S. Wheater, John W. Pomeroy, Alan G. Barr, Jennifer L. Baltzer, Jill F. Johnstone, Merritt R. Turetsky, Ronald E. Stewart, Masaki Hayashi, Garth van der Kamp, Shawn Marshall, Elizabeth Campbell, Philip Marsh, Sean K. Carey, William L. Quinton, Yanping Li, Saman Razavi, Aaron Berg, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Christopher Spence, Warren D. Helgason, Andrew M. Ireson, T. Andrew Black, Mohamed Elshamy, Fuad Yassin, Bruce Davison, Allan Howard, Julie M. Thériault, Kevin Shook, Michael N. Demuth, and Alain Pietroniro
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1849–1882, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1849-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1849-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article examines future changes in land cover and hydrological cycling across the interior of western Canada under climate conditions projected for the 21st century. Key insights into the mechanisms and interactions of Earth system and hydrological process responses are presented, and this understanding is used together with model application to provide a synthesis of future change. This has allowed more scientifically informed projections than have hitherto been available.
Julie M. Thériault, Stephen J. Déry, John W. Pomeroy, Hilary M. Smith, Juris Almonte, André Bertoncini, Robert W. Crawford, Aurélie Desroches-Lapointe, Mathieu Lachapelle, Zen Mariani, Selina Mitchell, Jeremy E. Morris, Charlie Hébert-Pinard, Peter Rodriguez, and Hadleigh D. Thompson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1233–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1233-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1233-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This article discusses the data that were collected during the Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide (SPADE) field campaign in spring 2019 in the Canadian Rockies, along the Alberta and British Columbia border. Various instruments were installed at five field sites to gather information about atmospheric conditions focussing on precipitation. Details about the field sites, the instrumentation used, the variables collected, and the collection methods and intervals are presented.
Vincent Vionnet, Christopher B. Marsh, Brian Menounos, Simon Gascoin, Nicholas E. Wayand, Joseph Shea, Kriti Mukherjee, and John W. Pomeroy
The Cryosphere, 15, 743–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-743-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-743-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain snow cover provides critical supplies of fresh water to downstream users. Its accurate prediction requires inclusion of often-ignored processes. A multi-scale modelling strategy is presented that efficiently accounts for snow redistribution. Model accuracy is assessed via airborne lidar and optical satellite imagery. With redistribution the model captures the elevation–snow depth relation. Redistribution processes are required to reproduce spatial variability, such as around ridges.
Richard Essery, Hyungjun Kim, Libo Wang, Paul Bartlett, Aaron Boone, Claire Brutel-Vuilmet, Eleanor Burke, Matthias Cuntz, Bertrand Decharme, Emanuel Dutra, Xing Fang, Yeugeniy Gusev, Stefan Hagemann, Vanessa Haverd, Anna Kontu, Gerhard Krinner, Matthieu Lafaysse, Yves Lejeune, Thomas Marke, Danny Marks, Christoph Marty, Cecile B. Menard, Olga Nasonova, Tomoko Nitta, John Pomeroy, Gerd Schädler, Vladimir Semenov, Tatiana Smirnova, Sean Swenson, Dmitry Turkov, Nander Wever, and Hua Yuan
The Cryosphere, 14, 4687–4698, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4687-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Climate models are uncertain in predicting how warming changes snow cover. This paper compares 22 snow models with the same meteorological inputs. Predicted trends agree with observations at four snow research sites: winter snow cover does not start later, but snow now melts earlier in spring than in the 1980s at two of the sites. Cold regions where snow can last until late summer are predicted to be particularly sensitive to warming because the snow then melts faster at warmer times of year.
Cited articles
Akis, R.: Simulation of Tile Drain Flows in an Alluvial Clayey Soil Using HYDRUS 1D, American-Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci., 16, 801–813, 2016.
Arheimer, B., Nilsson, J., and Lindstrom, G.: Experimenting with Coupled Hydro-Ecological Models to Explore Measure Plans and Water Quality Goals in a Semi-Enclosed Swedish Bay, Water, 7, 3906–3924, https://doi.org/10.3390/w7073906, 2015.
Arnold, J. G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R. S., and Williams, J. R.: Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: model development, J. Am. Water. Resour. Assoc., 34, 73–89, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x, 1998.
Badr, A. and Skaggs, R. W.: The effect of land development on the physical properties of some North Carolina organic soils, Paper 78-2537, Winter meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, IL, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, MI, 1978.
Bleam, W.: Soil and Environmental Chemistry, 2nd Edition, eBook, Academic Press, ISBN 9780128041956, 2017.
Brockley, R. P.: The effect of nutrient and moisture on soil nutrient availability, nutrient uptake, tissue nutrient concentration, and growth of Douglas-Fir seedlings, Master Thesis, The University of British Columbia, https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/download/pdf/831/1.0095195/2 (last access: 15 June 2024), 1976.
Broughton, R. and Jutras, P.: Farm Drainage, in: the Canadian Encyclopedia, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/farm-drainage/ (last access: 14 February 2019), 2013.
Clark, M. P., Nijssen, B., Lundquist, J. D., Kavetski, D., Rupp, D. E., Woods, R. A., Freer, J. E., Gutmann, E. D., Wood, A. W., Brekke, L. D., Arnold, J. R., Gochis, D. J., and Rasmussen, R. M.: A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 1. Modeling concept, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2498–2514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017198, 2015a.
Clark, M. P., Nijssen, B., Lundquist, J. D., Kavetski, D., Rupp, D. E., Woods, R. A., Freer, J. E., Gutmann, E. D., Wood, A. W., Gochis, D. J., Rasmussen, R. M., Tarboton, D. G., Mahat, V., Flerchinger, G. N., and Marks, D. G.: A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 2. Model implementation and case studies, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2515–2542, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017200, 2015b.
Coelho, B. B., Murray, R., Lapen, D., Topp, E., and Bruin, A.: Phosphorus and sediment loading to surface waters from liquid swine manure application under different drainage and tillage practices, Agric. Water Manag., 104, 51–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.10.020, 2012.
Cordeiro, M. R. C. and Ranjan, R. S.: Corn yield response to drainage and subirrigation in the Canadian Prairies, T. ASABE, 55, 1771–1780, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42369, 2012.
Cordeiro, M. R. C., Wilson, H. F., Vanrobaeys, J., Pomeroy, J. W., Fang, X., and The Red-Assiniboine Project Biophysical Modelling Team: Simulating cold-region hydrology in an intensively drained agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada, using the Cold Regions Hydrological Model, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3483–3506, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3483-2017, 2017.
Correll, D.: The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving waters: a review, J. Environ. Qual., 27, 261–266, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700020004x, 1998.
Costa, D., Burlando, P., and Liong, S.-Y.: Coupling spatially distributed river and groundwater transport models to investigate contaminant dynamics at river corridor scales. Environ. Modell. Softw., 86, 91–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.09.009, 2016.
Costa, D., Klenk, K., Knoben, W., Ireson, A., Spiteri, R. J., and Clark, M.: OpenWQ v.1: A multi-chemistry modelling framework to enable flexible, transparent, interoperable, and reproducible water quality simulations in existing hydro-models, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2787, 2023.
Costa, D., Baulch, H., Elliott, J., Pomeroy, J., and Wheater, H.: Modelling nutrient dynamics in cold agricultural catchments: A review, Environ. Model. Softw., 124, 104586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104586, 2020a.
Costa, D., Shook, K., Spence, C., Elliott, J., Baulch, H., Wilson, H., and Pomeroy, J.: Predicting variable contributing areas, hydrological connectivity, and solute transport pathways for a Canadian Prairie basin, Water Resour. Res., 56, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027984, 2020b.
Costa, D., Pomeroy, J. W., Brown, T., Baulch, H., Elliott, J., and Macrae, M.: Advances in the simulation of nutrient dynamics in cold climate agricultural basins: Developing new nitrogen and phosphorus modules for the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling Platform, J. Hydrol., 603, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126901, 2021.
Costa, D., Sutter, D., Shepherd, A., Jarvie, H., Wilson, H., Elliott, J., Liu, J., and Macrae, M.: Impact of climate change on catchment nutrient dynamics: insights from around the world, Environ. Rev., 31, 4–25, https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2021-0109, 2022.
De Ridder, N. A., Takes, C. A. P., van Someren, C. L., Bos, M. G., Messemaeckers van de Graaff, R. H., Bokkers, A. H. J., Stransky, J., Wiersma-Roche, M. F. L., and Beekman, T.: Drainage Principles and Applications, International Institute for Lan Reclamation and Improvement, P.O. Box 45, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 1974.
Du, B., Arnold, J. G., Saleh, A., and Jaynes, D. B.: Development and application of SWAT to landscapes with tiles and potholes, T. ASAE, 48, 1121–1133, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.18522, 2005.
Du, B., Saleh, A., Jaynes, D. B., and Arnold, J. G.: Evaluation of SWAT in simulating nitrate nitrogen and atrazine fates in a watershed with tiles and potholes, T. ASABE, 49, 949–959, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.21746, 2006.
ECCC: Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data, https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnProx&txtRadius=25&selCity=&selPark=&optProxType=custom&txtCentralLatDeg=43&txtCentralLatMin=41&txtCentralLatSec=55&txtCentralLongDeg=81&txtCentralLongMin=28&txtCentralLongSec=47&txtLatDecDeg=&txtLongDecDeg=&stnID=4545&dispBack=0, last access: 5 February 2020.
Environment Canada: Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data, https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=|&dlyRange=1966-06-01|2021-06-14&mlyRange=1966-01-01|2006-12-01&StationID=4603&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2022&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=6&Day=4&txtStationName=Wroxeter&timeframe=2&Year=2021, last access: 10 May 2020.
Fang, X., Pomeroy, J. W., Westbrook, C. J., Guo, X., Minke, A. G., and Brown, T.: Prediction of snowmelt derived streamflow in a wetland dominated prairie basin, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 991–1006, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-991-2010, 2010.
Fang, X., Pomeroy, J. W., Ellis, C. R., MacDonald, M. K., DeBeer, C. M., and Brown, T.: Multi-variable evaluation of hydrological model predictions for a headwater basin in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1635–1659, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1635-2013, 2013.
Filippelli, G. M.: The global phosphorus cycle, Rev. Mineral. and Geochem., 48, 391–425, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2002.48.10, 2002.
Frey, S. K., Hwang, H. T., Park, Y. J., Hussain, S. I., Gottschall, N., Edwards, M., and Lapen, D. R.: Dual permeability modeling of tile drain management influences on hydrologic and nutrient transport characteristics in macroporous soil, J. Hydrol., 535, 392–406, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.073, 2016.
Gentry, L. E., David, M. B., Royer, T. V., Mitchell, C. A., and Starks, K.: Phosphorus transport pathways to streams in tile-drained agricultural watersheds, J. Environ. Quality., 36, 408–415, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2006.0098, 2007.
García-Gutiérrez, C., Pachepsky, Y., and Martín, M. Á.: Technical note: Saturated hydraulic conductivity and textural heterogeneity of soils, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3923–3932, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3923-2018, 2018.
Green, C. H., Tomer, M. D., Di Luzio, M., and Arnold, J. G.: Hydrologic evaluation of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for large tile-drained watershed in Iowa, T. ASABE, 49, 413–422, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.20415, 2006.
Hansen, A. L., Jakobsen, R., Refsgaard, J. C., Hojberg, A. L., Iversen, B. V., and Kjaergaard, C.: Groundwater dynamics and effect of tile drainage on water flow across the redox interface in a Danish Weichsel till area, Adv. Water Resour., 123, 23–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2018.10.022, 2019.
Hirt, U., Wetzig, A., Amatya, M. D., and Matranga, M.: Impact of seasonality on artificial drainage discharge under temperate climate conditions, Int. Rev. Hydrobiol., 96, 561–577, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.201111274, 2011.
Hooghoudt, S. B.: Bijdrage tot de kennis van enige natuurkundige grootheden van de grand, Verslagen van Landbouwkundige Onderzoekingen, 46, 515–707, the Hague, The Netherlands, 1940 (in Dutch).
ICID: World Drained Area-2018, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, http://www.icid.org/world-drained-area.pdf (last access: 14 February 2019), 2018.
Jamieson, A., Madramootoo, C. A., and Enright, P.: Phosphorus losses in surface and subsurface runoff from a snowmelt event on an agricultural field in Quebec, Can. Biosyst. Eng., 45, 11–17, 2003.
Jarvie, H. P., Johnson, L. T., Sharpley, A. N., Smith, D. R., Baker, D. B., Bruulsema, T. W., and Confesor, R.: Increased Soluble Phosphorus Loads to Lake Erie: Unintended Consequences of Conservation Practices?, J. Environ. Qual., 46, 123–132, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2016.07.0248, 2017.
Javani-Jouni, H., Liaghat, A., Hassanoghli, A., and Henk, R.: Managing controlled drainage in irrigated farmers' fields: A case study in the Moghan Plain, Iran, Agric. Water Manag., 208, 393–405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.037, 2018.
Johnsen, K. E., Liu, H. H., Dane, J. H., Ahuja, L. R., and Workman, S. R.: Simulating Fluctuating Water Tables and Tile Drainage with a Modified Root Zone Water Quality Model and a New Model WAFLOWM, T. ASAE, 38, 75–83, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.27814, 1995.
Kiesel, J., Fohrer, N., Schmalz, B., and White, M. J.: Incorporating landscape depressions and tile drainages of a northern German lowland catchment into a semi-distributed model, Hydrol. Process., 24, 1472–1486, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7607, 2010.
King, K. W., Williams, M. R., Macrae, M. L., Fausey, N. R., Frankenberger, J., Smith, D. R., Kleinman, P. A. J., and Brown, L. C.: Phosphorus transport in agricultural subsurface drainage: A review, J. Environ. Qual., 44, 467–485, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.04.0163, 2015.
King, K. W., Williams, M. R., and Fausey, N. R.: Effect of crop type and season on nutrient leaching to tile drainage under a corn-soybean rotation, J. Soil Water Conserv., 71, 56–68, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.1.56, 2016.
Kladivko, E. J., Grochulska, J., Turco, R. F., Van Scoyoc, G. E., and Eigel, J. D.: Pesticide and nitrate transport into subsurface tile drains of different spacings, J. Environ. Qual., 28, 997–1004, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800030033x, 1999.
Klaiber, L. B., Kramer, S. R., and Young, E. O.: Impacts of Tile Drainage on Phosphorus Losses from Edge-of-field Plots in the Lake Champlain Basin of New York, Water, 12, 328, https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020328, 2020.
Koch, S., Bauwe, A., and Lennartz, B.: Application of SWAT Model for a Tile-Drained Lowland Catchment in North-Eastern Germany on Subbasin Scale, Water Resour. Manage., 27, 791–805, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-012-0215-x, 2013.
Kokulan, V., Macrae, M. L., Ali, G. A., and Lobb, D. A.: Hydroclimatic controls on runoff activation in a artificially drained, near-level vertisolic clay landscape in a Prairie climate, Hydrol. Process., 33, 602–615, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13347, 2019.
Lam, W. V., Macrae, M. L., English, M. C., O'Halloran, I. P., Plach, J. M., and Wang, Y.: Seasonal and event-based drives of runoff and phosphorus export through agricultural tile drains under sandy loam soil in a cool temperate region, Hydrol. Process., 30, 2644–2656, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10871, 2016a.
Lam, W. V., Macrae, M. L., English, M. C., O'Halloran, I., and Wang, Y.: Effects of tillage practices on phosphorus transport in tile drain effluent in sandy loam agricultural soils in Ontario, Canada, J. Great Lakes Res., 42, 1260–1270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.12.015, 2016b.
Lindstrom, G., Pers, C., Rosberg, J., Stromqvist, J., and Arheimer, B.: Development and testing of the HYPE (Hydrological Predictions for the Environment) water quality model for different scales, Hydrol. Res., 41, 295–319, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2010.007, 2010.
Logsdon, S. D., Schilling, K. E., Hernandez-Ramirez, G., Prueger, J. H., Hatfield, J. L., and Sauer, T. J.: Field estimation of specific yield in a central Iowa crop field, Hydrol. Process., 24, 1369–1377, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7600, 2010.
Macrae, M. L., English, M. C., Schiff, S. L., and Stone, M. L.: Intra-annual variability in the contribution of tile drains to basin discharge and phosphorus export in a first order agricultural catchment, Agric. Water Manag., 92, 171–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.05.015, 2007.
Macrae, M. L., Ali, G. A., King, K. W., Plach, J. M., Pluer, W. T., Williams, M., Morison, M. Q., and Tang, W.: Evaluating Hydrologic Response in Tile-Drained Landscapes: Implications for Phosphorus Transport, J. Environ. Qual., 48, 1347–1355, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2019.02.0060, 2019.
Malzone, J. M., Lowry, C. S., and Ward, A. S.: Response of the hyporheic zone to transient groundwater fluctuations on the annual and storm event time scales, Water Resour. Res., 52, 5301–5321, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018056, 2016.
Mizukami, N., Clark, M. P., Sampson, K., Nijssen, B., Mao, Y., McMillan, H., Viger, R. J., Markstrom, S. L., Hay, L. E., Woods, R., Arnold, J. R., and Brekke, L. D.: mizuRoute version 1: a river network routing tool for a continental domain water resources applications, Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 2223–2238, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-2223-2016, 2016.
Moriasi, D. N., Arnold, J. G., Van Liew, M. W., Bingner, R. L., Harmel, R. D., and Veith, T. L.: Model Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of Accuracy in Watershed Simulations, T. ASABE, 50, 885–900, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153, 2007.
Moriasi, D. N., Gowda, P. H., Arnold, J. G., Mulla, D. J., Ale, S., Steiner, J. L., and Tomer, M. D.: Evaluation of the Hooghoudt and Kirkham Tile Drain Equations in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to Simulate Tile Flow and Nitrate-Nitrogen, J. Environ. Qual., 42, 1699–1710, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.01.0018, 2013.
OMAFRA: Tile Drainage Area, Government of Ontario, Canada, https://geohub.lio.gov.on.ca/datasets/ontarioca11::tile-drainage-area/explore?showTable=true (last access: 15 June 2024), 2023.
Plach, J. M., Macrae, M. L., Ali, G. A., Brunke, R. R., English, M. C., Ferguson, G., Lam, W. V., Lozier, T. M., McKague, K., O'Halloran, I. P., Opolko, G., and Van Esbroeck, C. J.: Supply and Transport Limitations on Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Fields in the Lower Great Lakes Region, Canada, J. Environ. Qual., 47, 96–105, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2017.06.0234, 2018a.
Plach, J. M., Macrae, M. L., Williams, M. R., Lee, B. D., and King, K. W.: Dominant glacial landforms of the lower Great Lakes region exhibit different soil phosphorus chemistry and potential risk for phosphorus loss, J. Great Lakes Res., 44, 1057–1067, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2018.07.005, 2018b.
Plach, J., Pluer, W., Macrae, M., Kompanizare, M., McKague, K., Carlow, R., and Brunke, R.: Agricultural Edge of Field Phosphorus Losses in Ontario, Canada: Importance of the Nongrowing Season in Cold Regions, J. Environ. Qual., 48, 813–821, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2018.11.0418, 2019.
Pluer, W. T., Macrae, M., Buckley, A., and Reid, K.: Contribution of preferential flow to tile drainage varies spatially and temporally, Vadose Zone J., 19, e20043, https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20043, 2020.
Pomeroy, J. W., Gray, D. M., Shook, K. R., Toth, B., Essery, R. L. H., Pietroniro, A., and Hedstrom, N. R.: An evaluation of snow accumulation and ablation processes for land surface modelling, Hydrol. Process., 12, 2339–2367, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199812)12:15<2339::AID-HYP800>3.0.CO;2-L, 1998.
Pomeroy, J. W., Gray, D. M., Brown, T., Hedstrom, N. R., Quinton, W. L., Granger, R. J., and Carey, S. K.: The cold regions hydrological model: a platform for basing process representation and model structure on physical evidence, Hydrol. Process., 21, 2650–2667, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6787, 2007.
Pomeroy, J. W., Fang, X., Shook, K., and Whitfield, P. H.: Predicting in ungauged basins using physical principles obtained using the deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning approach. Putting prediction in ungauged basins into practice, in: Canadian Water Resources Association Conference, https://www.merrittnet.org/Papers/Pomeroy_et_al_2013_3.pdf (last access: 15 June 2024), 2013.
Pomeroy, J. W., Fang, X., and Marks, D. G.: The cold rain-on-snow event of June 2013 in the Canadian Rockies – characteristics and diagnosis, Hydrol. Process., 30, 2899–2914, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10905, 2016.
Pomeroy, J. W., Brown, T., Fang, X., Shook, K. R., Pradhananga, D., Armstrong, R., Harder, P., Marsh, C., Costa, D., Krogh, S. A., Aubry-Wake, C., Annand, H., Lawford, P., He, Z., Kompanizare, M., and Lopez Moreno, J. I.: The cold regions hydrological modelling platform for hydrological diagnosis and prediction based on process understanding, J. Hydrol., 615, 128711, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128711, 2022.
Qi, P., Zhang, G., Xu, Y. J., Wang, L., Ding, C., and Cheng, C.: Assessing the Influence of Precipitation on Shallow Groundwater Table Response Using Combination of Singular Value Decomposition and Cross-Wavelet Approaches, Water, 10, 598, https://doi.org/10.3390/w10050598, 2018.
Quinton, J. G., Govers, G., van Oost, K., and Bardgett, R.: The impact of agricultural soil erosion on biochemical cycling, Nat. Geosci., 3, 311–314, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo838, 2010.
Raats, P. A. C. and Gardner, W. R.: Movement of water in saturated zone near a water table, Ch. 13 in Drainage for agriculture, edited by: Schilfgaarde, J. van, Agronomy Monograph No. 17, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, 331–357, 1974.
Radcliffe, D. E., Reid, D. K., Blomback, K., Bolster, C. H., Collick, A. S., Easton, Z. M., Francesconi, W., Fuka, D. R., Johnsson, H., King, K., Larsbo, M., Youssef, M. A., Mulkey, A. S., Nelson, N. O., Persson, K., Ramirez-Avila, J. J., Schmieder, F., and Smith, D. R.: Applicability of Models to Predict Phosphorus Losses in Drained Fields: A Review, J. Environ. Qual., 44, 614–628, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.05.0220, 2015.
Rahman, M. M., Lin, Z., Jia, X., Steele, D. D., and DeSutter, T. M.: Impact of subsurface drainage on streamflows in Red River of the North basin, J. Hydrol., 511, 474–483, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.01.070, 2014.
Refsgaard, J. C. and Storm, B.: MIKE SHE, in: Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, Water Resources Publications, Highlands Ranch, Colorado, 809–846, 1995.
Richards L. A.: Capillary conduction of liquids through porous medium, Physics, 1, 318–333, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745010, 1931.
Rozemeijer, J. C., Visser, A., Borren, W., Winegram, M., van der Velde, Y., Klein, J., and Broers, H. P.: High-frequency monitoring of water fluxes and nutrient loads to assess the effects of controlled drainage on water storage and nutrient transport, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 347–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-347-2016, 2016.
Rust, W., Holman, I., Bloomfield, J., Cuthbert, M., and Corstanje, R.: Understanding the potential of climate teleconnections to project future groundwater drought, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3233–3245, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3233-2019, 2019.
Ruttenberg, K. (Ed.): The global phosphorus cycle, in: Biochemistry, Vol. 8, treatiseon geochemistry, Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, 585–643, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08153-6, 2005.
Searcy, J. and Hardison, C. H.: Double – Mass Curves. Manual of Hydrology: Part 1, General Surface-Water Techniques, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1541-B, https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1541b/report.pdf (last access: 15 June 2024), 1960.
Schindler, D. W.: Recent advances in the understanding and management of eutrophication, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 356–363, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0356, 2006.
Sharpley, A. N., Hedley, M. J., Sibbesen, E., Hillbricht-Ilkowska, A., House, W. A., and Ryszkowski, L.: Phosphorus transfers from terrestrial to aquiatic ecosystems, edited by: Tiessen, H., Phosphorus in the Global Environment: Transfers, Cycles and Management, SCOPE 54, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 169–199, ISSN 0271-972X, 1995.
Simunek, J., Brunetti, G., Jacques, D., van Genuchten, M. Th., and Sejna, M.: Developments and applications of the HYDRUS computer software packages since 2016, Vados Zone J., e20310, https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20310, 2024.
Skaggs, R. W.: A water management model for shallow water table soils, Technical Report No. 134, Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina, N. C. State University, Raleigh, 128 pp., 1978.
Skaggs, R. W.: Combination surface-subsurface drainage systems for humid regions, J. Irrig. Drain. Div., ASCE, 106, 265–283, 1980a.
Skaggs, R. W.: Drainmod Reference Report, Methods for Design and Evaluation of Drainage-Water Management Systems for Soils with High Water Tables, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1980b.
Skaggs, R. W., Wells, L. G., and Ghate, S. R.: Predicted and measured drainable porosities for field soils, T. ASAE, 21, 522–528, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.35337, 1978.
Skaggs, R. W., Youssef, M. A., and Chescheir, G. M.: DRAINMOD: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation, T. ASABE, 55, 1509–1522, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42259, 2012.
Smedema, L. K., Vlotman, W. F., and Rycroft, D.: Modern land Drainage. Planning, design and management of agricultural drainage systems, Taylor & Francis, London, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482283860, 2004.
Smith, D. R., King, K. W., Johnson, L., Francesconi, W., Richards, P., Baker, D., and Sharpley, A. N.: Surface runoff and tile drainage transport of phosphorus in the Midwestern United States, J. Environ. Qual., 44, 495–502, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.04.0176, 2015.
Tomer, M. D., Meek, D. W., Jaynes, D. B., and Hatfield, J. L.: Evaluation of nitrate nitrogen fluxes from a tile-drained watershed in Central Iowa, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 642–653, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.6420, 2003.
Twarakavi, N. K. C., Sakai, M., and Simunek, J.: An objective analysis of the dynamic nature of field capacity, Water Resour. Res., 45, W10410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007944, 2009.
Van Esbroeck, C. J., Macrae, M. L., Brunke, R. I., and McKague, K.: Annual and seasonal phosphorus export in surface runoff and tile drainage from agricultural fields with cold temperate climates, J. Great Lakes Res., 42, 1271–1280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.12.014, 2016.
Van Esbroeck, C. J., Macrae, M. L., Brunke, R. R., and McKague, K.: Surface and subsurface phosphorus export from agricultural fields during peak flow events over the nongrowing season in regions with cool, temperate climates, J. Soil Water Conserv., 72, 65–76, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.72.1.65, 2017.
Vaughan, P. J., Suarez, D. L., Simunek, J., Corwin, D. L., and Rhoades, J. D.: Role of Groundwater Flow in Tile Drain Discharge, J. Environ. Qual., 28, 403–410, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800020006x, 1999.
Vidon, P. and Cuadra, P. E.: Impact of precipitation characteristics on soil hydrology in tile drained landscapes, Hydrol. Process., 24, 1821–1833, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7627, 2010.
Vivekananthan, K.: Environmental and Economic Consequences of Tile Drainage Systems in Canada, The Canadian Agri-Food Policy Institute, https://capi-icpa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-06-14-CAPI-Vivekananthan-Kokulan-Paper-WEB-1.pdf (last access: 15 June 2024), 2019.
Vivekananthan, K., Macrae, M., Lobb, D. A., and Ali, G. A.: Contribution of overland and tile flow to runoff and nutrient losses from vertisols in Manitoba, Canada, J. Environ. Qual., 48, 959–965, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2019.03.0103, 2019.
Waichler, S. R. and Wigmosta, M. S.: Development of Hourly Meteorological Values from Daily Data and Significance to Hydrological Modeling at H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Am. Meteorol. Soc., 4, 251–263, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)4<251:DOHMVF>2.0.CO;2, 2003.
Williams, M. R., King, K. W., and Fausey, N. R.: Drainage water management effects on tile discharge and water quality, Agric. Water Manag., 148, 43–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.09.017, 2015.
Williams, M. R., King, K. W., Ford, W., Buda, A. R., and Kennedy, C. D.: Effect of tillage on macropore flow and phosphorus transport to tile drains, Water Resour. Res., 52, 2868–2882, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017650, 2016.
Williams, M. R., Livingston, S. J., Heathman, G. C., and McAfee, S. J.: Thresholds for run-off generation in a drained closed depression, Hydrol. Process., 33, 18, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13477, 2019.
Youngs, E. G.: Effect of the Capillary fringe on Steady-State Water Tables in drained Lands, J. Irrig. Drain. Eng., 138, 809–814, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000467, 2012.
Short summary
A new agricultural tile drainage module was developed in the Cold Region Hydrological Model platform. Tile flow and water levels are simulated by considering the effect of capillary fringe thickness, drainable water and seasonal regional groundwater dynamics. The model was applied to a small well-instrumented farm in southern Ontario, Canada, where there are concerns about the impacts of agricultural drainage into Lake Erie.
A new agricultural tile drainage module was developed in the Cold Region Hydrological Model...
