Articles | Volume 25, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-927-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-927-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Feb 2021
Research article |
| 24 Feb 2021
| 24 Feb 2021
Using soil water isotopes to infer the influence of contrasting urban green space on ecohydrological partitioning
Lena-Marie Kuhlemann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany
Doerthe Tetzlaff
Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489 Berlin, Germany
Northern Rivers Institute, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary’s Building, Kings College, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland
Aaron Smith
Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
Birgit Kleinschmit
Institute of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 145, 10623 Berlin, Germany
Chris Soulsby
Northern Rivers Institute, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary’s Building, Kings College, Old Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland
Chair of Water Resources Management and Modeling of Hydrosystems, Technical University Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
Related authors
Mikael Gillefalk, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Reinhard Hinkelmann, Lena-Marie Kuhlemann, Aaron Smith, Fred Meier, Marco P. Maneta, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3635–3652, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model to quantify water flux–storage–age interactions for three urban vegetation types: trees, shrub and grass. The model results showed that evapotranspiration increased in the order shrub < grass < trees during one growing season. Additionally, we could show how
infiltration hotspotscreated by runoff from sealed onto vegetated surfaces can enhance both evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
Maria Magdalena Warter, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Chris Soulsby, Tobias Goldhammer, Daniel Gebler, Kati Vierikko, and Michael T. Monaghan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 2707–2725, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2707-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-2707-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
There is a lack of understanding of how urban aquatic nature-based solutions (aquaNBSs) affect ecohydrology and how they in turn are affected by urbanization and climate change. We use a multi-tracer approach of stable water isotopes, hydrochemistry, and microbial and macrophyte diversity to disentangle the effects of hydroclimate and urbanization. The results show potential limitations of aquaNBSs regarding water quality and biodiversity in response to hydroclimate and urban water sources.
Cong Jiang, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Songjun Wu, Christian Birkel, Hjalmar Laudon, and Chris Soulsby
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2533, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2533, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We used a modelling approach supported by stable water isotopes to explore how forest management – such as conifer, broadleaf, and mixed tree–crop systems – affects water distribution and drought resilience in a drought-sensitive region of Germany. By representing forest type, density, and rooting depth, the model helps quantify and show how land use choices affect water availability and supports better land and water management decisions.
Hanwu Zheng, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Christian Birkel, Songjun Wu, Tobias Sauter, and Chris Soulsby
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2166, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2166, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Ecohydrological processes in heavily managed catchments are often incorrectly represented in models. We applied a tracer-aided model STARR in an ET-dominated region (the Middle Spree, NE Germany) with major management impacts. Water isotopes were useful in identifying runoff contributions and partitioning ET even at sparse resolution. Trade-offs between discharge- and isotope-based calibrations could be partially mitigated by integrating more process-based conceptualizations into the model.
Ann-Marie Ring, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Christian Birkel, and Chris Soulsby
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1444, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
During summer drought, a clear sub-daily cycling of atmospheric water vapour isotopes (δv) and plant xylem water isotopes (δxyl) was observed. δv daytime depletion was driven by evaporation and local atmospheric factors (entrainment). δxyl daytime enrichment was consistent with limited sap flow and stomatal regulation of transpiration. Water limitations during drought in urban trees are visible in δxyl and ecohydrological data. This sub-daily dataset can help constrain ecohydrological models.
Katharina H. Horn, Stenka Vulova, Hanyu Li, and Birgit Kleinschmit
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 383–401, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-383-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-383-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we applied a random forest machine learning algorithm to model current and future forest fire susceptibility (FFS) in north-eastern Germany using anthropogenic, climatic, topographic, soil, and vegetation variables. Model accuracy ranged between 69 % and 71 %, showing moderately high model reliability for predicting FFS. The model results underline the importance of anthropogenic and vegetation parameters. This study will support regional forest fire prevention and management.
Maria Magdalena Warter, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Christian Marx, and Chris Soulsby
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3907–3924, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3907-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3907-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Streams are increasingly impacted by droughts and floods. Still, the amount of water needed for sustainable flows remains unclear and contested. A comparison of two streams in the Berlin–Brandenburg region of northeast Germany, using stable water isotopes, shows strong groundwater dependence with seasonal rainfall contributing to high/low flows. Understanding streamflow variability can help us assess the impacts of climate change on future water resource management.
Salim Goudarzi, Chris Soulsby, Jo Smith, Jamie Lee Stevenson, Alessandro Gimona, Scot Ramsay, Alison Hester, Iris Aalto, and Josie Geris
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2258, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2258, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Planting trees on farmlands is now considered as one of the potential solutions to climate change. Trees can suck CO2 out of our atmosphere and store it in their trunks and in the soil beneath them. They can promote biodiversity, protect against soil erosion and drought. They can even help reduce flood risk for downstream communities. But we need models that can tell us the likely impact of trees at different locations and scales. Our study provides such a model.
Doerthe Tetzlaff, Aaron Smith, Lukas Kleine, Hauke Daempfling, Jonas Freymueller, and Chris Soulsby
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1543–1554, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1543-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1543-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a comprehensive set of ecohydrological hydrometric and stable water isotope data of 2 years of data. The data set is unique as the different compartments of the landscape were sampled and the effects of a prolonged drought (2018–2020) captured by a marked negative rainfall anomaly (the most severe regional drought of the 21st century). Thus, the data allow the drought effects on water storage, flux and age dynamics, and persistence of lowland landscapes to be investigated.
Steve Ahlswede, Christian Schulz, Christiano Gava, Patrick Helber, Benjamin Bischke, Michael Förster, Florencia Arias, Jörn Hees, Begüm Demir, and Birgit Kleinschmit
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 681–695, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Imagery from air and space is the primary source of large-scale forest mapping. Our study introduces a new dataset with over 50000 image patches prepared for deep learning tasks. We show how the information for 20 European tree species can be extracted from different remote sensing sensors. Our algorithms can detect single species with precision scores up to 88 %. With a pixel size of 20×20 cm, forestry administration can now derive large-scale tree species maps at a very high resolution.
Xiaoqiang Yang, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Chris Soulsby, and Dietrich Borchardt
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-239, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-239, 2022
Preprint retracted
Short summary
Short summary
We develop the catchment water quality assessment platform HiWaQ v1.0, which is compatible with multiple hydrological model structures. The nitrogen module (HiWaQ-N) and its coupling tests with two contrasting grid-based hydrological models demonstrate the robustness of the platform in estimating catchment N dynamics. With the unique design of the coupling flexibility, HiWaQ can leverage advancements in hydrological modelling and advance integrated catchment water quantity-quality assessments.
Guangxuan Li, Xi Chen, Zhicai Zhang, Lichun Wang, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5515–5534, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5515-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5515-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a coupled flow–tracer model to understand the effects of passive storage on modeling hydrological function and isotope dynamics in a karst flow system. Models with passive storages show improvement in matching isotope dynamics performance, and the improved performance also strongly depends on the number and location of passive storages. Our results also suggested that the solute transport is primarily controlled by advection and hydrodynamic dispersion in the steep hillslope unit.
Aaron Smith, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Jessica Landgraf, Maren Dubbert, and Chris Soulsby
Biogeosciences, 19, 2465–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2465-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2465-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This research utilizes high-spatiotemporal-resolution soil and vegetation measurements, including water stable isotopes, within an ecohydrological model to partition water flux dynamics and identify flow paths and durations. Results showed high vegetation water use and high spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation water source and vegetation isotopes. The evaluation of these dynamics further revealed relatively fast flow paths through both shallow soil and vegetation.
Jessica Landgraf, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Maren Dubbert, David Dubbert, Aaron Smith, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2073–2092, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2073-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2073-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using water stable isotopes, we studied from which water source (lake water, stream water, groundwater, or soil water) two willows were taking their water. We monitored the environmental conditions (e.g. air temperature and soil moisture) and the behaviour of the trees (water flow in the stem). We found that the most likely water sources of the willows were the upper soil layers but that there were seasonal dynamics.
Alby Duarte Rocha, Stenka Vulova, Christiaan van der Tol, Michael Förster, and Birgit Kleinschmit
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1111–1129, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a sum of soil evaporation and plant transpiration. ET produces a cooling effect to mitigate heat waves in urban areas. Our method uses a physical model with remote sensing and meteorological data to predict hourly ET. Designed for uniform vegetation, it overestimated urban ET. To correct it, we create a factor using vegetation fraction that proved efficient for reducing bias and improving accuracy. This approach was tested on two Berlin sites and can be used to map ET.
Aaron J. Neill, Christian Birkel, Marco P. Maneta, Doerthe Tetzlaff, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4861–4886, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4861-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4861-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Structural changes (cover and height of vegetation plus tree canopy characteristics) to forests during regeneration on degraded land affect how water is partitioned between streamflow, groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. Partitioning most strongly deviates from baseline conditions during earlier stages of regeneration with dense forest, while recovery may be possible as the forest matures and opens out. This has consequences for informing sustainable landscape restoration strategies.
Mikael Gillefalk, Dörthe Tetzlaff, Reinhard Hinkelmann, Lena-Marie Kuhlemann, Aaron Smith, Fred Meier, Marco P. Maneta, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3635–3652, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3635-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model to quantify water flux–storage–age interactions for three urban vegetation types: trees, shrub and grass. The model results showed that evapotranspiration increased in the order shrub < grass < trees during one growing season. Additionally, we could show how
infiltration hotspotscreated by runoff from sealed onto vegetated surfaces can enhance both evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge.
Aaron Smith, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Lukas Kleine, Marco Maneta, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2239–2259, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a tracer-aided ecohydrological model on a mixed land use catchment in northeastern Germany to quantify water flux–storage–age interactions at four model grid resolutions. The model's ability to reproduce spatio-temporal flux–storage–age interactions decreases with increasing model grid sizes. Similarly, larger model grids showed vegetation-influenced changes in blue and green water partitioning. Simulations reveal the value of measured soil and stream isotopes for model calibration.
Jenna R. Snelgrove, James M. Buttle, Matthew J. Kohn, and Dörthe Tetzlaff
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2169–2186, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Co-evolution of plant and soil water isotopic composition throughout the growing season in a little-studied northern mixed forest landscape was explored. Marked inter-specific differences in the isotopic composition of xylem water relative to surrounding soil water occurred, despite thin soil cover constraining inter-species differences in rooting depths. We provide potential explanations for differences in temporal evolution of xylem water isotopic composition in this northern landscape.
Benjamin Fersch, Till Francke, Maik Heistermann, Martin Schrön, Veronika Döpper, Jannis Jakobi, Gabriele Baroni, Theresa Blume, Heye Bogena, Christian Budach, Tobias Gränzig, Michael Förster, Andreas Güntner, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Mandy Kasner, Markus Köhli, Birgit Kleinschmit, Harald Kunstmann, Amol Patil, Daniel Rasche, Lena Scheiffele, Ulrich Schmidt, Sandra Szulc-Seyfried, Jannis Weimar, Steffen Zacharias, Marek Zreda, Bernd Heber, Ralf Kiese, Vladimir Mares, Hannes Mollenhauer, Ingo Völksch, and Sascha Oswald
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2289–2309, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2289-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2289-2020, 2020
Cited articles
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M.: Crop evapotranspiration – Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 1998. a
Allen, S. T., Kirchner, J. W., Braun, S., Siegwolf, R. T. W., and Goldsmith, G. R.: Seasonal origins of soil water used by trees, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1199–1210, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1199-2019, 2019. a
Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg: Bevölkerungsstand 2018, available at: https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/BasisZeitreiheGrafik/Bas-Bevoelkerungsstand.asp?Ptyp=300&Sageb=12015&creg=BBB&anzwer=6, last access: 10 August 2020. a
Asawa, T., Kiyono, T., and Hoyano, A.: Continuous measurement of whole-tree water balance for studying urban tree transpiration, Hydrol. Process, 31, 3056–3068, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11244, 2017. a, b
Bijoor, N. S., McCarthy, H. R., Zhang, D., and Pataki, D. E.: Water sources of urban trees in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, Urban Ecosyst., 15, 195–214, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0196-1, 2011. a, b
Buras, A., Rammig, A., and Zang, C. S.: Quantifying impacts of the 2018 drought on European ecosystems in comparison to 2003, Biogeosciences, 17, 1655–1672, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1655-2020, 2020. a, b
Clark, I. and Fritz, P.: Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology, Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, 1997. a
Douinot, A., Tetzlaff, D., Maneta, M., Kuppel, S., Schulte‐Bisping, H., and Soulsby, C.: Ecohydrological modelling with Ech2O‐iso to quantify forest and grassland effects on water partitioning and flux ages, Hydrol. Process., 33, 2174–2191, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13480, 2019. a, b, c
Ehleringer, J. R., Barnette, J. E., Jameel, Y., Tipple, B. J., and Bowen, G. J.: Urban water – a new frontier in isotope hydrology, Isotopes Environ. Health Stud., 52, 477–486, https://doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2016.1171217, 2016. a
Fletcher, T. D., Andrieu, H., and Hamel, P.: Understanding, management and modelling of urban hydrology and its consequences for receiving waters: A state of the art, Adv. Water Resour., 51, 261–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.09.001, 2013. a, b, c, d
Friedrich, K. and Kasper, F.: Rückblick auf das Jahr 2018 – das bisher wärmste Jahr in Deutschland, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Abteilung Klimaüberwachung, 2019. a
Geodaten der Deutschen Landesvermessung (GeoBasis-DE)/ Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie (BKG): Digitale Geodaten, 2013.
Geoportal Berlin: Digitale farbige Orthophotos 2018 (DOP20RGB), available at: https://fbinter.stadt-berlin.de/fb/berlin/service_intern.jsp?id=a_luftbild2018_rgb@senstadt&type=FEED (last access: 3 March 2020), 2018.
Geris, J., Tetzlaff, D., McDonnell, J., and Soulsby, C.: The relative role of soil type and tree cover on water storage and transmission in northern headwater catchments, Hydrol. Process., 29, 1844–1860, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10289, 2015. a, b
Gerstengarbe, F.-W., Badeck, F., Hattermann, F., Krysanova, V., Lahmer, W., Lasch, P., Stock, M., Suckow, F., Wechsung, F., and Werner, P. C.: Studie zur klimatischen Entwicklung im Land Brandenburg bis 2055 und deren Auswirkungen auf den Wasserhaushalt, die Forst- und Landwirtschaft sowie die Ableitung erster Perspektiven, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), 2003 (in German). a
Gessner, M. O., Hinkelmann, R., Nützmann, G., Jekel, M., Singer, G., Lewandowski, J., Nehls, T., and Barjenbruch, M.: Urban water interfaces, J. Hydrol., 514, 226–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.021, 2014. a
Gómez‐Navarro, C., Pataki, D. E., Bowen, G. J., and Oerter, E. J.: Spatiotemporal variability in water sources of urban soils and trees in the semiarid, irrigated Salt Lake Valley, Ecohydrology, 12, e2154, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.2154, 2019. a, b, c, d
Gralher, B., Herbstritt, B., Weiler, M., Wassenaar, L. I., and Stumpp, C.: Correcting for Biogenic Gas Matrix Effects on Laser-Based Pore Water-Vapor Stable Isotope Measurements, Vadose Zone J., 17, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2017.08.0157, 2018. a
Granier, A.: Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements, Tree Physiol., 3, 309–320, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/3.4.309, 1987. a, b
Gunawardena, K. R., Wells, M. J., and Kershaw, T.: Utilising green and bluespace to mitigate urban heat island intensity, Sci. Total Environ., 584–585, 1040–1055, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.158, 2017. a, b, c
Gupta, H. V., Kling, H., Yilmaz, K. K., and Martinez-Baquero, G. F.: Decomposition of the Mean Squared Error and NSE Performance Criteria: Implications for Improving Hydrological Modelling, J. Hydrol., 377, 80–91, 2009. a
Hathway, E. A. and Sharples, S.: The interaction of rivers and urban form in mitigating the Urban Heat Island effect: A UK case study, Build. Environ., 58, 14–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.013, 2012. a
Hendry, M. J., Schmeling, E., Wassenaar, L. I., Barbour, S. L., and Pratt, D.: Determining the stable isotope composition of pore water from saturated and unsaturated zone core: improvements to the direct vapour equilibration laser spectrometry method, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4427–4440, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4427-2015, 2015. a
Hughes, C. E. and Crawford, J.: A new precipitation weighted method for determining the meteoric water line for hydrological applications demonstrated using Australian and global GNIP data, J. Hydrol., 464–465, 344–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.07.029, 2012. a
Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J.: Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology, 1 ed., Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1998. a
Kleine, L., Tetzlaff, D., Smith, A., Wang, H., and Soulsby, C.: Using water stable isotopes to understand evaporation, moisture stress, and re-wetting in catchment forest and grassland soils of the summer drought of 2018, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3737–3752, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3737-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d
Kuhlemann, L. M., Tetzlaff, D., and Soulsby, C.: Urban water systems under climate stress: An isotopic perspective from Berlin, Germany, Hydrol. Process., 34, 3758–3776, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13850, 2020a. a, b, c
Kuhlemann, L.-M., Tetzlaff, D., Smith, A., Kleinschmit, B., and Soulsby, C.: Soil Moisture data for grassland, shrub and trees at the Steglitz Urban Ecohydrological Observatory, https://doi.org/10.18728/566.0, 2020b. a
Langendijk, G. S., Rechid, D., and Jacob, D.: Urban Areas and Urban–Rural Contrasts under Climate Change: What Does the EURO-CORDEX Ensemble Tell Us? – Investigating near Surface Humidity in Berlin and Its Surroundings, Atmosphere-Basel, 10, 730, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120730, 2019. a
Lansu, E. M., van Heerwaarden, C. C., Stegehuis, A. I., and Teuling, A. J.: Atmospheric Aridity and Apparent Soil Moisture Drought in European Forest During Heat Waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087091, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087091, 2020. a
McGuire, K. J. and McDonnell, J. J.: A review and evaluation of catchment transit time modeling, J. Hydrol., 330, 543–563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.020, 2006. a
Miller, D. L., Alonzo, M., Roberts, D. A., Tague, C. L., and McFadden, J. P.: Drought response of urban trees and turfgrass using airborne imaging spectroscopy, Remote Sens. Environ., 240, 111646, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111646, 2020. a, b, c
Nouri, H., Glenn, E., Beecham, S., Chavoshi Boroujeni, S., Sutton, P., Alaghmand, S., Noori, B., and Nagler, P.: Comparing Three Approaches of Evapotranspiration Estimation in Mixed Urban Vegetation: Field-Based, Remote Sensing-Based and Observational-Based Methods, Remote Sens., 8, 492, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060492, 2016. a
Nouri, H., Chavoshi Borujeni, S., and Hoekstra, A. Y.: The blue water footprint of urban green spaces: An example for Adelaide, Australia, Landscape Urban Plan., 190, 103613, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103613, 2019. a, b, c, d
Oerter, E. J. and Bowen, G.: In situ monitoring of H and O stable isotopes in soil water reveals ecohydrologic dynamics in managed soil systems, Ecohydrology, 10, e1841, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1841, 2017. a, b, c
Oerter, E. J. and Bowen, G. J.: Spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in soil water stable isotopic composition and its ecohydrologic implications in semiarid ecosystems, Hydrol. Process., 33, 1724–1738, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13434, 2019. a, b
Peters, E. B., Hiller, R. V., and McFadden, J. P.: Seasonal contributions of vegetation types to suburban evapotranspiration, J. Geophys. Res., 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jg001463, 2011. a
Schirmer, M., Leschik, S., and Musolff, A.: Current research in urban hydrogeology – A review, Adv. Water Resour., 51, 280–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.06.015, 2013. a, b, c
Senate Department for Urban Development (SenStadt): Berlin Environmental Atlas: Map 02.07 – Depth to the Water Table, available at: https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/eid207.htm (last access: 10 August 2020), 2010a. a
Senate Department for Urban Development (SenStadt): Berlin Environmental Atlas: Map 01.08 – Terrain Elevations, available at: https://fbinter.stadt-berlin.de/fb/index.jsp?loginkey=showMap&mapId=ek01_08dgm2009@esenstadt&Szenario=fb_en (last access: 10 August 2020), 2010b. a
Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing (SenStadtWoh): Berlin Environmental Atlas: Map 01.02 Impervious Soil Coverage (Sealing of Soil Surface), Accompanying text, available at: https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/e_text/ekd102.pdf (last access: 10 August 2020), 2017. a
Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing (SenStadtWoh): Berlin Environmental Atlas: Map 01.06 – Soil-Scientific Characteristic Values, available at: https://fbinter.stadt-berlin.de/fb/index.jsp?loginkey=showMap&mapId=wmsk01_06_01bodart2015@senstadt (last access: 21 August 2020), 2018. a
Senate Department for Urban Development and Housing (SenStadtWoh): Berlin Environmental Atlas, Map 02.13: Surface Runoff, Percolation, Total Runoff and Evaporation from Precipitation, Accompanying text, available at: https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/e_text/ekd213.pdf (last access: 10 December 2020), 2019. a, b
Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection (SenUVK): Grünflächeninformationssystem (GRIS): Anteil öffentlicher Grünflächen in Berlin, available at: https://www.berlin.de/senuvk/umwelt/stadtgruen/gruenanlagen/de/daten_fakten/downloads/ausw_5.pdf (last access: 10 August 2020), 2019a. a, b, c
Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection (SenUVK): Grünflächeninformationssystem (GRIS): Öffentliche Grünflächen in Berlin – Flächenübersicht der Bezirke, 31.12.2019, available at: https://www.berlin.de/senuvk/umwelt/stadtgruen/gruenanlagen/de/daten_fakten/downloads/ausw_13.pdf (last access: 10 August 2020), 2019b. a
Smith, A., Tetzlaff, D., Kleine, L., Maneta, M. P., and Soulsby, C.: Isotope‐aided modelling of ecohydrologic fluxes and water ages under mixed land use in Central Europe: The 2018 drought and its recovery, Hydrol. Process., 34, 3406–3425, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13838, 2020. a, b, c, d
Soulsby, C., Braun, H., Sprenger, M., Weiler, M., and Tetzlaff, D.: Influence of forest and shrub canopies on precipitation partitioning and isotopic signatures, Hydrol. Process., 31, 4282–4296, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11351, 2017. a
Sprenger, M., Leistert, H., Gimbel, K., and Weiler, M.: Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes, Rev. Geophys., 54, 674–704, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015rg000515, 2016.
a, b
Sprenger, M., Tetzlaff, D., and Soulsby, C.: Soil water stable isotopes reveal evaporation dynamics at the soil–plant–atmosphere interface of the critical zone, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3839–3858, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3839-2017, 2017. a, b
Sprenger, M., Llorens, P., Cayuela, C., Gallart, F., and Latron, J.: Mechanisms of consistently disjunct soil water pools over (pore) space and time, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2751–2762, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2751-2019, 2019a. a
Sprenger, M., Stumpp, C., Weiler, M., Aeschbach, W., Allen, S. T., Benettin, P., Dubbert, M., Hartmann, A., Hrachowitz, M., Kirchner, J. W., McDonnell, J., Orlowski, N., Penna, D., Pfahl, S., Rinderer, M., Rodriguez, N., Schmidt, M., and Werner, C.: The Demographics of Water: A Review of Water Ages in the Critical Zone, Rev. Geophys., 57, 800–834, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RG000633, 2019b. a
Stackebrandt, W. and Manhenke, V.: Geologie und Geopotenziale in Brandenburg, in: Atlas zur Geologie von Brandenburg, 4. aktualisierte Auflage, Landesamt für Bergbau, Geologie und Rohstoffe Brandenburg (LBGR), Cottbus, 2010. a
Stumpp, C., Klaus, J., and Stichler, W.: Analysis of long-term stable isotopic composition in German precipitation, J. Hydrol., 517, 351–361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.034, 2014. a
Vico, G., Revelli, R., and Porporato, A.: Ecohydrology of street trees: design and irrigation requirements for sustainable water use, Ecohydrology, 7, 508–523, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1369, 2014. a, b, c, d
von Freyberg, J., Allen, S. T., Seeger, S., Weiler, M., and Kirchner, J. W.: Sensitivity of young water fractions to hydro-climatic forcing and landscape properties across 22 Swiss catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3841–3861, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3841-2018, 2018. a
Wang, H., Tetzlaff, D., Dick, J. J., and Soulsby, C.: Assessing the environmental controls on Scots pine transpiration and the implications for water partitioning in a boreal headwater catchment, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 240–241, 58–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.04.002, 2017. a
Wassenaar, L. I., Hendry, M. J., Chostner, V. L., and Lis, G. P.: High Resolution Pore Water δ2H and δ18O Measurements by H2O(liquid)-H2O(vapor) Equilibration Laser Spectroscopy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 9262–9267, 2008. a
Zipper, S. C., Schatz, J., Singh, A., Kucharik, C. J., Townsend, P. A., and Loheide, S. P.: Urban heat island impacts on plant phenology: intra-urban variability and response to land cover, Environ. Res. Lett., 11, 054023, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054023, 2016. a
Zipper, S. C., Schatz, J., Kucharik, C. J., and Loheide, S. P.: Urban heat island‐induced increases in evapotranspirative demand, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 873–881, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl072190, 2017. a, b, c
Short summary
We studied water partitioning under urban grassland, shrub and trees during a warm and dry growing season in Berlin, Germany. Soil evaporation was highest under grass, but total green water fluxes and turnover time of soil water were greater under trees. Lowest evapotranspiration losses under shrub indicate potential higher drought resilience. Knowledge of water partitioning and requirements of urban green will be essential for better adaptive management of urban water and irrigation strategies.
We studied water partitioning under urban grassland, shrub and trees during a warm and dry...
