Articles | Volume 25, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1785-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1785-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 07 Apr 2021
| 07 Apr 2021
Exploring the regolith with electrical resistivity tomography in large-scale surveys: electrode spacing-related issues and possibility
Laurent Gourdol
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Catchment and Eco-hydrology Research Group (CAT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, 4422, Luxembourg
Rémi Clément
REVERSAAL Research Unit, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Villeurbanne, 69626, France
Jérôme Juilleret
Catchment and Eco-hydrology Research Group (CAT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, 4422, Luxembourg
Laurent Pfister
Catchment and Eco-hydrology Research Group (CAT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, 4422, Luxembourg
Christophe Hissler
Catchment and Eco-hydrology Research Group (CAT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, 4422, Luxembourg
Related authors
Laurent Gourdol, Michael K. Stewart, Uwe Morgenstern, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-152, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-152, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Determining water transit times in aquifers is key to a better understanding of groundwater resources and their sustainable management. For our research, we used high-accuracy tritium data from 35 springs draining the Luxembourg Sandstone aquifer. We assessed the mean transit times of groundwater and found that water moves on average more than ten times slower vertically in the vadose zone of the aquifer (~12 m/year) than horizontally in its saturated zone (~170 m/year).
Laurent Gourdol, Rémi Clément, Jérôme Juilleret, Laurent Pfister, and Christophe Hissler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-519, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-519, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is a remarkable tool for characterizing the geometry and properties of the regolith. However, its use for large horizontal surveys remains cumbersome to characterize shallow subsurface structures due to the requirement of small electrode spacing increments. Here we propose a new approach to overcome this limitation. We demonstrate that our protocol significantly improves the accuracy of ERT profiles when using large electrode spacing increments.
Laurent Gourdol, Michael K. Stewart, Uwe Morgenstern, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-152, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-152, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Determining water transit times in aquifers is key to a better understanding of groundwater resources and their sustainable management. For our research, we used high-accuracy tritium data from 35 springs draining the Luxembourg Sandstone aquifer. We assessed the mean transit times of groundwater and found that water moves on average more than ten times slower vertically in the vadose zone of the aquifer (~12 m/year) than horizontally in its saturated zone (~170 m/year).
Judith Meyer, Malte Neuper, Luca Mathias, Erwin Zehe, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6163–6183, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We identified and analysed the major atmospheric components of rain-intense thunderstorms that can eventually lead to flash floods: high atmospheric moisture, sufficient latent instability, and weak thunderstorm cell motion. Between 1981 and 2020, atmospheric conditions became likelier to support strong thunderstorms. However, the occurrence of extreme rainfall events as well as their rainfall intensity remained mostly unchanged.
Audrey Douinot, Jean François Iffly, Cyrille Tailliez, Claude Meisch, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5185–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of the paper is to highlight the seasonal and singular shift of the transfer time distributions of two catchments (≅10 km2).
Based on 2 years of rainfall and discharge observations, we compare variations in the properties of TTDs with the physiographic characteristics of catchment areas and the eco-hydrological cycle. The paper eventually aims to deduce several factors conducive to particularly rapid and concentrated water transfers, which leads to flash floods.
Alessandro Montemagno, Christophe Hissler, Victor Bense, Adriaan J. Teuling, Johanna Ziebel, and Laurent Pfister
Biogeosciences, 19, 3111–3129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3111-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3111-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the biogeochemical processes that dominate the release and retention of elements (nutrients and potentially toxic elements) during litter degradation. Our results show that toxic elements are retained in the litter, while nutrients are released in solution during the first stages of degradation. This seems linked to the capability of trees to distribute the elements between degradation-resistant and non-degradation-resistant compounds of leaves according to their chemical nature.
Jan Bondy, Jan Wienhöfer, Laurent Pfister, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-174, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-174, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The Budyko curve is a widely-used and simple framework to predict the mean water balance of river catchments. While many catchments are in close accordance with the Budyko curve, others show more or less significant deviations. Our study aims at better understanding the role of soil storage characteristics in the mean water balance and offsets from the Budyko curve. Soil storage proved to be a very sensitive property and potentially explains significant deviations from the curve.
Nicolas Björn Rodriguez, Laurent Pfister, Erwin Zehe, and Julian Klaus
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 401–428, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-401-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-401-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Different parts of water have often been used as tracers to determine the age of water in streams. The stable tracers, such as deuterium, are thought to be unable to reveal old water compared to the radioactive tracer called tritium. We used both tracers, measured in precipitation and in a stream in Luxembourg, to show that this is not necessarily true. It is, in fact, advantageous to use the two tracers together, and we recommend systematically using tritium in future studies.
Jasper Foets, Carlos E. Wetzel, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Adriaan J. Teuling, Jean-François Iffly, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4709–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4709-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4709-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Diatoms (microscopic algae) are regarded as useful tracers in catchment hydrology. However, diatom analysis is labour-intensive; therefore, only a limited number of samples can be analysed. To reduce this number, we explored the potential for a time-integrated mass-flux sampler to provide a representative sample of the diatom assemblage for a whole storm run-off event. Our results indicate that the Phillips sampler did indeed sample representative communities during two of the three events.
Bernd R. Schöne, Aliona E. Meret, Sven M. Baier, Jens Fiebig, Jan Esper, Jeffrey McDonnell, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 673–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-673-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-673-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first annually resolved stable isotope record (1819–1998) from shells of Swedish river mussels. Data reflect hydrological processes in the catchment and changes in the isotope value of local precipitation. The latter is related to the origin of moisture from which precipitation formed (North Atlantic or the Arctic) and governed by large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Results help to better understand climate dynamics and constrain ecological changes in river ecosystems.
Jérémy Lepesqueur, Renaud Hostache, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Emmanuelle Montargès-Pelletier, and Christophe Hissler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3901–3915, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3901-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3901-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This article evaluates the influence of sediment representation in a sediment transport model. A short-term simulation is used to assess how far changing the sediment characteristics in the modelling experiment changes riverbed evolution and sediment redistribution during a small flood event. The study shows in particular that representing sediment with extended grain-size and grain-density distributions allows for improving model accuracy and performances.
Laurent Gourdol, Rémi Clément, Jérôme Juilleret, Laurent Pfister, and Christophe Hissler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-519, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-519, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is a remarkable tool for characterizing the geometry and properties of the regolith. However, its use for large horizontal surveys remains cumbersome to characterize shallow subsurface structures due to the requirement of small electrode spacing increments. Here we propose a new approach to overcome this limitation. We demonstrate that our protocol significantly improves the accuracy of ERT profiles when using large electrode spacing increments.
Barbara Glaser, Marta Antonelli, Marco Chini, Laurent Pfister, and Julian Klaus
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5987–6003, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5987-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5987-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate how thermal infrared images can be used for mapping the appearance and disappearance of water at the surface. The use of thermal infrared images allows for mapping this appearance and disappearance for various temporal and spatial resolutions, and the images can be understood intuitively. We explain the necessary steps in detail, from image acquisition to final processing, by relying on image examples and experience from an 18-month mapping campaign.
Natalie Orlowski, Lutz Breuer, Nicolas Angeli, Pascal Boeckx, Christophe Brumbt, Craig S. Cook, Maren Dubbert, Jens Dyckmans, Barbora Gallagher, Benjamin Gralher, Barbara Herbstritt, Pedro Hervé-Fernández, Christophe Hissler, Paul Koeniger, Arnaud Legout, Chandelle Joan Macdonald, Carlos Oyarzún, Regine Redelstein, Christof Seidler, Rolf Siegwolf, Christine Stumpp, Simon Thomsen, Markus Weiler, Christiane Werner, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3619–3637, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3619-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3619-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To extract water from soils for isotopic analysis, cryogenic water extraction is the most widely used removal technique. This work presents results from a worldwide laboratory intercomparison test of cryogenic extraction systems. Our results showed large differences in retrieved isotopic signatures among participating laboratories linked to interactions between soil type and properties, system setup, extraction efficiency, extraction system leaks, and each lab’s internal accuracy.
Michael P. Schwab, Julian Klaus, Laurent Pfister, and Markus Weiler
Biogeosciences, 15, 2177–2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2177-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2177-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the diel fluctuations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in a small stream in Luxembourg. We identified an increased proportion of DOC from terrestrial sources as responsible for the peaks in DOC in the afternoon. Warmer water temperatures in the riparian zone in the afternoon increased the amount of water flowing towards the stream. Consequently, an increased amount of DOC-rich water from the riparian zone was entering the stream.
Michael P. Schwab, Julian Klaus, Laurent Pfister, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-416, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2017-416, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
Simon Paul Seibert, Conrad Jackisch, Uwe Ehret, Laurent Pfister, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2817–2841, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2817-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2817-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Runoff production mechanisms and their corresponding physiographic controls continue to pose major research challenges in catchment hydrology. We propose innovative data-driven diagnostic signatures for overcoming the prevailing status quo in inter-comparison studies. Specifically, we present dimensionless double mass curves which allow us to infer information on runoff generation at the seasonal and annual timescales. The method is based on commonly available data.
N. Martínez-Carreras, C. E. Wetzel, J. Frentress, L. Ector, J. J. McDonnell, L. Hoffmann, and L. Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3133–3151, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3133-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3133-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the hypothesis that different diatom species assemblages inhabit specific moisture domains of the catchment and, consequently, the presence of certain species assemblages in the stream during runoff events offers the potential for recording whether there was hydrological connectivity between these domains or not. In the Weierbach catchment, the transport of aerial diatoms during events suggested a rapid connectivity between the soil surface and the stream.
E. Zehe, U. Ehret, L. Pfister, T. Blume, B. Schröder, M. Westhoff, C. Jackisch, S. J. Schymanski, M. Weiler, K. Schulz, N. Allroggen, J. Tronicke, L. van Schaik, P. Dietrich, U. Scherer, J. Eccard, V. Wulfmeyer, and A. Kleidon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4635–4655, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4635-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4635-2014, 2014
R. Hostache, C. Hissler, P. Matgen, C. Guignard, and P. Bates
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3539–3551, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3539-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3539-2014, 2014
A. M. J. Coenders-Gerrits, L. Hopp, H. H. G. Savenije, and L. Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1749–1763, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1749-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1749-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Vadose Zone Hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
Technical Note: Revisiting the general calibration of cosmic-ray neutron sensors to estimate soil water content
Coupled hydrogeophysical inversion of an artificial infiltration experiment monitored with ground-penetrating radar: synthetic demonstration
Technical note: Discrete in situ vapor sampling for subsequent lab-based water stable isotope analysis
A change in perspective: downhole cosmic-ray neutron sensing for the estimation of soil moisture
Impacts of soil management and climate on saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity: analyses of the Open Tension-disk Infiltrometer Meta-database (OTIM)
Physics-informed machine learning for understanding rock moisture dynamics in a sandstone cave
Relationship of seasonal variations in drip water δ13CDIC, δ18O, and trace elements with surface and physical cave conditions of La Vallina cave, NW Spain
In situ estimation of soil hydraulic and hydrodispersive properties by inversion of electromagnetic induction measurements and soil hydrological modeling
Towards disentangling heterogeneous soil moisture patterns in cosmic-ray neutron sensor footprints
The International Soil Moisture Network: serving Earth system science for over a decade
Technical note: Evaporating water is different from bulk soil water in δ2H and δ18O and has implications for evaporation calculation
Technical note: Unresolved aspects of the direct vapor equilibration method for stable isotope analysis (δ18O, δ2H) of matrix-bound water: unifying protocols through empirical and mathematical scrutiny
Spatio-temporal soil moisture retrieval at the catchment scale using a dense network of cosmic-ray neutron sensors
Deep desiccation of soils observed by long-term high-resolution measurements on a large inclined lysimeter
A novel analytical approach for the simultaneous measurement of nitrate and dissolved organic carbon in soil water
Soil dielectric characterization during freeze–thaw transitions using L-band coaxial and soil moisture probes
Hydrological signals in tilt and gravity residuals at Conrad Observatory (Austria)
New measures of deep soil water recharge during the vegetation restoration process in semi-arid regions of northern China
Estimation of subsurface soil moisture from surface soil moisture in cold mountainous areas
Investigating unproductive water losses from irrigated agricultural crops in the humid tropics through analyses of stable isotopes of water
Pacific climate reflected in Waipuna Cave drip water hydrochemistry
Field observations of soil hydrological flow path evolution over 10 millennia
A proposed method for estimating interception from near-surface soil moisture response
Controls of fluorescent tracer retention by soils and sediments
Reflection tomography of time-lapse GPR data for studying dynamic unsaturated flow phenomena
Effects of preferential flow on snowmelt partitioning and groundwater recharge in frozen soils
Spatio-temporal relevance and controls of preferential flow at the landscape scale
Real-time monitoring of nitrate in soils as a key for optimization of agricultural productivity and prevention of groundwater pollution
A soil non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) flushing laboratory experiment based on measuring the dielectric properties of soil–organic mixtures via time domain reflectometry (TDR)
The value of satellite remote sensing soil moisture data and the DISPATCH algorithm in irrigation fields
Estimating epikarst water storage by time-lapse surface-to-depth gravity measurements
Inter-laboratory comparison of cryogenic water extraction systems for stable isotope analysis of soil water
Preferential flow systems amended with biogeochemical components: imaging of a two-dimensional study
Imaging groundwater infiltration dynamics in the karst vadose zone with long-term ERT monitoring
Calibrating electromagnetic induction conductivities with time-domain reflectometry measurements
Multiscale soil moisture estimates using static and roving cosmic-ray soil moisture sensors
Field-scale water balance closure in seasonally frozen conditions
Improving calibration and validation of cosmic-ray neutron sensors in the light of spatial sensitivity
Is annual recharge coefficient a valid concept in arid and semi-arid regions?
Transport and degradation of perchlorate in deep vadose zone: implications from direct observations during bioremediation treatment
Monitoring soil moisture from middle to high elevation in Switzerland: set-up and first results from the SOMOMOUNT network
Experimental study on retardation of a heavy NAPL vapor in partially saturated porous media
Repeated electromagnetic induction measurements for mapping soil moisture at the field scale: validation with data from a wireless soil moisture monitoring network
ENSO–cave drip water hydrochemical relationship: a 7-year dataset from south-eastern Australia
Incorporation of globally available datasets into the roving cosmic-ray neutron probe method for estimating field-scale soil water content
Real-time monitoring of nitrate transport in the deep vadose zone under a crop field – implications for groundwater protection
Technical note: Improving the AWAT filter with interpolation schemes for advanced processing of high resolution data
Estimating field-scale root zone soil moisture using the cosmic-ray neutron probe
Does drought alter hydrological functions in forest soils?
In situ unsaturated zone water stable isotope (2H and 18O) measurements in semi-arid environments: a soil water balance
Maik Heistermann, Till Francke, Martin Schrön, and Sascha E. Oswald
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 989–1000, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a non-invasive technique used to obtain estimates of soil water content (SWC) at a horizontal footprint of around 150 m and a vertical penetration depth of up to 30 cm. However, typical CRNS applications require the local calibration of a function which converts neutron counts to SWC. As an alternative, we propose a generalized function as a way to avoid the use of local reference measurements of SWC and hence a major source of uncertainty.
Rohianuu Moua, Nolwenn Lesparre, Jean-François Girard, Benjamin Belfort, François Lehmann, and Anis Younes
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4317–4334, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4317-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4317-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic properties of soil include the ability of water to move through the soil and the amount of water that is held in the soil in dry or wet conditions. In this work, we further investigate a protocol used to evaluate such hydraulic properties. We propose a modified version of the protocol, with which we show (i) how the data obtained with this protocol are influenced by the soil hydraulic properties and (ii) how one can use it to estimate these properties.
Barbara Herbstritt, Benjamin Gralher, Stefan Seeger, Michael Rinderer, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3701–3718, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3701-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3701-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to collect water vapor samples into bags in the field without an in-field analyser, followed by isotope analysis in the lab. This new method resolves even fine-scaled natural isotope variations. It combines low-cost and lightweight components for maximum spatial and temporal flexibility regarding environmental setups. Hence, it allows for sampling even in terrains that are rather difficult to access, enabling future extended isotope datasets in soil sciences and ecohydrology.
Daniel Rasche, Jannis Weimar, Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Markus Morgner, Andreas Güntner, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3059–3082, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3059-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3059-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce passive downhole cosmic-ray neutron sensing (d-CRNS) as an approach for the non-invasive estimation of soil moisture in deeper layers of the unsaturated zone which exceed the observational window of above-ground CRNS applications. Neutron transport simulations are used to derive mathematical descriptions and transfer functions, while experimental measurements in an existing groundwater observation well illustrate the feasibility and applicability of the approach.
Guillaume Blanchy, Lukas Albrecht, Gilberto Bragato, Sarah Garré, Nicholas Jarvis, and John Koestel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2703–2724, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2703-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2703-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We collated the Open Tension-disk Infiltrometer Meta-database (OTIM). We analysed topsoil hydraulic conductivities at supply tensions between 0 and 100 mm of 466 data entries. We found indications of different flow mechanisms at saturation and at tensions >20 mm. Climate factors were better correlated with near-saturated hydraulic conductivities than soil properties. Land use, tillage system, soil compaction and experimenter bias significantly influenced K to a similar degree to soil properties.
Kai-Gao Ouyang, Xiao-Wei Jiang, Gang Mei, Hong-Bin Yan, Ran Niu, Li Wan, and Yijian Zeng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2579–2590, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2579-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2579-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our knowledge on sources and dynamics of rock moisture is limited. By using frequency domain reflectometry (FDR), we monitored rock moisture in a cave. The results of an explainable deep learning model reveal that the direct source of rock moisture responsible for weathering in the studied cave is vapour, not infiltrating precipitation. A physics-informed deep learning model, which uses variables controlling vapor condensation as model inputs, leads to accurate rock water content predictions.
Oliver Kost, Saúl González-Lemos, Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Jakub Sliwinski, Laura Endres, Negar Haghipour, and Heather Stoll
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2227–2255, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2227-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2227-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cave monitoring studies including cave drip water are unique opportunities to sample water which has percolated through the soil and rock. The change in drip water chemistry is resolved over the course of 16 months, inferring seasonal and hydrological variations in soil and karst processes at the water–air and water–rock interface. Such data sets improve the understanding of hydrological and hydrochemical processes and ultimately advance the interpretation of geochemical stalagmite records.
Giovanna Dragonetti, Mohammad Farzamian, Angelo Basile, Fernando Monteiro Santos, and Antonio Coppola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5119–5136, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5119-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5119-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil hydraulic and hydrodispersive properties are necessary for modeling water and solute fluxes in agricultural and environmental systems. Despite the major efforts in developing methods (e.g., lab-based, pedotransfer functions), their characterization at applicative scales remains an imperative requirement. Thus, this paper proposes a noninvasive in situ method integrating electromagnetic induction and hydrological modeling to estimate soil hydraulic and transport properties at the plot scale.
Daniel Rasche, Markus Köhli, Martin Schrön, Theresa Blume, and Andreas Güntner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6547–6566, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6547-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing provides areal average soil moisture measurements. We investigated how distinct differences in spatial soil moisture patterns influence the soil moisture estimates and present two approaches to improve the estimate of soil moisture close to the instrument by reducing the influence of soil moisture further afield. Additionally, we show that the heterogeneity of soil moisture can be assessed based on the relationship of different neutron energies.
Wouter Dorigo, Irene Himmelbauer, Daniel Aberer, Lukas Schremmer, Ivana Petrakovic, Luca Zappa, Wolfgang Preimesberger, Angelika Xaver, Frank Annor, Jonas Ardö, Dennis Baldocchi, Marco Bitelli, Günter Blöschl, Heye Bogena, Luca Brocca, Jean-Christophe Calvet, J. Julio Camarero, Giorgio Capello, Minha Choi, Michael C. Cosh, Nick van de Giesen, Istvan Hajdu, Jaakko Ikonen, Karsten H. Jensen, Kasturi Devi Kanniah, Ileen de Kat, Gottfried Kirchengast, Pankaj Kumar Rai, Jenni Kyrouac, Kristine Larson, Suxia Liu, Alexander Loew, Mahta Moghaddam, José Martínez Fernández, Cristian Mattar Bader, Renato Morbidelli, Jan P. Musial, Elise Osenga, Michael A. Palecki, Thierry Pellarin, George P. Petropoulos, Isabella Pfeil, Jarrett Powers, Alan Robock, Christoph Rüdiger, Udo Rummel, Michael Strobel, Zhongbo Su, Ryan Sullivan, Torbern Tagesson, Andrej Varlagin, Mariette Vreugdenhil, Jeffrey Walker, Jun Wen, Fred Wenger, Jean Pierre Wigneron, Mel Woods, Kun Yang, Yijian Zeng, Xiang Zhang, Marek Zreda, Stephan Dietrich, Alexander Gruber, Peter van Oevelen, Wolfgang Wagner, Klaus Scipal, Matthias Drusch, and Roberto Sabia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5749–5804, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5749-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The International Soil Moisture Network (ISMN) is a community-based open-access data portal for soil water measurements taken at the ground and is accessible at https://ismn.earth. Over 1000 scientific publications and thousands of users have made use of the ISMN. The scope of this paper is to inform readers about the data and functionality of the ISMN and to provide a review of the scientific progress facilitated through the ISMN with the scope to shape future research and operations.
Hongxiu Wang, Jingjing Jin, Buli Cui, Bingcheng Si, Xiaojun Ma, and Mingyi Wen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5399–5413, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5399-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5399-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Evaporation led to progressively more heavy-isotope-enriched bulk soil water (BW) following the precipitation/irrigation of heavy-isotope-depleted new water but causes progressively more heavy-isotope-depleted BW following irrigation of heavy-isotope-enriched new water. The results indicated that δ2H and δ18O in evaporating water (EW) were similar to new water and differed from BW. However, the evaporative water loss calculated from BW did not differ significantly from that of EW.
Benjamin Gralher, Barbara Herbstritt, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5219–5235, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We scrutinized the quickest currently available method for stable isotope analysis of matrix-bound water. Simulating common procedures, we demonstrated the limits of certain materials currently used and identified a reliable and cost-efficient alternative. Further, we calculated the optimum proportions of important protocol aspects critical for precise and accurate analyses. Our unifying protocol suggestions increase data quality and comparability as well as the method's general applicability.
Maik Heistermann, Till Francke, Martin Schrön, and Sascha E. Oswald
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4807–4824, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4807-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4807-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a powerful technique for retrieving representative estimates of soil moisture in footprints extending over hectometres in the horizontal and decimetres in the vertical. This study, however, demonstrates the potential of CRNS to obtain spatio-temporal patterns of soil moisture beyond isolated footprints. To that end, we analyse data from a unique observational campaign that featured a dense network of more than 20 neutron detectors in an area of just 1 km2.
Markus Merk, Nadine Goeppert, and Nico Goldscheider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3519–3538, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3519-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3519-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture levels have decreased significantly over the past 2 decades. This decrease is not uniformly distributed over the observation period. The largest changes occur at tipping points during years of extreme drought, after which soil moisture levels reach significantly different alternate stable states. Not only the overall trend in soil moisture is affected, but also the seasonal dynamics.
Elad Yeshno, Ofer Dahan, Shoshana Bernstain, and Shlomi Arnon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2159–2168, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this research, we present a novel approach, enabling the measurement of nitrate concentrations in natural soil porewater containing natural soil dissolved organic carbon. This method can be used as the basis onto which an affordable and miniaturized nitrate monitoring sensor for soils can be developed. This sensor can play a significant role in reducing nitrate pollution in water resources, optimizing fertilizers application during agricultural activity and decreasing food production costs.
Alex Mavrovic, Renato Pardo Lara, Aaron Berg, François Demontoux, Alain Royer, and Alexandre Roy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1117–1131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1117-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1117-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new probe that measures soil microwave permittivity in the frequency range of satellite L-band sensors. The probe capacities will allow for validation and calibration of the models used to estimate landscape physical properties from raw microwave satellite datasets. Our results show important discrepancies between model estimates and instrument measurements that will need to be addressed.
Bruno Meurers, Gábor Papp, Hannu Ruotsalainen, Judit Benedek, and Roman Leonhardt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 217–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-217-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-217-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity and tilt time series acquired at Conrad Observatory (Austria) reflect gravity and deformation associated with short- and long-term environmental processes, revealing a complex water transport process after heavy rain and rapid snowmelt. Gravity residuals are sensitive to the Newtonian effect of water mass transport. Tilt residual anomalies capture strain–tilt coupling effects due to surface or subsurface deformation from precipitation or pressure changes in the adjacent fracture system.
Yiben Cheng, Xinle Li, Yunqi Wang, Hongbin Zhan, Wenbin Yang, and Qunou Jiang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5875–5890, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5875-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5875-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Three North Forest Program has produced a vast area of lined forest in semi-arid regions, which consumes a large amount of water resources. This study uses a newly designed lysimeter to measure water distribution without destroying the in situ vegetation soil structure. It addresses the shortcomings of a traditional lysimeter, in terms of changing the in situ soil structure and destroying the vegetation root system, and the shortcomings of high costs and inconvenient installation.
Jie Tian, Zhibo Han, Heye Reemt Bogena, Johan Alexander Huisman, Carsten Montzka, Baoqing Zhang, and Chansheng He
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4659–4674, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4659-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4659-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale profile soil moisture (SM) is important for water resource management, but its estimation is a challenge. Thus, based on in situ SM observations in a cold mountain, a strong relationship between the surface SM and subsurface SM is found. Both the subsurface SM of 10–30 cm and the profile SM of 0–70 cm can be estimated from the surface SM of 0–10 cm accurately. By combing with the satellite product, we improve the large-scale profile SM estimation in the cold mountains finally.
Amani Mahindawansha, Christoph Külls, Philipp Kraft, and Lutz Breuer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3627–3642, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Stable isotopes of soil water are an effective tool to reveal soil hydrological processes in irrigated agricultural fields. Flow mechanisms and isotopic patterns of soil water in the soil matrix differ, depending on the crop and irrigation practices. Isotope data supported the fact that unproductive water losses via evaporation can be reduced by introducing dry seasonal crops to the crop rotation system.
Cinthya Nava-Fernandez, Adam Hartland, Fernando Gázquez, Ola Kwiecien, Norbert Marwan, Bethany Fox, John Hellstrom, Andrew Pearson, Brittany Ward, Amanda French, David A. Hodell, Adrian Immenhauser, and Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3361–3380, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3361-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3361-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Speleothems are powerful archives of past climate for understanding modern local hydrology and its relation to regional circulation patterns. We use a 3-year monitoring dataset to test the sensitivity of Waipuna Cave to seasonal changes and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics. Drip water data suggest a fast response to rainfall events; its elemental composition reflects a seasonal cycle and ENSO variability. Waipuna Cave speleothems have a high potential for past ENSO reconstructions.
Anne Hartmann, Ekaterina Semenova, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3271–3288, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3271-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3271-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our field observation-based examination of flow path evolution, soil formation, and vegetation succession across 10 millennia shows how water flow paths and subsurface water storage are linked to the organization of evolving landscapes.
The increase found in water storage and preferential flow paths with increasing soil age shows the effect of the complex interaction of vegetation and soil development on flow paths, water balance, and runoff formation during landscape evolution.
Subodh Acharya, Daniel McLaughlin, David Kaplan, and Matthew J. Cohen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1859–1870, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1859-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1859-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Interception is the storage and subsequent evaporation of rain by vegetation and surface litter. Quantifying interception is critical for understanding the water balance, but it can be difficult and costly to measure. We developed an approach to estimate interception using automated soil moisture measurements during rainfall events. Results suggest that interception can be estimated using soil moisture data, leading to potential cost savings and logistical advantages over conventional methods.
Marcus Bork, Jens Lange, Markus Graf-Rosenfellner, and Friederike Lang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 977–989, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-977-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-977-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fluorescent tracers such as uranine and sulforhodamine B are useful tools to gain knowledge about water and solute fluxes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. In this study we systematically investigated the influence of important soil properties (pH, organic carbon content and texture) on tracer adsorption in soils and sediments. These properties also determine whether the tracers in the respective soil behave conservatively or non-conservatively.
Adam R. Mangel, Stephen M. J. Moysey, and John Bradford
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 159–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-159-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-159-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Water flows through soils in an incredibly complex network of pathways. Understanding these pathways is critical to sustainable use of water resources. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) can image water in near-surface soils the same way an X-ray is used to image the human body. Utilizing innovative ways of collecting and processing the GPR data, we can image complex water flow in space and through time, which allows for the continued development of our ideas and models of subsurface water flow.
Aaron A. Mohammed, Igor Pavlovskii, Edwin E. Cey, and Masaki Hayashi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 5017–5031, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5017-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-5017-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In cold regions, the permeability of the frozen ground is an important factor influencing a watershed's response to snowmelt. This study highlights the effects of preferential flow in frozen soils on snowmelt redistribution and groundwater recharge in seasonally frozen landscapes.
Dominic Demand, Theresa Blume, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4869–4889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4869-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4869-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents an analysis of 135 soil moisture profiles for identification of the spatial and temporal preferential flow occurrence in a complex landscape. Especially dry conditions and high rainfall intensities were found to increase preferential flow occurrence in soils. This results in a seasonal pattern of preferential flow with a higher occurrence in summer. During this time grasslands showed increased flow velocities, whereas forest sites exhibited a higher amount of bypass flow.
Elad Yeshno, Shlomi Arnon, and Ofer Dahan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3997–4010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3997-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3997-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Lack of adequate instrumentation for monitoring nutrient availability in agricultural soils leads in most cases to over-application of fertilizers, often resulting in groundwater pollution. This research presents a novel approach for real-time, in situ monitoring of nitrate in soils using absorption spectroscopy techniques while preventing interference from dissolved organic carbon. Column experiments with this system resulted in accurate nitrate measurements in three different soil types.
Alessandro Comegna, Antonio Coppola, Giovanna Dragonetti, and Angelo Sommella
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3593–3602, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3593-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3593-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We carried out a series of laboratory-controlled experiments in order to simulate different scenarios of practical interest aiming to analyze, from a dielectric point of view, the influence of different washing solutions on non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) removal. Furthermore, on the basis of the results obtained, we validated a dielectric mixing model for predicting the volumetric amounts of NAPL (θNAPL) within the contaminated soil as the decontamination process progressed.
Mireia Fontanet, Daniel Fernàndez-Garcia, and Francesc Ferrer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5889–5900, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5889-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5889-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
One of the main objectives of remote sensing methodology is to downscale soil moisture to improve irrigation management. The DISPATCH algorithm is able to measure soil moisture at 1 km resolution using SMOS and MODIS data. In this work DISPATCH has been evaluated with soil moisture sensors, under heterogeneous conditions where local irrigation is applied. Results show that DISPATCH is not sensitive when local irrigation is applied even at low resolution.
Cédric Champollion, Sabrina Deville, Jean Chéry, Erik Doerflinger, Nicolas Le Moigne, Roger Bayer, Philippe Vernant, and Naomi Mazzilli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3825–3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3825-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3825-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Gravity monitoring at the surface and in situ (in caves) has been conducted in a karst hydro-system in the south of France (Larzac plateau). Subsurface water storage is evidenced with a spatial variability probably associated with lithology differences and confirmed by MRS measurements. Gravity allows transient water storage to be estimated on the seasonal scale.
Natalie Orlowski, Lutz Breuer, Nicolas Angeli, Pascal Boeckx, Christophe Brumbt, Craig S. Cook, Maren Dubbert, Jens Dyckmans, Barbora Gallagher, Benjamin Gralher, Barbara Herbstritt, Pedro Hervé-Fernández, Christophe Hissler, Paul Koeniger, Arnaud Legout, Chandelle Joan Macdonald, Carlos Oyarzún, Regine Redelstein, Christof Seidler, Rolf Siegwolf, Christine Stumpp, Simon Thomsen, Markus Weiler, Christiane Werner, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3619–3637, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3619-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3619-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To extract water from soils for isotopic analysis, cryogenic water extraction is the most widely used removal technique. This work presents results from a worldwide laboratory intercomparison test of cryogenic extraction systems. Our results showed large differences in retrieved isotopic signatures among participating laboratories linked to interactions between soil type and properties, system setup, extraction efficiency, extraction system leaks, and each lab’s internal accuracy.
Ashley R. Pales, Biting Li, Heather M. Clifford, Shyla Kupis, Nimisha Edayilam, Dawn Montgomery, Wei-zhen Liang, Mine Dogan, Nishanth Tharayil, Nicole Martinez, Stephen Moysey, Brian Powell, and Christophe J. G. Darnault
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2487–2509, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2487-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2487-2018, 2018
Arnaud Watlet, Olivier Kaufmann, Antoine Triantafyllou, Amaël Poulain, Jonathan E. Chambers, Philip I. Meldrum, Paul B. Wilkinson, Vincent Hallet, Yves Quinif, Michel Van Ruymbeke, and Michel Van Camp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1563–1592, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1563-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1563-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding water infiltration in karst regions is crucial as the aquifers they host provide drinkable water for a quarter of the world's population. We present a non-invasive tool to image hydrological processes in karst systems. At our field site, the injection of electrical current in the ground, repeated daily over a 3-year period, allowed imaging changes in the groundwater content. We show that specific geological layers control seasonal to rainfall-triggered water infiltration dynamics.
Giovanna Dragonetti, Alessandro Comegna, Ali Ajeel, Gian Piero Deidda, Nicola Lamaddalena, Giuseppe Rodriguez, Giulio Vignoli, and Antonio Coppola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1509-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1509-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The paper aims to infer the bulk electrical conductivity distribution in the root zone from EMI readings. TDR measurements were used as ground-truth data to evaluate the goodness of the estimations by EMI inversion. The approach is based on the mean and standard deviation of the EMI and TDR series. It looks for the physical reasons for the differences between EMI- and TDR-based electrical conductivity and provides a correction of the bias based on the statistical sources of the discrepancies.
David McJannet, Aaron Hawdon, Brett Baker, Luigi Renzullo, and Ross Searle
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 6049–6067, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6049-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6049-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite and broad-scale model estimates of soil moisture have improved in resolution. However, validation and calibration of these products has been limited because of a lack of observations on corresponding scales. We use a mobile soil moisture monitoring platform, known as the
rover, to derive soil moisture at 9 km and 1 km resolution. We describe methods to calculate soil moisture and present results from multiple surveys. The products produced are well suited to validation studies.
Xicai Pan, Warren Helgason, Andrew Ireson, and Howard Wheater
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5401–5413, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5401-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5401-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we present a case study from a heterogeneous pasture site in the Canadian prairies, where we have quantified the various components of the water balance on the field scale, and critically examine some of the simplifying assumptions which are often invoked when applying water budget approaches in applied hydrology. We highlight challenges caused by lateral fluxes of blowing snow and ambiguous partitioning of snow melt water into runoff and infiltration.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Lena Scheiffele, Joost Iwema, Heye R. Bogena, Ling Lv, Edoardo Martini, Gabriele Baroni, Rafael Rosolem, Jannis Weimar, Juliane Mai, Matthias Cuntz, Corinna Rebmann, Sascha E. Oswald, Peter Dietrich, Ulrich Schmidt, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5009–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A field-scale average of near-surface water content can be sensed by cosmic-ray neutron detectors. To interpret, calibrate, and validate the integral signal, it is important to account for its sensitivity to heterogeneous patterns like dry or wet spots. We show how point samples contribute to the neutron signal based on their depth and distance from the detector. This approach robustly improves the sensor performance and data consistency, and even reveals otherwise hidden hydrological features.
Yiben Cheng, Hongbin Zhan, Wenbin Yang, Hongzhong Dang, and Wei Li
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5031–5042, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5031-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5031-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a newly designed lysimeter to study three consecutive years (2013–2015) of deep soil recharge (DSR) underneath bare sand land on the eastern margin of Mu Us Sandy Land in the Ordos Basin of China. The objective is to identify the characteristics of the DSR distribution and the factors affecting the DSR distribution. Specifically, we would like to examine if the commonly used recharge coefficient concept can be applied for arid and semi-arid regions.
Ofer Dahan, Idan Katz, Lior Avishai, and Zeev Ronen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4011–4020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4011-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4011-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In situ bioremediation of a perchlorate-contaminated vadose zone was conducted through infiltration of electron-donor-enriched water. A vadose zone monitoring system (VMS) provided real-time tracking of the hydraulic and chemical conditions across the unsaturated zone. Variations in concentration profiles of perchlorate, chloride, DOC and bromide in the vadose zone pore water showed limited migration capacity of biologically consumable carbon and significant mobilization of perchlorate.
Cécile Pellet and Christian Hauck
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3199–3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3199-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a detailed description of the new Swiss soil moisture monitoring network SOMOMOUNT, which comprises six stations distributed along an elevation gradient ranging from 1205 to 3410 m. The liquid soil moisture (LSM) data collected during the first 3 years are discussed with regard to their soil type and climate dependency as well as their altitudinal distribution. The elevation dependency of the LSM was found to be non-linear with distinct dynamics at high and low elevation.
Simon Matthias Kleinknecht, Holger Class, and Jürgen Braun
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1381–1396, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1381-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1381-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Retardation of migrating contaminant vapors in the subsurface may mitigate groundwater contamination or vapor intrusion into buildings. An experimental investigation was conducted to quantify the retardation of carbon disulfide (CS2) vapor in moist porous media based on the analysis of concentration breakthrough curves. Findings linked retardation to types of porous media and water saturation. Moreover, the first evidence of biodegradation of the CS2 vapor was found in the column experiments.
Edoardo Martini, Ulrike Werban, Steffen Zacharias, Marco Pohle, Peter Dietrich, and Ute Wollschläger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 495–513, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-495-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-495-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
With a process-based interpretation of electromagnetic induction measurements, we discussed the potential and limitations of such a method for soil moisture mapping. Results will help clarify the complex and time-varying effect of stable soil properties and dynamic state variables on the physical parameters measured, with implications for future studies. We highlighted the importance of time-series data and the need for a multidisciplinary approach for proper interpretation.
Carol V. Tadros, Pauline C. Treble, Andy Baker, Ian Fairchild, Stuart Hankin, Regina Roach, Monika Markowska, and Janece McDonald
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4625–4640, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4625-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4625-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the potential use of trace element and stable oxygen-isotope variations in cave drip water as palaeorainfall proxies in an Australian alpine karst site. Using 7 years of cave monitoring data, we constrained the hydrological processes impacting the drip-water composition and identified a robust ENSO–drip water hydrochemical relationship. These findings are fundamental for reconstructing past ENSO variability from speleothems (cave deposits) regionally and globally.
William Alexander Avery, Catherine Finkenbiner, Trenton E. Franz, Tiejun Wang, Anthony L. Nguy-Robertson, Andrew Suyker, Timothy Arkebauer, and Francisco Muñoz-Arriola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3859–3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3859-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3859-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present a strategy to use globally available datasets in the calibration function used to convert observed moderated neutron counts into volumetric soil water content. While local sampling protocols are well documented for fixed probes, the use of roving probes presents new calibration challenges. With over 200 fixed probes and 10 roving probes in use globally, we anticipate this paper will serve as a keystone for the growing cosmic-ray neutron probe and hydrologic community.
Tuvia Turkeltaub, Daniel Kurtzman, and Ofer Dahan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3099–3108, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3099-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3099-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Efficient groundwater protection from pollution originating in agriculture requires effective monitoring means capable of tacking pollution processes in the vadose zone, long before groundwater pollution turns into an unavoidable fact. In this study, a vadose zone monitoring system that was installed under a crop field fertilized by dairy slurry enabled real-time tracking of nitrate plum migration down the vadose zone from the land surface to the water table at 18m depth.
Andre Peters, Thomas Nehls, and Gerd Wessolek
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2309–2315, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2309-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2309-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The AWAT (Adaptive Window and Adaptive Threshold) filter routine for high-resolution lysimeter data is improved. The threshold scheme with original step interpolation yields unrealistic fluxes for high temporal resolution. Improvement applies linear and spline interpolation schemes so that fluxes in high temporal resolution are automatically calculated. The spline scheme allows continuous differentiability of filtered data so that any output resolution for the fluxes is sound.
Amber M. Peterson, Warren D. Helgason, and Andrew M. Ireson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1373–1385, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1373-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1373-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing techniques can provide useful large-scale estimates of soil moisture. However, these methods often only sense near-surface soil moisture, whereas many applications require estimates of the entire root zone. In this study we propose and test methods to "depth-scale" the shallow soil moisture measurements obtained using the cosmic-ray neutron probe to represent the entire root zone, thereby improving the applicability of this measurement approach.
Katharina F. Gimbel, Heike Puhlmann, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1301–1317, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1301-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1301-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
It is usually assumed that soil properties are not affected by drought events. We used dye tracer experiments to test this assumption on six forest soils, which were forced into drought conditions. The results of this study show clear evidence for changes in infiltration pathways. In addition, most soils developed soil water repellency. Overall, the results suggest that the past climatic conditions are more important than the actual soil moisture status regarding hydrophobicity and infiltration.
Marcel Gaj, Matthias Beyer, Paul Koeniger, Heike Wanke, Josefina Hamutoko, and Thomas Himmelsbach
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 715–731, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-715-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-715-2016, 2016
Cited articles
Abdullah, F. M., Loke, M. H., Nawawi, M., and Abdullah, K.: Assessing the reliability and performance of optimized and conventional resistivity arrays for shallow subsurface investigations, J. Appl. Geophys., 155, 237–245, 2018.
Ahrens, J., Geveci, B., and Law, C.: ParaView: An End-User Tool for Large Data Visualization, in: Visualization Handbook 2005, edited by: Hansen, C. D. and Johnson, C. R., Butterworth-Heinemann, 717–731, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012387582-2/50038-1, 2005.
Alamry, A. S., van der Meijde, M., Noomen, M., Addink, E. A., van Benthem, R., and de Jong, S. M.: Spatial and temporal monitoring of soil moisture using surface electrical resistivity tomography in Mediterranean soils, Catena, 157, 388–396, 2017.
Allroggen, N., Beiter, D., and Tronicke, J.: Ground-penetrating radar monitoring of fast subsurface processes, Geophysics, 85, 19–23, 2020.
Ameli, A. A., Amvrosiadi, N., Grabs, T., Laudon, H., Creed, I. F., McDonnell, J. J., and Bishop, K.: Hillslope permeability architecture controls on subsurface transit time distribution and flow paths, J. Hydrol., 543, 17–30, 2016.
Andersen, T. R., Poulsen, S. E., Christensen, S., and Jørgensen, F.: A synthetic study of geophysics-based modelling of groundwater flow in catchments with a buried valley, Hydrogeol. J., 21, 491–503, 2013.
Andrenelli, M. C., Magini, S., Pellegrini, S., Perria, R., Vignozzi, N., and Costantini, E. A. C.: The use of the ARP© system to reduce the costs of soil survey for precision viticulture, J. Appl. Geophys., 99, 24–34, 2013.
Archie, G. E.: The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics, Petroleum Transactions of AIME, 146, 54–62, 1942.
Audebert, M., Clément, R., Touze-Foltz, N., Günther, T., Moreau, S., and Duquennoi, C.: Time-lapse ERT interpretation methodology for leachate injection monitoring based on multiple inversions and a clustering strategy (MICS), J. Appl. Geophys., 111, 320–333, 2014.
Barker, R. D.: Depth of investigation of collinear symmetrical four-electrode arrays, Geophysics, 54, 1031–1037, 1989.
Bauer, P., Supper, R., Zimmermann, S., and Kinzelbach, W.: Geoelectrical imaging of groundwater salinization in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, J. Appl. Geophys., 60, 126–141, 2006.
Bellot, J. and Ortiz de Urbina, J. M.: Soil water content at the catchment level and plant water status relationships in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest, J. Hydrol., 357, 67–75, 2008.
Bennett, N. D., Croke, B. F. W., Guariso, G., Guillaume, J. H. A., Hamilton, S. H., Jakeman, A. J., Marsili-Libelli, S., Newham, L. T. H., Norton, J. P., Perrin, C., Pierce, S. A., Robson, B., Seppelt, R., Voinov, A. A., Fath, B. D., and Andreassian, V.: Characterising performance of environmental models, Environ. Modell. Softw., 40, 1–20, 2013.
Binley, A. and Kemna, A.: DC resistivity and induced polarization methods, in: Hydrogeophysics, edited by: Rubin, Y. and Hubbard, S. S., Springer, New York, 129–156, 2005.
Binley, A., Hubbard, S. S., Huisman, J. A., Revil, A., Robinson, D. A., Singha, K., and Slater, L. D.: The emergence of hydrogeophysics for improved understanding of subsurface processes over multiple scales, Water Resour. Res., 51, 3837–3866, 2015.
Brooks, P. D., Chorover, J., Fan, Y., Godsey, S. E., Maxwell, R. M., McNamara, J. P., and Tague, C.: Hydrological partitioning in the critical zone: Recent advances and opportunities for developing transferable understanding of water cycle dynamics, Water Resour. Res., 51, 6973–6987, 2015.
Brosten, T. R., Day-Lewis, F. D., Schultz, G. M., Curtis, G. P., and Lane, J. W.: Inversion of multi-frequency electromagnetic induction data for 3D characterization of hydraulic conductivity, J. Appl. Geophys., 73, 323–335, 2011.
Brunet, P., Clément, R., and Bouvier, C.: Monitoring soil water content and deficit using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) – A case study in the Cevennes area, France, J. Hydrol., 380, 146–153, 2010.
Burt, T. P. and McDonnell, J. J.: Whither field hydrology? The need for discovery science and outrageous hydrological hypotheses, Water Resour. Res., 51, 5919–5928, 2015.
Carrière, S. D., Chalikakis, K., Sénéchal, G., Danquigny, C., and Emblanch, C.: Combining Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Ground Penetrating Radar to study geological structuring of karst Unsaturated Zone, J. Appl. Geophys., 94, 31–41, 2013.
Carrière S. D., Chalikakis, K., Danquigny, C., and Torres-Rondon, L.: Using resistivity or logarithm of resistivity to calculate depth of investigation index to assess reliability of electrical resistivity tomography, Geophysics, 82, 93–98, 2017.
Cassidy, R., Comte, J. C., Nitsche, J., Wilson, C., Flynn, R., and Ofterdinger, U.: Combining multi-scale geophysical techniques for robust hydro-structural characterisation in catchments underlain by hard rock in post-glacial regions, J. Hydrol., 517, 715–731, 2014.
Chambers, J. E., Wilkinson, P. B., Wardrop, D., Hameed, A., Hill, I., Jeffrey, C., Loke, M. H., Meldrum, P. I., Kuras, O., Cave, M., and Gunn, D. A.: Bedrock detection beneath river terrace deposits using three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography, Geomorphology, 177–178, 17–25, 2012.
Chambers, J. E., Wilkinson, P. B., Penn, S., Meldrum, P. I., Kuras, O., Loke, M. H., and Gunn, D. A.: River terrace sand and gravel deposit reserve estimation using three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography for bedrock surface detection, J. Appl. Geophys., 93, 25–32, 2013.
Chambers, J. E., Wilkinson, P. B., Uhlemann, S., Sorensen, J. P. R., Roberts, C., Newell, A. J., Ward, W. O. C., Binley, A., Williams, P. J., Gooddy, D. C., Old, G., and Bai, L.: Derivation of lowland riparian wetland deposit architecture using geophysical image analysis and interface detection, Water Resour. Res., 50, 5886–5905, 2014.
Chambers, J. E., Meldrum, P. I., Wilkinson, P. B., Ward, W., Jackson, C., Matthews, B., Joel, P., Kuras, O., Bai, L., Uhlemann, S., and Gunn, D.: Spatial monitoring of groundwater drawdown and rebound associated with quarry dewatering using automated time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography and distribution guided clustering, Eng. Geol., 193, 412–420, 2015.
Clark, M. P., Bierkens, M. F. P., Samaniego, L., Woods, R. A., Uijlenhoet, R., Bennett, K. E., Pauwels, V. R. N., Cai, X., Wood, A. W., and Peters-Lidard, C. D.: The evolution of process-based hydrologic models: historical challenges and the collective quest for physical realism, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3427–3440, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3427-2017, 2017.
Clément, R., Descloitres, M., Günther, T., Ribolzi, O., and Legchenko, A.: Influence of shallow infiltration on time-lapse ERT: Experience of advanced interpretation, C. R. Geosci., 341, 886–898, 2009.
Clément, R., Bergeron, M., and Moreau, S.: COMSOL multiphysics modelling for measurement device of electrical resistivity in laboratory test cell, European Comsol Conference, 26–28 October 2011, Stuttgart, Germany, 2011.
Clément, R., Moreau, S., Henine, H., Guérin, A., Chaumont, C., and Tournebize, J.: On the value of combining surface and cross-borehole ERT measurements to study artificial tile drainage processes, Near Surf. Geophys., 12, 763–775, 2014.
Comte, J. C. and Banton, O.: Cross-validation of geo-electrical and hydrogeological models to evaluate seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 1–5, 2007.
Comte, J. C., Cassidy, R., Nitsche, J., Ofterdinger, U., Pilatova, K., and Flynn, R.: The typology of Irish hard-rock aquifers based on an integrated hydrogeological and geophysical approach, Hydrogeol. J., 20, 1569–1588, 2012.
Comte, J. C., Ofterdinger, U., Legchenko, A., Caulfield, J., Cassidy, R., and Mezquita Gonzalez, J. A.: Catchment-scale heterogeneity of flow and storage properties in a weathered/fractured hard rock aquifer from resistivity and magnetic resonance surveys: implications for groundwater flow paths and the distribution of residence times, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 479, 35–58, 2018.
Crook, N., Binley, A., Knight, R., Robinson, D. A., Zarnetske, J., and Haggerty, R.: Electrical resistivity imaging of the architecture of substream sediments, Water Resour. Res., 44, 1–11, 2008.
Dahlin, T. and Zhou, B.: A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity imaging with 10 electrode arrays, Geophys. Prospect., 52, 379–398, 2004.
Day-Lewis, F. D., Singha, K., and Binley, A.: Applying petrophysical models to radar travel time and electrical resistivity tomograms: resolution-dependent limitations, J. Geophys. Res., 110, 1–17, 2005.
Demoulin, A., Barbier, F., Dekoninck, A., Verhaert, M., Ruffet, G. Dupuis, C., and Yans, J.: Erosion Surfaces in the Ardenne–Oesling and Their Associated Kaolinic Weathering Mantle, in: Landscapes and Landforms of Belgium and Luxembourg, World Geomorphological Landscapes, edited by: Demoulin, A., Springer, Cham, 63–84, 2018.
Fan, B., Liu, X., Zhu, Q., Qin, G., Li, J., Lin, H., and Guo, L.: Exploring the interplay between infiltration dynamics and Critical Zone structures with multiscale geophysical imaging: A review, Geoderma, 374, 114431, 1–16, 2020.
Fan, Y., Clark, M., Lawrence, D. M., Swenson, S., Band, L. E., Brantley, S. L., Brooks, P. D., Dietrich, W. E., Flores, A., Grant, G., Kirchner, J. W., Mackay, D. S., McDonnell, J. J., Milly, P. C. D.l, Sullivan, P. L., Tague, C., Ajami, H., Chaney, N., Hartmann, A., Hazenberg, P., McNamara, J., Pelletier, J., Perket, J., Rouholahnejad-Freund, E., Wagener, T., Zeng, X., Beighley, E., Buzan, J., Huang, M., Livneh, B., Mohanty, B. P., Nijssen, B., Safeeq, M., Shen, C., van Verseveld, W., Volk, J., and Yamazaki, D.: Hillslope hydrology in global change research and Earth system modeling, Water Resour. Res., 55, 1737–1772, 2019.
Farzamian, M., Monteiro Santos, F. A., and Khalil, M. A.: Application of EM38 and ERT methods in estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity in unsaturated soil, J. Appl. Geophys., 112, 175–189, 2015.
Fenicia, F., Kavetski, D., Savenije, H. H. G., Clark, M. P., Schoups, G., Pfister, L., and Freer, J.: Catchment properties, function, and conceptual model representation: Is there a correspondence?, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2451–2467, 2014.
Freer, J., McDonnell, J. J., Beven, K. J., Peters, N. E., Burns, D. A., Hooper, R. P., Aulenbach, B., and Kendall, C.: The role of bedrock topography on subsurface storm flow, Water Resour. Res., 38, 51–516, 2002.
Furman, A., Ferré, T. P. A., and Warrick, A. W.: Optimization of ERT surveys for monitoring transient hydrological events using perturbation sensitivity and genetic algorithms, Vadose Zone J., 3, 1230–1239, 2004.
Furman, A., Ferré, T. P. A., and Heath, G. L.: Spatial focusing of electrical resistivity surveys considering geologic and hydrologic layering, Geophysics, 72, 65–73, 2007.
Gabrielli, C. P., McDonnell, J. J., and Jarvis, W. T.: The role of bedrock groundwater in rainfall-runoff response at hillslope and catchment scales, J. Hydrol., 450–451, 117–133, 2012.
Ghasemizade, M. and Schirmer, M.: Subsurface flow contribution in the hydrological cycle: Lessons learned and challenges ahead-a review, Environ. Earth Sci., 69, 707–718, 2013.
Glaser, B., Klaus, J., Frei, S., Frentress, J., Pfister, L., and Hopp, L.: On the value of surface saturated area dynamics mapped with thermal infrared imagery for modeling the hillslope-riparian-stream continuum, Water Resour. Res., 52, 8317–8342, 2016.
Glaser, B., Jackisch, C., Hopp, L., and Klaus, J.: How meaningful are plot-scale observations and simulations of preferential flow for catchment models?, Vadose Zone J., 18, 1–18, 2019.
Glaser, B., Antonelli, M., Hopp, L., and Klaus, J.: Intra-catchment variability of surface saturation – insights from physically based simulations in comparison with biweekly thermal infrared image observations, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1393–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1393-2020, 2020.
Graham, C. B., Woods, R. A., and McDonnell, J. J.: Hillslope threshold response to rainfall: (1) A field based forensic approach, J. Hydrol., 393, 65–76, 2010.
Guerrero, O., Lataste, J. F., and Marache, A.: High sampling rate measurement and data treatment for mobile investigations: Kinematic Electrical Resistivity Tomography (KERT), Geoderma, 284, 22–33, 2016.
Günther, T. and Rücker, C.: Boundless electrical resistivity tomography – BERT 2 – the user tutorial, available at: http://www.resistivity.net, last access: 24 March 2016.
Günther, T., Rücker, C., and Spitzer, K.: Three-dimensional modelling and inversion of DC resistivity data incorporating topography – II. Inversion, Geophys. J. Int., 166, 506–517, 2006.
Guo, L., Lin, H., Fan, B., Nyquist, J., Toran, L., and Mount, G. J.: Preferential flow through shallow fractured bedrock and a 3D fill-and-spill model of hillslope subsurface hydrology, J. Hydrol., 576, 430–442, 2019.
Gupta, H. V., Kling, H., Yilmaz, K. K., and Martinez, G. F.: Decomposition of the mean squared error and NSE performance criteria: Implications for improving hydrological modelling, J. Hydrol., 377, 80–91, 2009.
Hare, D. K., Boutt, D. F., Clement, W. P., Hatch, C. E., Davenport, G., and Hackman, A.: Hydrogeological controls on spatial patterns of groundwater discharge in peatlands, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 6031–6048, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6031-2017, 2017.
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R., and Friedman, J.: The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, 2nd edn., Springer, NewYork/Berlin/Heidelberg, 2008.
Hauduc, H., Neumann, M. B., Muschalla, D., Gamerith, V., Gillot, S., and Vanrolleghem, P. A.: Efficiency criteria for environmental model quality assessment: A review and its application to wastewater treatment, Environ. Modell. Softw., 68, 196–204, 2015.
Hirsch, M., Bentley, L. R., and Dietrich, P.: A comparison of electrical resistivity, ground penetrating radar and seismic refraction results at a river terrace site, J. Environ. Eng. Geoph., 13, 325–333, 2008.
Holbrook, W. S., Riebe, C. S., Elwaseif, M., Hayes, J. L., Basler-Reeder, K., Harry, D. L., Malazian, A., Dosseto, A., Hartsough, P. C., and Hopmans, J. W.: Geophysical constraints on deep weathering and water storage potential in the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 366–380, 2014.
Hopp, L. and McDonnell, J. J.: Connectivity at the hillslope scale: Identifying interactions between storm size, bedrock permeability, slope angle and soil depth, J. Hydrol., 376, 378–391, 2009.
House, A. R., Thompson, J. R., Sorensen, J. P. R., Roberts, C., and Acreman, M. C.: Modelling groundwater/surface water interaction in a managed riparian chalk valley wetland, Hydrol. Process., 30, 447–462, 2016.
Hsu, H. L., Yanites, B. J., Chen, C. C., and Chen, Y. G.: Bedrock detection using 2D electrical resistivity imaging along the Peikang River, central Taiwan, Geomorphology, 114, 406–414, 2010.
Hübner, R., Heller, K., Günther, T., and Kleber, A.: Monitoring hillslope moisture dynamics with surface ERT for enhancing spatial significance of hydrometric point measurements, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 225–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-225-2015, 2015.
Jackisch, C., Angermann, L., Allroggen, N., Sprenger, M., Blume, T., Tronicke, J., and Zehe, E.: Form and function in hillslope hydrology: in situ imaging and characterization of flow-relevant structures, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3749–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017, 2017.
Juilleret, J., Iffly, J. F., Pfister, L., and Hissler, C.: Remarkable Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits in Luxembourg (Oesling): pedological implication and geosite potential, Bulletin de la Société des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois, 112, 125–130, 2011.
Juilleret, J., Dondeyne, S., Vancampenhout, K., Deckers, J., and Hissler, C.: Mind the gap: A classification system for integrating the subsolum into soil surveys, Geoderma, 264, 332–339, 2016.
Keller, G. V. and Frischknecht, F. C.: Electrical methods in geophysical prospecting, Pergamon Press, New York, 1966.
Kunetz, G.: Principles of direct current resistivity prospecting, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Geopublication Associates, Berlin, Germany, 1966.
Lanni, C., McDonnell, J. J., Hopp, L., and Rigon, R.: Simulated effect of soil depth and bedrock topography on near-surface hydrologic response and slope stability, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 146–159, 2013.
Leopold, M., Völke, J., Huber, J., and Dethier, D.: Subsurface architecture of the boulder creek critical zone observatory from electrical resistivity tomography, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 1417–1431, 2013.
Leslie, I. N. and Heinse, R.: Characterizing soil-pipe networks with pseudo-three-dimensional resistivity tomography on forested hillslopes with restrictive horizons, Vadose Zone J., 12, 1–10, 2013.
Lin, H.: Earth's Critical Zone and hydropedology: concepts, characteristics, and advances, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 25–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-25-2010, 2010.
Loke, M. H. and Barker, R. D.: Practical techniques for 3D resistivity surveys and data inversion, Geophys. Prospect., 44, 499–523, 1996.
Loke, M. H., Ackworth, I., and Dahlin, I.: A comparison of smooth and blocky inversion methods in 2D electrical imaging surveys, Explor. Geophys., 34, 182–187, 2003.
Loke, M. H., Chambers, J. E., Rucker, D. F., Kuras, O., and Wilkinson, P. B.: Recent developments in the direct-current geoelectrical imaging method, J. Appl. Geophys., 95, 135–156, 2013.
Loke, M. H., Wilkinson, P. B., Uhlemann, S. S., Chambers, J. E., and Oxby, L. S.: Computation of optimized arrays for 3-D electrical imaging surveys, Geophys. J. Int., 199, 1751–1764, 2014.
Loritz, R., Hassler, S. K., Jackisch, C., Allroggen, N., van Schaik, L., Wienhöfer, J., and Zehe, E.: Picturing and modeling catchments by representative hillslopes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1225–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1225-2017, 2017.
Marr, D. and Hildreth, E.: Theory of edge-detection, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 207, 187–217, 1980.
Martínez-Carreras, N., Wetzel, C. E., Frentress, J., Ector, L., McDonnell, J. J., Hoffmann, L., and Pfister, L.: Hydrological connectivity inferred from diatom transport through the riparian-stream system, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3133–3151, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3133-2015, 2015.
Martínez-Carreras, N., Hissler, C., Gourdol, L., Klaus, J., Juilleret, J., Iffly, J. F., and Pfister, L.: Storage controls on the generation of double peak hydrographs in a forested headwater catchment, J. Hydrol., 543, 255–269, 2016.
Mastrocicco, M., Vignoli, G., Colombani, N., and Abu Zeid, N.: Surface electrical resistivity tomography and hydrogeological characterization to constrain groundwater flow modeling in an agricultural field site near Ferrara (Italy), Environ. Earth Sci., 61, 311–322, 2010.
Meads, L. N., Bentley, L. R., and Mendoza, C. A.: Application of electrical resistivity imaging to the development of a geologic model for a proposed Edmonton landfill site, Can. Geotech. J., 40, 551–558, 2003.
Moragues-Quiroga, C., Juilleret, J., Gourdol, L., Pelt, E., Perrone, T., Aubert, A., Morvan, G., Chabaux, F., Legout, A., Stille, P., and Hissler, C.: Genesis and evolution of regoliths: Evidence from trace and major elements and Sr-Nd-Pb-U isotopes, Catena, 149, 185–198, 2017.
Nash, J. and Sutcliffe, J.: River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I – a discussion of principles, J. Hydrol., 10, 282–290, 1970.
Nguyen, F., Garambois, S., Jongmans, D., Pirard, E., and Loke, M. H.: Image processing of 2D resistivity data for imaging faults, J. Appl. Geophys., 57, 260–277, 2005.
Parsekian, A. D., Singha, K., Minsley, B. J., Holbrook, W. S., and Slater, L.: Multiscale geophysical imaging of the critical zone, Rev. Geophys., 53, 1–26, 2015.
Pfister, L., McDonnell, J. J., Hissler, C., and Hoffmann, L.: Ground-based thermal imagery as a simple, practical tool for mapping saturated area connectivity and dynamics, Hydrol. Process., 24, 3123–3132, 2010.
Pfister, L., Martínez-Carreras, N., Hissler, C., Klaus, J., Stewart, M. K., and McDonnell, J. J.: Bedrock geology controls on catchment storage, mixing and release: a comparative analysis of 16 nested catchments. Hydrol. Process., 31, 1828–1845, 2017.
Rejiba, F., Schamper, C., Chevalier, A., Deleplancque, B., Hovhannissian, G., Thiesson, J., and Weill, P.: Multiconfiguration electromagnetic induction survey for paleochannel internal structure imaging: a case study in the alluvial plain of the River Seine, France, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 159–170, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-159-2018, 2018.
Reynolds, J. M.: An introduction to applied and environmental geophysics, 2nd edn., John Wiley and Sons, Oxford, United Kingdom, England, 2011.
Robinson, D. A., Binley, A., Crook, N., Day-Lewis, F. D., Ferré, T. P. A., Grauch, V. J. S., Knight, R., Knoll, M., Lakshmi, V., Miller, R., Nyquist, J., Pellerin, L., Singha, K., and Slater, L.: Advancing process-based watershed hydrological research using near-surface geophysics: A vision for, and review of, electrical and magnetic geophysical methods, Hydrol. Process., 22, 3604–3635, 2008.
Roy, A. and Apparao, A.: Depth of investigation in direct current methods, Geophysics, 36, 943–959, 1971.
Rücker, C., Günther, T., and Spitzer, K.: Three-dimensional modelling and inversion of DC resistivity data incorporating topography I. Modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 166, 495–505, 2006.
Saey, T., De Smedt, P., Islam, M. M., Meerschman, E., Van De Vijver, E., Lehouck, A., and Van Meirvenne, M.: Depth slicing of multi-receiver EMI measurements to enhance the delineation of contrasting subsoil features, Geoderma, 189–190, 514–521, 2012.
Šamonil, P., Phillips, J., Daněk, P., Beneš, V., and Pawlik, L.: Soil, regolith, and weathered rock: Theoretical concepts and evolution in old-growth temperate forests, Central Europe, Geoderma, 368, 114261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114261, 2020.
Sauer, D. and Felix-Henningsen, P.: Saprolite, soils, and sediments in the Rhenish Massif as records of climate and landscape history, Quatern. Int., 156–157, 4–12, 2006.
Scaini, A., Audebert, M., Hissler, C., Fenicia, F., Gourdol, L., Pfister, L., and Beven, K. J.: Velocity and celerity dynamics at plot scale inferred from artificial tracing experiments and time-lapse ERT, J. Hydrol., 546, 28–43, 2017.
Scaini, A., Hissler, C., Fenicia, F., Juilleret, J., Iffly, J. F., Pfister, L., and Beven, K. J.: Hillslope response to sprinkling and natural rainfall using velocity and celerity estimates in a slate-bedrock catchment, J. Hydrol., 558, 366–379, 2018.
Schoeneberger, P. J. and Wysocki, D. A.: Hydrology of soils and deep regolith: A nexus between soil geography, ecosystems and land management, Geoderma, 126, 117–128, 2005.
Simon, F. X., Pareilh-Peyrou, M., Buvat, S., Mayoral, A., Labazuy, P., Kelfoun, K., and Tabbagh, A.: Quantifying multiple electromagnetic properties in EMI surveys: A case study of hydromorphic soils in a volcanic context – The Lac du Puy (France), Geoderma, 361, 114084, 2020.
Singha, K.: Geophysics Is Not a Silver Bullet, but Worth a Shot, Groundwater, 55, 149–149, 2017.
Slater, L.: Near surface electrical characterization of hydraulic conductivity: From petrophysical properties to aquifer geometries – A review, Surv. Geophys., 28, 169–197, 2007.
Sponton, H. and Cardelino, J.: A Review of Classic Edge Detectors, Image Processing On Line, 5, 90–123, 2015.
Stummer, P., Maurer, H., and Green, A. G.: Experimental design: Electrical resistivity data sets that provide optimum subsurface information, Geophysics, 69, 120–139, 2004.
Tetegan, M., Pasquier, C., Besson, A., Nicoullaud, B., Bouthier, A., Bourennane, H., Desbourdes, C., King, D., and Cousin, I.: Field-scale estimation of the volume percentage of rock fragments in stony soils by electrical resistivity, Catena, 92, 67–74, 2012.
Torreão, J. R. A. and Amaral, M. S.: Efficient, recursively implemented differential operator, with application to edge detection, Pattern Recogn. Lett., 27, 987–995, 2006.
Tran, A. P., Dafflon, B., Hubbard, S. S., Kowalsky, M. B., Long, P., Tokunaga, T. K., and Williams, K. H.: Quantifying shallow subsurface water and heat dynamics using coupled hydrological-thermal-geophysical inversion, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3477–3491, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3477-2016, 2016.
Uhlemann, S. S., Sorensen, J. P. R., House, A. R., Wilkinson, P. B., Roberts, C., Gooddy, D. C., Binley, A. M., and Chambers, J. E.: Integrated time-lapse geoelectrical imaging of wetland hydrological processes, Water Resour. Res., 52, 1607–1625, 2015.
Uhlemann, S., Wilkinson, P. B., Maurer, H., Wagner, F. M., Johnson, T. C., and Chambers, J. E.: Optimized survey design for electrical resistivity tomography: Combined optimization of measurement configuration and electrode placement, Geophys. J. Int., 214, 108–121, 2018.
Velde, B. and Meunier, A.: The origin of clay minerals in soils and weathered rocks, Springer, Berlin, 406 p, 2008.
Wainwright, H. M., Flores Orozco, A., Bücker, M., Dafflon, B., Chen, J., Hubbard, S. S., and Williams, K. H.: Hierarchical Bayesian method for mapping biogeochemical hot spots using induced polarization imaging, Water Resour. Res., 52, 533–551, 2016.
Ward, W. O. C., Wilkinson, P. B., Chambers, J. E., Oxby, L. S., and Bai, L.: Distribution-based fuzzy clustering of electrical resistivity tomography images for interface detection, Geophys. J. Int., 197, 310–321, 2014.
Wilkinson, P. B., Meldrum, P. I., Chambers, J. E., Kuras, O., and Ogilvy, R. D.: Improved strategies for the automatic selection of optimized sets of electrical resistivity tomography measurement configurations, Geophys. J. Int., 167, 1119–1126, 2006.
Wilkinson, P. B., Loke, M. H., Meldrum, P. I., Chambers, J. E., Kuras, O., Gunn, D. A., and Ogilvy, R. D.: Practical aspects of applied optimized survey design for electrical resistivity tomography, Geophys. J. Int., 189, 428–440, 2012.
Wrede, S., Fenicia, F., Martínez-Carreras, N., Juilleret, J., Hissler, C., Krein, A., Savenije, H. H. G., Uhlenbrook, S., Kavetski, D., and Pfister, L.: Towards more systematic perceptual model development: a case study using 3 Luxembourgish catchments, Hydrol. Process., 29, 2731–2750, 2015.
Short summary
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a remarkable tool for characterizing the regolith, but its use over large areas remains cumbersome due to the requirement of small electrode spacing (ES). In this study we document the issues of using oversized ESs and propose a new approach to overcome this limitation. We demonstrate that our protocol significantly improves the accuracy of ERT profiles using large ES and offers a cost-effective means for carrying out large-scale surveys.
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a remarkable tool for characterizing the regolith,...
