Articles | Volume 18, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2449-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2449-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Jun 2014
Research article |
| 27 Jun 2014
Morphological, hydrological, biogeochemical and ecological changes and challenges in river restoration – the Thur River case study
M. Schirmer
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
University of Neuchâtel, Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN) 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
J. Luster
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
N. Linde
University of Lausanne, Institute of Earth Sciences, Applied and Environmental Geophysics Group, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
P. Perona
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Group AHEAD, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
E. A. D. Mitchell
Laboratory of Soil Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL) Wetlands Research Group, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Laboratory of Ecological Systems, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
D. A. Barry
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Faculté de l'environnement naturel, architectural et construit (ENAC), Ecological Engineering Laboratory, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
J. Hollender
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
O. A. Cirpka
University of Tübingen, Center for Applied Geoscience, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
P. Schneider
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
University of Zurich, Department of Geography, C8057 Zurich, Switzerland
T. Vogt
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
D. Radny
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
E. Durisch-Kaiser
Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
ETH Zurich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Cantonal Agency for the Environment, AWEL, 8090 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Marco Dal Molin, Mario Schirmer, Massimiliano Zappa, and Fabrizio Fenicia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1319–1345, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1319-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1319-2020, 2020
A.-M. Kurth, C. Weber, and M. Schirmer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2663–2672, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2663-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2663-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the effects of river restoration on groundwater–surface water interactions in a losing urban stream. Investigations were performed using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). The results indicate that the highest surface water downwelling occurred at the tip of a gravel island newly installed during river restoration, leading to the conclusion that in this specific setting, river restoration was effective in locally enhancing groundwater–surface water interactions.
A.-M. Kurth, N. Dawes, J. Selker, and M. Schirmer
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 2, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-71-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-71-2013, 2013
Kaiyan Hu, Bertille Loiseau, Simon D. Carrière, Nolwenn Lesparre, Cédric Champollion, Nicolas K. Martin-StPaul, Niklas Linde, and Damien Jougnot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-240, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-240, 2024
Preprint under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the potential of the electrical self-potential (SP) method, a passive geophysical technique, to provide additional insights into tree transpiration rates. We measured SP and sap velocity in three tree species over a year in a Mediterranean climate. Results indicate SP effectively characterizes transpiration rates, especially during dry seasons. Additionally, the electrokinetic coupling coefficients of these trees align with values typically found in porous geological media.
Jonas Leon Schaper, Olaf A. Cirpka, Joerg Lewandowski, and Christiane Zarfl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-141, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-141, 2023
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present a model approach to quantify river water to riverbed sediment travel times as a continuous function of time using natural electrical conductivity fluctuations as a tracer. We show that apparent water travel times from surface waters through riverbed sediments can be highly dynamic, which may be caused by actual variations of porewater velocity following diurnal variations of head gradients or by a shift of the spatial arrangement of flow paths and their lengths.
Thomas Hermans, Pascal Goderniaux, Damien Jougnot, Jan H. Fleckenstein, Philip Brunner, Frédéric Nguyen, Niklas Linde, Johan Alexander Huisman, Olivier Bour, Jorge Lopez Alvis, Richard Hoffmann, Andrea Palacios, Anne-Karin Cooke, Álvaro Pardo-Álvarez, Lara Blazevic, Behzad Pouladi, Peleg Haruzi, Alejandro Fernandez Visentini, Guilherme E. H. Nogueira, Joel Tirado-Conde, Majken C. Looms, Meruyert Kenshilikova, Philippe Davy, and Tanguy Le Borgne
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 255–287, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-255-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-255-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Although invisible, groundwater plays an essential role for society as a source of drinking water or for ecosystems but is also facing important challenges in terms of contamination. Characterizing groundwater reservoirs with their spatial heterogeneity and their temporal evolution is therefore crucial for their sustainable management. In this paper, we review some important challenges and recent innovations in imaging and modeling the 4D nature of the hydrogeological systems.
Seyed Mahmood Hamze-Ziabari, Ulrich Lemmin, Frédéric Soulignac, Mehrshad Foroughan, and David Andrew Barry
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8785–8807, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8785-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8785-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A procedure combining numerical simulations, remote sensing, and statistical analyses is developed to detect large-scale current systems in large lakes. By applying this novel procedure in Lake Geneva, strategies for detailed transect field studies of the gyres and eddies were developed. Unambiguous field evidence of 3D gyre/eddy structures in full agreement with predictions confirmed the robustness of the proposed procedure.
Zhaoyang Luo, Jun Kong, Lili Yao, Chunhui Lu, Ling Li, and David Andrew Barry
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-634, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-634, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Watertable fluctuations and seawater intrusion are characteristic features of coastal unconfined aquifers. A modified expression is first proposed for the dynamic effective porosity due to watertable fluctuations. Then, the new expression is implemented in existing Boussinesq equations and a numerical model, allowing for examination of the effects of the dynamic effective porosity on watertable fluctuations and seawater intrusion in coastal unconfined aquifers, respectively.
Zhaoyang Luo, Jun Kong, Chengji Shen, Pei Xin, Chunhui Lu, Ling Li, and David Andrew Barry
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6591–6602, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6591-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6591-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Analytical solutions are derived for steady-state seawater intrusion in annulus segment aquifers. These analytical solutions are validated by comparing their predictions with experimental data. We find seawater intrusion is the most extensive in divergent aquifers, and the opposite is the case for convergent aquifers. The analytical solutions facilitate engineers and hydrologists in evaluating seawater intrusion more efficiently in annulus segment aquifers with a complex geometry.
Bernd Schalge, Gabriele Baroni, Barbara Haese, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Pablo Saavedra, Vincent Haefliger, Harry Vereecken, Sabine Attinger, Harald Kunstmann, Olaf A. Cirpka, Felix Ament, Stefan Kollet, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, and Clemens Simmer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4437–4464, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4437-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, a 9-year simulation of complete model output of a coupled atmosphere–land-surface–subsurface model on the catchment scale is discussed. We used the Neckar catchment in SW Germany as the basis of this simulation. Since the dataset includes the full model output, it is not only possible to investigate model behavior and interactions between the component models but also use it as a virtual truth for comparison of, for example, data assimilation experiments.
Daniel Erdal and Olaf A. Cirpka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4567–4574, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4567-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4567-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing model sensitivities with ensemble-based methods can be prohibitively expensive when large parts of the plausible parameter space result in model simulations with nonrealistic results. In a previous work, we used the method of active subspaces to create a proxy model with the purpose of filtering out such unrealistic runs at low cost. This work details a notable improvement in the efficiency of the original sampling scheme, without loss of accuracy.
Andrea Palacios, Juan José Ledo, Niklas Linde, Linda Luquot, Fabian Bellmunt, Albert Folch, Alex Marcuello, Pilar Queralt, Philippe A. Pezard, Laura Martínez, Laura del Val, David Bosch, and Jesús Carrera
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2121–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2121-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2121-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal areas are highly populated and seawater intrusion endangers the already scarce freshwater resources. We use, for the first time, a geophysical experiment called cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography to monitor seawater intrusion dynamics. The technique relies on readings of rock and water electrical conductivity to detect salt in the aquifer. Two years of experiment allowed us to reveal variations in aquifer salinity due to natural seasonality, heavy-rain events and droughts.
Marco Dal Molin, Mario Schirmer, Massimiliano Zappa, and Fabrizio Fenicia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1319–1345, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1319-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1319-2020, 2020
Daniel Erdal and Olaf A. Cirpka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3787–3805, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3787-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3787-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing how sensitive uncertain model parameters are to observed data can be done by analyzing an ensemble of model simulations in which the parameters are varied. In subsurface modeling, this involves running heavy models. To reduce time wasted simulating models which show poor behavior, we use a fast polynomial model based on a simple parameter decomposition to approximate the behavior prior to
full-model simulation. This largely reduces the cost for the global sensitivity analysis.
Martin Ley, Moritz F. Lehmann, Pascal A. Niklaus, and Jörg Luster
Biogeosciences, 15, 7043–7057, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7043-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7043-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our laboratory study shows how microhabitat formation linked to soil aggregates, litter accumulation and plant soil interactions affects conditions under which
hot momentsof enhanced N2O emissions from floodplain soils during the drying phase after saturation occur. Larger aggregate size led to higher integrated flux rates when soil was unamended or mixed with leaf litter, whereas planting with willow significantly reduced emissions. Also, emission time patterns differed among the treatments.
Lucheng Zhan, Jiansheng Chen, Ling Li, and David A. Barry
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4449–4454, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4449-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4449-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using the arithmetic averages of precipitation isotope values, Wu et al. (2017) concluded that the Badain Jaran Desert (BJD) groundwater is recharged by modern local meteoric water. However, based on weighted mean precipitation isotope values, our further analysis shows that modern precipitation on the Qilian Mountains is more likely to be the main source of the groundwater and lake water in the BJD, as found. We believe this comment provides an important improvement for their study.
Yan Liu, Christiane Zarfl, Nandita B. Basu, Marc Schwientek, and Olaf A. Cirpka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3903–3921, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3903-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3903-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a model for water and sediment transport in a small catchment. For the water balance, we use a simple hydrological model that can explain the observed sudden increase in river flow between storm events. This model drives a hydraulic model of the river, which is needed to determine erosion and sedimentation in the river. Sediments are mainly generated in urban areas as the topography of the catchment is smooth. During storm events, erosion and deposition in the river becomes relevant.
Lukáš Vlček, Kristýna Falátková, and Philipp Schneider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3025–3040, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3025-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3025-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The role of mountain headwater area in hydrological cycle was investigated at two opposite hillslopes covered by mineral and organic soils. Similarities and differences in percolation and preferential flow paths between the hillslopes were identified by sprinkling experiments with Brilliant Blue and Fluorescein. The dye solutions infiltrated into the soil and continued either as lateral subsurface pipe flow (organic soil), or percolated vertically towards the bedrock (mineral soil).
Bernd Schalge, Jehan Rihani, Gabriele Baroni, Daniel Erdal, Gernot Geppert, Vincent Haefliger, Barbara Haese, Pablo Saavedra, Insa Neuweiler, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen, Felix Ament, Sabine Attinger, Olaf A. Cirpka, Stefan Kollet, Harald Kunstmann, Harry Vereecken, and Clemens Simmer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-557, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-557, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we show how we used a coupled atmosphere-land surface-subsurface model at highest possible resolution to create a testbed for data assimilation. The model was able to capture all important processes and interactions between the compartments as well as showing realistic statistical behavior. This proves that using a model as a virtual truth is possible and it will enable us to develop data assimilation methods where states and parameters are updated across compartment.
Diane von Gunten, Thomas Wöhling, Claus P. Haslauer, Daniel Merchán, Jesus Causapé, and Olaf A. Cirpka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4159–4175, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4159-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4159-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We compare seven meteorological drought indices that are commonly used to predict future droughts. Our goal is to assess the reliability of these indices to predict hydrological impacts of droughts under changing climatic conditions, using an integrated hydrological model. Drought indices are able to identify the timing of hydrological impacts of droughts in present and future climate. However, these indices can not estimate the severity of hydrological impacts of droughts in future climate.
D. Erdal and O. A. Cirpka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 555–569, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-555-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-555-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater recharge and hydraulic conductivity are both important properties of a groundwater system. However, models using an erroneous conductivity field can be compensated by a false recharge field to construct the same type of hydraulic head observations. In this work we show that prior knowledge is very important when estimating parameter fields from ambiguous data (such as head observations). If the prior information is reasonable, the joint parameter estimation can be possible.
A.-M. Kurth, C. Weber, and M. Schirmer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2663–2672, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2663-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2663-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the effects of river restoration on groundwater–surface water interactions in a losing urban stream. Investigations were performed using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). The results indicate that the highest surface water downwelling occurred at the tip of a gravel island newly installed during river restoration, leading to the conclusion that in this specific setting, river restoration was effective in locally enhancing groundwater–surface water interactions.
D. Lemke, R. González-Pinzón, Z. Liao, T. Wöhling, K. Osenbrück, R. Haggerty, and O. A. Cirpka
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3151–3163, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3151-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3151-2014, 2014
P. Schneider, S. Pool, L. Strouhal, and J. Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 875–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, 2014
B. Fournier, C. Guenat, G. Bullinger-Weber, and E. A. D. Mitchell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4031–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4031-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4031-2013, 2013
A.-M. Kurth, N. Dawes, J. Selker, and M. Schirmer
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 2, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-71-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-71-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Rivers and Lakes | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
Hydrological, meteorological, and watershed controls on the water balance of thermokarst lakes between Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada
Influence of vegetation maintenance on flow and mixing: case study comparing fully cut with high-coverage conditions
Assessing the influence of lake and watershed attributes on snowmelt bypass at thermokarst lakes
Technical note: Analyzing river network dynamics and the active length–discharge relationship using water presence sensors
Technical note: Efficient imaging of hydrological units below lakes and fjords with a floating, transient electromagnetic (FloaTEM) system
Drastic decline of flood pulse in the Cambodian floodplains (Mekong River and Tonle Sap system)
Seasonality of density currents induced by differential cooling
Implications of variations in stream specific conductivity for estimating baseflow using chemical mass balance and calibrated hydrograph techniques
Enhanced flood hazard assessment beyond decadal climate cycles based on centennial historical data (Duero basin, Spain)
Contrasting hydrological and thermal intensities determine seasonal lake-level variations – a case study at Paiku Co on the southern Tibetan Plateau
Technical note: Mobile open dynamic chamber measurement of methane macroseeps in lakes
A Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for continuous in situ measurement of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in water
Technical note: Greenhouse gas flux studies: an automated online system for gas emission measurements in aquatic environments
Evolution and dynamics of the vertical temperature profile in an oligotrophic lake
Long-term changes in central European river discharge for 1869–2016: impact of changing snow covers, reservoir constructions and an intensified hydrological cycle
Reliable reference for the methane concentrations in Lake Kivu at the beginning of industrial exploitation
Small dams alter thermal regimes of downstream water
Oxycline oscillations induced by internal waves in deep Lake Iseo
Turbulent mixing and heat fluxes under lake ice: the role of seiche oscillations
New profiling and mooring records help to assess variability of Lake Issyk-Kul and reveal unknown features of its thermohaline structure
Evaluation of lacustrine groundwater discharge, hydrologic partitioning, and nutrient budgets in a proglacial lake in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: using 222Rn and stable isotopes
Long-term temporal trajectories to enhance restoration efficiency and sustainability on large rivers: an interdisciplinary study
Active heat pulse sensing of 3-D-flow fields in streambeds
Technical note: False low turbidity readings from optical probes during high suspended-sediment concentrations
Effectiveness of distributed temperature measurements for early detection of piping in river embankments
Citizen observations contributing to flood modelling: opportunities and challenges
Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates
Technical note: Stage and water width measurement of a mountain stream using a simple time-lapse camera
Identifying, characterizing and predicting spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge
Information content of stream level class data for hydrological model calibration
Hydrology of inland tropical lowlands: the Kapuas and Mahakam wetlands
Technical Note: Monitoring of unsteady open channel flows using the continuous slope-area method
Application of CryoSat-2 altimetry data for river analysis and modelling
Technical Note: Advances in flash flood monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
Using radon to understand parafluvial flows and the changing locations of groundwater inflows in the Avon River, southeast Australia
Influence of environmental factors on spectral characteristics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Inner Mongolia Plateau, China
DAHITI – an innovative approach for estimating water level time series over inland waters using multi-mission satellite altimetry
The Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers (GNIR): integration of water isotopes in watershed observation and riverine research
A 2600-year history of floods in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland: frequencies, mechanisms and climate forcing
Technical Note: Semi-automated effective width extraction from time-lapse RGB imagery of a remote, braided Greenlandic river
Characterization of sediment layer composition in a shallow lake: from open water zones to reed belt areas
Dynamics of auto- and heterotrophic picoplankton and associated viruses in Lake Geneva
Historic maps as a data source for socio-hydrology: a case study of the Lake Balaton wetland system, Hungary
Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of riparian soil morphology in a restored floodplain
Flood discharge measurement of a mountain river – Nanshih River in Taiwan
Hydrochemical variability at the Upper Paraguay Basin and Pantanal wetland
Measurement of spatial and temporal fine sediment dynamics in a small river
Technical Note: How image processing facilitates the rising bubble technique for discharge measurement
Discharge estimation in a backwater affected meandering river
Ephemeral stream sensor design using state loggers
Evan J. Wilcox, Brent B. Wolfe, and Philip Marsh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2173–2188, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2173-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2173-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic is warming quickly and influencing lake water balances. We used water isotope concentrations taken from samples of 25 lakes in the Canadian Arctic and estimated the average ratio of evaporation to inflow (E / I) for each lake. The ratio of watershed area (the area that flows into the lake) to lake area (WA / LA) strongly predicted E / I, as lakes with relatively smaller watersheds received less inflow. The WA / LA could be used to predict the vulnerability of Arctic lakes to future change.
Monika Barbara Kalinowska, Kaisa Västilä, Michael Nones, Adam Kiczko, Emilia Karamuz, Andrzej Brandyk, Adam Kozioł, and Marcin Krukowski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 953–968, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-953-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-953-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation is commonly found in rivers and channels. Using field investigations, we evaluated the influence of different vegetation coverages on the flow and mixing in the small naturally vegetated channel. The obtained results are expected to be helpful for practitioners, enlarge our still limited knowledge, and show the further required scientific directions for a better understanding of the influence of vegetation on the flow and mixing of dissolved substances in real natural conditions.
Evan J. Wilcox, Brent B. Wolfe, and Philip Marsh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6185–6205, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated how much of the water flowing into lakes during snowmelt replaced the pre-snowmelt lake water. Our data show that, as lake depth increases, the amount of water mixed into lakes decreased, because vertical mixing is reduced as lake depth increases. Our data also show that the water mixing into lakes is not solely snow-sourced but is a mixture of snowmelt and soil water. These results are relevant for lake biogeochemistry given the unique properties of snowmelt runoff.
Francesca Zanetti, Nicola Durighetto, Filippo Vingiani, and Gianluca Botter
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3497–3516, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
River networks are highly dynamical. Characterizing expansion and retraction of flowing streams is a significant scientific challenge. Electrical resistance sensors were used to monitor stream network patterns in an alpine catchment. Our data show the presence of spatial heterogeneity in network dynamics and that the active length is more sensitive than discharge to small rain events. The study unravels potentials and limitations of the sensors for the characterization of temporary streams.
Pradip Kumar Maurya, Frederik Ersted Christensen, Masson Andy Kass, Jesper B. Pedersen, Rasmus R. Frederiksen, Nikolaj Foged, Anders Vest Christiansen, and Esben Auken
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2813–2827, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2813-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2813-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we present an application of the electromagnetic method to image the subsurface below rivers, lakes, or any surface water body. The scanning of the subsurface is carried out by sailing an electromagnetic sensor called FloaTEM. Imaging results show a 3D distribution of different sediment types below the freshwater lakes. In the case of saline water, the system is capable of identifying the probable location of groundwater discharge into seawater.
Samuel De Xun Chua, Xi Xi Lu, Chantha Oeurng, Ty Sok, and Carl Grundy-Warr
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 609–625, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-609-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-609-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We found that the annual flood at the Cambodian floodplains decreased from 1960 to 2019. Consequently, the Tonle Sap Lake, the largest lake in Southeast Asia, is shrinking. The results are worrying because the local fisheries and planting calendar might be disrupted. This drastic decline of flooding extent is caused mostly by local factors, namely water withdrawal for irrigation and channel incision from sand mining activities.
Tomy Doda, Cintia L. Ramón, Hugo N. Ulloa, Alfred Wüest, and Damien Bouffard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 331–353, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
At night or during cold periods, the shallow littoral region of lakes cools faster than their deeper interior. This induces a cold downslope current that carries littoral waters offshore. From a 1-year-long database collected in a small temperate lake, we resolve the seasonality of this current and report its frequent occurrence from summer to winter. This study contributes to a better quantification of lateral exchange in lakes, with implications for the transport of dissolved compounds.
Ian Cartwright
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 183–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Using specific conductivity (SC) to estimate groundwater inflow to rivers is complicated by bank return waters, interflow, and flows off floodplains contributing to baseflow in all but the driest years. Using the maximum SC of the river in dry years to estimate the SC of groundwater produces the best baseflow vs. streamflow trends. The variable composition of baseflow hinders calibration of hydrograph-based techniques to estimate groundwater inflows.
Gerardo Benito, Olegario Castillo, Juan A. Ballesteros-Cánovas, Maria Machado, and Mariano Barriendos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6107–6132, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to increase the intensity of floods, but changes are difficult to project. We compiled historical and modern flood data of the Rio Duero (Spain) to evaluate flood hazards beyond decadal climate cycles. Historical floods were obtained from documentary sources, identifying 69 floods over 1250–1871 CE. Discharges were calculated from reported flood heights. Flood frequency using historical datasets showed the most robust results, guiding climate change adaptation.
Yanbin Lei, Tandong Yao, Kun Yang, Lazhu, Yaoming Ma, and Broxton W. Bird
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3163–3177, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lake evaporation from Paiku Co on the TP is low in spring and summer and high in autumn and early winter. There is a ~ 5-month lag between net radiation and evaporation due to large lake heat storage. High evaporation and low inflow cause significant lake-level decrease in autumn and early winter, while low evaporation and high inflow cause considerable lake-level increase in summer. This study implies that evaporation can affect the different amplitudes of lake-level variations on the TP.
Frederic Thalasso, Katey Walter Anthony, Olya Irzak, Ethan Chaleff, Laughlin Barker, Peter Anthony, Philip Hanke, and Rodrigo Gonzalez-Valencia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 6047–6058, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6047-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6047-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) seepage is the steady or episodic flow of gaseous hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs that has been identified as a significant source of atmospheric CH4. The monitoring of these emissions is important and despite several available methods, large macroseeps are still difficult to measure due to a lack of a lightweight and inexpensive method deployable in remote environments. Here, we report the development of a mobile chamber for measuring intense CH4 macroseepage in lakes.
Shangbin Xiao, Liu Liu, Wei Wang, Andreas Lorke, Jason Woodhouse, and Hans-Peter Grossart
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3871–3880, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3871-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3871-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
To better understand the fate of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in freshwaters, dissolved CH4 and CO2 need to be measured with a high temporal resolution. We developed the Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for real-time in situ measurement of dissolved gases in water. FaRAGE can achieve a short response time (CH4:
t95 % = 12 s; CO2:
t95 % = 10 s) while retaining a high equilibration ratio and accuracy.
Nguyen Thanh Duc, Samuel Silverstein, Martin Wik, Patrick Crill, David Bastviken, and Ruth K. Varner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3417–3430, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3417-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3417-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Under rapid ongoing climate change, accurate quantification of natural greenhouse gas emissions in aquatic environments such as lakes and ponds is needed to understand regulation and feedbacks. Building on the rapid development in wireless communication, sensors, and computation technology, we present a low-cost, open-source, automated and remotely accessed and controlled device for carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from open-water environments along with tests showing their potential.
Zvjezdana B. Klaić, Karmen Babić, and Mirko Orlić
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3399–3416, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fine-resolution lake temperature measurements (2 min, 15 depths) show different lake responses to atmospheric forcings: (1) continuous diurnal oscillations in the temperature in the first 5 m of the lake, (2) occasional diurnal oscillations in the temperature at depths from 7 to 20 m, and (3) occasional surface and internal seiches. Due to the sloped lake bottom, surface seiches produced the high-frequency oscillations in the lake temperatures with periods of 9 min at depths from 9 to 17 m.
Erwin Rottler, Till Francke, Gerd Bürger, and Axel Bronstert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1721–1740, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1721-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1721-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the attempt to identify and disentangle long-term impacts of changes in snow cover and precipitation along with reservoir constructions, we employ a set of analytical tools on hydro-climatic time series. We identify storage reservoirs as an important factor redistributing runoff from summer to winter. Furthermore, our results hint at more (intense) rainfall in recent decades. Detected increases in high discharge can be traced back to corresponding changes in precipitation.
Bertram Boehrer, Wolf von Tümpling, Ange Mugisha, Christophe Rogemont, and Augusta Umutoni
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4707–4716, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4707-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4707-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved methane in Lake Kivu (East Africa) represents a precious energy deposit, but the high gas loads have also been perceived as a threat by the local population. Our measurements confirm the huge amount of methane and carbon dioxide present, but do not support the current theory of a significant recharge. Direct measurements of gas pressure indicate no imminent danger due to limnic eruptions. A continuous survey is mandatory to support responsible action during industrial exploitation.
André Chandesris, Kris Van Looy, Jacob S. Diamond, and Yves Souchon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4509–4525, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4509-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4509-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We found that small dams in rivers alter the thermal regimes of downstream waters in two distinct ways: either only the downstream daily minimum temperatures increase, or both the downstream daily minimum and maximum temperatures increase. We further show that only two physical dam characteristics can explain this difference in temperature response: (1) residence time, and (2) surface area. These results may help managers prioritize efforts to restore the fragmented thermalscapes of rivers.
Giulia Valerio, Marco Pilotti, Maximilian Peter Lau, and Michael Hupfer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1763–1777, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1763-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1763-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides experimental evidence of the occurrence of large and periodic movements induced by the wind at 95 m in depth in Lake Iseo, where a permanent chemocline is located. These movements determine vertical oscillations of the oxycline up to 20 m. Accordingly, in 3 % of the sediment area alternating redox conditions occur, which might force unsteady sediment–water fluxes. This finding has major implications for the internal matter cycle in Lake Iseo.
Georgiy Kirillin, Ilya Aslamov, Matti Leppäranta, and Elisa Lindgren
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6493–6504, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6493-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6493-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We have discovered transient appearances of strong turbulent mixing beneath the ice of an Arctic lake. Such mixing events increase heating of the ice base up to an order of magnitude and can significantly accelerate ice melting. The source of mixing was identified as oscillations of the entire lake water body triggered by strong winds over the lake surface. This previously unknown mechanism of ice melt may help understand the link between the climate conditions and the seasonal ice formation.
Peter O. Zavialov, Alexander S. Izhitskiy, Georgiy B. Kirillin, Valentina M. Khan, Boris V. Konovalov, Peter N. Makkaveev, Vadim V. Pelevin, Nikolay A. Rimskiy-Korsakov, Salmor A. Alymkulov, and Kubanychbek M. Zhumaliev
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6279–6295, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6279-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6279-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the results of field surveys conducted in Lake Issyk-Kul in 2015–2017 and compares the present-day data with the available historical records. Our data do not confirm the reports of progressive warming of the deep Issyk-Kul waters as suggested in some previous publications. However, they do indicate a positive trend of salinity in the lake’s interior over the last 3 decades. An important newly found feature is a persistent salinity maximum at depths of 70–120 m.
Xin Luo, Xingxing Kuang, Jiu Jimmy Jiao, Sihai Liang, Rong Mao, Xiaolang Zhang, and Hailong Li
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5579–5598, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5579-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5579-2018, 2018
David Eschbach, Laurent Schmitt, Gwenaël Imfeld, Jan-Hendrik May, Sylvain Payraudeau, Frank Preusser, Mareike Trauerstein, and Grzegorz Skupinski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2717–2737, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2717-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2717-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we show the relevance of an interdisciplinary study for improving restoration within the framework of a European LIFE+ project on the French side of the Upper Rhine (Rohrschollen Island). Our results underscore the advantage of combining functional restoration with detailed knowledge of past trajectories in complex hydrosystems. We anticipate our approach will expand the toolbox of decision-makers and help orientate functional restoration actions in the future.
Eddie W. Banks, Margaret A. Shanafield, Saskia Noorduijn, James McCallum, Jörg Lewandowski, and Okke Batelaan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1917–1929, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1917-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1917-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study used a portable 56-sensor, 3-D temperature array with three heat pulse sources to measure the flow direction and magnitude below the water–sediment interface. Breakthrough curves from each of the sensors were analyzed using a heat transport equation. The use of short-duration heat pulses provided a rapid, accurate assessment technique for determining dynamic and multi-directional flow patterns in the hyporheic zone and is a basis for improved understanding of biogeochemical processes.
Nicholas Voichick, David J. Topping, and Ronald E. Griffiths
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1767–1773, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1767-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1767-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes instances in the Grand Canyon study area and a laboratory experiment in which very high suspended-sediment concentrations result in incorrectly low turbidity recorded with a commonly used field instrument. If associated with the monitoring of a construction or dredging project, false low turbidity could result in regulators being unaware of environmental damage caused by the actually much higher turbidity.
Silvia Bersan, André R. Koelewijn, and Paolo Simonini
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1491–1508, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1491-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1491-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Backward erosion piping is the cause of a significant percentage of failures and incidents involving dams and river embankments. In the past 20 years fibre-optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) has proved to be effective for the detection of leakages and internal erosion in dams. This work investigates the effectiveness of DTS for monitoring backward erosion piping in river embankments. Data from a large-scale piping test performed on an instrumented dike are presented and discussed.
Thaine H. Assumpção, Ioana Popescu, Andreja Jonoski, and Dimitri P. Solomatine
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1473–1489, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1473-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1473-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Citizens can contribute to science by providing data, analysing them and as such contributing to decision-making processes. For example, citizens have collected water levels from gauges, which are important when simulating/forecasting floods, where data are usually scarce. This study reviewed such contributions and concluded that integration of citizen data may not be easy due to their spatio-temporal characteristics but that citizen data still proved valuable and can be used in flood modelling.
Jutta Metzger, Manuela Nied, Ulrich Corsmeier, Jörg Kleffmann, and Christoph Kottmeier
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1135–1155, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1135-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1135-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is motivated by the need for more precise evaporation rates from the Dead Sea (DS) and methods to estimate and forecast evaporation. A new approach to measure lake evaporation with a station located at the shoreline, also transferable to other lakes, is introduced. The first directly measured DS evaporation rates are presented as well as applicable methods for evaporation calculation. These results enable us to further close the DS water budget and to facilitate the water management.
Pauline Leduc, Peter Ashmore, and Darren Sjogren
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We show the utility of ground-based time-lapse cameras for automated monitoring of stream stage and flow characteristics. High-frequency flow stage, water surface width and other information on the state of flow can be acquired for extended time periods with simple local calibration using a low-cost time-lapse camera and a few simple field measurements for calibration and for automated image selection and sorting. The approach is a useful substitute or complement to the conventional stage data.
Christina Tecklenburg and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5043–5063, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5043-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5043-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized groundwater–lake exchange patterns and identified their controls based on extensive field measurements. Our measurement design bridges the gap between the detailed local characterisation and low resolution regional investigations. Results indicated strong spatial variability in groundwater inflow rates: large scale inflow patterns correlated with topography and the groundwater flow field and small scale patterns correlated with grainsize distributions of the lake sediment.
H. J. Ilja van Meerveld, Marc J. P. Vis, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4895–4905, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4895-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4895-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the usefulness of stream level class data for hydrological model calibration. Only two stream level classes, e.g. above or below a rock in the stream, were already informative, particularly when the boundary was chosen at a high stream level. There was hardly any improvement in model performance when using more than five stream level classes. These results suggest that model based streamflow time series can be obtained from citizen science based water level class data.
Hidayat Hidayat, Adriaan J. Teuling, Bart Vermeulen, Muh Taufik, Karl Kastner, Tjitske J. Geertsema, Dinja C. C. Bol, Dirk H. Hoekman, Gadis Sri Haryani, Henny A. J. Van Lanen, Robert M. Delinom, Roel Dijksma, Gusti Z. Anshari, Nining S. Ningsih, Remko Uijlenhoet, and Antonius J. F. Hoitink
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2579–2594, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2579-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2579-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological prediction is crucial but in tropical lowland it is difficult, considering data scarcity and river system complexity. This study offers a view of the hydrology of two tropical lowlands in Indonesia. Both lowlands exhibit the important role of upstream wetlands in regulating the flow downstream. We expect that this work facilitates a better prediction of fire-prone conditions in these regions.
Kyutae Lee, Ali R. Firoozfar, and Marian Muste
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1863–1874, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1863-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1863-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate estimation of stream/river flows is important in many aspects, including public safety during floods, effective uses of water resources for hydropower generation and irrigation, and environments. In this paper, we investigated a feasibility of the continuous slope area (CSA) method which measures dynamic changes in instantaneous water surface elevations, and the results showed promising capabilities of the suggested method for the accurate estimation of flows in natural streams/rivers.
Raphael Schneider, Peter Nygaard Godiksen, Heidi Villadsen, Henrik Madsen, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 751–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-751-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-751-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use water level observations from the CryoSat-2 satellite in combination with a river model of the Brahmaputra River, extracting satellite data over a dynamic river mask derived from Landsat imagery. The novelty of this work is the use of the CryoSat-2 water level observations, collected using a complex spatio-temporal sampling scheme, to calibrate a hydrodynamic river model. The resulting model accurately reproduces water levels, without precise knowledge of river bathymetry.
Matthew T. Perks, Andrew J. Russell, and Andrew R. G. Large
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4005–4015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4005-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4005-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to capture information about the earth’s surface in dangerous and previously inaccessible locations. Here we present a method whereby image acquisition and subsequent analysis have enabled the highly dynamic and oft-immeasurable hydraulic phenomenon present during high-energy flash floods to be quantified at previously unattainable spatial and temporal resolutions.
Ian Cartwright and Harald Hofmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3581–3600, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3581-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3581-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses the natural geochemical tracer Rn together with streamflow measurements to differentiate between actual groundwater inflows and water that exits the river, flows through the near-river sediments, and subsequently re-enters the river downstream (parafluvial flow). Distinguishing between these two components is important to understanding the water balance in gaining streams and in managing and protecting surface water resources.
Z. D. Wen, K. S. Song, Y. Zhao, J. Du, and J. H. Ma
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 787–801, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-787-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-787-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The study indicated that CDOM in rivers had higher aromaticity, molecular weight, and vascular plant contribution than in terminal lakes in the Hulun Buir plateau, Northeast China. The autochthonous sources of CDOM in plateau waters were higher than in other freshwater rivers reported in the literature. Study of the optical–physicochemical correlations is helpful in the evaluation of the potential influence of water quality factors on non-water light absorption in plateau water environments.
C. Schwatke, D. Dettmering, W. Bosch, and F. Seitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4345–4364, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4345-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4345-2015, 2015
J. Halder, S. Terzer, L. I. Wassenaar, L. J. Araguás-Araguás, and P. K. Aggarwal
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3419–3431, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3419-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3419-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a new online global database of riverine water stable isotopes (Global Network of Isotopes in Rivers) and evaluate its longer-term data holdings. A regionalized, cluster-based precipitation isotope model was used to compare measured to predicted isotope compositions of riverine catchments. The study demonstrated that the seasonal isotopic composition and variation of river water can be predicted, which will improve the application of water stable isotopes in rivers.
L. Schulte, J. C. Peña, F. Carvalho, T. Schmidt, R. Julià, J. Llorca, and H. Veit
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3047–3072, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3047-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3047-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A 2600-year long composite palaeoflood record is reconstructed from high-resolution delta plain sediments of the Hasli-Aare floodplain on the northern slope of the Swiss Alps. Natural proxies compiled from sedimentary, geochemical and geomorphological data were calibrated by textual and factual sources and instrumental data. Geomorphological, historical and instrumental data provide evidence for flood damage intensities and discharge estimations of severe and catastrophic historical floods.
C. J. Gleason, L. C. Smith, D. C. Finnegan, A. L. LeWinter, L. H Pitcher, and V. W. Chu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2963–2969, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2963-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2963-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we give a semi-automated processing workflow to extract hydraulic parameters from over 10,000 time-lapse images of the remote Isortoq River in Greenland. This workflow allows efficient and accurate (mean accuracy 79.6%) classification of images following an automated similarity filtering process. We also give an effective width hydrograph (a proxy for discharge) for the Isortoq using this workflow, showing the potential of this workflow for enhancing understanding of remote rivers.
I. Kogelbauer and W. Loiskandl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1427–1438, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1427-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1427-2015, 2015
A. Parvathi, X. Zhong, A. S. Pradeep Ram, and S. Jacquet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1073–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1073-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1073-2014, 2014
A. Zlinszky and G. Timár
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4589–4606, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4589-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4589-2013, 2013
B. Fournier, C. Guenat, G. Bullinger-Weber, and E. A. D. Mitchell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4031–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4031-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4031-2013, 2013
Y.-C. Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1951–1962, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1951-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1951-2013, 2013
A. T. Rezende Filho, S. Furian, R. L. Victoria, C. Mascré, V. Valles, and L. Barbiero
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2723–2737, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2723-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2723-2012, 2012
Y. Schindler Wildhaber, C. Michel, P. Burkhardt-Holm, D. Bänninger, and C. Alewell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1501–1515, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1501-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1501-2012, 2012
K. P. Hilgersom and W. M. J. Luxemburg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 345–356, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-345-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-345-2012, 2012
H. Hidayat, B. Vermeulen, M. G. Sassi, P. J. J. F. Torfs, and A. J. F. Hoitink
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2717–2728, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2717-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2717-2011, 2011
R. Bhamjee and J. B. Lindsay
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1009–1021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1009-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1009-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Abernethy, B. and Rutherfurd, I. D.: The distribution and strength of riparian tree roots in relation to riverbank reinforcement, Hydrol. Process., 15, 63–79, 2001.
Batlle-Aguilar, J., Brovelli, A., Luster, J., Shrestha, J., Niklaus, P. A., and Barry, D. A.: Analysis of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in riparian soils: Model validation and sensitivity to environmental controls, Sci. Total Environ., 429, 246–256, 2012.
Benayas, J. M. R., Newton, A. C., Diaz, A., and Bullock, J. M.: Enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services by ecological restoration: A meta-analysis, Science, 325, 1121–1124, 2009.
Bernhardt, E. S., Palmer, M. A., Allen, J. D., Alexander, G., Barnas, K., Brooks, S., Carr, J., Clayton, S., Dahm, C., Follstad-Shah, J., Galat, D., Gloss, S., Goodwin, P., Hart, D., Hassett, B., Jenkinson, R., Katz, S., Kondolf, G. M., Lake, P. S., Lave, R., Meyer, J. L., O'Donnell, T. K., Pagano, L., Powell, B., and Sudduth, E.: Ecology – Synthesizing US river restoration efforts, Science, 308, 636–637, 2005.
Blöschl, G., Ardoin-Bardin, S., Bonell, M., Dorninger, M,. Goodrich, D., Gutknecht, D., Matamoros, D., Merz, B., Shand, P., and Szolgay, J.: At what scales do climate variability and land cover change impact on flooding and low flows?, Hydrol. Process., 21, 1241–1247, 2007.
Boulton, A. J.: Hyporheic rehabilitation in rivers: Restoring vertical connectivity, Freshw. Biol., 52, 632–650, 2007.
Boulton, A. J., Findlay, S., Marmonier, P., Stanley, E. H., and Valett, H. M.: The functional significance of the hyporheic zone in streams and rivers, Annu. Rev. Ecol. System., 29, 59–81, 1998.
Brantley, S. L., Megonigal, J. P., Scatena, F. N., Balogh-Brunstad, Z., Barnes, Bruns, R. T., Bruns, M. A., Van Cappellen, P., Dontsova, K., Hartnett, H. E., Hartshorn, A. S., Heimsath, A., Herndoni, E., Jin, L., Keller, C. K., Leake, J. R., McDowell, W. H., Meinzer, F. C., Mozdzer, T. J., Petsch, S., Pett-Ridge, J., Pregitzer, K. S., Raymond, P. A., Riebe, C. S., Shumaker, K., Sutton-Grier, A., Walter, R., and Yoo, K.: Twelve testable hypotheses on the geobiology of Weathering, Geobiol., 9, 140–165, 2011.
Breuer, L. and Huisman, J. A.: Assessing the impact of land use change on hydrology by ensemble modeling (LUCHEM), Adv. Water Resour., 32, 127–128, 2009.
Brovelli, A., Batlle-Aguilar, J., and Barry, D. A.: Analysis of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in riparian soils: Model development, Sci. Total Environ., 429, 231–245, 2012.
BUWAL: Wegleitung Grundwasserschutz. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Bern, Switzerland, available at: http://www.bafu.admin.ch/publikationen/publikation/00378/index.html?lang=de (last access: 20 June 2014), 2004.
BWG: Hochwasserschutz an Fliessgewässern, Bundesamt für Wasser und Geologie, Bern, 2001.
Camporeale, C., Perucca, E., Gurnell, A., and Ridolfi, L.: Modelling the interactions between river morphodynamics and riparian vegetation, Rev. Geophys., 51, 1–36, 2013.
Cattaneo, G.: Hydrodynamic simulations and bank stability analysis of a morphodynamically active restored river corridor (Thur River, Switzerland), Environmental Engineering Master thesis EPFL-ENAC, July, 2012.
Clinton, S. M., Edwards, R. T., and Naiman, R. J.: Forest-river interactions: Influence on hyporheic dissolved organic carbon concentrations in a floodplain terrace, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 38, 619–663, 2002.
Coscia, I., Greenhalgh, S. A., Linde, N., Doetsch, J., Marescot, L., Gunther, T., Vogt, T., and Green, A. G.: 3D crosshole ERT for aquifer characterization and monitoring of infiltrating river water, Geophys., 76, G49–G59, 2011.
Coscia, I., Linde, N., Greenhalgh, S., Günther, T., and Green, A.: A filtering method to correct 3D ERT data and improve imaging of natural aquifer dynamics, J. Appl. Geophys., 80, 12–24, 2012a.
Coscia, I., Linde, N., Greenhalgh, S., Vogt, T., and Green, A.: Estimating travel times and groundwater flow patterns using 3D time-lapse crosshole ERT imaging of electrical resistivity fluctuations induced by infiltrating river water, Geophys., 77, E239–E250, 2012b.
Crouzy, B. and Perona, P.: Biomass selection by floods and related timescales: Part 2. Stochastic modeling, Adv. Water Resour, 39, 97–105, 2012.
Crouzy, B., Edmaier, K., Pasquale, N., and Perona, P.: Impact of floods on the statistical distribution of riverbed vegetation, Geomorphol., 202, 51–58, 2013.
Diem, S., Cirpka, O. A., and Schirmer, M.: Modeling the dynamics of oxygen consumption upon riverbank filtration by a stochastic-convective approach, J. Hydrol., 505, 352–363, 2013a.
Diem, S., Renard, P., and Schirmer, M.: New methods to estimate 2D water level distributions of dynamic rivers, Ground Water, 51, 847–854, 2013b.
Diem, S., Rudolf von Rohr, M., Hering, J. G., Kohler, H. P. E., Schirmer, M., and von Gunten, U.: NOM degradation during river infiltration: Effects of the climate variables temperature and discharge, Water Res., 47, 6585–6595, 2013c.
Diem, S., Renard, P., and Schirmer, M.: Assessing the effect of different river water level interpolation schemes on modeled groundwater residence times, J. Hydrol., 510, 393–402, 2014.
Doetsch, J., Coscia, I., Greenhalgh, S., Linde, N., Green, A. G., and Günther, T.: The borehole-fluid effect in electrical resistivity imaging, Geophys., 75, F107–F114, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3467824, 2010a.
Doetsch, J., Linde, N., Coscia, I., Greenhalgh, S. A., and Green, A. G.: Zonation for 3D aquifer characterization based on joint inversions of multi-method crosshole geophysical data, Geophys., 8, G53–G64, 2010b.
Doetsch, J., Linde, N., Pessognelli, M., Green, A. G., and Gunther, T.: Constraining 3-D electrical resistivity inversions with GPR data for improved aquifer characterization, J. Appl. Geophys., 78, 68–76, 2012a.
Doetsch, J., Linde, N., Vogt, T., Binley, A., and Green, A. G.: Imaging and quantifying salt tracer transport in a riparian groundwater system by means of 3-D ERT monitoring, Geophys., 77, B207–B218, 2012b.
Edmaier, K., Burlando, P., and Perona, P.: Mechanisms of vegetation uprooting by flow in alluvial non-cohesive sediment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1615–1627, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1615-2011, 2011.
European Commission: Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Official Journal of the European Community, L327, 1–72, 2000.
Fisher, S. G. and Weiter, J. R.: Flowpaths as integrators of heterogeneity in streams and landscapes, in: Ecosystem Function in Heterogeneous Landscapes, edited by: Lovett, G. M., Turner, M. G., Jones, C. G., and Weathers, K. C., 311–328, Springer Science, New York, 2005.
Fournier, B.: Above- and below-ground aspects of floodplain restoration: from biodiversity to ecosystem functions, PhD thesis, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 119 pp., 2013.
Fournier, B., Malysheva, E., Mazei, Y., Moretti, M., and Mitchell, E. A. D.: Toward the use of testate amoeba functional traits as indicator of floodplain restoration success, Eur. J. Soil Biol., 49, 85–91, 2012a.
Fournier, B., Samaritani, E., Shrestha, J., Mitchell, E. A. D., and Le Bayon, R.C.: Patterns of earthworm communities and species traits in relation to the perturbation gradient of a restored floodplain, Appl. Soil Ecol., 59, 87–95, 2012b.
Gyssels, G., Poesen, J., Bochet, E., and Li, Y.: Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: A review, Progr. Phys. Geogr., 29, 189–217, 2005.
Gurnell, A.: Plants as river system engineers, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 39, 4–25, 2014.
Hester, E. T. and Doyle, M. W.: In-stream geomorphic structures as drivers of hyporheic exchange, Water Resour. Res., 44, W03417, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005810, 2008.
Huber, B.: Nitrogen dynamics in floodplain soils and development and application of a novel method for the δ15N and δ18O analysis of nitrate from freshwater, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich, Diss. ETH No. 20269, 89 pp., 2012.
Huber, B., Bernasconi, S. M., Luster, J., and Graf Pannatier, E. A.: A new isolation procedure of nitrate from freshwater for nitrogen and oxygen isotope analysis, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectr., 25, 3056–3062, 2011.
Huber, B., Bernasconi, S. M., Graf Pannatier, E., and Luster J.: A simple method for the DOM removal and δ15N analysis of NO3- from freshwater, Rapid Comm. Mass Spectr., 26, 1475–1480, 2012a.
Huber, B., Luster, J., Bernasconi, S. M., Shrestha, J., and Graf Pannatier, E.: Nitrate leaching from short-hydroperiod floodplain soils, Biogeosciences, 9, 4385–4397, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4385-2012, 2012b.
Huntscha, S., Rodriguez, D., Schroth, M., and Hollender, J.: Degradation of polar organic micropollutants during riverbank filtration: complementary results from spatiotemporal sampling and push−pull tests, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 11512–11521, 2013.
Kasahara, T. and Wondzell, S. M.: Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams, Water Resour. Res., 39, 1005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001386, 2003.
Klotzsche, A., van der Kruk, J., Linde, N., Doetsch, J., and Vereecken, H.: 3-D characterization of high-permeability zones in a gravel aquifer using 2-D crosshole GPR full-waveform inversion and waveguide detection, Geophys. J. Int., 195, 932–944, 2013.
Kremen, C.: Managing ecosystem services: What do we need to know about their ecology?, Ecol. Lett., 8, 468–479, 2005.
Kurth, A.-M. and Schirmer, M.: Thirty years of river restoration in Switzerland: implemented measures and lessons learned, Environ. Earth Sci., https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3115-y, in press, 2014.
Lefebvre, S., Marmonier, P., and Pinay G.: Stream regulation and nitrogen dynamics in sediment interstices: Comparison of natural and straightened sectors of a third-order stream, River Res. Appl., 20, 499–512, 2004.
Linde, N., Doetsch, J., Jougnot, D., Genoni, O., Dürst, Y., Minsley, B. J., Vogt, T., Pasquale, N., and Luster, J.: Self-potential investigations of a gravel bar in a restored river corridor, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 729–742, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-729-2011, 2011.
Lochbühler, T., Doetsch, J., Brauchler, R., and Linde, N.: Structure-coupled joint inversion of geophysical and hydrological data, Geophys., 78, ID1–ID14, 2013.
Musolff, A., Leschik, S., Reinstorf, F., Strauch, G., and Schirmer, M.: Micropollutant loads in the urban water cycle, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 4877–4883, 2010.
Nakamura, K., Tockner, K., and Amano, K.: River and wetland restoration: Lessons from Japan, Biosci., 56, 419–429, 2006.
Palmer, M. A. and Bernhardt, E. S.: Hydroecology and river restoration: Ripe for research and synthesis, Water Resour. Res., 42, W03S07, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004354, 2006.
Palmer, M. A., Bernhardt, E. S., Allan, J. D., Lake, P. S., Alexander, G., Brooks, S., Carr, J., Clayton, S., Dahm, C. N., Shah, J. F., Galat, D. L., Loss, S. G., Goodwin, P., Hart, D. D., Hassett, B., Jenkinson, R., Kondolf, G. M., Lave, R., Meyer, J. L., O'Donnell, T. K., Pagano, L., and Sudduth, E.: Standards for ecologically successful river restoration, J. Appl. Ecol., 42, 208–217, 2005.
Palmer, M. A., Menninger, H. L., and Bernhardt, E. S.: River restoration, habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity: A failure of theory or practice?, Freshw. Biol., 55, 205–222, 2010.
Pasquale, N., Perona, P., Schneider, P., Shrestha, J., Wombacher, A., and Burlando, P.: Modern comprehensive approach to monitor the morphodynamic evolution of a restored river corridor, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1197–1212, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1197-2011, 2011.
Pasquale, N., Perona, P., Francis, R., and Burlando, P.: Effects of streamflow variability on the vertical root density distribution of willow cutting experiments, Ecol. Eng., 40, 167–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2011.09.018, 2012.
Pasquale, N., Perona, P., Francis, R., and Burlando, P.: Above-ground and below-ground Salix dynamics in response to river processes, Hydrol. Process., https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9993, in press, 2013.
Pasquale, N., Perona, P., Wombacher, A., and Burlando, P.: Hydrodynamic model calibration from pattern recognition of non-orthorectified terrestrial photographs, Comput. Geosci., 62, 160–167, 2014.
Pereira, H. M. and Cooper, H. D.: Towards the global monitoring of biodiversity change, Trends Ecol. Evolut., 21, 123–129, 2006.
Perona, P., Camporeale, C., Perucca, E., Savina, M., Burlando, P., and Ridolfi, L.: Modelling river and riparian vegetation and related importance for sustainable ecosystem management, Aquat. Sci., 71, 266–278, 2009a.
Perona, P., Molnar, P., Savina, M., and Burlando, P.: An observation-based stochastic model for sediment and vegetation dynamics in the floodplain of an Alpine braided river, Water Resour. Res., 45, W09418, https://doi.org/10.129/2008WR007550, 2009b.
Perona, P., Molnar, P., Crouzy, B., Peruccac, E., Jiangb, Z., McLellandd, S., Wüthricha, D., Edmaier, K., Francise, R., Camporealec, C., and Gurnell, A.: Biomass selection by floods and related timescales: Part 1. Experimental observations, Adv. Water Resour., 39, 85–96, 2012.
Perucca, E., Camporeale, C., and Ridolfi, L.: Significance of the riparian vegetation dynamics on meandering river morphodynamics, Water Resour. Res., 43, W03430, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005234, 2007.
Peter, S., Koetzsch, S., Traber, J., Traber, J., Bernasconi, S. M., Wehrli, B., and Durisch-Kaiser, E.: Intensified organic carbon dynamics in the groundwater of a restored riparian zone, Freshw. Biol., 57, 1603–1616, 2012a.
Peter, S., Rechsteiner, R., Lehmann, M. F., Brankatschk, R., Vogt, T., Diem, S., Wehrli, B., Tockner, K., and Durisch-Kaiser, E.: Nitrate removal in a restored riparian groundwater system: Functioning and importance of individual riparian zones, Biogeosciences, 9, 4295–4307, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4295-2012, 2012b.
Powlson, D. S., Addisott, T. M., Benjamin, N., Cassman, K. G., de Kok, T. M., van Grinsven, H., L'hirondel, J. L., Avery, A. A., and van Kessel, C.: When does nitrate become a risk for humans?, J. Environ. Qual., 37, 291–295, 2008.
Rosenzweig, B. R., Moon, H. S., Smith, J. A., Baeck, M. L., and Jaffe, P. R.: Variation in the instream dissolved inorganic nitrogen response between and within rainstorm events in an urban watershed, J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A, 43, 1223–1233, 2008.
Samaritani, E.: Spatio-temporal variability and restoration effects on below-ground biodiversity and soil ecosystem functioning at the Thur floodplain, Switzerland, PhD thesis, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, 188 pp., 2013.
Samaritani, E., Shrestha, J., Fournier, B., Frossard, E., Gillet, F., Guenat, C., Niklaus, P. A., Tockner, K., Mitchell, E. A. D., and Luster, J.: Heterogeneity of soil carbon pools and fluxes in a channelized and a restored floodplain section (Thur River, Switzerland), Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1757–1769, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1757-2011, 2011.
Schäppi, B., Perona, P., Schneider, P., and Burlando, P.: Integrating river cross section measurements with digital terrain models for improved water surface modelling applications, Comput. Geosci., 36, 707–716, 2010.
Schade, J. D., Fisher, S. G., Grimm, N. B., and Seddon, J. A.: The influence of a riparian shrub on nitrogen cycling in a Sonoran Desert stream, Ecology, 82, 3363–3376, 2001.
Schneider, P., Vogt, T., Schirmer, M., Doetsch, J. A., Linde, N., Pasquale, N., Perona, P., and Cirpka, O. A.: Towards improved instrumentation for assessing river-groundwater interactions in a restored river corridor, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2531–2549, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2531-2011, 2011.
Shrestha, J., Niklaus, P. A., Frossard, E., Samaritani, E., Huber, B., Barnard, R. L., Schleppi, P., Tockner, K., and Luster, J.: Soil nitrogen dynamics in a river floodplain mosaic, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 2033–2045, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0059, 2012.
Shrestha, J., Niklaus, P. A., Pasquale, N., Huber, B., Barnard, R. L., Frossard, E., Schleppi, P., Tockner, K., and Luster, J.: Flood pulses control soil nitrogen cycling in a dynamic river floodplain, Geoderma, 228/229, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.09.018, 2014.
Simon, A., Curini, A., Darby, S. E., and Langendoen, E. J.: Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel, Geomorphol., 35, 183–217, 2000.
Smith, J. A., Baeck, M. L., Meierdiercks, K. L., Nelson, P. A., Miller, A. J., and Holland, E. J.: Field studies of the storm event hydrologic response in an urbanizing watershed, Water Resour. Res., 41, W10413, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003712, 2005.
Stromberg, J., Beauchamp, V. B., Dixon, M. D., Lite, S. J., and Paradzick, C.: Importance of low-flow and high-flow characteristics to restoration of riparian vegetation along rivers in arid south-western United States, Freshw. Biol., 52, 651–679, 2007.
Thorp, J. H., Thoms, M. C., and Delong, M. D.: The riverine ecosystem synthesis: Biocomplexity in river networks across space and time, River Res. Appl., 22, 123–147, 2006.
Verhoeven, J. T. A., Arheimer, B., Yin, C., and Hefting, M. M.: Regional and global concerns over wetlands and water quality, Trends Ecol. Evolut., 21, 96–103, 2006.
Vogt, T., Hoehn, E., Schneider, P., Freund, A., Schirmer, M., and Cirpka, O.A.: Fluctuations of electrical conductivity as a natural tracer for bank filtration in a losing stream, Adv. Water Resour., 33, 1296–1308, 2010a.
Vogt, T., Schneider, P., Hahn-Woernle, L., and Cirpka, O. A.: Estimation of seepage rates in a losing stream by means of fiber-optic high-resolution temperature profiling, J. Hydrol., 380, 154–164, 2010b.
Wardle, D. A., Bardgett, R. D., Klironomos, J. N., Setälä, H., van der Putten, W. H., and Wall, D. H.: Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota, Science, 304, 1629–1633, 2004.
Wilson, J. S., Baldwin, D. S., Rees, G. N., and Wilson, B. P.: The effects of short-term inundation on carbon dynamics, microbial community structure and microbial activity in floodplain soil, River Res. Appl., 27, 213–225, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.1352, 2011.
Wohl, E., Angermeier, P. L., Bledsoe, B., Kondolf, G. M., MacDonnell, L., Merritt, D. M., Palmer, M. A., Poff, N. L., and Tarboton, D.: River restoration, Water Resour. Res., 41, W10301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR003985, 2005.
Woolsey, S., Capelli, F., Gonser, T., Hoehn, E., Hostmann, M., Junker, B., Paetzold, A., Roulier, C., Schweizer, S., Tiegs, S. D., Tockner, K., Weber, C., and Peter, A.: A strategy to assess river restoration success, Freshw. Biol., 52, 752–769, 2007.
