Articles | Volume 16, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2437-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2437-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Aug 2012
Research article |
| 03 Aug 2012
A generic method for hydrological drought identification across different climate regions
M. H. J. van Huijgevoort
Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
P. Hazenberg
Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
now at: Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
H. A. J. van Lanen
Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
R. Uijlenhoet
Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Related subject area
Subject: Global hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Mathematical applications
Projecting end-of-century climate extremes and their impacts on the hydrology of a representative California watershed
Integrating process-related information into an artificial neural network for root-zone soil moisture prediction
Coherence of global hydroclimate classification systems
Design flood estimation for global river networks based on machine learning models
Attributing correlation skill of dynamical GCM precipitation forecasts to statistical ENSO teleconnection using a set-theory-based approach
The spatial extent of hydrological and landscape changes across the mountains and prairies of Canada in the Mackenzie and Nelson River basins based on data from a warm-season time window
Averaging over spatiotemporal heterogeneity substantially biases evapotranspiration rates in a mechanistic large-scale land evaporation model
Rainfall Estimates on a Gridded Network (REGEN) – a global land-based gridded dataset of daily precipitation from 1950 to 2016
A framework for deriving drought indicators from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
Hydrological effects of climate variability and vegetation dynamics on annual fluvial water balance in global large river basins
Spatial patterns and characteristics of flood seasonality in Europe
Derived Optimal Linear Combination Evapotranspiration (DOLCE): a global gridded synthesis ET estimate
Effects of different reference periods on drought index (SPEI) estimations from 1901 to 2014
The transformed-stationary approach: a generic and simplified methodology for non-stationary extreme value analysis
Global trends in extreme precipitation: climate models versus observations
A global water cycle reanalysis (2003–2012) merging satellite gravimetry and altimetry observations with a hydrological multi-model ensemble
Simplifying a hydrological ensemble prediction system with a backward greedy selection of members – Part 1: Optimization criteria
Simplifying a hydrological ensemble prediction system with a backward greedy selection of members – Part 2: Generalization in time and space
Fadji Z. Maina, Alan Rhoades, Erica R. Siirila-Woodburn, and Peter-James Dennedy-Frank
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3589–3609, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3589-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3589-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we assess the effects of end-of-century extreme dry and wet conditions on the hydrology of California. Our results, derived from cutting-edge and high-resolution climate and hydrologic models, highlight that (1) water storage will be larger and increase earlier in the year, yet the summer streamflow will decrease as a result of high evapotranspiration rates, and that (2) groundwater and lower-order streams are very sensitive to decreases in snowmelt and higher evapotranspiration.
Roiya Souissi, Mehrez Zribi, Chiara Corbari, Marco Mancini, Sekhar Muddu, Sat Kumar Tomer, Deepti B. Upadhyaya, and Ahmad Al Bitar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3263–3297, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3263-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3263-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the combination of surface soil moisture information with process-related features, namely, evaporation efficiency, soil water index and normalized difference vegetation index, using artificial neural networks to predict root-zone soil moisture. The joint use of process-related features yielded more accurate predictions in the case of arid and semiarid conditions. However, they have no to little added value in temperate to tropical conditions.
Kathryn L. McCurley Pisarello and James W. Jawitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6173–6183, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate classification systems divide the Earth into zones of similar climates. We compared the within-zone hydroclimate similarity and zone shape complexity of a suite of climate classification systems, including new ones formed in this study. The most frequently used system had high similarity but high complexity. We propose the Water-Energy Clustering framework, which also had high similarity but lower complexity. This new system is therefore proposed for future hydroclimate assessments.
Gang Zhao, Paul Bates, Jeffrey Neal, and Bo Pang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5981–5999, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5981-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5981-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Design flood estimation is a fundamental task in hydrology. We propose a machine- learning-based approach to estimate design floods anywhere on the global river network. This approach shows considerable improvement over the index-flood-based method, and the average bias in estimation is less than 18 % for 10-, 20-, 50- and 100-year design floods. This approach is a valid method to estimate design floods globally, improving our prediction of flood hazard, especially in ungauged areas.
Tongtiegang Zhao, Haoling Chen, Quanxi Shao, Tongbi Tu, Yu Tian, and Xiaohong Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5717–5732, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper develops a novel approach to attributing correlation skill of dynamical GCM forecasts to statistical El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection using the coefficient of determination. Three cases of attribution are effectively facilitated, which are significantly positive anomaly correlation attributable to positive ENSO teleconnection, attributable to negative ENSO teleconnection and not attributable to ENSO teleconnection.
Paul H. Whitfield, Philip D. A. Kraaijenbrink, Kevin R. Shook, and John W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2513–2541, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using only warm season streamflow records, regime and change classifications were produced for ~ 400 watersheds in the Nelson and Mackenzie River basins, and trends in water storage and vegetation were detected from satellite imagery. Three areas show consistent changes: north of 60° (increased streamflow and basin greenness), in the western Boreal Plains (decreased streamflow and basin greenness), and across the Prairies (three different patterns of increased streamflow and basin wetness).
Elham Rouholahnejad Freund, Massimiliano Zappa, and James W. Kirchner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5015–5025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5015-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5015-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the largest flux from the land to the atmosphere and thus contributes to Earth's energy and water balance. Due to its impact on atmospheric dynamics, ET is a key driver of droughts and heatwaves. In this paper, we demonstrate how averaging over land surface heterogeneity contributes to substantial overestimates of ET fluxes. We also demonstrate how one can correct for the effects of small-scale heterogeneity without explicitly representing it in land surface models.
Steefan Contractor, Markus G. Donat, Lisa V. Alexander, Markus Ziese, Anja Meyer-Christoffer, Udo Schneider, Elke Rustemeier, Andreas Becker, Imke Durre, and Russell S. Vose
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 919–943, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-919-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-919-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides the documentation of the REGEN dataset, a global land-based daily observational precipitation dataset from 1950 to 2016 at a gridded resolution of 1° × 1°. REGEN is currently the longest-running global dataset of daily precipitation and is expected to facilitate studies looking at changes and variability in several aspects of daily precipitation distributions, extremes and measures of hydrological intensity.
Helena Gerdener, Olga Engels, and Jürgen Kusche
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 227–248, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-227-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-227-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
GRACE-derived drought indicators enable us to detect hydrological droughts based on changes observed in all storages. By performing synthetic experiments, we find that droughts identified by existing and modified indicators are biased by trends and GRACE-based spatial noise. A modified version of the Zhao et al. (2017) indicator is found to be particularly robust against spatial noise and is therefore applied to real GRACE data over South Africa.
Jianyu Liu, Qiang Zhang, Vijay P. Singh, Changqing Song, Yongqiang Zhang, Peng Sun, and Xihui Gu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4047–4060, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4047-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4047-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Considering effective precipitation (Pe), the Budyko framework was extended to the annual water balance analysis. To reflect the mismatch between water supply (precipitation, P) and energy (potential evapotranspiration,
E0), a climate seasonality and asynchrony index (SAI) were proposed in terms of both phase and amplitude mismatch between P and E0.
Julia Hall and Günter Blöschl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3883–3901, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3883-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3883-2018, 2018
Sanaa Hobeichi, Gab Abramowitz, Jason Evans, and Anna Ukkola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1317–1336, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1317-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1317-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new global ET dataset and associated uncertainty with monthly temporal resolution for 2000–2009 and 0.5 grid cell size. Six existing gridded ET products are combined using a weighting approach trained by observational datasets from 159 FLUXNET sites. We confirm that point-based estimates of flux towers provide information at the grid scale of these products. We also show that the weighted product performs better than 10 different existing global ET datasets in a range of metrics.
Myoung-Jin Um, Yeonjoo Kim, Daeryong Park, and Jeongbin Kim
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4989–5007, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4989-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4989-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study aims to understand how different reference periods (i.e., calibration periods) of climate data for estimating the drought index influence regional drought assessments. Specifically, we investigate the influence of different reference periods on historical drought characteristics such as trends, frequency, intensity and spatial extents using the Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) estimated from the two widely used global datasets.
Lorenzo Mentaschi, Michalis Vousdoukas, Evangelos Voukouvalas, Ludovica Sartini, Luc Feyen, Giovanni Besio, and Lorenzo Alfieri
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3527–3547, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3527-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3527-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The climate is subject to variations which must be considered
studying the intensity and frequency of extreme events.
We introduce in this paper a new methodology
for the study of variable extremes, which consists in detecting
the pattern of variability of a time series, and applying these patterns
to the analysis of the extreme events.
This technique comes with advantages with respect to the previous ones
in terms of accuracy, simplicity, and robustness.
B. Asadieh and N. Y. Krakauer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 877–891, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-877-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-877-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a systematic comparison of changes in historical extreme precipitation in station observations (HadEX2) and 15 climate models from the CMIP5 (as the largest and most recent sets of available observational and modeled data sets), on global and continental scales for 1901-2010, using both parametric (linear regression) and non-parametric (the Mann-Kendall as well as Sen’s slope estimator) methods, taking care to sample observations and models spatially and temporally in comparable ways.
A. I. J. M. van Dijk, L. J. Renzullo, Y. Wada, and P. Tregoning
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2955–2973, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2955-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2955-2014, 2014
D. Brochero, F. Anctil, and C. Gagné
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3307–3325, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3307-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3307-2011, 2011
D. Brochero, F. Anctil, and C. Gagné
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3327–3341, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3327-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3327-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Andreadis, K. M., Clark, E. A., Wood, A. W., Hamlet, A. F., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Twentieth-century drought in the conterminous United States, J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 985–1001, 2005.
Anyah, R. O., Weaver, C. P., Miguez-Macho, G., Fan, Y., and Robock, A.: Incorporating water table dynamics in climate modeling: 3. Simulated groundwater influence on coupled land-atmosphere variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D07103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009087, 2008.
Balsamo, G., Viterbo, P., Beljaars, A., van den Hurk, B., Hirschi, M., Betts, A. K., and Scipal, K.: A Revised Hydrology for the ECMWF Model: Verification from Field Site to Terrestrial Water Storage and Impact in the Integrated Forecast System, J. Hydrometeorol., 10, 623–643, 2009.
Best, M. J., Pryor, M., Clark, D. B., Rooney, G. G., Essery, R .L. H., Ménard, C. B., Edwards, J. M., Hendry, M. A., Porson, A., Gedney, N., Mercado, L. M., Sitch, S., Blyth, E., Boucher, O., Cox, P. M., Grimmond, C. S. B., and Harding, R. J.: The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description – Part 1: Energy and water fluxes, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 677–699, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-677-2011, 2011.
BoM: Living with Drought, available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/drought/livedrought.shtml, last access: July 2011, {A}ustralian Bureau of Meteorology, 1997.
Clark, D. B., Mercado, L. M., Sitch, S., Jones, C. D., Gedney, N., Best, M. J., Pryor, M., Rooney, G. G., Essery, R. L. H., Blyth, E., Boucher, O., Harding, R. J., Huntingford, C., and Cox, P. M.: The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description – Part 2: Carbon fluxes and vegetation dynamics, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 701–722, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-701-2011, 2011.
Corzo Perez, G. A., van Huijgevoort, M. H. J., Vo{ß}, F., and van Lanen, H. A. J.: On the spatio-temporal analysis of hydrological droughts from global hydrological models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2963–2978, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2963-2011, 2011.
Dai, A.: Drought under global warming: a review, WIREs-Climate Change, 2, 45–65, 2011.
Dai, A., Trenberth, K. E., and Qian, T. T.: A global dataset of Palmer Drought Severity Index for 1870–2002: Relationship with soil moisture and effects of surface warming, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 1117–1130, 2004.
de Rosnay, P. and Polcher, J.: Modelling root water uptake in a complex land surface scheme coupled to a GCM, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 2, 239–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2-239-1998, 1998.
Deni, S. M. and Jemain, A. A.: Mixed log series geometric distribution for sequences of dry days, Atmos. Res., 92, 236–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.032, 2009.
Dirmeyer, P. A., Gao, X., Zhao, M., Guo, Z., Oki, T., and Hanasaki, N.: GSWP-2 – Multimodel analysis and implications for our perception of the land surface, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 87, 1381–1397, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-10-1381, 2006.
Dracup, J. A., Lee, K. S., and Paulson, E. G.: On the Definition of Droughts, Water Resour. Res., 16, 297–302, 1980.
European Commission: Communication Addressing the challenge of water scarcity and droughts in the European Union, COM2007 414, European Commission, DG Environment, Brussels, 2007.
Fleig, A. K., Tallaksen, L. M., Hisdal, H., and Demuth, S.: A global evaluation of streamflow drought characteristics, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 535–552, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-10-535-2006, 2006.
Gao, X. and Dirmeyer, P. A.: A multimodel analysis, validation, and transferability study of global soil wetness products, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 1218–1236, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM551.1, 2006.
GRDC: Global Runoff Data Centre, available at: http://www.bafg.de/GRDC, 56068 Koblenz, Germany, 2011.
Griffiths, M. L. and Bradley, R. S.: Variations of twentieth-century temperature and precipitation extreme indicators in the northeast United States, J. Climate, 20, 5401–5417, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1594.1, 2007.
Groisman, P. Y. and Knight, R. W.: Prolonged dry episodes over the conterminous United States: New tendencies emerging during the last 40 years, J. Climate, 21, 1850–1862, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI2013.1, 2008.
Guo, Z., Dirmeyer, P. A., Gao, X., and Zhao, M.: Improving the quality of simulated soil moisture with a multi-model ensemble approach, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 731–747, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.48, 2007.
Haddeland, I., Clark, D. B., Franssen, W., Ludwig, F., Voss, F., Arnell, N. W., Bertrand, N., Best, M., Folwell, S., Gerten, D., Gomes, S., Gosling, S. N., Hagemann, S., Hanasaki, N., Harding, R., Heinke, J., Kabat, P., Koirala, S., Oki, T., Polcher, J., Stacke, T., Viterbo, P., Weedon, G. P., and Yeh, P.: Multi-Model Estimate of the Global Terrestrial Water Balance: Setup and First Results, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 869–884, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1324.1, 2011.
Hanasaki, N., Kanae, S., Oki, T., Masuda, K., Motoya, K., Shirakawa, N., Shen, Y., and Tanaka, K.: An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources – Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1007–1025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-1007-2008, 2008.
Hisdal, H., Tallaksen, L. M., Clausen, B., Peters, E., and Gustard, A.: Hydrological Drought Characteristics, in: Hydrological Drought Processes and Estimation Methods for Streamflow and Groundwater, edited by: Tallaksen, L. M. and van Lanen, H. A. J., Elsevier Science B. V., Developments in Water Science, 48, 139–198, 2004.
Im, E. S., Jung, I. W., and Bae, D. H.: The temporal and spatial structures of recent and future trends in extreme indices over Korea from a regional climate projection, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 72–86, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2063, 2011.
Jaranilla-Sanchez, P. A., Wang, L., and Koike, T.: Modeling the hydrologic responses of the Pampanga River basin, Philippines: A quantitative approach for identifying droughts, Water Resour. Res., 47, W03514, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009702, 2011.
Kallis, G.: Droughts, Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., 33, 85–118, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.081307.123117, 2008.
Kampragou, E., Apostolaki, S., Manoli, E., Froebrich, J., and Assimacopoulos, D.: Towards the harmonization of water-related policies for managing drought risks across the EU, Environ. Sci. Policy, 14, 815–824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.04.001, 2011.
Koirala, S.: Explicit representation of groundwater process in a global-scale land surface model to improve hydrological predictions, Ph.D. thesis, The University of Tokyo, 2010.
Koster, R. D. and Suarez, M. J.: Soil moisture memory in climate models, J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 558–570, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0558:SMMICM>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Koster, R. D., Dirmeyer, P. A., Guo, Z. C., Bonan, G., Chan, E., Cox, P., Gordon, C. T., Kanae, S., Kowalczyk, E., Lawrence, D., Liu, P., Lu, C. H., Malyshev, S., McAvaney, B., Mitchell, K., Mocko, D., Oki, T., Oleson, K., Pitman, A., Sud, Y. C., Taylor, C. M., Verseghy, D., Vasic, R., Xue, Y. K., Yamada, T., and Team, G.: Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation, Science, 305, 1138–1140, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1100217, 2004.
McKee, T., Doesken, N., and Kleist, J.: The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales, in: Preprints, Eight Conference on Applied Climatology, 17–22 January, Anaheim, California, 179–184, 1993.
Mishra, A. K. and Singh, V. P.: A review of drought concepts, J. Hydrol., 391, 202–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012, 2010.
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007, 2007.
Prudhomme, C., Parry, S., Hannaford, J., Clark, D. B., Hagemann, S., and Voss, F.: How well do large-scale models reproduce regional hydrological extremes in Europe?, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 1181–1204, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1387.1, 2011.
Rees, G., Marsh, T. J., Roald, L., Demuth, S., van Lanen, H. A. J., and Kašpárek, L.: Hydrological Data, in: Hydrological Drought Processes and Estimation Methods for Streamflow and Groundwater, edited by: Tallaksen, L. M. and van Lanen, H. A. J., Elsevier Science B. V., Developments in Water Science, 48, 99–138, 2004.
Romm, J.: The next dust bowl, Nature, 478, 450–451, 2011.
Seneviratne, S. I., Nicholls, N., Easterling, D., Goodess, C. M., Kanae, S., Kossin, J., Luo, Y., Marengo, J., McInnes, K., Rahimi, M., Reichstein, M., Sorteberg, A., Vera, C., and Zhang, X.: Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural physical environment, in: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, edited by: Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G. K., Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., and Midgley, P. M., A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 109–230, 2012.
Sheffield, J. and Wood, E. F.: Characteristics of global and regional drought, 1950–2000: Analysis of soil moisture data from off-line simulation of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D17115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008288, 2007.
Sheffield, J., Andreadis, K. M., Wood, E. F., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: Global and Continental Drought in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: Severity-Area-Duration Analysis and Temporal Variability of Large-Scale Events, J. Climate, 22, 1962–1981, 2009.
Stahl, K.: Hydrological Drought – a Study across Europe, Ph.D. thesis, available at: http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/202/, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, 2001.
Stahl, K., Tallaksen, L. M., Gudmundsson, L., and Christensen, J. H.: Streamflow Data from Small Basins: A Challenging Test to High-Resolution Regional Climate Modeling, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 900–912, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1356.1, 2011.
Stahl, K., Tallaksen, L. M., Hannaford, J., and van Lanen, H. A. J.: Filling the white space on maps of European runoff trends: estimates from a multi-model ensemble, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2035–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2035-2012, 2012.
Takata, K., Emori, S., and Watanabe, T.: Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff, Global Planet. Change, 38, 209–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00030-4, 2003.
Tallaksen, L. M. and van Lanen, H. A. J. (Eds.): Hydrological drought: processes and estimation methods for streamflow and groundwater, Elsevier Science BV, Developments in Water Science, 48, The Netherlands, 2004.
Tallaksen, L. M., Madsen, H., and Clausen, B.: On the definition and modelling of streamflow drought duration and deficit volume, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 42, 15–33, 1997.
Tallaksen, L. M., Hisdal, H., and van Lanen, H. A. J.: Space-time modelling of catchment scale drought characteristics, J. Hydrol., 375, 363–372, 2009.
Tallaksen, L. M., Stahl, K., and Wong, G.: Space-time characteristics of large-scale droughts in Europe derived from streamflow observations and WATCH multi-model simulations, WATCH Technical Report 48, available at: http://www.eu-watch.org/publications/technical-reports (last access: 31 July 2012), 2011.
Van Lanen, H. A. J. and Tallaksen, L. M.: Drought in Europe, in: Proc. Water Down Under 2008, edited by: Lambert, M., Daniell, T., and Leonard, M., Adelaide, Australia, 14–17 April 2008, 98–108, 2008.
Vincent, L. A. and Mekis, E.: Changes in daily and extreme temperature and precipitation indices for Canada over the twentieth century, Atmos. Ocean, 44, 177–193, https://doi.org/10.3137/ao.440205, 2006.
Wanders, N., van Lanen, H. A. J., and van Loon, A. F.: Indicators for drought characterization on a global scale, WATCH Technical Report 24, available at: http://www.eu-watch.org/publications/technical-reports (last access: 31 July 2012), 2010.
Weedon, G. P., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Shuttleworth, W. J., Blyth, E., {Ö}sterle, H., Adam, J. C., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.: Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and its use to assess global and regional reference crop evaporation over land during the twentieth century, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 823–848, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JHM1369.1, 2011.
Wetherald, R. T. and Manabe, S.: Simulation of hydrologic changes associated with global warming, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 107, 4379, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001195, 2002.
Wilhite, D. A. (Ed.): DROUGHT A Global Assesment, Vol. I & II, Routledge Hazards and Disasters Series, Routledge, London, 2000.
Yevjevich, V.: An objective approach to definition and investigations of continental hydrologic droughts, Hydrology papers 23, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA, 1967.
Zaidman, M. D., Rees, H. G., and Young, A. R.: Spatio-temporal development of streamflow droughts in north-west Europe, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 733–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-733-2002, 2002.
