Articles | Volume 27, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2227-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2227-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Jun 2023
Research article |
| 14 Jun 2023
| 14 Jun 2023
Relationship of seasonal variations in drip water δ13CDIC, δ18O, and trace elements with surface and physical cave conditions of La Vallina cave, NW Spain
Oliver Kost
Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Saúl González-Lemos
ASCIEM Consulting SLP, C/Gutiérrez Herrero 52, 33402 Avilés, Spain
Laura Rodríguez-Rodríguez
Departamento Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Jesús Arias de Velasco s/n, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
Jakub Sliwinski
Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, Queen's Terrace, KY16 9AJ St Andrews, Scotland
Laura Endres
Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Negar Haghipour
Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Heather M. Stoll, Chris Day, Franziska Lechleitner, Oliver Kost, Laura Endres, Jakub Sliwinski, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Hai Cheng, and Denis Scholz
Clim. Past, 19, 2423–2444, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites formed in caves provide valuable information about past changes in climate and vegetation conditions. In this contribution, we present a new method to better estimate past changes in soil and vegetation productivity using carbon isotopes and trace elements measured in stalagmites. Applying this method to other stalagmites should provide a better indication of past vegetation feedbacks to climate change.
Franziska A. Lechleitner, Christopher C. Day, Oliver Kost, Micah Wilhelm, Negar Haghipour, Gideon M. Henderson, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 17, 1903–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is a critical but poorly constrained component of the global carbon cycle. We analyse the effect of changing soil respiration rates on the stable carbon isotope ratio of speleothems from northern Spain covering the last deglaciation. Using geochemical analysis and forward modelling we quantify the processes affecting speleothem stable carbon isotope ratios and extract a signature of increasing soil respiration synchronous with deglacial warming.
Laura Endres, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Ruza Ivanovic, Lauren Gregoire, Anna L. C. Hughes, Hai Cheng, and Heather Stoll
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3911, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3911, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
Stable isotope data of a precisely dated stalagmite from northwestern Iberia indicate gradual North Atlantic meltwater input during the last glacial maximum, followed by abrupt surges early in the last deglaciation. The first abrupt surge was followed by cooling about 850 years later – unlike later events – which reveals that the Atlantic circulation’s sensitivity to meltwater is variable and related to the evolving background climate boundary conditions.
Heather Stoll, Clara Bolton, Madalina Jaggi, Alfredo Martinez-Garcia, and Stefano Bernasconi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2449, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2449, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In periods of high atmospheric CO2 many proxies suggest more extreme past polar warming than is simulated by current coupled climate models. Providing new data on high latitude temperatures in the South Atlantic over the last 15 million years using clumped isotope thermometry, we show that absolute temperatures may not have been as warm as indicated by some biomarker based proxy climate records.
Nicolas Tapia, Laura Endres, Madalina Jaggi, and Heather Stoll
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1000, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1000, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We use stalagmites to study past changes in the terrestrial P cycle. Our P records from multiple, coeval stalagmites from NW Spain, show that past abrupt cooling events are characterized by multi-century reproducible peaks in stalagmite P which reflect higher groundwater P/Ca concentrations and enhanced P export, potentially resulting from increased freeze-thaw frequency and more intense infiltration from snowmelt.
Szabina Karancz, Lennart J. de Nooijer, Bas van der Wagt, Marcel T. J. van der Meer, Sambuddha Misra, Rick Hennekam, Zeynep Erdem, Julie Lattaud, Negar Haghipour, Stefan Schouten, and Gert-Jan Reichart
Clim. Past, 21, 679–704, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-679-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-679-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Changes in upwelling intensity of the Benguela upwelling region during the last glacial motivated us to investigate the local CO2 history during the last glacial-to-interglacial transition. Using various geochemical tracers on archives from both subsurface and surface waters reveals enhanced storage of carbon at depth during the Last Glacial Maximum. An efficient biological pump likely prevented outgassing of CO2 from intermediate depth to the atmosphere.
Judit Torner, Isabel Cacho, Heather Stoll, Ana Moreno, Joan O. Grimalt, Francisco J. Sierro, Joan J. Fornós, Hai Cheng, and R. Lawrence Edwards
Clim. Past, 21, 465–487, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-465-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-465-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We offer a clearer view of the timing of three relevant past glacial terminations. By analyzing the climatic signal recorded in stalagmite and linking it with marine records, we revealed differences in the intensity and duration of the ice melting associated with these three key deglaciations. This study shows that some deglaciations began earlier than previously thought; this improves our understanding of natural climate processes, helping us to contextualize current climate change.
Giulia Zazzeri, Lukas Wacker, Negar Haghipour, Philip Gautschi, Thomas Laemmel, Sönke Szidat, and Heather Graven
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 18, 319–325, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-319-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-18-319-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Radiocarbon (14C) is an optimal tracer of methane (CH4) emissions, as 14C measurements enable distinguishing between fossil methane and biogenic methane. However, these measurements are particularly challenging, mainly due to technical difficulties in the sampling procedure. We made the sample extraction much simpler and time efficient, providing a new technology that can be used by any research group, with the goal of expanding 14C measurements for an improved understanding of methane sources.
José Guitián, Samuel R. Phelps, Reto S. Wijker, Pratigya J. Polissar, Laura Arnold, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-65, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-65, 2024
Preprint under review for CP
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed from sediments of different ocean sites phytoplankton carbon isotopic fractionation (εp), mainly linked to CO2 variations, during the Oligocene to early Miocene. Records confirm long-term trends but show contrasting relationships with the sea surface temperatures evolution. We evaluate the role of non-CO2 physiological factors such as temperature and nutrients at each site εp, highlighting the complexity of interpreting climate dynamics and CO2 reconstructions.
Alexander J. Clark, Ismael Torres-Romero, Madalina Jaggi, Stefano M. Bernasconi, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 20, 2081–2101, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2081-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2081-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coccoliths are abundant in sediments across the world’s oceans, yet it is difficult to apply traditional carbon or oxygen isotope methodologies for temperature reconstructions. We show that our coccolith clumped isotope temperature calibration with well-constrained temperatures systematically differs from inorganic carbonate calibrations. We suggest the use of our well-constrained calibration for future coccolith carbonate temperature reconstructions.
Nikita Kaushal, Carlos Perez-Mejias, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-37, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for CP
Short summary
Short summary
Terminations are large magnitude rapid events triggered in the North Atlantic region that manifest across the global climate system. They provide key examples of climatic teleconnections and dynamics. In this study, we use the SISAL global speleothem database and find that there are sufficient climatic records from key locations to make speleothems a valuable archive for studying Terminations and provide instances for more targeted work on speleothem research.
Nikita Kaushal, Franziska A. Lechleitner, Micah Wilhelm, Khalil Azennoud, Janica C. Bühler, Kerstin Braun, Yassine Ait Brahim, Andy Baker, Yuval Burstyn, Laia Comas-Bru, Jens Fohlmeister, Yonaton Goldsmith, Sandy P. Harrison, István G. Hatvani, Kira Rehfeld, Magdalena Ritzau, Vanessa Skiba, Heather M. Stoll, József G. Szűcs, Péter Tanos, Pauline C. Treble, Vitor Azevedo, Jonathan L. Baker, Andrea Borsato, Sakonvan Chawchai, Andrea Columbu, Laura Endres, Jun Hu, Zoltán Kern, Alena Kimbrough, Koray Koç, Monika Markowska, Belen Martrat, Syed Masood Ahmad, Carole Nehme, Valdir Felipe Novello, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Jiaoyang Ruan, Natasha Sekhon, Nitesh Sinha, Carol V. Tadros, Benjamin H. Tiger, Sophie Warken, Annabel Wolf, Haiwei Zhang, and SISAL Working Group members
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1933–1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1933-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Speleothems are a popular, multi-proxy climate archive that provide regional to global insights into past hydroclimate trends with precise chronologies. We present an update to the SISAL (Speleothem Isotopes
Synthesis and AnaLysis) database, SISALv3, which, for the first time, contains speleothem trace element records, in addition to an update to the stable isotope records available in previous versions of the database, cumulatively providing data from 365 globally distributed sites.
Synthesis and AnaLysis) database, SISALv3, which, for the first time, contains speleothem trace element records, in addition to an update to the stable isotope records available in previous versions of the database, cumulatively providing data from 365 globally distributed sites.
Miguel Bartolomé, Ana Moreno, Carlos Sancho, Isabel Cacho, Heather Stoll, Negar Haghipour, Ánchel Belmonte, Christoph Spötl, John Hellstrom, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Hai Cheng
Clim. Past, 20, 467–494, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-467-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-467-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructing past temperatures at regional scales during the Common Era is necessary to place the current warming in the context of natural climate variability. We present a climate reconstruction based on eight stalagmites from four caves in the Pyrenees, NE Spain. These stalagmites were dated precisely and analysed for their oxygen isotopes, which appear dominated by temperature changes. Solar variability and major volcanic eruptions are the two main drivers of observed climate variability.
Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Paul J. Mann, Dirk J. Jong, Sergio Bulte Garcia, Anna Davydova, Sergei Davydov, Nikita Zimov, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 21, 357–379, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-357-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-357-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw releases organic carbon into waterways. Decomposition of this carbon pool emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, enhancing climate warming. We show that Arctic river carbon and water chemistry are different between the spring ice breakup and summer and that primary production is initiated in small Arctic rivers right after ice breakup, in contrast to in large rivers. This may have implications for fluvial carbon dynamics and greenhouse gas uptake and emission balance.
Heather M. Stoll, Leopoldo D. Pena, Ivan Hernandez-Almeida, José Guitián, Thomas Tanner, and Heiko Pälike
Clim. Past, 20, 25–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-25-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-25-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Oligocene and early Miocene periods featured dynamic glacial cycles on Antarctica. In this paper, we use Sr isotopes in marine carbonate sediments to document a change in the location and intensity of continental weathering during short periods of very intense Antarctic glaciation. Potentially, the weathering intensity of old continental rocks on Antarctica was reduced during glaciation. We also show improved age models for correlation of Southern Ocean and North Atlantic sediments.
Heather M. Stoll, Chris Day, Franziska Lechleitner, Oliver Kost, Laura Endres, Jakub Sliwinski, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Hai Cheng, and Denis Scholz
Clim. Past, 19, 2423–2444, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2423-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stalagmites formed in caves provide valuable information about past changes in climate and vegetation conditions. In this contribution, we present a new method to better estimate past changes in soil and vegetation productivity using carbon isotopes and trace elements measured in stalagmites. Applying this method to other stalagmites should provide a better indication of past vegetation feedbacks to climate change.
Amanda Gerotto, Hongrui Zhang, Renata Hanae Nagai, Heather M. Stoll, Rubens César Lopes Figueira, Chuanlian Liu, and Iván Hernández-Almeida
Biogeosciences, 20, 1725–1739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the analysis of the response of coccolithophores’ morphological attributes in a laboratory dissolution experiment and surface sediment samples from the South China Sea, we proposed that the thickness shape (ks) factor of fossil coccoliths together with the normalized ks variation, which is the ratio of the standard deviation of ks (σ) over the mean ks (σ/ks), is a robust and novel proxy to reconstruct past changes in deep ocean carbon chemistry.
Thibauld M. Béjard, Andrés S. Rigual-Hernández, José A. Flores, Javier P. Tarruella, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Isabel Cacho, Neghar Haghipour, Aidan Hunter, and Francisco J. Sierro
Biogeosciences, 20, 1505–1528, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Mediterranean Sea is undergoing a rapid and unprecedented environmental change. Planktic foraminifera calcification is affected on different timescales. On seasonal and interannual scales, calcification trends differ according to the species and are linked mainly to sea surface temperatures and carbonate system parameters, while comparison with pre/post-industrial assemblages shows that all three species have reduced their calcification between 10 % to 35 % according to the species.
Dirk Jong, Lisa Bröder, Tommaso Tesi, Kirsi H. Keskitalo, Nikita Zimov, Anna Davydova, Philip Pika, Negar Haghipour, Timothy I. Eglinton, and Jorien E. Vonk
Biogeosciences, 20, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-271-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
With this study, we want to highlight the importance of studying both land and ocean together, and water and sediment together, as these systems function as a continuum, and determine how organic carbon derived from permafrost is broken down and its effect on global warming. Although on the one hand it appears that organic carbon is removed from sediments along the pathway of transport from river to ocean, it also appears to remain relatively ‘fresh’, despite this removal and its very old age.
Jessica G. M. Crumpton-Banks, Thomas Tanner, Ivan Hernández Almeida, James W. B. Rae, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 19, 5633–5644, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5633-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5633-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Past ocean carbon is reconstructed using proxies, but it is unknown whether preparing ocean sediment for one proxy might damage the data given by another. We have tested whether the extraction of an organic proxy archive from sediment samples impacts the geochemistry of tiny shells also within the sediment. We find no difference in shell geochemistry between samples which come from treated and untreated sediment. This will help us to maximize scientific return from valuable sediment samples.
Melissa Sophia Schwab, Hannah Gies, Chantal Valérie Freymond, Maarten Lupker, Negar Haghipour, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 19, 5591–5616, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5591-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5591-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The majority of river studies focus on headwater or floodplain systems, while often neglecting intermediate river segments. Our study on the subalpine Sihl River bridges the gap between streams and lowlands and demonstrates that moderately steep river segments are areas of significant instream alterations, modulating the export of organic carbon over short distances.
José Guitián, Miguel Ángel Fuertes, José-Abel Flores, Iván Hernández-Almeida, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 19, 5007–5019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of environmental conditions on the degree of calcification of marine phytoplankton remains unclear. This study implements a new microscopic approach to quantify the calcification of ancient coccolithophores, using North Atlantic sediments. Results show significant differences in the thickness and shape factor of coccoliths for samples with minimum dissolution, providing the first evaluation of phytoplankton physiology adaptation to million-year-scale variable environmental conditions.
Blanca Ausín, Negar Haghipour, Elena Bruni, and Timothy Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 19, 613–627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-613-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-613-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The preservation and distribution of alkenones – organic molecules produced by marine algae – in marine sediments allows us to reconstruct past variations in sea surface temperature, primary productivity and CO2. Here, we explore the impact of remobilization and lateral transport of sedimentary alkenones on their fate in marine sediments. We demonstrate the pervasive influence of these processes on alkenone-derived environmental signals, compromising the reliability of related paleorecords.
Franziska A. Lechleitner, Christopher C. Day, Oliver Kost, Micah Wilhelm, Negar Haghipour, Gideon M. Henderson, and Heather M. Stoll
Clim. Past, 17, 1903–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Soil respiration is a critical but poorly constrained component of the global carbon cycle. We analyse the effect of changing soil respiration rates on the stable carbon isotope ratio of speleothems from northern Spain covering the last deglaciation. Using geochemical analysis and forward modelling we quantify the processes affecting speleothem stable carbon isotope ratios and extract a signature of increasing soil respiration synchronous with deglacial warming.
Elena T. Bruni, Richard F. Ott, Vincenzo Picotti, Negar Haghipour, Karl W. Wegmann, and Sean F. Gallen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 771–793, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-771-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-771-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Klados River catchment contains seemingly overlarge, well-preserved alluvial terraces and fans. Unlike previous studies, we argue that the deposits formed in the Holocene based on their position relative to a paleoshoreline uplifted in 365 CE and seven radiocarbon dates. We also find that constant sediment supply from high-lying landslide deposits disconnected the valley from regional tectonics and climate controls, which resulted in fan and terrace formation guided by stochastic events.
Ana Moreno, Miguel Iglesias, Cesar Azorin-Molina, Carlos Pérez-Mejías, Miguel Bartolomé, Carlos Sancho, Heather Stoll, Isabel Cacho, Jaime Frigola, Cinta Osácar, Arsenio Muñoz, Antonio Delgado-Huertas, Ileana Bladé, and Françoise Vimeux
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10159–10177, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10159-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10159-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a large and unique dataset of the rainfall isotopic composition at seven sites from northern Iberia to characterize their variability at daily and monthly timescales and to assess the role of climate and geographic factors in the modulation of δ18O values. We found that the origin, moisture uptake along the trajectory and type of precipitation play a key role. These results will help to improve the interpretation of δ18O paleorecords from lacustrine carbonates or speleothems.
Jannik Martens, Evgeny Romankevich, Igor Semiletov, Birgit Wild, Bart van Dongen, Jorien Vonk, Tommaso Tesi, Natalia Shakhova, Oleg V. Dudarev, Denis Kosmach, Alexander Vetrov, Leopold Lobkovsky, Nikolay Belyaev, Robie W. Macdonald, Anna J. Pieńkowski, Timothy I. Eglinton, Negar Haghipour, Salve Dahle, Michael L. Carroll, Emmelie K. L. Åström, Jacqueline M. Grebmeier, Lee W. Cooper, Göran Possnert, and Örjan Gustafsson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2561–2572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2561-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2561-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes the establishment, structure and current status of the first Circum-Arctic Sediment CArbon DatabasE (CASCADE), which is a scientific effort to harmonize and curate all published and unpublished data of carbon, nitrogen, carbon isotopes, and terrigenous biomarkers in sediments of the Arctic Ocean in one database. CASCADE will enable a variety of studies of the Arctic carbon cycle and thus contribute to a better understanding of how climate change affects the Arctic.
Hongrui Zhang, Chuanlian Liu, Luz María Mejía, and Heather Stoll
Biogeosciences, 18, 1909–1916, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1909-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1909-2021, 2021
Hannah Gies, Frank Hagedorn, Maarten Lupker, Daniel Montluçon, Negar Haghipour, Tessa Sophia van der Voort, and Timothy Ian Eglinton
Biogeosciences, 18, 189–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-189-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-189-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding controls on the persistence of organic matter in soils is essential to constrain its role in the carbon cycle. Emerging concepts suggest that the soil carbon pool is predominantly comprised of stabilized microbial residues. To test this hypothesis we isolated microbial membrane lipids from two Swiss soil profiles and measured their radiocarbon age. We find that the ages of these compounds are in the range of millenia and thus provide evidence for stabilized microbial mass in soils.
Catarina Cavaleiro, Antje H. L. Voelker, Heather Stoll, Karl-Heinz Baumann, and Michal Kucera
Clim. Past, 16, 2017–2037, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2017-2020, 2020
Cited articles
AEMET: AEMET OpenData, State Meteorological Agency of Spain, https://opendata.aemet.es/centrodedescargas/inicio (last access: 13 September 2021), 2021.
Álvarez, R., Ordóñez, A., Canteli, P., and De Miguel, E.:
Unconventional gas resources in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain): A
comprehensive preliminary assessment, Geol. J., 54, 2608–2620,
https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3314, 2019.
Baker, A., Barnes, W. L., and Smart, P. L.: Variations in the discharge and
organic matter content of stalagmite drip waters in Lower Cave, Bristol,
Hydrol. Process., 11, 1541–1555, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199709)11:11<1541::AID-HYP484>3.0.CO;2-Z, 1997.
Baker, A., Hartmann, A., Duan, W., Hankin, S., Comas-Bru, L., Cuthbert, M.
O., Treble, P. C., Banner, J., Genty, D., Baldini, L. M., Bartolomé, M.,
Moreno, A., Pérez-Mejías, C., and Werner, M.: Global analysis reveals climatic controls on the oxygen isotope composition of cave drip water, Nat. Commun., 10, 2984, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11027-w, 2019.
Baker, A., Berthelin, R., Cuthbert, M. O., Treble, P. C., Hartmann, A., and
Kss Cave Studies Team: Rainfall recharge thresholds in a subtropical climate determined using a regional cave drip water monitoring network, J. Hydrol., 587, 125001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125001, 2020.
Baker, A., Scheller, M., Oriani, F., Mariethoz, G., Hartmann, A., Wang, Z.,
and Cuthbert, M. O.: Quantifying temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity in rainfall recharge thresholds in a montane karst environment, J. Hydrol., 594, 125965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.125965, 2021.
Baldini, J. U. L., McDermott, F., Baldini, L. M., Ottley, C. J., Linge, K.
L., Clipson, N., and Jarvis, K. E.: Identifying short-term and seasonal trends in cave drip water trace element concentrations based on a daily-scale automatically collected drip water dataset, Chem. Geol., 330–331, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.08.009, 2012.
Benzaama, M. H., Menhoudj, S., Kontoleon, K. J., Mokhtari, A. M., and Lekhal, M. C.: Investigation of the thermal behavior of a combined geothermal system for cooling with regards to Algeria's climate, Sustain. Cities Soc., 43, 121–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.016, 2018.
Borsato, A., Frisia, S., Fairchild, I. J., Somogyi, A., and Susini, J.:
Trace element distribution in annual stalagmite laminae mapped by micrometer-resolution X-ray fluorescence: Implications for incorporation of
environmentally significant species, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 71, 1494–1512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.12.016, 2007.
Borsato, A., Frisia, S., and Miorandi, R.: Carbon dioxide concentration in
temperate climate caves and parent soils over an altitudinal gradient and
its influence on speleothem growth and fabrics, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 40, 1158–1170, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3706, 2015.
Bradley, C., Baker, A., Jex, C. N., and Leng, M. J.: Hydrological uncertainties in the modelling of cave drip-water ä18O and the
implications for stalagmite palaeoclimate reconstructions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 2201–2214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.05.017, 2010.
Breitenbach, S. F. M., Lechleitner, F. A., Meyer, H., Diengdoh, G., Mattey,
D., and Marwan, N.: Cave ventilation and rainfall signals in dripwater in a
monsoonal setting – a monitoring study from NE India, Chem. Geol., 402, 111–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.03.011, 2015.
Brooksbank, K., Veneklaas, E. J., White, D. A., and Carter, J. L.: The fate
of hydraulically redistributed water in a semi-arid zone eucalyptus species,
Tree Physiol., 31, 649–658, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr052, 2011.
Craig, H.: Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters, Science, 133, 1702–1703,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.133.3465.1702, 1961.
Dasgupta, S., Mohanty, B. P., and Köhne, J. M.: Impacts of Juniper Vegetation and Karst Geology on Subsurface Flow Processes in the Edwards Plateau, Texas, Vadose Zone J., 5, 1076–1085, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2005.0073, 2006.
Deininger, M. and Scholz, D.: ISOLUTION 1.0: an ISOtope evoLUTION model
describing the stable oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotope values of speleothems, Int. J. Speleol., 48, 21–32, 2019.
Deininger, M., Hansen, M., Fohlmeister, J., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Burstyn, Y., and Scholz, D.: Are oxygen isotope fractionation factors
between calcite and water derived from speleothems systematically biased due
to prior calcite precipitation (PCP)?, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 305, 212–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.03.026, 2021.
de Villiers, S., Greaves, M., and Elderfield, H.: An intensity ratio
calibration method for the accurate determination of
Domínguez-Villar, D., Krklec, K., Boomer, I., and Fairchild, I. J.:
ISODRIP, a model to transfer the δ18O signal of precipitation to drip water – Implementation of the model for Eagle Cave (central Spain), Sci. Total Environ., 797, 149188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149188, 2021.
Dredge, J., Fairchild, I. J., Harrison, R. M., Fernandez-Cortes, A.,
Sanchez-Moral, S., Jurado, V., Gunn, J., Smith, A., Spötl, C., Mattey,
D., Wynn, P. M., and Grassineau, N.: Cave aerosols: distribution and contribution to speleothem geochemistry, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 63, 23–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.016, 2013.
Dreybrodt, W.: Chemical kinetics, speleothem growth and climate, Boreas, 28,
347–356, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00224.x, 1999.
Eylem, C., Erten, H. N., and Göktürk, H.: Sorption-desorption
behaviour of barium on clays, J. Environ. Radioactiv., 11, 183–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/0265-931X(90)90061-Y, 1990.
Fairchild, I. J. and Baker, A.: Speleothem Science: from process to past environments, in: Blackwell Quaternary Geoscience Series, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-9620-8, 2012.
Fairchild, I. J. and Treble, P. C.: Trace elements in speleothems as
recorders of environmental change, Quaternary Sci. Rev. 28, 449–468,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.11.007, 2009.
Fairchild, I. J., Borsato, A., Tooth, A. F., Frisia, S., Hawkesworth, C. J.,
Huang, Y., McDermott, F., and Spiro, B.: Controls on trace element (Sr–Mg)
compositions of carbonate cave waters: implications for speleothem climatic
records, Chem. Geol., 166, 255–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00216-8, 2000.
Fairchild, I. J., Spötl, C., Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Susini, J., Wynn,
P. M., Cauzid, J., EIMF, Pedley, H. M., and Rogerson, M.: Petrology and
geochemistry of annually laminated stalagmites from an Alpine cave (Obir,
Austria): seasonal cave physiology, in: Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling
the Microbial and Physical Controls, Geological Society of London, https://doi.org/10.1144/sp336.16, 2010.
Faraji, M., Borsato, A., Frisia, S., Hellstrom, J. C., Lorrey, A., Hartland,
A., Greig, A., and Mattey, D. P.: Accurate dating of stalagmites from low
seasonal contrast tropical Pacific climate using Sr 2D maps, fabrics and
annual hydrological cycles, Sci. Rep., 11, 2178, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81941-x, 2021.
Feng, W., Casteel, R. C., Banner, J. L., and Heinze-Fry, A.: Oxygen isotope
variations in rainfall, drip-water and speleothem calcite from a well-ventilated cave in Texas, USA: Assessing a new speleothem temperature
proxy, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 127, 233–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.11.039, 2014.
Fohlmeister, J., Voarintsoa, N. R., Lechleitner, F., Boyd, M., Brandstätter, S., Jacobson, M., and Oster, J.: Main Controls on the
Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Speleothems, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 279, 67–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.03.042, 2020.
Frisia, S., Fairchild, I. J., Fohlmeister, J., Miorandi, R., Spötl, C.,
and Borsato, A.: Carbon mass-balance modelling and carbon isotope exchange
processes in dynamic caves, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 380–400, 2011.
Genty, D., Blamart, D., Ghaleb, B., Plagnes, V., Causse, C., Bakalowicz, M.,
Zouari, K., Chkir, N., Hellstrom, J., Wainer, K., and Bourges, F.: Timing
and dynamics of the last deglaciation from European and North African
ä13C stalagmite profiles – comparison with Chinese and South Hemisphere
stalagmites, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 2118–2142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.01.030, 2006.
Gibbons, W. and Moreno, T.: The geology of Spain, The Geological Society,
London, 649 pp., ISBN 1-86239-110-6, 2002.
Hamamoto, T. and Uchida, Y.: Sodium Contents in Dairy Cow Urine and Soil
Aggregate Sizes Influence the Amount of Nitrogen Lost from Soil, Appl. Environ. Soil Sci., 2015, 275985, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/275985, 2015.
Hartland, A., Fairchild, I. J., Lead, J. R., Borsato, A., Baker, A., Frisia,
S., and Baalousha, M.: From soil to cave: Transport of trace metals by natural organic matter in karst dripwaters, Chem. Geol., 304–305, 68–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.01.032, 2012.
Hartland, A., Fairchild, I. J., Müller, W., and Dominguez-Villar, D.:
Preservation of NOM-metal complexes in a modern hyperalkaline stalagmite:
Implications for speleothem trace element geochemistry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 128, 29–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.005, 2014.
Hasenmueller, E. A., Jin, L., Stinchcomb, G. E., Lin, H., Brantley, S. L.,
and Kaye, J. P.: Topographic controls on the depth distribution of soil CO2 in a small temperate watershed, Appl. Geochem., 63, 58–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.07.005, 2015.
Hodges, C., Kim, H., Brantley, S. L., and Kaye, J.: Soil CO2 and O2
Concentrations Illuminate the Relative Importance of Weathering and Respiration to Seasonal Soil Gas Fluctuations, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 83, 1167–1180, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2019.02.0049, 2019.
IAEA/WMO: Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation., The GNIP Database, https://www.gtn-h.info/gtnh_networks/gnip-gnir/ (last access: 10 January 2022), 2022.
Instituto Geográfico Nacional: Plan Nacional Ortofotografía Aérea – PNOA of Spanish IGN, https://centrodedescargas.cnig.es/CentroDescargas/index.jsp (last access: 24 November 2022), 2022.
James, E. W., Banner, J. L., and Hardt, B.: A global model for cave ventilation and seasonal bias in speleothem paleoclimate records, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 16, 1044–1051, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005658, 2015.
Johnson, K. R., Hu, C., Belshaw, N. S., and Henderson, G. M.: Seasonal
trace-element and stable-isotope variations in a Chinese speleothem: The
potential for high-resolution paleomonsoon reconstruction, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 244, 394–407, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.064, 2006.
Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H.: Trace elements in soils and plants, in: 3rd Edn., CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, 331 pp., ISBN 0-8493-1575-1, 2000.
Krishna, M. P. and Mohan, M.: Litter decomposition in forest ecosystems: a
review, Energ. Ecol. Environ., 2, 236–249, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-017-0064-9, 2017.
Lechleitner, F. A., Day, C. C., Kost, O., Wilhelm, M., Haghipour, N., Henderson, G. M., and Stoll, H. M.: Stalagmite carbon isotopes suggest deglacial increase in soil respiration in western Europe driven by temperature change, Clim. Past, 17, 1903–1918, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1903-2021, 2021.
Lyu, Y., Luo, W., Wang, Y., Zeng, G., Wang, Y., Cheng, A., Zhang, L., Chen,
J., Cai, X., Zhang, R., and Wang, S.: Impacts of cave ventilation on drip
water δ13CDIC and its paleoclimate implication, Quatern. Int., 547, 7–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.03.050, 2020.
Markowska, M., Baker, A., Andersen, M. S., Jex, C. N., Cuthbert, M. O., Rau,
G. C., Graham, P. W., Rutlidge, H., Mariethoz, G., Marjo, C. E., Treble, P.
C., and Edwards, N.: Semi-arid zone caves: Evaporation and hydrological
controls on δ18O drip water composition and implications for speleothem paleoclimate reconstructions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 131, 285–301,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.024, 2016.
Mattey, D. P., Fairchild, I. J., Atkinson, T. C., Latin, J.-P., Ainsworth, M., and Durell, R.: Seasonal microclimate control of calcite fabrics, stable
isotopes and trace elements in modern speleothem from St Michaels Cave,
Gibraltar, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 336, 323–344, 2010.
Mattey, D. P., Atkinson, T. C., Barker, J. A., Fisher, R., Latin, J. P.,
Durrell, R., and Ainsworth, M.: Carbon dioxide, ground air and carbon cycling in Gibraltar karst, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 184, 88–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.01.041, 2016.
Mishra, S. P. and Tiwary, D.: Ion exchangers in radioactive waste management. Part XI. Removal of barium and strontium ions from aqueous solutions by hydrous ferric oxide, Appl. Radiat. Isotop., 51, 359–366, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(99)00065-2, 1999.
Moreno, A., Stoll, H., Jiménez-Sánchez, M., Cacho, I., Valero-Garcés, B., Ito, E., and Edwards, R. L.: A speleothem record of
glacial (25–11.6 kyr BP) rapid climatic changes from northern Iberian
Peninsula, Global Planet. Change, 71, 218–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.10.002, 2010.
Moreno, A., Sancho, C., Bartolomé, M., Oliva-Urcia, B., Delgado-Huertas,
A., Estrela, M. J., Corell, D., López-Moreno, J. I., and Cacho, I.:
Climate controls on rainfall isotopes and their effects on cave drip water
and speleothem growth: the case of Molinos cave (Teruel, NE Spain), Clim.
Dynam., 43, 221–241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2140-6, 2014.
Moreno, A., Iglesias, M., Azorin-Molina, C., Pérez-Mejías, C.,
Bartolomé, M., Sancho, C., Stoll, H., Cacho, I., Frigola, J., Osácar, C., Muñoz, A., Delgado-Huertas, A., Bladé, I., and Vimeux, F.: Measurement report: Spatial variability of northern Iberian rainfall stable isotope values – investigating atmospheric controls on daily and monthly timescales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 10159–10177,
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-10159-2021, 2021.
Noronha, A. L., Johnson, K. R., Hu, C., Ruan, J., Southon, J. R., and Ferguson, J. E.: Assessing influences on speleothem dead carbon variability
over the Holocene: Implications for speleothem-based radiocarbon calibration, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 394, 20–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.015, 2014.
O'Leary, M. H.: Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis: Fractionation techniques
may reveal new aspects of carbon dynamics in plants, BioScience, 38, 328–336, https://doi.org/10.2307/1310735, 1988.
Owen, R., Day, C. C., and Henderson, G. M.: CaveCalc: A new model for speleothem chemistry & isotopes, Comput. Geosci., 119, 115–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2018.06.011, 2018.
Parkhurst, D. L. and Appelo, C. A. J.: Description of input and examples for
PHREEQC version 3 – A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction,
one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations, in: US Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 6, chap. A43, US Geological Survey, p. 497, https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a43/pdf/tm6-A43.pdf (last
access: 10 January 2022), 2013.
Pataki, D. E., Bowling, D. R., and Ehleringer, J. R.: Seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition in an urban atmosphere: Anthropogenic and biogenic effects, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4735, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003865, 2003.
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: Updated world map of the
Köppen–Geiger climate classification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11,
1633–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007, 2007.
Riechelmann, D. F. C., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Scholz, D., Fohlmeister,
J., Spötl, C., Richter, D. K., and Mangini, A.: Monitoring Bunker Cave
(NW Germany): A prerequisite to interpret geochemical proxy data of
speleothems from this site, J. Hydrol., 409, 682–695, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.08.068, 2011.
Ruff, M., Wacker, L., Gäggeler, H. W., Suter, M., Synal, H. A., and
Szidat, S.: A Gas Ion Source for Radiocarbon Measurements at 200 kV,
Radiocarbon, 49, 307–314, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200042235, 2007.
Sinclair, D. J., Banner, J. L., Taylor, F. W., Partin, J., Jenson, J., Mylroie, J., Goddard, E., Quinn, T., Jocson, J., and Miklaviè, B.:
Magnesium and strontium systematics in tropical speleothems from the Western
Pacific, Chem. Geol., 294–295, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.10.008, 2012.
Sliwinski, J., Kost, O., Endres, L., Iglesias, M., Haghipour, N.,
González-Lemos, S., and Stoll, H.: Exploring soluble and colloidally
transported trace elements in stalagmites: The strontium-yttrium connection,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 343, 64–83, 2023.
Sliwinski, J. T. and Stoll, H. M.: Combined fluorescence imaging and LA-ICP-MS trace element mapping of stalagmites: Microfabric identification
and interpretation, Chem. Geol., 581, 120397, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120397, 2021.
Spötl, C., Fairchild, I. J., and Tooth, A. F.: Cave air control on
dripwater geochemistry, Obir Caves (Austria): Implications for speleothem
deposition in dynamically ventilated caves, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 69, 2451–2468, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.12.009, 2005.
Stoll, H., Mendez-Vicente, A., Gonzalez-Lemos, S., Moreno, A., Cacho, I.,
Cheng, H., and Edwards, R. L.: Interpretation of orbital scale variability
in mid-latitude speleothem δ18O: Significance of growth rate controlled kinetic fractionation effects, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 127, 215–228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.08.025, 2015.
Stoll, H. M., Müller, W., and Prieto, M.: I-STAL, a model for
interpretation of
Stoll, H. M., Moreno, A., Mendez-Vicente, A., Gonzalez-Lemos, S., Jimenez-Sanchez, M., Dominguez-Cuesta, M. J., Edwards, R. L., Cheng, H., and
Wang, X.: Paleoclimate and growth rates of speleothems in the northwestern
Iberian Peninsula over the last two glacial cycles, Quatern. Res., 80,
284–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.05.002, 2013.
Tadros, C. V., Treble, P. C., Baker, A., Fairchild, I., Hankin, S., Roach,
R., Markowska, M., and McDonald, J.: ENSO – cave drip water hydrochemical
relationship: a 7-year dataset from south-eastern Australia, Hydrol. Earth
Syst. Sci., 20, 4625–4640, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4625-2016, 2016.
Tadros, C. V., Treble, P. C., Baker, A., Hankin, S., and Roach, R.: Cave
drip water solutes in south-eastern Australia: Constraining sources, sinks
and processes, Sci. Total Environ., 651, 2175–2186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.035, 2019.
Treble, P. C., Fairchild, I. J., Baker, A., Meredith, K. T., Andersen, M.
S., Salmon, S. U., Bradley, C., Wynn, P. M., Hankin, S. I., Wood, A., and
McGuire, E.: Roles of forest bioproductivity, transpiration and fire in a
nine-year record of cave dripwater chemistry from southwest Australia, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 184, 132-150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.017, 2016.
Treble, P. C., Baker, A., Abram, N. J., Hellstrom, J. C., Crawford, J.,
Gagan, M. K., Borsato, A., Griffiths, A. D., Bajo, P., Markowska, M.,
Priestley, S. C., Hankin, S., and Paterson, D.: Ubiquitous karst hydrological control on speleothem oxygen isotope variability in a global study, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 29, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00347-3, 2022.
Tremaine, D. M. and Froelich, P. N.: Speleothem trace element signatures: A
hydrologic geochemical study of modern cave dripwaters and farmed calcite,
Geochim.t Cosmochim. Ac., 121, 522–545, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.07.026, 2013.
Tremaine, D. M., Sinclair, D. J., Stoll, H. M., Lagerström, M., Carvajal, C. P., and Sherrell, R. M.: A two-year automated dripwater chemistry study in a remote cave in the tropical south Pacific: Using [Cl−] as a conservative tracer for seasalt contribution of major cations, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 184, 289–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.029, 2016.
UNEP: World atlas of desertification 2ED, https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/30300;jsessionid=D481099AA75A2ACCAD3C4831B7C68FD6
(last access: 10 January 2022), 1997.
Waring, C. L., Hankin, S. I., Griffith, D. W. T., Kertesz, M. A., Kobylski,
V., Wilson, N. L., Coleman, N. V., Kettlewell, G., Zlot, R., Bosse, M., and
Bell, G.: Seasonal total methane depletion in limestone caves, Sci. Rep., 7, 8314, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07769-6, 2017.
Wassenburg, J. A., Riechelmann, S., Schröder-Ritzrau, A., Riechelmann, D. F. C., Richter, D. K., Immenhauser, A., Terente, M., Constantin, S., Hachenberg, A., Hansen, M., and Scholz, D.: Calcite Mg and Sr partition
coefficients in cave environments: Implications for interpreting prior
calcite precipitation in speleothems, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 269, 581–596, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.11.011, 2020.
Weremeichik, J. M., Gabitov, R. I., Thien, B. M. J., and Sadekov, A.: The
effect of growth rate on uranium partitioning between individual calcite
crystals and fluid, Chem. Geol., 450, 145–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.12.026, 2017.
Short summary
Cave monitoring studies including cave drip water are unique opportunities to sample water which has percolated through the soil and rock. The change in drip water chemistry is resolved over the course of 16 months, inferring seasonal and hydrological variations in soil and karst processes at the water–air and water–rock interface. Such data sets improve the understanding of hydrological and hydrochemical processes and ultimately advance the interpretation of geochemical stalagmite records.
Cave monitoring studies including cave drip water are unique opportunities to sample water which...
