Articles | Volume 21, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4213-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4213-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Aug 2017
Research article |
| 25 Aug 2017
Halon-1301 – further evidence of its performance as an age tracer in New Zealand groundwater
Monique Beyer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Uwe Morgenstern
GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Rob van der Raaij
GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Heather Martindale
GNS Science, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Related authors
M. Beyer, R. van der Raaij, U. Morgenstern, and B. Jackson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2775–2789, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2775-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2775-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the potential of Halon-1301 as a new groundwater age tracer, which had not been assessed in detail. We determine Halon-1301 and infer age in 17 New Zealand groundwater samples and various modern waters. Halon-1301 reliably inferred age in 71% of the sites within 1 SD of the ages inferred from tritium and SF6. The remaining (anoxic) waters show reduced concentrations of Halon-1301 along with even further reduced concentrations of CFCs. The reason(s) for this need to be further assessed.
Laurent Gourdol, Michael K. Stewart, Uwe Morgenstern, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3519–3547, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3519-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3519-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Determining water transit times in aquifers is key to a better understanding of groundwater resources and their sustainable management. For our research, we used high-accuracy tritium data from 35 springs draining the Luxembourg Sandstone aquifer. We assessed the mean transit times of groundwater and found that water moves on average more than 10 times more slowly vertically in the vadose zone of the aquifer (~12 m yr-1) than horizontally in its saturated zone (~170 m yr-1).
Conny Tschritter, Christopher J. Daughney, Sapthala Karalliyadda, Brioch Hemmings, Uwe Morgenstern, and Catherine Moore
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4295–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4295-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4295-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding groundwater travel time (groundwater age) is crucial for tracking flow and contaminants. While groundwater age is usually inferred from age tracers, this study utilised two machine learning techniques with common groundwater chemistry data. The results of both methods correspond to traditional approaches. They are useful where hydrochemistry data exist but age tracer data are limited. These methods could help enhance our knowledge, aiding in sustainable freshwater management.
Zibo Zhou, Ian Cartwright, and Uwe Morgenstern
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4497–4513, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Streams may receive water from different sources in their catchment. There is limited understanding of which water stores intermittent streams are connected to. Using geochemistry we show that the intermittent streams in southeast Australia are connected to younger smaller near-river water stores rather than regional groundwater. This makes these streams more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and requires management of the riparian zone for their protection.
Michael Kilgour Stewart, Uwe Morgenstern, and Ian Cartwright
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6333–6338, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6333-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The combined use of deuterium and tritium to determine travel time distributions in streams is an important development in catchment hydrology (Rodriguez et al., 2021). This comment, however, argues that their results do not generally invalidate the truncation hypothesis of Stewart et al. (2010) (i.e. that stable isotopes underestimate travel times through catchments), as they imply, but asserts instead that the hypothesis still applies to many other catchments.
William Howcroft, Ian Cartwright, and Uwe Morgenstern
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 635–653, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-635-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-635-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Documenting mean transit times is critical for understanding and managing catchments. Mean transit times in six headwater catchments of the Otway Ranges, Australia, determined using tritium, range from 7 to 230 years. Tritium activities correlate well with streamflow but are difficult to predict from catchment attributes or major ion geochemistry. The long mean transit times suggest that the catchments are buffered from short-term rainfall variations.
Michael K. Stewart, Uwe Morgenstern, Maksym A. Gusyev, and Piotr Małoszewski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4615–4627, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4615-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4615-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents for the first time the effects of aggregation errors on mean transit times and young fractions estimated using tritium concentrations. Such errors, due to heterogeneity in catchments, had previously been demonstrated for seasonal tracer cycles by Kirchner (2016a). We found that mean transit times derived from tritium are just as susceptible to aggregation bias as those from seasonal tracer cycles. Young fractions were found to be almost immune to aggregation bias.
Ian Cartwright and Uwe Morgenstern
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4757–4773, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4757-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4757-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This research used tritium to determine the timescales that water is stored in peatlands and eucalyptus forest catchments in upland river systems in southeast Australia. The mean transit times in the peatland catchments of less than a few years contrast with much longer transit times (years to decades) in adjacent eucalyptus catchments. The peat is susceptible to drying which renders it vulnerable to degradation and bushfire and does not represent a long-term water store to upland streams.
Maksym A. Gusyev, Uwe Morgenstern, Michael K. Stewart, Yusuke Yamazaki, Kazuhisa Kashiwaya, Terumasa Nishihara, Daisuke Kuribayashi, Hisaya Sawano, and Yoichi Iwami
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3043–3058, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3043-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3043-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Tritium-estimated groundwater mean transit times (MTTs) and storage volumes provide useful information for water resources management especially during droughts. In Hokkaido, we find that (1) one tritium measurement at baseflow is already sufficient to estimate MTT for some catchments, (2) the hydrogeological settings control tritium transit times of subsurface groundwater storage at baseflow, and (3) in future, one tritium measurement will be sufficient to estimate MTT in most Japanese catchments.
I. Cartwright and U. Morgenstern
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3771–3785, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3771-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3771-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study documents the age of water that contributes to rivers in upper catchments using the radioactive tracer tritium. River water in the upper Ovens Valley (Australia) is several years to decades old and water from different parts of the catchment (e.g., soil, regolith, and groundwater) is mobilised at different flow conditions. The results indicate that these rivers are buffered against short term climate variability but are susceptible to longer-term climate and land use changes
M. Beyer, R. van der Raaij, U. Morgenstern, and B. Jackson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2775–2789, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2775-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2775-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the potential of Halon-1301 as a new groundwater age tracer, which had not been assessed in detail. We determine Halon-1301 and infer age in 17 New Zealand groundwater samples and various modern waters. Halon-1301 reliably inferred age in 71% of the sites within 1 SD of the ages inferred from tritium and SF6. The remaining (anoxic) waters show reduced concentrations of Halon-1301 along with even further reduced concentrations of CFCs. The reason(s) for this need to be further assessed.
S. Kang, F. Wang, U. Morgenstern, Y. Zhang, B. Grigholm, S. Kaspari, M. Schwikowski, J. Ren, T. Yao, D. Qin, and P. A. Mayewski
The Cryosphere, 9, 1213–1222, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1213-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1213-2015, 2015
Short summary
U. Morgenstern, C. J. Daughney, G. Leonard, D. Gordon, F. M. Donath, and R. Reeves
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 803–822, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-803-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-803-2015, 2015
M. A. Gusyev, D. Abrams, M. W. Toews, U. Morgenstern, and M. K. Stewart
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3109–3119, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3109-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3109-2014, 2014
M. A. Gusyev, M. Toews, U. Morgenstern, M. Stewart, P. White, C. Daughney, and J. Hadfield
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1217–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1217-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1217-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Groundwater hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
A hydrogeological conceptual model of aquifers in catchments headed by temperate glaciers
Technical note: High-density mapping of regional groundwater tables with steady-state surface nuclear magnetic resonance – three Danish case studies
Geoelectrical and hydro-chemical monitoring of karst formation at the laboratory scale
Advancing measurements and representations of subsurface heterogeneity and dynamic processes: towards 4D hydrogeology
Spatiotemporal optimization of groundwater monitoring networks using data-driven sparse sensing methods
Evidence for high-elevation salar recharge and interbasin groundwater flow in the Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes
Technical note: Effects of iron(II) on fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter at circumneutral pH
The evolution of stable silicon isotopes in a coastal carbonate aquifer on Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Dynamics of hydrological and geomorphological processes in evaporite karst at the eastern Dead Sea – a multidisciplinary study
Using multiple methods to investigate the effects of land-use changes on groundwater recharge in a semi-arid area
Identifying recharge under subtle ephemeral features in a flat-lying semi-arid region using a combined geophysical approach
Isotopic and chromatographic fingerprinting of the sources of dissolved organic carbon in a shallow coastal aquifer
Time-lapse cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography (CHERT) for monitoring seawater intrusion dynamics in a Mediterranean aquifer
Understanding the relative importance of vertical and horizontal flow in ice-wedge polygons
Groundwater–glacier meltwater interaction in proglacial aquifers
A review of methods for measuring groundwater–surface water exchange in braided rivers
Error in hydraulic head and gradient time-series measurements: a quantitative appraisal
The effect of sediment thermal conductivity on vertical groundwater flux estimates
Hydrogeological conceptual model of andesitic watersheds revealed by high-resolution heliborne geophysics
Microbial community changes induced by Managed Aquifer Recharge activities: linking hydrogeological and biological processes
Application of the pore water stable isotope method and hydrogeological approaches to characterise a wetland system
Comment on “Origin of water in the Badain Jaran Desert, China: new insight from isotopes” by Wu et al. (2017)
Delineating multiple salinization processes in a coastal plain aquifer, northern China: hydrochemical and isotopic evidence
Hydraulic characterisation of iron-oxide-coated sand and gravel based on nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation mode analyses
Using hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity data to distinguish between mountain-front and mountain-block recharge to basin aquifers
Aquifer configuration and geostructural links control the groundwater quality in thin-bedded carbonate–siliciclastic alternations of the Hainich CZE, central Germany
A multi-tracer approach to constraining artesian groundwater discharge into an alluvial aquifer
Transfer of environmental signals from the surface to the underground at Ascunsă Cave, Romania
Electrical resistivity dynamics beneath a fractured sedimentary bedrock riverbed in response to temperature and groundwater–surface water exchange
Detecting seasonal and long-term vertical displacement in the North China Plain using GRACE and GPS
Flow dynamics in hyper-saline aquifers: hydro-geophysical monitoring and modeling
Influence of groundwater on distribution of dwarf wedgemussels (Alasmidonta heterodon) in the upper reaches of the Delaware River, northeastern USA
Quantifying the influence of surface water–groundwater interaction on nutrient flux in a lowland karst catchment
Identification of anthropogenic and natural inputs of sulfate into a karstic coastal groundwater system in northeast China: evidence from major ions, δ13CDIC and δ34SSO4
Accelerated gravity testing of aquitard core permeability and implications at formation and regional scale
Determining the stable isotope composition of pore water from saturated and unsaturated zone core: improvements to the direct vapour equilibration laser spectrometry method
Assessment of Halon-1301 as a groundwater age tracer
Identifying flood recharge and inter-aquifer connectivity using multiple isotopes in subtropical Australia
Technical Note: Field experiences using UV/VIS sensors for high-resolution monitoring of nitrate in groundwater
Timescales of regional circulation of saline fluids in continental crystalline rock aquifers (Armorican Massif, western France)
A groundwater recharge perspective on locating tree plantations within low-rainfall catchments to limit water resource losses
Identifying the origin and geochemical evolution of groundwater using hydrochemistry and stable isotopes in the Subei Lake basin, Ordos energy base, Northwestern China
Groundwater dynamics under water-saving irrigation and implications for sustainable water management in an oasis: Tarim River basin of western China
Using hydrologic measurements to investigate free-phase gas ebullition in a Maine peatland, USA
Spatially resolved information on karst conduit flow from in-cave dye tracing
The usefulness of outcrop-analogue air-permeameter measurements for analysing aquifer heterogeneity: testing outcrop hydrogeological parameters with independent borehole data
Investigating the spatio-temporal variability in groundwater and surface water interactions: a multi-technique approach
Tracing groundwater salinization processes in coastal aquifers: a hydrogeochemical and isotopic approach in the Na-Cl brackish waters of northwestern Sardinia, Italy
Gaining and losing stream reaches have opposite hydraulic conductivity distribution patterns
Groundwater–surface water interactions, vegetation dependencies and implications for water resources management in the semi-arid Hailiutu River catchment, China – a synthesis
Aude Vincent, Clémence Daigre, Ophélie Fischer, Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir, Sophie Violette, Jane Hart, Snævarr Guðmundsson, and Finnur Pálsson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3475–3494, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3475-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3475-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied groundwater near outlet glaciers of the main Icelandic ice cap. We acquired new data in the field. Two distinct groundwater compartments and their characteristics are identified. We demonstrate the glacial melt recharge impact on the groundwater dynamic. Knowing groundwater systems in a glacial context is crucial to forecast the evolution under climate change of water resources and of potential flood and landslide hazards.
Mathias Vang, Denys Grombacher, Matthew P. Griffiths, Lichao Liu, and Jakob Juul Larsen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3115–3124, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3115-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3115-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use a novel surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) method for rapid high-quality data acquisition. The SNMR results from more than 100 soundings in three different case studies were used to map groundwater. The soundings successfully track the water table through the three areas and are compared to boreholes and other geophysical measurements. The study highlights the use of SNMR in hydrological surveys and as a tool for regional mapping of the water table.
Flore Rembert, Marie Léger, Damien Jougnot, and Linda Luquot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 417–430, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-417-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-417-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of underground cavities, called karsts, resulting from carbonate rock dissolution, is at stake in many environmental and societal issues, notably through risk management and the administration and quality of drinking water resources. Facing natural environment complexity, we propose a laboratory study combining hydro-chemical monitoring, 3D imaging, and non-invasive observation of electrical properties, showing the benefits of geoelectrical monitoring to map karst formation.
Thomas Hermans, Pascal Goderniaux, Damien Jougnot, Jan H. Fleckenstein, Philip Brunner, Frédéric Nguyen, Niklas Linde, Johan Alexander Huisman, Olivier Bour, Jorge Lopez Alvis, Richard Hoffmann, Andrea Palacios, Anne-Karin Cooke, Álvaro Pardo-Álvarez, Lara Blazevic, Behzad Pouladi, Peleg Haruzi, Alejandro Fernandez Visentini, Guilherme E. H. Nogueira, Joel Tirado-Conde, Majken C. Looms, Meruyert Kenshilikova, Philippe Davy, and Tanguy Le Borgne
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 255–287, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-255-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-255-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Although invisible, groundwater plays an essential role for society as a source of drinking water or for ecosystems but is also facing important challenges in terms of contamination. Characterizing groundwater reservoirs with their spatial heterogeneity and their temporal evolution is therefore crucial for their sustainable management. In this paper, we review some important challenges and recent innovations in imaging and modeling the 4D nature of the hydrogeological systems.
Marc Ohmer, Tanja Liesch, and Andreas Wunsch
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4033–4053, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4033-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4033-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a data-driven approach to select optimal locations for groundwater monitoring wells. The applied approach can optimize the number of wells and their location for a network reduction (by ranking wells in order of their information content and reducing redundant) and extension (finding sites with great information gain) or both. It allows us to include a cost function to account for more/less suitable areas for new wells and can help to obtain maximum information content for a budget.
Odiney Alvarez-Campos, Elizabeth J. Olson, Lisa R. Welp, Marty D. Frisbee, Sebastián A. Zuñiga Medina, José Díaz Rodríguez, Wendy R. Roque Quispe, Carol I. Salazar Mamani, Midhuar R. Arenas Carrión, Juan Manuel Jara, Alexander Ccanccapa-Cartagena, and Chad T. Jafvert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 483–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-483-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-483-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present results of a hydrologic study of groundwater recharge near the city of Arequipa, Peru. There are a number of springs below a high-elevation salar that show some chemical evidence of connectivity to the salar basin, possibly facilitated by faults in region. These results suggest that this salar basin is not a strictly terminal lake but that some interbasin groundwater flow exists. In addition, a high-elevation forest ecosystem seems important for groundwater recharge as well.
Kun Jia, Cara C. M. Manning, Ashlee Jollymore, and Roger D. Beckie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4983–4993, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4983-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4983-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of soluble reduced iron, Fe(II), on fluorescence data (excitation–emission matrix spectra parsed using parallel factor analysis) is difficult to quantitatively assign. We added varying quantities of Fe(II) into groundwater from an anaerobic aquifer. We showed that the overall fluorescence intensity decreased nonlinearly as Fe(II) increased from 1 to 306 mg L-1 but that the parallel factor analysis component distribution was relatively insensitive to Fe(II) concentration.
Ashley N. Martin, Karina Meredith, Andy Baker, Marc D. Norman, and Eliza Bryan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3837–3853, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3837-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3837-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the silicon isotopic composition of groundwater from Rottnest Island, Western Australia, to investigate water–rock interactions in a coastal aquifer. Silicon isotopic ratios varied spatially across the island and were related to secondary mineral formation and vertical mixing within the aquifer. We find that silicate dissolution occurs in the freshwater–seawater transition zone, supporting the recent recognition of submarine groundwater discharge in the oceanic silicon isotope cycle.
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Robert A. Watson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Rena Meyer, Ulrich Polom, Fernando M. Dos Santos, Xavier Comas, Hussam Alrshdan, Charlotte M. Krawczyk, and Torsten Dahm
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3351–3395, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rapid decline of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked a dynamic reaction from the coastal groundwater system, with physical and chemical erosion creating subsurface voids and conduits. By combining remote sensing, geophysical methods, and numerical modelling at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore, we link groundwater flow patterns to the formation of surface stream channels, sinkholes and uvalas. Better understanding of this karst system will improve regional hazard assessment.
Shovon Barua, Ian Cartwright, P. Evan Dresel, and Edoardo Daly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 89–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-89-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-89-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate groundwater recharge rates in a semi-arid area that has undergone land-use changes. The widespread presence of old saline groundwater indicates that pre-land-clearing recharge rates were low and present-day recharge rates are still modest. The fluctuations of the water table and tritium activities reflect present-day recharge rates; however, the water table fluctuation estimates are unrealistically high, and this technique may not be suited for estimating recharge in semi-arid areas.
Brady A. Flinchum, Eddie Banks, Michael Hatch, Okke Batelaan, Luk J. M. Peeters, and Sylvain Pasquet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4353–4368, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4353-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4353-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying and quantifying recharge processes linked to ephemeral surface water features is challenging due to their episodic nature. We use a unique combination of well-established near-surface geophysical methods to provide evidence of a surface and groundwater connection in a flat, semi-arid region north of Adelaide, Australia. We show that a combined geophysical approach can provide a unique perspective that can help shape the hydrogeological conceptualization.
Karina T. Meredith, Andy Baker, Martin S. Andersen, Denis M. O'Carroll, Helen Rutlidge, Liza K. McDonough, Phetdala Oudone, Eliza Bryan, and Nur Syahiza Zainuddin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2167–2178, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2167-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2167-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dissolved organic carbon within groundwater and processes controlling it remain largely unknown. The average groundwater concentration at this coastal site was 5 times higher than the global median, doubling with depth, but with no change in chromatographic character. The lack of oxygen limited the rate of organic matter processing, leading to enhanced preservation. Changes in coastal hydrology could lead to the flux of unreacted organic carbon.
Andrea Palacios, Juan José Ledo, Niklas Linde, Linda Luquot, Fabian Bellmunt, Albert Folch, Alex Marcuello, Pilar Queralt, Philippe A. Pezard, Laura Martínez, Laura del Val, David Bosch, and Jesús Carrera
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2121–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2121-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2121-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal areas are highly populated and seawater intrusion endangers the already scarce freshwater resources. We use, for the first time, a geophysical experiment called cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography to monitor seawater intrusion dynamics. The technique relies on readings of rock and water electrical conductivity to detect salt in the aquifer. Two years of experiment allowed us to reveal variations in aquifer salinity due to natural seasonality, heavy-rain events and droughts.
Nathan A. Wales, Jesus D. Gomez-Velez, Brent D. Newman, Cathy J. Wilson, Baptiste Dafflon, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Florian Soom, and Stan D. Wullschleger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1109–1129, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1109-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1109-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid warming in the Arctic is causing increased permafrost temperatures and ground ice degradation. To study the effects of ice degradation on water distribution, tracer was applied to two end members of ice-wedge polygons – a ubiquitous landform in the Arctic. End member type was found to significantly affect water distribution as lower flux was observed with ice-wedge degradation. Results suggest ice degradation can influence partitioning of sequestered carbon as carbon dioxide or methane.
Brighid É. Ó Dochartaigh, Alan M. MacDonald, Andrew R. Black, Jez Everest, Paul Wilson, W. George Darling, Lee Jones, and Mike Raines
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4527–4539, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4527-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4527-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We provide evidence of high groundwater storage and flow in catchments with active glaciers. Groundwater is found within gravels at the front of glaciers and replenished by both ice melt and precipitation. We studied a glacier in Iceland for 3 years, characterising the aquifer properties and measuring groundwater, river flow and precipitation. The results are important for accurately measuring meltwater and show that groundwater can provide strategic water supplies in de-glaciating catchments.
Katie Coluccio and Leanne Kaye Morgan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4397–4417, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4397-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4397-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Braided rivers are uncommon internationally but are important freshwater resources. However, there is limited understanding of how characteristics unique to braided rivers affect groundwater–surface water flow paths. This article reviews prior studies that have investigated groundwater–surface water interactions in these rivers and their associated aquifers to provide guidance on methodologies most suitable for future work in braided rivers and highlight gaps in current knowledge.
Gabriel C. Rau, Vincent E. A. Post, Margaret Shanafield, Torsten Krekeler, Eddie W. Banks, and Philipp Blum
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3603–3629, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3603-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3603-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of water is often inferred from water levels and gradients whose measurements are considered trivial despite the many steps and complexity of the instruments involved. We systematically review the four measurement steps required and summarise the systematic errors. To determine the accuracy with which flow can be resolved, we quantify and propagate the random errors. Our results illustrate the limitations of current practice and provide concise recommendations to improve data quality.
Eva Sebok and Sascha Müller
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3305–3317, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3305-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3305-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Exchange fluxes between groundwater and surface waters can be quantified using temperature measurements from the upper sediment layers of streams and lakes assuming the thermal properties of sediments. This study quantified the natural variabiilty in sediment thermal conductivity in the vertical direction at the bed of surface waters and showed that fluxes can change by up to +/-75 % depending on using standard literature values or in situ measurements for sediment thermal conductivity.
Benoit Vittecoq, Pierre-Alexandre Reninger, Frédéric Lacquement, Guillaume Martelet, and Sophie Violette
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2321–2338, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2321-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2321-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Water resource management on volcanic islands is challenging and faces several issues. Taking advantage of new heliborne geophysical technology, correlated with borehole and spring data, we develop a watershed-scale conceptual model and demonstrate that permeability increases with age for the studied formations. Moreover, complex geological structures lead to preferential flow circulations and to discrepancy between topographical and hydrogeological watersheds, influencing river flow rates.
Carme Barba, Albert Folch, Núria Gaju, Xavier Sanchez-Vila, Marc Carrasquilla, Alba Grau-Martínez, and Maira Martínez-Alonso
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 139–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-139-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-139-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Managed aquifer recharge allows increasing water resources and can be used to improve water quality. We assess the degradative capabilities of infiltrating pollutants by mapping the composition of microbial communities linked to periods of infiltration/drought. From samples of soil, surface and groundwater, we found some microbial species involved in the nitrogen and carbon cycles. Furthermore, we found that, during infiltration, microbial abundance rises, increasing degradative capabilities.
Katarina David, Wendy Timms, Catherine E. Hughes, Jagoda Crawford, and Dayna McGeeney
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6023–6041, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6023-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6023-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the wetland system classified as a threatened ecological community and found that organic-rich soil close to surfaces retains significant moisture necessary for ecosystems. At the base of the swamp an identified sand layer allows relatively rapid drainage and lateral groundwater interaction. Evaporation estimated from stable water isotopes from sediments indicated that groundwater contribution to the swamp is significant in dry periods, supporting ecosystems when water is scarce.
Lucheng Zhan, Jiansheng Chen, Ling Li, and David A. Barry
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4449–4454, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4449-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4449-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Using the arithmetic averages of precipitation isotope values, Wu et al. (2017) concluded that the Badain Jaran Desert (BJD) groundwater is recharged by modern local meteoric water. However, based on weighted mean precipitation isotope values, our further analysis shows that modern precipitation on the Qilian Mountains is more likely to be the main source of the groundwater and lake water in the BJD, as found. We believe this comment provides an important improvement for their study.
Dongmei Han and Matthew J. Currell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3473–3491, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3473-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3473-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Based on hydrochemical and isotopic analysis, we investigated the potential hydrogeological processes responsible for the increasing groundwater salinity in the coastal aquifer of Yang–Dai River coastal plain, northern China. Seawater intrusion is the major aspect and can be caused by vertical infiltration along the riverbed at the downstream areas, and lateral inflow into fresh aquifer. Geothermal water also makes a significant contribution to increasing the groundwater salinity.
Stephan Costabel, Christoph Weidner, Mike Müller-Petke, and Georg Houben
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1713–1729, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1713-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1713-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Laboratory experiments using water-filled sand and gravel samples with significant contents of iron oxide coatings were performed to identify the relationship between effective hydraulic radius and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) response. Our interpretation approach for the NMR data leads to reliable estimates of hydraulic conductivity without calibration, but is limited to coarse material for physical reasons. An NMR-based observation system for iron clogging in boreholes is planned.
Etienne Bresciani, Roger H. Cranswick, Eddie W. Banks, Jordi Batlle-Aguilar, Peter G. Cook, and Okke Batelaan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1629–1648, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1629-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1629-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This article tackles the problem of finding the origin of groundwater in basin aquifers adjacent to mountains. In particular, we aim to determine whether the recharge occurs predominantly through stream infiltration along the mountain front or through subsurface flow from the mountain. To this end, we discuss the use of routinely measured variables: hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity. A case study from Australia demonstrates the approach.
Bernd Kohlhepp, Robert Lehmann, Paul Seeber, Kirsten Küsel, Susan E. Trumbore, and Kai U. Totsche
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 6091–6116, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6091-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6091-2017, 2017
Charlotte P. Iverach, Dioni I. Cendón, Karina T. Meredith, Klaus M. Wilcken, Stuart I. Hankin, Martin S. Andersen, and Bryce F. J. Kelly
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5953–5969, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5953-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5953-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a multi-tracer geochemical approach to determine the extent of artesian groundwater discharge into an economically important alluvial aquifer. We compare estimates for artesian discharge into the alluvial aquifer derived from water balance modelling and geochemical data to show that there is considerable divergence in the results. The implications of this work involve highlighting that geochemical data should be used as a critical component of water budget assessments.
Virgil Drăguşin, Sorin Balan, Dominique Blamart, Ferenc Lázár Forray, Constantin Marin, Ionuţ Mirea, Viorica Nagavciuc, Iancu Orăşeanu, Aurel Perşoiu, Laura Tîrlă, Alin Tudorache, and Marius Vlaicu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5357–5373, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5357-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5357-2017, 2017
Colby M. Steelman, Celia S. Kennedy, Donovan C. Capes, and Beth L. Parker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3105–3123, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3105-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3105-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Eramosa River flows along a fractured sedimentary bedrock aquifer with large subsurface channel features. This study examines the potential for groundwater–surface water exchange beneath the fractured bedrock riverbed and the impacts of seasonal and intraseasonal flow system transience on the geoelectrical properties of the rock. Our results will have implications to the conceptual understanding of groundwater–surface water interaction within fractured bedrock river environments.
Linsong Wang, Chao Chen, Jinsong Du, and Tongqing Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2905–2922, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2905-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2905-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The North China Plain (NCP), as the interest region in this study, is one of the most uniformly and extensively altered areas due to overexploitation of groundwater by humans. Here, we use GRACE and GPS to study the seasonal and long-term mass change and its resulting vertical displacement. We also removed the vertical rates, which are induced by terrestrial water storage (TWS) from GPS-derived data to obtain the corrected vertical velocities caused by tectonic movement and human activities.
Klaus Haaken, Gian Piero Deidda, Giorgio Cassiani, Rita Deiana, Mario Putti, Claudio Paniconi, Carlotta Scudeler, and Andreas Kemna
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1439–1454, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1439-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1439-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a general methodology that will help understand how freshwater and saltwater may interact in natural porous media, with a particular view at practical applications such as the storage of freshwater underground in critical areas, e.g., semi-arid zones around the Mediterranean sea. The methodology is applied to a case study in Sardinia and shows how a mix of advanced monitoring and mathematical modeling tremendously advance our understanding of these systems.
Donald O. Rosenberry, Martin A. Briggs, Emily B. Voytek, and John W. Lane
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4323–4339, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4323-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4323-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The remaining populations of the endangered dwarf wedgemussel (DWM) (Alasmidonta heterodon) in the upper Delaware River, northeastern USA, were thought to be located in areas of substantial groundwater discharge to the river. Physical, thermal, and geophysical methods applied at several spatial scales indicate that DWM are located within or directly downstream of areas of substantial groundwater discharge to the river. DWM may depend on groundwater discharge for their survival.
T. McCormack, O. Naughton, P. M. Johnston, and L. W. Gill
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2119–2133, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2119-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2119-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the influence of surface water–groundwater interaction on the nutrient flux in a lowland karst catchment in western Ireland was investigated with the aid of alkalinity sampling and a hydrological model. Results indicated that denitrification within a number of ephemeral lakes is the main process reducing nitrogen concentrations within the turloughs, whereas phosphorus loss is thought to occur mostly via sedimentation and subsequent soil deposition.
Dongmei Han, Xianfang Song, and Matthew J. Currell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1983–1999, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1983-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1983-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We report new data for carbon and sulfur isotopes of the groundwater flow system in a coastal carbonate aquifer of northeast China. It shows how these can be used to determine the major processes controlling sulfate cycling and transport. Hopefully the study will be of broad international interest, and is expected to improve the understanding of techniques to determine impacts on groundwater quality and flow, leading to improved groundwater protection and monitoring strategies.
W. A. Timms, R. Crane, D. J. Anderson, S. Bouzalakos, M. Whelan, D. McGeeney, P. F. Rahman, and R. I. Acworth
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 39–54, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-39-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-39-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Low permeability sediments and rock can leak slowly, yet can act as important barriers to flow for resource development and for waste sequestration. Relatively rapid and reliable hydraulic tests of "tight" geological materials are possible by accelerating gravity. Results from geotechnical centrifuge testing of drill core and in situ pore pressure monitoring were compared with a regional flow model, and considered in the context of inherent geological variability at site and formation scale.
M. J. Hendry, E. Schmeling, L. I. Wassenaar, S. L. Barbour, and D. Pratt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4427–4440, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4427-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4427-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Improvements and limitations to the measurement δ2H and δ18O of pore waters in geologic core samples using laser spectrometry are presented. These included the use of a δ2H spike to assess the extent of drill fluid contamination and the effect of storage time and type of sample bag on pore water values.
M. Beyer, R. van der Raaij, U. Morgenstern, and B. Jackson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2775–2789, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2775-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2775-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the potential of Halon-1301 as a new groundwater age tracer, which had not been assessed in detail. We determine Halon-1301 and infer age in 17 New Zealand groundwater samples and various modern waters. Halon-1301 reliably inferred age in 71% of the sites within 1 SD of the ages inferred from tritium and SF6. The remaining (anoxic) waters show reduced concentrations of Halon-1301 along with even further reduced concentrations of CFCs. The reason(s) for this need to be further assessed.
A. C. King, M. Raiber, D. I. Cendón, M. E. Cox, and S. E. Hollins
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2315–2335, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2315-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2315-2015, 2015
M. Huebsch, F. Grimmeisen, M. Zemann, O. Fenton, K. G. Richards, P. Jordan, A. Sawarieh, P. Blum, and N. Goldscheider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1589–1598, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1589-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1589-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Two different in situ spectrophotometers, which were used in the field to determine highly time resolved nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations at two distinct spring discharge sites, are compared: a double and a multiple wavelength spectrophotometer. The objective of the study was to review the hardware options, determine ease of calibration, accuracy, influence of additional substances and to assess positive and negative aspects of the two sensors as well as troubleshooting and trade-offs.
A. Armandine Les Landes, L. Aquilina, P. Davy, V. Vergnaud-Ayraud, and C. Le Carlier
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1413–1426, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1413-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1413-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The crystalline rock aquifers of the Armorican Massif present clear evidence of a marine origin of the saline component in the fluids on the regional scale. High chloride concentrations are attributed to three past marine transgressions. The relationship between chloride concentration and transgression age provides constraints for the timescales of fluid circulation. This time frame is useful information for developing conceptual models of the paleo-functioning of Armorican aquifers.
J. F. Dean, J. A. Webb, G. E. Jacobsen, R. Chisari, and P. E. Dresel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1107–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1107-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1107-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines modern and historical groundwater recharge rates to determine the impacts of reforestation in south-eastern Australia. This study shows that over both the long and short term, groundwater recharge in the study area occurs predominantly in the lower catchment areas. The results of this study show that spatial variations in recharge are important considerations for locating tree plantations, especially when looking to conserve water for downstream users in low rainfall regions.
F. Liu, X. Song, L. Yang, Y. Zhang, D. Han, Y. Ma, and H. Bu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 551–565, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-551-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-551-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Due to intensive groundwater exploitation in energy base, significant changes in groundwater system will take place. This research identified the origin and geochemical evolution of groundwater in the Subei Lake basin under the influence of human activity, enhancing the knowledge of lake basins in groundwater discharge area and providing valuable groundwater information for decision makers to formulate sustainable groundwater management strategies for other similar lake basins in arid regions.
Z. Zhang, H. Hu, F. Tian, X. Yao, and M. Sivapalan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3951–3967, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3951-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3951-2014, 2014
C. E. Bon, A. S. Reeve, L. Slater, and X. Comas
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 953–965, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-953-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-953-2014, 2014
U. Lauber, W. Ufrecht, and N. Goldscheider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 435–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-435-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-435-2014, 2014
B. Rogiers, K. Beerten, T. Smeekens, D. Mallants, M. Gedeon, M. Huysmans, O. Batelaan, and A. Dassargues
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 5155–5166, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-5155-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-5155-2013, 2013
N. P. Unland, I. Cartwright, M. S. Andersen, G. C. Rau, J. Reed, B. S. Gilfedder, A. P. Atkinson, and H. Hofmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3437–3453, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3437-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3437-2013, 2013
G. Mongelli, S. Monni, G. Oggiano, M. Paternoster, and R. Sinisi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2917–2928, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2917-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2917-2013, 2013
X. Chen, W. Dong, G. Ou, Z. Wang, and C. Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2569–2579, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2569-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2569-2013, 2013
Y. Zhou, J. Wenninger, Z. Yang, L. Yin, J. Huang, L. Hou, X. Wang, D. Zhang, and S. Uhlenbrook
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2435–2447, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2435-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2435-2013, 2013
Cited articles
Allison, G. B. and Hughes, M. W.: The use of environmental chloride and tritium to estimate total recharge to an unconfined aquifer, Aust. J. Soil Res., 16, 181–195, 1978.
Bartyzel, J. and Rozanski, K.: Dating of young groundwater using four anthropogenic trace gases (SF6, SF5CF3, CFC-12 and Halon-1301): methodology and first results, Isot. Environ. Heal. S., 52, 393–404, 2016.
Beven, K. and Binley, A.: GLUE: 20 years on, Hydrol. Process., 28, 5897–5918, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10082, 2014.
Beyer, M.: Characterization of Groundwater with Complementary Age Tracers: PhD Thesis, the Victoria University of Wellington, School of Geography, Environment Earth Sciences; available at: http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/5202 (last access: 22 August 2017), 2015.
Beyer, M., van der Raaij, R., Morgenstern, U., and Jackson, B.: Potential groundwater age tracer found: Halon-1301 (CF3Br), as previously identified as CFC-13 (CF3Cl), Water Resour. Res., 50, 7318–7331, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015818, 2014.
Beyer, M., van der Raaij, R., Morgenstern, U., and Jackson, B.: Assessment of Halon-1301 as a groundwater age tracer, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2775–2789, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2775-2015, 2015.
Beyer, M., Jackson, B., Daughney, C., and Morgenstern, U.: Quantifying uncertainty in age estimation from environmental tracers, J. Hydrol., in review, 2017.
Bu, X. and Warner, M. J.: Solubility of chlorofluorocarbon 113 in water and seawater, Deep-Sea Res., 42, 1151–1161, 1995.
Bullister, J. L.: (NOAA/PMEL): Atmospheric CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CCl4 and SF6 Histories (1910–2011), Ocean CO2, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, available at: http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/new_atmCFC.html (last access: 23 August 2017), 2011.
Bullister, J. L. and Lee, B. S.: Chlorofluorocarbon-11 removal in anoxic marine waters, Geophys, Res. Lett., 22, 1893–1896, 1995.
Bullister, J. L., Wisegarver, D. P., and Menzia, F. A.: The solubility of sulfur hexafluroide in water and seawater, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 175–188, 2002.
Busenberg, E. and Plummer, L. N.: Dating young groundwater with sulphur hexafluoride: natural and anthropogenic sources of sulfur hexafluoride, Water Resour. Res., 36, 3011–3030, 2000.
Busenberg, E. and Plummer, L. N.: Dating groundwater with trifluoromethyl sulfurpentafluoride (SF5CF3), sulfurhexafluoride (SF6), CF3Cl (CFC-13) & CF2CL2 (CFC-12), Water Resour. Res., 44, W02431, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006150, 2008.
Busenberg, E. and Plummer, L. N.: A rapid method for the measurement of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), trifluoromethyl sulfur pentafluoride (SF5CF3), and Halon 1211 (CF2ClBr) in hydrologic tracer studies, Geochem.Geophy. Geosy., 11, 1525–2027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003312, 2010.
Butler, J. H., Battle, M., Bender, M. L., Montzka, S. A., Clarke, A. D., Saltzman, E. S., Sucher, C. M., Severinghausand, J. P., and Elkins, J. W.: A record of atmospheric halocarbons during the twentieth century from polar firn air, Nature, 399, 749–755, 1999.
Caulcutt, R., and Boddy, R.: Statistics for analytical chemists, Vol. 80, Chapman and Hall, London, 1983.
Cook, P. and Herczeg, A.: Environmental Tracers in Subsurface Hydrology, Kluwer Academic Press, Boston, USA, 479–510, 2000.
Cook, P. G., Plummer, N. L., Solomon, D. K., Busenberg, E., and Han, L. F.: Effects and processes that can modify apparent CFC age, in: Use of chlorofluorocarbons in hydrology, IAEA, Vienna, 31–58, 2006.
Darling, W. G., Gooddy, D. C., MacDonald, A. M., and Morris, B. L.: The practicalities of using CFCs and SF6 for groundwater dating and tracing, Appl. Geochem., 27, 1688–1697, 2012.
Deeds, D. A.: The Natural Geochemistry of Tetrafluoromethane and Sulfur Hexafluoride: Studies of Ancient Mojave Desert Groundwaters, North Pacific Seawaters and the Summit Emissions of Kilauea Volcano, PhD Dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 2008, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical Report, UC, San Diego, available at: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1hp1f3bd (last access: 22 August 2017), 2008.
Ellison, S. L. R. and Williams, A. (Eds.): EURACHEM/CITAC Guide CG4, Quantifying Uncertainty in Analytical Measurement, 3rd Edn., 2012.
Engesgaard, P., Jensen, K. H., Molson, J., Frind, E. O., and Olsen, H.: 1996) Large-Scale Dispersion in a Sandy Aquifer: Simulation of Subsurface Transport of Environmental Tritium, Water Resour. Res., 32, 3253–3266, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR02398, 1996.
EU Legislature: Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for the Community action in the field of water policy, 2000.
Gooddy, D., Darling, G., Abesser, C., and Lapworth, D. J.: Using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) to characterise groundwater movement and residence time in a lowland Chalk catchment, J. Hydrol., 330, 44–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.011, 2006.
Green, C. T., Zhang, Y., Jurgens, B. C., Starn, J. J., and Landon, M. K.: Accuracy of travel time distribution (TTD) models as affected by TTD complexity, observation errors, and model and tracer selection, Water Resour. Res., 50, 6191–6213, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR015625, 2014.
Gusyev, M. A., Abrams, D., Toews, M. W., Morgenstern, U., and Stewart, M. K.: A comparison of particle-tracking and solute transport methods for simulation of tritium concentrations and groundwater transit times in river water, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3109–3119, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3109-2014, 2014.
Heaton, T. H. E. and Vogel, J. C.: “Excess air” in groundwater, J. Hydrol., 50, 201–216, 1981.
Helsel, D. R. and Hirsch, R. M.: Statistical Methods in Water Resources Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 4, chap. A3, U.S. Geological Survey, 522 pp., 2002.
Hrachowitz, M., Benettin, P., van Breukelen, B. M., Fovet, O., Howden, N. J. K., Ruiz, L., van der Velde, Y., and Wade, A. J.: Transit times – the link between hydrology and water quality at the catchment scale, WIREs Water, 3, 629–657, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1155, 2016.
Jurgens, B. C., Böhlke, J. K., and Eberts, S. M.: TracerLPM (Version 1): An Excel®workbook for interpreting groundwater age distributions from environmental tracer data, U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Report 4-F3, 60 pp., 2012.
Knott, J. F. and Olimpio, J. C.: Estimation of Recharge Rates to the Sand and Gravel Aquifer Using Environmental Tritium, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Supply Paper 2297, 2001.
Koh, D. C., Plummer, N. L., Busenberg, E., and Kim, Y.: Evidence for terrigenic SF6 in groundwater from basaltic aquifers, Jeju Island, Korea: Implications for groundwater dating, J. Hydrol., 339, 93–104, 2007.
Lesage, S., Jackson, R. E., Priddle, M. W., and Riemann, P. G.: Occurrence and fate of organic solvent residues in anoxic groundwater at the Gloucester landfill, Canada, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24, 559–566, 1990.
Maiss, M. and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.: Atmospheric SF6: Trends, sources and prospects, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 3077–3086, 1998.
Małoszewski, P. and Zuber, A.: Determining the turnover time of groundwater systems with the aid of environmental tracers: Models and their applicability, J. Hydrol., 57, 207–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(82)90147-0, 1982.
Massoudieh, A., Sharifi, S., and Solomon, D. K.: Bayesian evaluation of groundwater age distribution using radioactive tracers and anthropogenic chemicals, Water. Resour. Res., 48, W09529, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012WR011815, 2012.
Massoudieh, A., Leray, S., and de Dreuzy, J.-R.: Assessment of the value of groundwater age time-series for characterizing complex steady-state flow systems using a Bayesian approach, Appl. Geochem., 50, 240–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.10.006, 2014.
Meylan, W. M. and Howard, P. H.: Bond contribution method for estimating Henry's law constants, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 10, 1283–1293, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620101007, 1991.
Meylan, W. M., Howard, P. H., and Boethling, R. S.: Improved method for estimating water solubility from octanol/water partition coefficient. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 100–106, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150205, 1996.
Miller, B. R., Weiss, R. F., Salameh, P. K., Tanhua, T., Greally, B. R., Muhle, J., and Simmonds, P. G.: Medusa: A Sample Preconcentration and GC/MS Detector System for in Situ Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, and Sulfur Compounds, Anal. Chem., 80, 1536–1545, 2008.
Ministry of Health: Drinking-water Standards for New Zealand 2005 (Revised 2008). Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand, 163 pp., available at: http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/drinking-water-standards-2008-jun14.pdf (last access: 22 August 2017), 2008.
Morgenstern, U. and Daughney, C. J.: Groundwater age for identification of baseline groundwater quality and impacts of landuse intensification – The National Groundwater Monitoring Programme of New Zealand, J. Hydrol., 456–457, 79–93, 2012.
Morgenstern, U. and Taylor, C. B.: Ultra low-level tritium measurement using electrolytic enrichment and LSC, Isot. Environ. Heal. S., 45, 96–117, 2009.
Morgenstern, U., Stewart, M. K., and Stenger, R.: Dating of streamwater using tritium in a post nuclear bomb pulse world: continuous variation of mean transit time with streamflow, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2289–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2289-2010, 2010.
Muja, M. and Lowe, D. G.: Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbors with Automatic Algorithm Configuration, in: VISAPP International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications, Specific information available at: http://au.mathworks.com/ help/vision/ref/pointcloud.findnearestneighbors.html (last access: 7 Januar 2016), 331–340, 2009.
Newland, M. J., Reeves, C. E., Oram, D. E., Laube, J. C., Sturges, W. T., Hogan, C., Begley, P., and Fraser, P. J.: Southern hemispheric halon trends and global halon emissions, 1978–2011, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5551–5565, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5551-2013, 2013.
NIWA National Climate Database: NIWA Science, New Zealand, available at: http://cliflo.niwa.co.nz/ (last access: 1 March 2016), 2016.
Oster, H., Sonntag, C., and Munnich, K. O.: Groundwater age dating with chlorofluorocarbons. Water Resour. Res., 32, 2989–3001, 1996.
Shapiro, S. D., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., and Stute, M.: The use of H-3 and tritiogenic He-3 to determine CFC degradation and vertical mixing rates in Framvaren Fjord, Norway, Mar. Chem., 59, 141–157, 1997.
Stewart, M. K. and Morgenstern, U.: Age and Source of Groundwaters from Isotopic Tracers, in: Groundwaters of New Zealand, edited by: Rosen, M. R. and White, P. A., 161–183, 2001.
Stewart, M. K. and Morgenstern, U.: Importance of tritium-based transit times in hydrological systems, WIREs Water, 3, 145–154, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1134, 2016.
Stewart, M. K. and Taylor, C. B.: Environmental isotopes in New Zealand hydrology; 1. Introduction. The role of oxygen-18, deuterium, and tritium in hydrology, New Zeal. J. Sci., 24, 295–311, 1981.
Stewart, M. K., Morgenstern, U., Gusyev, M. A., and Maloszewski, P.: Aggregation effects on tritium-based mean transit times and young water fractions in spatially heterogeneous catchments and groundwater systems, and implications for past and future applications of tritium, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-532, in review, 2016.
Suckow, A.: The age of groundwater – Definitions, models and why we do not need this term, Appl. Geochem., 50, 222–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.04.016, 2014.
Taylor, C. B., Brown, L. J., Cunliffe, J. J., and Davidson, P. W.: Environmental tritium and 18O applied in a hydrological study of the Wairau Plain and its contributing mountain catchments, Marlborough, New Zealand, J. Hydrol., 138, 269–319, 1992.
Thompson, T. M., Butler, J. H., Daube, B. C., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., Hall, B. D., Hurst, D. F., King, D. B., Kline, S., Lafleur, B. G., Lind, J., Lovitz, S., Ondeel, D. J., Montzka, S. A., Moore, F. L., Nance, J. D., Neu, J. L., Romashkin, P. A., Scheffer, A., and Snible, W. J.: Halocarbons and other atmospheric trace species, in Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Summary Report 2002–2003, Rep. 27, chap. 5, Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Boulder, Colorado, 174 pp., 2004.
Timbe, E., Windhorst, D., Crespo, P., Frede, H.-G., Feyen, J., and Breuer, L.: Understanding uncertainties when inferring mean transit times of water trough tracer-based lumped-parameter models in Andean tropical montane cloud forest catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1503–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1503-2014, 2014.
van der Raaij, R. and M. Beyer: Use of CFCs and SF6 as groundwater age tracers in New Zealand, Journal of Hydrology New Zealand, in review, 2017.
Warner, M. J. and Weiss, R. F.: Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater, Deep-Sea Res., 32, 1485–1497, 1985.
Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J.: Low pressure solubility of gases in liquid water, Chem. Rev. 77, 219–262, 1977.
Short summary
The determination of groundwater age can aid characterization of aquifers, providing information on groundwater mixing, flow, volume, and recharge rates. Here we assess a recently discovered groundwater age tracer, Halon-1301. Its performance as an age tracer is assessed against six other well-established, widely used age tracers in 302 groundwater samples. We show Halon-1301 reliably inferred age, thus potentially becoming a useful groundwater age tracer where other tracers are compromised.
The determination of groundwater age can aid characterization of aquifers, providing information...
