Articles | Volume 29, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1469-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1469-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Mar 2025
Research article |
| 18 Mar 2025
| 18 Mar 2025
Effects of boundary conditions and aquifer parameters on salinity distribution and mixing-controlled reactions in high-energy beach aquifers
Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114–118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Janek Greskowiak
Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114–118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Stephan L. Seibert
Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114–118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Vincent E. Post
Edinsi Groundwater, Nederhorst den Berg, the Netherlands
Gudrun Massmann
Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114–118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
Related authors
Rena Meyer, Wenmin Zhang, Søren Julsgaard Kragh, Mie Andreasen, Karsten Høgh Jensen, Rasmus Fensholt, Simon Stisen, and Majken C. Looms
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3337–3357, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3337-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3337-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount and spatio-temporal distribution of soil moisture, the water in the upper soil, is of great relevance for agriculture and water management. Here, we investigate whether the established downscaling algorithm combining different satellite products to estimate medium-scale soil moisture is applicable to higher resolutions and whether results can be improved by accounting for land cover types. Original satellite data and downscaled soil moisture are compared with ground observations.
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Robert A. Watson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Rena Meyer, Ulrich Polom, Fernando M. Dos Santos, Xavier Comas, Hussam Alrshdan, Charlotte M. Krawczyk, and Torsten Dahm
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3351–3395, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rapid decline of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked a dynamic reaction from the coastal groundwater system, with physical and chemical erosion creating subsurface voids and conduits. By combining remote sensing, geophysical methods, and numerical modelling at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore, we link groundwater flow patterns to the formation of surface stream channels, sinkholes and uvalas. Better understanding of this karst system will improve regional hazard assessment.
Rena Meyer, Peter Engesgaard, Klaus Hinsby, Jan A. Piotrowski, and Torben O. Sonnenborg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4843–4865, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4843-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4843-2018, 2018
Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Amir Haroon, Hermann W. Bange, Ercan Erkul, Marion Jegen, Nils Moosdorf, Jens Schneider von Deimling, Christian Berndt, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jasper Hoffmann, Volker Liebetrau, Ulf Mallast, Gudrun Massmann, Aaron Micallef, Holly A. Michael, Hendrik Paasche, Wolfgang Rabbel, Isaac Santos, Jan Scholten, Katrin Schwalenberg, Beata Szymczycha, Ariel T. Thomas, Joonas J. Virtasalo, Hannelore Waska, and Bradley A. Weymer
Biogeosciences, 20, 647–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater flows at the land–ocean transition and the extent of freshened groundwater below the seafloor are increasingly relevant in marine sciences, both because they are a highly uncertain term of biogeochemical budgets and due to the emerging interest in the latter as a resource. Here, we discuss our perspectives on future research directions to better understand land–ocean connectivity through groundwater and its potential responses to natural and human-induced environmental changes.
Rena Meyer, Wenmin Zhang, Søren Julsgaard Kragh, Mie Andreasen, Karsten Høgh Jensen, Rasmus Fensholt, Simon Stisen, and Majken C. Looms
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3337–3357, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3337-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3337-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount and spatio-temporal distribution of soil moisture, the water in the upper soil, is of great relevance for agriculture and water management. Here, we investigate whether the established downscaling algorithm combining different satellite products to estimate medium-scale soil moisture is applicable to higher resolutions and whether results can be improved by accounting for land cover types. Original satellite data and downscaled soil moisture are compared with ground observations.
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Robert A. Watson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Rena Meyer, Ulrich Polom, Fernando M. Dos Santos, Xavier Comas, Hussam Alrshdan, Charlotte M. Krawczyk, and Torsten Dahm
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3351–3395, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rapid decline of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked a dynamic reaction from the coastal groundwater system, with physical and chemical erosion creating subsurface voids and conduits. By combining remote sensing, geophysical methods, and numerical modelling at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore, we link groundwater flow patterns to the formation of surface stream channels, sinkholes and uvalas. Better understanding of this karst system will improve regional hazard assessment.
Rena Meyer, Peter Engesgaard, Klaus Hinsby, Jan A. Piotrowski, and Torben O. Sonnenborg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4843–4865, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4843-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4843-2018, 2018
Related subject area
Subject: Coasts and Estuaries | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches
Development of A Land-River-Ocean Coupled Model for Compound Floods Jointly Caused by Heavy Rainfalls and Storm Surges in Large River Delta Regions
Quantifying cascading uncertainty in compound flood modeling with linked process-based and machine learning models
Mangroves as nature-based mitigation for ENSO-driven compound flood risks in a large river delta
Forecasting estuarine salt intrusion in the Rhine–Meuse delta using an LSTM model
Coastal topography and hydrogeology control critical groundwater gradients and potential beach surface instability during storm surges
Effect of tides on river water behavior over the eastern shelf seas of China
Extreme precipitation events induce high fluxes of groundwater and associated nutrients to coastal ocean
Temporally resolved coastal hypoxia forecasting and uncertainty assessment via Bayesian mechanistic modeling
Assessing the dependence structure between oceanographic, fluvial, and pluvial flooding drivers along the United States coastline
Statistical modelling and climate variability of compound surge and precipitation events in a managed water system: a case study in the Netherlands
Estimating the probability of compound floods in estuarine regions
Accretion, retreat and transgression of coastal wetlands experiencing sea-level rise
Climate change overtakes coastal engineering as the dominant driver of hydrological change in a large shallow lagoon
Dynamic mechanism of an extremely severe saltwater intrusion in the Changjiang estuary in February 2014
A novel approach for the assessment of morphological evolution based on observed water levels in tide-dominated estuaries
Seasonal behaviour of tidal damping and residual water level slope in the Yangtze River estuary: identifying the critical position and river discharge for maximum tidal damping
Sediment budget analysis of the Guayas River using a process-based model
Multivariate statistical modelling of compound events via pair-copula constructions: analysis of floods in Ravenna (Italy)
Analytical and numerical study of the salinity intrusion in the Sebou river estuary (Morocco) – effect of the “Super Blood Moon” (total lunar eclipse) of 2015
Linking biogeochemistry to hydro-geometrical variability in tidal estuaries: a generic modeling approach
Impact of the Three Gorges Dam, the South–North Water Transfer Project and water abstractions on the duration and intensity of salt intrusions in the Yangtze River estuary
A 2-D process-based model for suspended sediment dynamics: a first step towards ecological modeling
Revised predictive equations for salt intrusion modelling in estuaries
Impact of the Hoa Binh dam (Vietnam) on water and sediment budgets in the Red River basin and delta
Large-scale suspended sediment transport and sediment deposition in the Mekong Delta
Hydrodynamic controls on oxygen dynamics in a riverine salt wedge estuary, the Yarra River estuary, Australia
Assessing hydrological effects of human interventions on coastal systems: numerical applications to the Venice Lagoon
Environmental flow assessments in estuaries based on an integrated multi-objective method
Modelling climate change effects on a Dutch coastal groundwater system using airborne electromagnetic measurements
An analytical solution for tidal propagation in the Yangtze Estuary, China
Understanding and managing the Westerschelde – synchronizing the physical system and the management system of a complex estuary
Anyifang Zhang and Xiping Yu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3217, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Simultaneous or sequential occurrence of different flood processes, including extreme storm surges and heavy precipitation, tends to trigger compound floods, which are often destructive. We develop a land-river-ocean coupled model for the prediction of compound floods in a big river delta region. The coupled model is shown to perform well in simulating the combined effect of heavy precipitation, river flood routing, storm surges, and inundation for events contributed by tropical cyclones.
David F. Muñoz, Hamed Moftakhari, and Hamid Moradkhani
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2531–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2531-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2531-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Linking hydrodynamics with machine learning models for compound flood modeling enables a robust characterization of nonlinear interactions among the sources of uncertainty. Such an approach enables the quantification of cascading uncertainty and relative contributions to total uncertainty while also tracking their evolution during compound flooding. The proposed approach is a feasible alternative to conventional statistical approaches designed for uncertainty analyses.
Ignace Pelckmans, Jean-Philippe Belliard, Olivier Gourgue, Luis Elvin Dominguez-Granda, and Stijn Temmerman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1463–1476, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1463-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1463-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The combination of extreme sea levels with increased river flow typically can lead to so-called compound floods. Often these are caused by storms (< 1 d), but climatic events such as El Niño could trigger compound floods over a period of months. We show that the combination of increased sea level and river discharge causes extreme water levels to amplify upstream. Mangrove forests, however, can act as a nature-based flood protection by lowering the extreme water levels coming from the sea.
Bas J. M. Wullems, Claudia C. Brauer, Fedor Baart, and Albrecht H. Weerts
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3823–3850, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In deltas, saltwater sometimes intrudes far inland and causes problems with freshwater availability. We created a model to forecast salt concentrations at a critical location in the Rhine–Meuse delta in the Netherlands. It requires a rather small number of data to make a prediction and runs fast. It predicts the occurrence of salt concentration peaks well but underestimates the highest peaks. Its speed gives water managers more time to reduce the problems caused by salt intrusion.
Anner Paldor, Nina Stark, Matthew Florence, Britt Raubenheimer, Steve Elgar, Rachel Housego, Ryan S. Frederiks, and Holly A. Michael
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5987–6002, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5987-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5987-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean surges can impact the stability of beaches by changing the hydraulic regime. These surge-induced changes in the hydraulic regime have important implications for coastal engineering and for beach morphology. This work uses 3D computer simulations to study how these alterations vary in space and time. We find that certain areas along and across the beach are potentially more vulnerable than others and that previous assumptions regarding the most dangerous places may need to be revised.
Lei Lin, Hao Liu, Xiaomeng Huang, Qingjun Fu, and Xinyu Guo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5207–5225, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5207-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5207-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earth system (climate) model is an important instrument for projecting the global water cycle and climate change, in which tides are commonly excluded due to the much small timescales compared to the climate. However, we found that tides significantly impact the river water transport pathways, transport timescales, and concentrations in shelf seas. Thus, the tidal effect should be carefully considered in earth system models to accurately project the global water and biogeochemical cycle.
Marc Diego-Feliu, Valentí Rodellas, Aaron Alorda-Kleinglass, Maarten Saaltink, Albert Folch, and Jordi Garcia-Orellana
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4619–4635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4619-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4619-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rainwater infiltrates aquifers and travels a long subsurface journey towards the ocean where it eventually enters below sea level. In its path towards the sea, water becomes enriched in many compounds that are naturally or artificially present within soils and sediments. We demonstrate that extreme rainfall events may significantly increase the inflow of water to the ocean, thereby increasing the supply of these compounds that are fundamental for the sustainability of coastal ecosystems.
Alexey Katin, Dario Del Giudice, and Daniel R. Obenour
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1131–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1131-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1131-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) occur almost every summer in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Here, we present a new approach for forecasting hypoxia from June through September, leveraging a process-based model and an advanced statistical framework. We also show how using spring hydrometeorological information can improve forecast accuracy while reducing uncertainties. The proposed forecasting system shows the potential to support the management of threatened coastal ecosystems and fisheries.
Ahmed A. Nasr, Thomas Wahl, Md Mamunur Rashid, Paula Camus, and Ivan D. Haigh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6203–6222, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6203-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6203-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse dependences between different flooding drivers around the USA coastline, where the Gulf of Mexico and the southeastern and southwestern coasts are regions of high dependence between flooding drivers. Dependence is higher during the tropical season in the Gulf and at some locations on the East Coast but higher during the extratropical season on the West Coast. The analysis gives new insights on locations, driver combinations, and the time of the year when compound flooding is likely.
Víctor M. Santos, Mercè Casas-Prat, Benjamin Poschlod, Elisa Ragno, Bart van den Hurk, Zengchao Hao, Tímea Kalmár, Lianhua Zhu, and Husain Najafi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3595–3615, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an application of multivariate statistical models to assess compound flooding events in a managed reservoir. Data (from a previous study) were obtained from a physical-based hydrological model driven by a regional climate model large ensemble, providing a time series expanding up to 800 years in length that ensures stable statistics. The length of the data set allows for a sensitivity assessment of the proposed statistical framework to natural climate variability.
Wenyan Wu, Seth Westra, and Michael Leonard
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2821–2841, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2821-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2821-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Flood probability estimation is important for applications such as land use planning, reservoir operation, infrastructure design and safety assessments. However, it is a challenging task, especially in estuarine areas where floods are caused by both intense rainfall and storm surge. This study provides a review of approaches to flood probability estimation in these areas. Based on analysis of a real-world river system, guidance on method selection is provided.
Angelo Breda, Patricia M. Saco, Steven G. Sandi, Neil Saintilan, Gerardo Riccardi, and José F. Rodríguez
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 769–786, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-769-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-769-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study accretion, retreat and transgression of mangrove and saltmarsh wetlands affected by sea-level rise (SLR) using simulations on typical configurations with different levels of tidal obstruction. Interactions and feedbacks between flow, sediment deposition, vegetation migration and soil accretion result in wetlands not surviving the predicted high-emission scenario SLR, despite dramatic increases in sediment supply. Previous simplified models overpredict wetland resilience to SLR.
Peisheng Huang, Karl Hennig, Jatin Kala, Julia Andrys, and Matthew R. Hipsey
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5673–5697, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5673-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5673-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Our results conclude that the climate change in the past decades has a remarkable effect on the hydrology of a large shallow lagoon with the same magnitude as that caused by the opening of an artificial channel, and it also highlighted the complexity of their interactions. We suggested that the consideration of the projected drying trend is essential in designing management plans associated with planning for environmental water provision and setting water quality loading targets.
Jianrong Zhu, Xinyue Cheng, Linjiang Li, Hui Wu, Jinghua Gu, and Hanghang Lyu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5043–5056, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5043-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5043-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An extremely severe saltwater intrusion event occurred in February 2014 in the Changjiang estuary and seriously influenced the water intake of the reservoir. For the event cause and for freshwater safety, the dynamic mechanism was studied with observed data and a numerical model. The results indicated that this event was caused by a persistent and strong northerly wind, which formed a horizontal estuarine circulation, surpassed seaward runoff and drove highly saline water into the estuary.
Huayang Cai, Ping Zhang, Erwan Garel, Pascal Matte, Shuai Hu, Feng Liu, and Qingshu Yang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1871–1889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1871-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1871-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the morphological changes in estuaries due to natural processes and human interventions is especially important with regard to sustainable water management and ecological impacts on the estuarine environment. In this contribution, we explore the morphological evolution in tide-dominated estuaries by means of a novel analytical approach using the observed water levels along the channel. The method could serve as a useful tool to understand the evolution of estuarine morphology.
Huayang Cai, Hubert H. G. Savenije, Erwan Garel, Xianyi Zhang, Leicheng Guo, Min Zhang, Feng Liu, and Qingshu Yang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2779–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2779-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2779-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Tide–river dynamics play an essential role in large-scale river deltas as they exert a tremendous impact on delta morphodynamics, salt intrusion and deltaic ecosystems. For the first time, we illustrate that there is a critical river discharge, beyond which tidal damping is reduced with increasing river discharge, and we explore the underlying mechanism using an analytical model. The results are useful for guiding sustainable water management and sediment transport in tidal rivers.
Pedro D. Barrera Crespo, Erik Mosselman, Alessio Giardino, Anke Becker, Willem Ottevanger, Mohamed Nabi, and Mijail Arias-Hidalgo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2763–2778, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2763-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2763-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Guayaquil, the commercial capital of Ecuador, is located along the Guayas River. The city is among the most vulnerable cities to future flooding ascribed to climate change. Fluvial sedimentation is seen as one of the factors contributing to flooding. This paper describes the dominant processes in the river and the effects of past interventions in the overall sediment budget. This is essential to plan and design effective mitigation measures to face the latent risk that threatens Guayaquil.
Emanuele Bevacqua, Douglas Maraun, Ingrid Hobæk Haff, Martin Widmann, and Mathieu Vrac
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2701–2723, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2701-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2701-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a conceptual model to quantify the risk of compound events (CEs), i.e. extreme impacts to society which are driven by statistically dependent climatic variables. Based on this model we study compound floods, i.e. joint storm surge and high river level, in Ravenna (Italy). The model includes meteorological predictors which (1) provide insight into the physical processes underlying CEs, as well as into the temporal variability, and (2) allow us to statistically downscale CEs.
Soufiane Haddout, Mohammed Igouzal, and Abdellatif Maslouhi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3923–3945, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3923-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3923-2016, 2016
Chiara Volta, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Sandra Arndt, and Pierre Regnier
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 991–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-991-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-991-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A generic estuarine model is applied to three idealized tidal estuaries representing the main hydro-geometrical estuarine classes. The study provides insight into the estuarine biogeochemical dynamics, in particular the air-water CO2/sub> flux, as well as the potential response to future environmental changes and to uncertainties in model parameter values. We believe that our approach could help improving upscaling strategies to better integrate estuaries in regional/global biogeochemical studies.
M. Webber, M. T. Li, J. Chen, B. Finlayson, D. Chen, Z. Y. Chen, M. Wang, and J. Barnett
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4411–4425, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4411-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4411-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper demonstrates a method for calculating the probability of long-duration salt intrusions in the Yangtze Estuary and examines the impact of the Three Gorges Dam, the South-North Water Transfer Project and local abstractions on that probability. The relationship between river discharge and the intensity and duration of saline intrusions is shown to be probabilistic and continuous. That probability has more than doubled under the normal operating rules for those projects.
F. M. Achete, M. van der Wegen, D. Roelvink, and B. Jaffe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2837–2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2837-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2837-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) levels are important indicator for the ecology of estuaries. Observations of SSC are difficult to make, therefore we revert to coupled 2-D hydrodynamic-sediment process-based transport models to make predictions in time (seasonal and yearly) and space (meters to kilometers). This paper presents calibration/validation of SSC for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and translates SSC to turbidity in order to couple with ecology models.
J. I. A. Gisen, H. H. G. Savenije, and R. C. Nijzink
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2791–2803, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2791-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2791-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We revised the predictive equations for two calibrated parameters in salt intrusion model (the Van der Burgh coefficient K and dispersion coefficient D) using an extended database of 89 salinity profiles including 8 newly conducted salinity measurements. The revised predictive equations consist of easily measured parameters such as the geometry of estuary, tide, friction and the Richardson number. These equations are useful in obtaining the first estimate of salinity distribution in an estuary.
V. D. Vinh, S. Ouillon, T. D. Thanh, and L. V. Chu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3987–4005, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3987-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3987-2014, 2014
N. V. Manh, N. V. Dung, N. N. Hung, B. Merz, and H. Apel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3033–3053, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3033-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3033-2014, 2014
L. C. Bruce, P. L. M. Cook, I. Teakle, and M. R. Hipsey
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1397–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1397-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1397-2014, 2014
C. Ferrarin, M. Ghezzo, G. Umgiesser, D. Tagliapietra, E. Camatti, L. Zaggia, and A. Sarretta
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1733–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1733-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1733-2013, 2013
T. Sun, J. Xu, and Z. F. Yang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 751–760, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-751-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-751-2013, 2013
M. Faneca Sànchez, J. L. Gunnink, E. S. van Baaren, G. H. P. Oude Essink, B. Siemon, E. Auken, W. Elderhorst, and P. G. B. de Louw
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4499–4516, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4499-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4499-2012, 2012
E. F. Zhang, H. H. G. Savenije, S. L. Chen, and X. H. Mao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3327–3339, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3327-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3327-2012, 2012
A. van Buuren, L. Gerrits, and G. R. Teisman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2243–2257, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2243-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2243-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Abarca, E., Carrera, J., Sánchez-Vila, X., and Dentz, M.: Anisotropic dispersive Henry problem, Adv. Water Resour., 30, 913–926, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.005, 2007.
Abarca, E., Karam, H., Hemond, H. F., and Harvey, C. F.: Transient groundwater dynamics in a coastal aquifer: The effects of tides, the lunar cycle, and the beach profile, Water Resour. Res., 49, 2473–2488, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20075, 2013.
Anschutz, P., Smith, T., Mouret, A., Deborde, J., Bujan, S., Poirier, D., and Lecroart, P.: Tidal sands as biogeochemical reactors, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 84, 84–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.06.015, 2009.
Anwar, N., Robinson, C., and Barry, D. A.: Influence of tides and waves on the fate of nutrients in a nearshore aquifer: Numerical simulations, Adv. Water Resour., 73, 203–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.08.015, 2014.
Bakker, M., Post, V., Langevin, C. D., Hughes, J. D., White, J. T., Starn, J. J., and Fienen, M. N.: Scripting MODFLOW Model Development Using Python and FloPy, Groundwater, 54, 733–739, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12413, 2016.
Beck, M., Reckhardt, A., Amelsberg, J., Bartholomä, A., Brumsack, H. J., Cypionka, H., Dittmar, T., Engelen, B., Greskowiak, J., Hillebrand, H., Holtappels, M., Neuholz, R., Köster, J., Kuypers, M. M. M., Massmann, G., Meier, D., Niggemann, J., Paffrath, R., Pahnke, K., Rovo, S., Striebel, M., Vandieken, V., Wehrmann, A., and Zielinski, O.: The drivers of biogeochemistry in beach ecosystems: A cross-shore transect from the dunes to the low-water line, Mar. Chem., 190, 35–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.01.001, 2017.
Charette, M. A. and Sholkovitz, E. R.: Oxidative precipitation of groundwater-derived ferrous iron in the subterranean estuary of a coastal bay, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 85–1–85-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl014512, 2002.
Costall, A. R., Harris, B. D., Teo, B., Schaa, R., Wagner, F. M., and Pigois, J. P.: Groundwater Throughflow and Seawater Intrusion in High Quality Coastal Aquifers, Sci. Rep., 10, 1–33, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66516-6, 2020.
Geng, X. and Michael, H. A.: Along-Shore Movement of Groundwater and Its Effects on Seawater-Groundwater Interactions in Heterogeneous Coastal Aquifers, Water Resour. Res., 57, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031056, 2021.
Geng, X., Michael, H. A., Boufadel, M. C., Molz, F. J., Gerges, F., and Lee, K.: Heterogeneity Affects Intertidal Flow Topology in Coastal Beach Aquifers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089612, 2020.
Geng, X., Heiss, J. W., Michael, H. A., Li, H., Raubenheimer, B., and Boufadel, M. C.: Geochemical fluxes in sandy beach aquifers: Modulation due to major physical stressors, geologic heterogeneity, and nearshore morphology, Earth-Sci. Rev., 221, 103800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103800, 2021.
Greskowiak, J. and Massmann, G.: The impact of morphodynamics and storm floods on pore water flow and transport in the subterranean estuary, Hydrol. Process., 35, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14050, 2021.
Greskowiak, J., Seibert, S. L., Post, V. E. A., and Massmann, G.: Redox-zoning in high-energy subterranean estuaries as a function of storm floods, temperatures, seasonal groundwater recharge and morphodynamics, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 290, 108418, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108418, 2023.
Grünenbaum, N., Ahrens, J., Beck, M., Gilfedder, B. S., Greskowiak, J., Kossack, M., and Massmann, G.: A Multi-Method Approach for Quantification of In- and Exfiltration Rates from the Subterranean Estuary of a High Energy Beach, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.571310, 2020a.
Grünenbaum, N., Greskowiak, J., Sültenfuß, J., and Massmann, G.: Groundwater flow and residence times below a meso-tidal high-energy beach: A model-based analyses of salinity patterns and 3H-3He groundwater ages, J. Hydrol., 587, 124948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124948, 2020b.
Harbaugh, A. W., Banta, E. R., Hill, M. C., and McDonald, M. G.: MODFLOW-2000, The U. S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model-user guide to modularization concepts and the ground-water flow process, USGS Open-File Rep. 00-92, USGS, Reston, Virginia, 2000.
Hayes, M. O.: Barrier island morphology as a function of tidal and wave regime, in: Barrier Islands – From the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, Academic Press, New York, ISBN 0-12-440260-7, pp. 1–71, 1979.
Heiss, J. W., Post, V. E. A., Laattoe, T., Russoniello, C. J., and Michael, H. A.: Physical Controls on Biogeochemical Processes in Intertidal Zones of Beach Aquifers, Water Resour. Res., 53, 9225–9244, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021110, 2017.
Herrling, G. and Winter, C.: Tidally- and wind-driven residual circulation at the multiple-inlet system East Frisian Wadden Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 106, 45–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.06.001, 2015.
Holt, T., Greskowiak, J., Seibert, S. L., and Massmann, G.: Modeling the Evolution of a Freshwater Lens under Highly Dynamic Conditions on a Currently Developing Barrier Island, Geofluids, 2019, 9484657, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9484657, 2019.
Karunarathna, H., Brown, J., Chatzirodou, A., Dissanayake, P., and Wisse, P.: Multi-timescale morphological modelling of a dune-fronted sandy beach, Coast. Eng., 136, 161–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.03.005, 2018.
Knight, A. C., Irvine, D. J., and Werner, A. D.: Alongshore freshwater circulation in offshore aquifers, J. Hydrol., 593, 125915, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125915, 2021.
Langevin, C. D., Thorne Jr., D. T., Dausman, A. M., Sukop, M. C., and Guo, W.: SEAWAT Version 4: A Computer Program for Simulation of Multi-Species Solute and Heat Transport, U.S. Geol. Surv. Tech. Methods B., 6, Chapter A2, 39, 2007.
Luijendijk, A., Hagenaars, G., Ranasinghe, R., Baart, F., Donchyts, G., and Aarninkhof, S.: The State of the World's Beaches, Sci. Rep., 8, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24630-6, 2018.
Massmann, G., Abarike, G., Amoako, K., Auer, F., Badewien, T. H., Berkenbrink, C., Böttcher, M. E., Brick, S., Valeria, I., Cordova, M., Cueto, J., Dittmar, T., Engelen, B., Freund, H., Greskowiak, J., Günther, T., Herbst, G., Holtappels, M., Marchant, H. K., Meyer, R., Müller-petke, M., Niggemann, J., Pahnke, K., Pommerin, D., Post, V., Reckhardt, A., Siebert, C., Skibbe, N., and Waska, H.: The DynaDeep observatory – a unique approach to study high-energy subterranean estuaries, Front. Mar. Sci., 10, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1189281, 2023.
Meyer, R., Engesgaard, P., Hinsby, K., Piotrowski, J. A., and Sonnenborg, T. O.: Estimation of effective porosity in large-scale groundwater models by combining particle tracking, auto-calibration and 14C dating, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4843–4865, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4843-2018, 2018a.
Meyer, R., Engesgaard, P., Høyer, A.-S., Jørgensen, F., Vignoli, G., and Sonnenborg, T. O.: Regional flow in a complex coastal aquifer system: Combining voxel geological modelling with regularized calibration, J. Hydrol., 562, 544–563, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.020, 2018b.
Meyer, R., Engesgaard, P., and Sonnenborg, T. O.: Origin and dynamics of saltwater intrusions in regional aquifers; combining 3D saltwater modelling with geophysical and geochemical data, Water Resour. Res., 55, 1792–1813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023624, 2019.
Michael, H. A., Scott, K. C., Koneshloo, M., Yu, X., Khan, M. R., and Li, K.: Geologic influence on groundwater salinity drives large seawater circulation through the continental shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10,782-10,791, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070863, 2016.
Montaño, J., Blossier, B., Osorio, A. F., and Winter, C.: The role of frequency spread on swash dynamics, Geo-Mar. Lett., 40, 243–254, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-019-00591-1, 2020.
Moore, W. S.: The subterranean estuary: A reaction zone of ground water and sea water, Mar. Chem., 65, 111–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(99)00014-6, 1999.
Müller, S., Jessen, S., Sonnenborg, T. O., Meyer, R., and Engesgaard, P.: Simulation of Density and Flow Dynamics in a Lagoon Aquifer Environment and Implications for Nutrient Delivery From Land to Sea, Front. Water, 3, 773859, https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.773859, 2021.
Mulligan, A. E., Evans, R. L., and Lizarralde, D.: The role of paleochannels in groundwater/seawater exchange, J. Hydrol., 335, 313–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.11.025, 2007.
Paldor, A., Stark, N., Florence, M., Raubenheimer, B., Elgar, S., Housego, R., Frederiks, R. S., and Michael, H. A.: Coastal topography and hydrogeology control critical groundwater gradients and potential beach surface instability during storm surges, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5987–6002, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5987-2022, 2022.
Parkhurst, D. L. and Appelo, C. A. J.: User's guide to PHREEQC-A computer program for speciation, reaction-path, 1D-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations, US Geol. Surv. Water-Resources Investig. Rep., 99, 4259, USGS, Denver Colorado, 1999.
Pegelonline: Pegel Stammdaten Wangerooge Nord, Gen. Wasserstraßen und Schifffahrt, https://www.pegelonline.wsv.de/gast/stammdaten?pegelnr=9420030 (last access: 5 March 2024), 2022.
Perez, L. J., Puyguiraud, A., Hidalgo, J. J., Jiménez-Martínez, J., Parashar, R., and Dentz, M.: Upscaling Mixing-Controlled Reactions in Unsaturated Porous Media, Transport Porous Med., 146, 177–196, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-021-01710-2, 2023.
Prommer, H. and Post, V.: PHT3D: A Reactive Multicomponent Transport Model, User Man. v2.10, http://www.pht3d.org (last access: 5 March 2024), 2010.
Reckhardt, A., Beck, M., Greskowiak, J., Waska, H., Ahrens, J., Grünenbaum, N., Massmann, G., and Brumsack, H.-J.: Zone-specific longshore sampling as a strategy to reduce uncertainties of SGD-driven solute fluxes from high-energy beaches, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 301, 108733, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108733, 2024.
Robinson, C., Gibbes, B., and Li, L.: Driving mechanisms for groundwater flow and salt transport in a subterranean estuary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 3–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025247, 2006.
Robinson, C., Brovelli, A., Barry, D. A., and Li, L.: Tidal influence on BTEX biodegradation in sandy coastal aquifers, Adv. Water Resour., 32, 16–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2008.09.008, 2009.
Robinson, C. E., Xin, P., Santos, I. R., Charette, M. A., Li, L., and Barry, D. A.: Groundwater dynamics in subterranean estuaries of coastal unconfined aquifers: Controls on submarine groundwater discharge and chemical inputs to the ocean, Adv. Water Resour., 115, 315–331, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.041, 2018.
Röper, T., Kröger, K. F., Meyer, H., Sültenfuss, J., Greskowiak, J., and Massmann, G.: Groundwater ages, recharge conditions and hydrochemical evolution of a barrier island freshwater lens (Spiekeroog, Northern Germany), J. Hydrol., 454–455, 173–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.011, 2012.
Short, A. D. and Jackson, D.: Beach morphodynamics, in: Treatise on Geomorphology, 10, 106–129, Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 9780123747396, 2013.
Spiteri, C., Slomp, C. P., Tuncay, K., and Meile, C.: Modeling biogeochemical processes in subterranean estuaries: Effect of flow dynamics and redox conditions on submarine groundwater discharge of nutrients, Water Resour. Res., 44, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006071, 2008.
Streif, H.: Das ostfriesische Küstengebiet – Nordsee, Inseln, Watten und Marschen, Sammlung geologischer Führer 57, edited by: Gwinner, M. P., Gebrüder Bornträger, Berlin-Stuttgart, 1990.
Ullman, W. J., Chang, B., Miller, D. C., and Madsen, J. A.: Groundwater mixing, nutrient diagenesis, and discharges across a sandy beachface, Cape Henlopen, Delaware (USA), Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 57, 539–552, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00398-0, 2003.
USGS: FloPy: Python Package for Creating, Running, and Post-Processing MODFLOW-Based Models, 2021.
Valocchi, A. J., Bolster, D., and Werth, C. J.: Mixing-Limited Reactions in Porous Media, Transport Porous Med., 130, 157–182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-018-1204-1, 2019.
Vandenbohede, A. and Lebbe, L.: Effects of tides on a sloping shore: Groundwater dynamics and propagation of the tidal wave, Hydrogeol. J., 15, 645–658, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-006-0128-y, 2007.
Waska, H., Greskowiak, J., Ahrens, J., Beck, M., Ahmerkamp, S., Böning, P., Brumsack, H. J., Degenhardt, J., Ehlert, C., Engelen, B., Grünenbaum, N., Holtappels, M., Pahnke, K., Marchant, H. K., Massmann, G., Meier, D., Schnetger, B., Schwalfenberg, K., Simon, H., Vandieken, V., Zielinski, O., and Dittmar, T.: Spatial and temporal patterns of pore water chemistry in the inter-tidal zone of a high energy beach, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00154, 2019.
Zheng, C. and Wang, P.: A modular three-dimensional multi-species transport model for simulation of advection, dispersion and chemical reactions of contaminants in groundwater systems: Documentation and user’s guide, Contract Rep. SERDP-99-1 U.S. Army Eng. Res. Dev, 1999.
Short summary
The subsurface of sandy beaches under high-energy conditions where tides, waves, and storms constantly reshape the beach surface is globally common and relevant for the alteration of solute fluxes across the land–sea continuum. Our generic modelling study highlights the relevance of dynamic boundary conditions paired with aquifer properties for groundwater flow, salt transport, and mixing reactions in coastal aquifers that are exposed to strong natural forces.
The subsurface of sandy beaches under high-energy conditions where tides, waves, and storms...
