Articles | Volume 17, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1093-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1093-2013
© Author(s) 2013. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Mar 2013
Research article |
| 13 Mar 2013
Global hydrobelts and hydroregions: improved reporting scale for water-related issues?
M. Meybeck
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
Water & Development Research Group, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
H. H. Dürr
Ecohydrology Research Group, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Related authors
No articles found.
Chinchu Mohan, Tom Gleeson, James S. Famiglietti, Vili Virkki, Matti Kummu, Miina Porkka, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Xander Huggins, Dieter Gerten, and Sonja C. Jähnig
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6247–6262, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6247-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The relationship between environmental flow violations and freshwater biodiversity at a large scale is not well explored. This study intended to carry out an exploratory evaluation of this relationship at a large scale. While our results suggest that streamflow and EF may not be the only determinants of freshwater biodiversity at large scales, they do not preclude the existence of relationships at smaller scales or with more holistic EF methods or with other biodiversity data or metrics.
Vili Virkki, Elina Alanärä, Miina Porkka, Lauri Ahopelto, Tom Gleeson, Chinchu Mohan, Lan Wang-Erlandsson, Martina Flörke, Dieter Gerten, Simon N. Gosling, Naota Hanasaki, Hannes Müller Schmied, Niko Wanders, and Matti Kummu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3315–3336, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Direct and indirect human actions have altered streamflow across the world since pre-industrial times. Here, we apply a method of environmental flow envelopes (EFEs) that develops the existing global environmental flow assessments by methodological advances and better consideration of uncertainty. By assessing the violations of the EFE, we comprehensively quantify the frequency, severity, and trends of flow alteration during the past decades, illustrating anthropogenic effects on streamflow.
Alexander J. Horton, Nguyen V. K. Triet, Long P. Hoang, Sokchhay Heng, Panha Hok, Sarit Chung, Jorma Koponen, and Matti Kummu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 967–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-967-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-967-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the cumulative impact of future development and climate change scenarios on discharge and floods in the Cambodian Mekong floodplain. We found that hydropower impacts dominate, acting in opposition to climate change impacts to drastically increase dry season flows and reduce wet season flows even when considering the higher RCP8.5 level. The consequent reduction in flood extent and duration may reduce regional flood risk but may also have negative impacts on floodplain productivity.
Marko Kallio, Joseph H. A. Guillaume, Vili Virkki, Matti Kummu, and Kirsi Virrantaus
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 5155–5181, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5155-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5155-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Different runoff and streamflow products are freely available but may come with unsuitable spatial units. On the other hand, starting a new modelling exercise may require considerable resources. Hydrostreamer improves the usability of existing runoff products, allowing runoff and streamflow estimates at the desired spatial units with minimal data requirements and intuitive workflow. The case study shows that Hydrostreamer performs well compared to benchmark products and observation data.
Matias Heino, Joseph H. A. Guillaume, Christoph Müller, Toshichika Iizumi, and Matti Kummu
Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 113–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-113-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-113-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyse the impacts of three major climate oscillations on global crop production. Our results show that maize, rice, soybean, and wheat yields are influenced by climate oscillations to a wide extent and in several important crop-producing regions. We observe larger impacts if crops are rainfed or fully fertilized, while irrigation tends to mitigate the impacts. These results can potentially help to increase the resilience of the global food system to climate-related shocks.
Hafsa Ahmed Munia, Joseph H. A. Guillaume, Naho Mirumachi, Yoshihide Wada, and Matti Kummu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2795–2809, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2795-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2795-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
An analytical framework is developed drawing on ideas of regime shifts from resilience literature to understand the transition between cases where water scarcity is or is not experienced depending on whether water from upstream is or is not available. The analysis shows 386 million people dependent on upstream water to avoid possible stress and 306 million people dependent on upstream water to avoid possible shortage. This provides insights into implications for negotiations between sub-basins.
Dung Duc Tran, Gerardo van Halsema, Petra J. G. J. Hellegers, Long Phi Hoang, Tho Quang Tran, Matti Kummu, and Fulco Ludwig
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1875–1896, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1875-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1875-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We modeled hydrological changes under impacts of large-scale dike constructions for intensive rice production in the floodplain of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Four scenarios show a significant increase in peak water levels in the upstream rivers, but very few water level changes are found downstream. Water balance calculations show where the floodwater goes under four dike construction scenarios. Its impacts on the tidal areas need to be clarified in the future with a 3-D hydraulic model.
Nguyen Van Khanh Triet, Nguyen Viet Dung, Hideto Fujii, Matti Kummu, Bruno Merz, and Heiko Apel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3991–4010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3991-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3991-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we provide a numerical quantification of changes in flood hazard in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta as a result of dyke development. Other important drivers to the alteration of delta flood hazard are also investigated, e.g. tidal level. The findings of our study are substantial valuable for the decision makers in Vietnam to develop holistic and harmonized floods and flood-related issues management plan for the whole delta.
Timo A. Räsänen, Ville Lindgren, Joseph H. A. Guillaume, Brendan M. Buckley, and Matti Kummu
Clim. Past, 12, 1889–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1889-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1889-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is linked to severe droughts and floods in mainland Southeast Asia. This research provides a more accurate and uniform picture of the spatio-temporal effects of ENSO on precipitation (1980–2013) and improves our understanding of long-term (1650–2004) ENSO teleconnection and its variability over the study area. The results reveal not only recognisable spatio-temporal patterns but also a high degree of variability and non-stationarity in the effects of ENSO.
Long Phi Hoang, Hannu Lauri, Matti Kummu, Jorma Koponen, Michelle T. H. van Vliet, Iwan Supit, Rik Leemans, Pavel Kabat, and Fulco Ludwig
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3027–3041, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3027-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3027-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled hydrological changes under climate change in the Mekong River, focusing on extreme events. The scenario ensemble shows an intensification of the hydrological cycle under climate change. Annual river flow increases between 5 and 16 % depending on locations. Extreme high flows increase substantially in both magnitude and frequency, posing threats to flood safety in the basin. Extreme low-flow events are projected to reduce as a result of increased river flow during the dry season.
J. Jägermeyr, D. Gerten, J. Heinke, S. Schaphoff, M. Kummu, and W. Lucht
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3073–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3073-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3073-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a process-based simulation of global irrigation systems for the world’s major crop types. This study advances the global quantification of irrigation systems while providing a framework for assessing potential future transitions in these systems, a prerequisite for refined simulation of crop yields under climate change. We reveal for many river basins the potential for sizeable water savings and related increases in water productivity through irrigation improvements.
S. Siebert, M. Kummu, M. Porkka, P. Döll, N. Ramankutty, and B. R. Scanlon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1521–1545, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1521-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1521-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the historical irrigation data set (HID) depicting the spatio-temporal development of the area equipped for irrigation (AEI) between 1900 and 2005 at 5arcmin resolution.
The HID reflects very well the spatial patterns of irrigated land as shown on two historical maps for 1910 and 1960.
Global AEI increased from 63 million ha (Mha) in 1900 to 111 Mha in 1950 and 306 Mha in 2005. Mean aridity on irrigated land increased and mean natural river discharge decreased from 1900 to 1950.
M. E. Arias, T. Piman, H. Lauri, T. A. Cochrane, and M. Kummu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5303–5315, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5303-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5303-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological modeling and assessment tools were used to provide evidence of the expected hydrological alterations that hydropower development in the lower Mekong tributaries could bring to the Tonle Sap. The most significant alterations are in terms of water levels during the dry season and rates of water level rise/drop which are crucial for tree seed germination and fish migrations, and therefore major ecological disruptions are likely to follow.
M. Kummu, D. Gerten, J. Heinke, M. Konzmann, and O. Varis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-447-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-447-2014, 2014
P. J. Ward, S. Eisner, M. Flörke, M. D. Dettinger, and M. Kummu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 47–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-47-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-47-2014, 2014
T. A. Räsänen, C. Lehr, I. Mellin, P. J. Ward, and M. Kummu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2069–2081, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2069-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2069-2013, 2013
G. G. Laruelle, H. H. Dürr, R. Lauerwald, J. Hartmann, C. P. Slomp, N. Goossens, and P. A. G. Regnier
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2029–2051, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2029-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2029-2013, 2013
H. Lauri, H. de Moel, P. J. Ward, T. A. Räsänen, M. Keskinen, and M. Kummu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4603–4619, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4603-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4603-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject: Global hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Theory development
Towards understanding the intrinsic variations of the Priestley-Taylor coefficient based on a theoretical derivation
A hydrologist's guide to open science
From mythology to science: the development of scientific hydrological concepts in Greek antiquity and its relevance to modern hydrology
Comment on: “A review of the complementary principle of evaporation: from the original linear relationship to generalized nonlinear functions” by Han and Tian (2020)
Global distribution of hydrologic controls on forest growth
Inter-annual variability of the global terrestrial water cycle
Using R in hydrology: a review of recent developments and future directions
Multivariate stochastic bias corrections with optimal transport
A simple tool for refining GCM water availability projections, applied to Chinese catchments
Necessary storage as a signature of discharge variability: towards global maps
Should seasonal rainfall forecasts be used for flood preparedness?
Hydroclimatic variability and predictability: a survey of recent research
HESS Opinions: A planetary boundary on freshwater use is misleading
Controls on hydrologic drought duration in near-natural streamflow in Europe and the USA
Drought in a human-modified world: reframing drought definitions, understanding, and analysis approaches
Action-based flood forecasting for triggering humanitarian action
Improving together: better science writing through peer learning
A two-parameter Budyko function to represent conditions under which evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation
Hydrological recurrence as a measure for large river basin classification and process understanding
Storm type effects on super Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of intense rainstorm properties with air temperature
Accounting for environmental flow requirements in global water assessments
Hydroclimatic regimes: a distributed water-balance framework for hydrologic assessment, classification, and management
HESS Opinions "A perspective on isotope versus non-isotope approaches to determine the contribution of transpiration to total evaporation"
Estimates of the climatological land surface energy and water balance derived from maximum convective power
A general framework for understanding the response of the water cycle to global warming over land and ocean
A physically based approach for the estimation of root-zone soil moisture from surface measurements
Globalization of agricultural pollution due to international trade
Data-driven scale extrapolation: estimating yearly discharge for a large region by small sub-basins
Hydrologic benchmarking of meteorological drought indices at interannual to climate change timescales: a case study over the Amazon and Mississippi river basins
A worldwide analysis of trends in water-balance evapotranspiration
Thermodynamic limits of hydrologic cycling within the Earth system: concepts, estimates and implications
Hydrological drought across the world: impact of climate and physical catchment structure
Evaluation of water-energy balance frameworks to predict the sensitivity of streamflow to climate change
Technical note: Towards a continuous classification of climate using bivariate colour mapping
Recycling of moisture in Europe: contribution of evaporation to variability in very wet and dry years
Ziwei Liu, Hanbo Yang, Changming Li, and Taihua Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-17, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
The determination of the coefficient (α) in the PT equation is always on the empirical side. Here based on an atmospheric boundary layer model, we derived a physically clear expression to investigate the behavior of α. We pointed out that the temperature dominates changes in α and emphasized that the variation of α to temperature should be well considered for long-term hydrological predictions. Our works advance and promote the most classical models in the field.
Caitlyn A. Hall, Sheila M. Saia, Andrea L. Popp, Nilay Dogulu, Stanislaus J. Schymanski, Niels Drost, Tim van Emmerik, and Rolf Hut
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 647–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-647-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-647-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Impactful open, accessible, reusable, and reproducible hydrologic research practices are being embraced by individuals and the community, but taking the plunge can seem overwhelming. We present the Open Hydrology Principles and Practical Guide to help hydrologists move toward open science, research, and education. We discuss the benefits and how hydrologists can overcome common challenges. We encourage all hydrologists to join the open science community (https://open-hydrology.github.io).
Demetris Koutsoyiannis and Nikos Mamassis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2419–2444, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2419-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2419-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is the result of new research of ancient and early modern sources about the developments of the concept of the hydrological cycle and of hydrology in general. It shows that the flooding of the Nile was the first geophysical problem formulated in scientific terms in the cradle of natural philosophy and science in the 6th century BC. Aristotle was able to find the correct solution to the problem, which he tested through what it appears to be the first scientific expedition in history.
Richard D. Crago, Jozsef Szilagyi, and Russell Qualls
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 63–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-63-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-63-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sigmoid-shaped complementary relationship (CR) for regional evaporation proposed by Han and Tian (2018, 2020) is reconsidered in terms of (1) its ability to give reasonable evaporation results from sites worldwide, (2) evidence for the three-state evaporation process it posits, (3) the validity of the proof provided by Han and Tian (2018), and (4) the relevance of model studies that seem to support it. Arguments for the sigmoid shape deserve to be taken seriously but remain unconvincing.
Caspar T. J. Roebroek, Lieke A. Melsen, Anne J. Hoek van Dijke, Ying Fan, and Adriaan J. Teuling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4625–4639, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4625-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4625-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation is a principal component in the Earth system models that are used for weather, climate and other environmental predictions. Water is one of the main drivers of vegetation; however, the global distribution of how water influences vegetation is not well understood. This study looks at spatial patterns of photosynthesis and water sources (rain and groundwater) to obtain a first understanding of water access and limitations for the growth of global forests (proxy for natural vegetation).
Dongqin Yin and Michael L. Roderick
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 381–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We focus on the initial analysis of inter-annual variability in the global terrestrial water cycle, which is key to understanding hydro-climate extremes. We find that (1) the partitioning of inter-annual variability is totally different with the mean state partitioning; (2) the magnitude of covariances can be large and negative, indicating the variability in the sinks can exceed variability in the source; and (3) the partitioning is relevant to the water storage capacity and snow/ice presence.
Louise J. Slater, Guillaume Thirel, Shaun Harrigan, Olivier Delaigue, Alexander Hurley, Abdou Khouakhi, Ilaria Prosdocimi, Claudia Vitolo, and Katie Smith
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2939–2963, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2939-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2939-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores the benefits and advantages of R's usage in hydrology. We provide an overview of a typical hydrological workflow based on reproducible principles and packages for retrieval of hydro-meteorological data, spatial analysis, hydrological modelling, statistics, and the design of static and dynamic visualizations and documents. We discuss some of the challenges that arise when using R in hydrology as well as a roadmap for R’s future within the discipline.
Yoann Robin, Mathieu Vrac, Philippe Naveau, and Pascal Yiou
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 773–786, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-773-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-773-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Bias correction methods are used to calibrate climate model outputs with respect to observations. In this article, a non-stationary, multivariate and stochastic bias correction method is developed based on optimal transport, accounting for inter-site and inter-variable correlations. Optimal transport allows us to construct a joint distribution that minimizes energy spent in bias correction. Our methodology is tested on precipitation and temperatures over 12 locations in southern France.
Joe M. Osborne and F. Hugo Lambert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6043–6057, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6043-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6043-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We want to estimate how much water will be available in a river basin (runoff) at the end of the 21st century. Climate models alone are considered unsuitable for this task due to biases in representing the present-day climate. We show that the output from these models can be corrected using a simple mathematical framework. This approach narrows the range of future runoff projections for the Yellow river in China by 34 %. It serves as a quick tool for updating projections from climate models.
Kuniyoshi Takeuchi and Muhammad Masood
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4495–4516, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4495-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4495-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
There are many global maps of hydrology and water resources, but none on necessary storage to smooth out discharge variability. This paper provides a methodology to create such a map, taking the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna basin as an example. Necessary storage is calculated by a new method, intensity–duration–frequency curves of flood and drought (FDC–DDC). Necessary storage serves as a signature of hydrological variability and its geographical distribution provides new insights for hydrology.
Erin Coughlan de Perez, Elisabeth Stephens, Konstantinos Bischiniotis, Maarten van Aalst, Bart van den Hurk, Simon Mason, Hannah Nissan, and Florian Pappenberger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4517–4524, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4517-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4517-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Disaster managers would like to use seasonal forecasts to anticipate flooding months in advance. However, current seasonal forecasts give information on rainfall instead of flooding. Here, we find that the number of extreme events, rather than total rainfall, is most related to flooding in different regions of Africa. We recommend several forecast adjustments and research opportunities that would improve flood information at the seasonal timescale in different regions.
Randal D. Koster, Alan K. Betts, Paul A. Dirmeyer, Marc Bierkens, Katrina E. Bennett, Stephen J. Déry, Jason P. Evans, Rong Fu, Felipe Hernandez, L. Ruby Leung, Xu Liang, Muhammad Masood, Hubert Savenije, Guiling Wang, and Xing Yuan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3777–3798, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3777-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3777-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale hydrological variability can affect society in profound ways; floods and droughts, for example, often cause major damage and hardship. A recent gathering of hydrologists at a symposium to honor the career of Professor Eric Wood motivates the present survey of recent research on this variability. The surveyed literature and the illustrative examples provided in the paper show that research into hydrological variability continues to be strong, vibrant, and multifaceted.
Maik Heistermann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3455–3461, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3455-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3455-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In 2009, the "planetary boundaries" were introduced. They consist of nine global control variables and corresponding "thresholds which, if crossed, could generate unacceptable environmental change". The idea has been very successful, but also controversial. This paper picks up the debate with regard to the boundary on "global freshwater use": it argues that such a boundary is based on mere speculation, and that any exercise of assigning actual numbers is arbitrary, premature, and misleading.
Erik Tijdeman, Sophie Bachmair, and Kerstin Stahl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4043–4059, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4043-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4043-2016, 2016
Anne F. Van Loon, Kerstin Stahl, Giuliano Di Baldassarre, Julian Clark, Sally Rangecroft, Niko Wanders, Tom Gleeson, Albert I. J. M. Van Dijk, Lena M. Tallaksen, Jamie Hannaford, Remko Uijlenhoet, Adriaan J. Teuling, David M. Hannah, Justin Sheffield, Mark Svoboda, Boud Verbeiren, Thorsten Wagener, and Henny A. J. Van Lanen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3631–3650, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3631-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In the Anthropocene, drought cannot be viewed as a natural hazard independent of people. Drought can be alleviated or made worse by human activities and drought impacts are dependent on a myriad of factors. In this paper, we identify research gaps and suggest a framework that will allow us to adequately analyse and manage drought in the Anthropocene. We need to focus on attribution of drought to different drivers, linking drought to its impacts, and feedbacks between drought and society.
Erin Coughlan de Perez, Bart van den Hurk, Maarten K. van Aalst, Irene Amuron, Deus Bamanya, Tristan Hauser, Brenden Jongma, Ana Lopez, Simon Mason, Janot Mendler de Suarez, Florian Pappenberger, Alexandra Rueth, Elisabeth Stephens, Pablo Suarez, Jurjen Wagemaker, and Ervin Zsoter
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3549–3560, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3549-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3549-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Many flood disaster impacts could be avoided by preventative action; however, early action is not guaranteed. This article demonstrates the design of a new system of forecast-based financing, which automatically triggers action when a flood forecast arrives, before a potential disaster. We establish "action triggers" for northern Uganda based on a global flood forecasting system, verifying these forecasts and assessing the uncertainties inherent in setting a trigger in a data-scarce location.
Mathew A. Stiller-Reeve, Céline Heuzé, William T. Ball, Rachel H. White, Gabriele Messori, Karin van der Wiel, Iselin Medhaug, Annemarie H. Eckes, Amee O'Callaghan, Mike J. Newland, Sian R. Williams, Matthew Kasoar, Hella Elisa Wittmeier, and Valerie Kumer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2965–2973, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2965-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2965-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Scientific writing must improve and the key to long-term improvement of scientific writing lies with the early-career scientist (ECS). We introduce the ClimateSnack project, which aims to motivate ECSs to start writing groups around the world to improve their skills together. Writing groups offer many benefits but can be a challenge to keep going. Several ClimateSnack writing groups formed, and this paper examines why some of the groups flourished and others dissolved.
Peter Greve, Lukas Gudmundsson, Boris Orlowsky, and Sonia I. Seneviratne
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2195–2205, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2195-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2195-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The widely used Budyko framework is by definition limited to steady-state conditions. In this study we analytically derive a new, two-parameter formulation of the Budyko framework that represents conditions under which evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. This is technically achieved by rotating the water supply limit within the Budyko space. The new formulation is shown to be capable to represent first-order seasonal dynamics within the hydroclimatological system.
R. Fernandez and T. Sayama
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1919–1942, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1919-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1919-2015, 2015
P. Molnar, S. Fatichi, L. Gaál, J. Szolgay, and P. Burlando
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1753–1766, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present an empirical study of the rates of increase in precipitation intensity with air temperature using high-resolution 10 min precipitation records in Switzerland. We estimated the scaling rates for lightning (convective) and non-lightning event subsets and show that scaling rates are between 7 and 14%/C for convective rain and that mixing of storm types exaggerates the relations to air temperature. Doubled CC rates reported by other studies are an exception in our data set.
A. V. Pastor, F. Ludwig, H. Biemans, H. Hoff, and P. Kabat
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5041–5059, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5041-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5041-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
Freshwater ecosystems encompass the most threatened species on earth. Environmental flow requirements need to be addressed globally to provide sufficient water for humans and nature. We present a comparison of five environmental flow methods validated with locally calculated EFRs. We showed that methods based on monthly average flow such as the variable monthly flow method are more reliable than methods based on annual thresholds. A range of EFRs was calculated for large river basins.
P. K. Weiskel, D. M. Wolock, P. J. Zarriello, R. M. Vogel, S. B. Levin, and R. M. Lent
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3855–3872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3855-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3855-2014, 2014
S. J. Sutanto, B. van den Hurk, P. A. Dirmeyer, S. I. Seneviratne, T. Röckmann, K. E. Trenberth, E. M. Blyth, J. Wenninger, and G. Hoffmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2815–2827, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2815-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2815-2014, 2014
A. Kleidon, M. Renner, and P. Porada
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2201–2218, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2201-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2201-2014, 2014
M. L. Roderick, F. Sun, W. H. Lim, and G. D. Farquhar
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1575–1589, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1575-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1575-2014, 2014
S. Manfreda, L. Brocca, T. Moramarco, F. Melone, and J. Sheffield
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1199–1212, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1199-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1199-2014, 2014
C. O'Bannon, J. Carr, D. A. Seekell, and P. D'Odorico
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 503–510, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-503-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-503-2014, 2014
L. Gong
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 343–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-343-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-343-2014, 2014
E. Joetzjer, H. Douville, C. Delire, P. Ciais, B. Decharme, and S. Tyteca
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4885–4895, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4885-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4885-2013, 2013
A. M. Ukkola and I. C. Prentice
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4177–4187, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4177-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4177-2013, 2013
A. Kleidon and M. Renner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2873–2892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2873-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2873-2013, 2013
H. A. J. Van Lanen, N. Wanders, L. M. Tallaksen, and A. F. Van Loon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1715–1732, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1715-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1715-2013, 2013
M. Renner, R. Seppelt, and C. Bernhofer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1419–1433, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1419-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1419-2012, 2012
A. J. Teuling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3071–3075, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3071-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3071-2011, 2011
B. Bisselink and A. J. Dolman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1685–1697, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1685-2009, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1685-2009, 2009
Cited articles
Abell, R., Thieme, M. L., Revenga, C., Bryer, M., Kottelat, M., Bogutskaya, N., Coad, B., Mandrak, N., Balderas, S. C., Bussing, W., Stiassny, M. L. J., Skelton, P., Allen, G. R., Unmack, P., Naseka, A., Ng, R., Sindorf, N., Robertson, J., Armijo, E., Higgins, J. V., Heibel, T. J., Wikramanayake, E., Olson, D., López, H. L., Reis, R. E., Lundberg, J. G., Sabaj Pérez, M. H., and Petry, P.: Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Biogeographic Units for Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, BioScience, 58, 403–414, https://doi.org/10.1641/b580507, 2008.
Alcamo, J., Döll, P., Henrichs, T., Kaspar, F., Lehner, B., Rösch, T., and Siebert, S.: Development and testing of the WaterGAP 2 global model of water use and availability, Hydrol. Sci. J., 48, 317–338, 2003.
Alcamo, J., Flörke, M., and Märker, M.: Future long-term changes in global water resources driven by socio-economic and climatic changes, Hydrol. Sci. J., 52, 247–275, 2007.
Arnell, N. W.: Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios, Global Environ. Change, 14, 31–52, 2004.
Baumgartner, A. and Reichel, E.: The World Water Balance, Elsevier, 179 pp., 1975.
Brown, J., Ferrians Jr., O. J., Heginbottom, J. A., and Melnikov, E. S.: (revised February 2001) Circum-Arctic map of permafrost and ground-ice conditions, National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology. Digital Media. Data downoaded from: http://rims.unh.edu/data/data.cgi (last access: 29 August 2011, Boulder, CO, 1998.
Costard, F., Gautier, E., Brunstein, D., Hammadi, J., Fedorov, A., Yang, D., and Dupeyrat, L.: Impact of the global warming on the fluvial thermal erosion over the Lena river in Central Siberia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L14501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030212, 2007.
Cruette, J. and Rodier, J. A.: Mesures de débits de l'Oued Zeroud pendant les crues exceptionneles de l'Automne 1969, Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Hydrologie, 13, 33–64, 1971.
Dukhovny, V. A. and De Schutter, J.: Water in Central Asia: Past, Present and Future, CRC Press Inc, 432 pp., 2011.
Dürr, H. H.: Vers une typologie des systèmes fluviaux à l'échelle globale: quelques concepts et exemples à résolution moyenne, Université Paris VI – Pierre et Marie Curie, 721 pp., 2003.
Dürr, H. H., Meybeck, M., and Dürr, S. H.: Lithologic composition of the Earth's continental surfaces derived from a new digital map emphasizing riverine material transfer, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002515, 2005.
Dürr, H., Laruelle, G., van Kempen, C., Slomp, C., Meybeck, M., and Middelkoop, H.: Worldwide Typology of Nearshore Coastal Systems: Defining the Estuarine Filter of River Inputs to the Oceans, Estuar. Coast., 34, 441–458, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-011-9381-y, 2011.
Fairbridge, R. (Ed): The Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Van Nostrand Rheinhold, New York, 1321, 1972.
Falkenmark, M.: Meeting water requirements of an expanding world population, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B. Biol Sci., 352, 929–936, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0072, 1997.
Falkenmark, M. and Lindh, G.: How can we cope with the water resources situation by the year 2015, Ambio, 3, 114–122, 1974.
Falkenmark, M., Lundqvist, J., and Widstrand, C.: Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches, Nat. Resour. Forum, 13, 258–267, 1989.
Falkenmark, M., Rockström, J., and Karlberg, L.: Present and future water requirements for feeding humanity, Food Security, 1, 59–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-008-0003-x, 2009.
Fekete, B. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., and Grabs, W.: High-resolution fields of global runoff combining observed river discharge and simulated water balances, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1042, https://doi.org/1010.1029/1999GB001254, 2002.
Gerasimov, G. N. et al. (Eds): Physico-Geographical World Atlas, Scientific Academy of URSS and Cartographic and Geodesic Central Committee, Moscow, 298 pp., 1964.
Haines, A. T., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: A global classification of river regimes, Appl. Geogr., 8, 255–272, 1988.
Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., and Jarvis, A.: Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas, Int. J. Climatol., 25, 1965–1978, 2005.
Holdridge, L. R.: Life Zone Ecology, Tropical Science Center, San José, 1967.
Islam, S., Oki, T., Kanae, S., Hanasaki, N., Agata, Y., and Yoshimura, K.: A grid-based assessment of global water scarcity including virtual water trading, Water Resour. Manage., 21, 19–33, 2007.
Kabat, P., Claussen, M., Dirmeyer, P. A., Gash, J. H. C., BravodeGuenni, L., Meybeck, M., Pielke, R. S., Vörösmarty, C. J., Hutjes, R. W. A., and Lütkemeier, S. (Eds.): Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate. A New Perspective on an Interactive System, Global Change – The IGBP Series, Springer, 566 pp., 2004.
Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., and Janssen, P.: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way: HYDE 3.1, The Holocene, 20, 565–573, 2010.
Köppen, W.: Das Geographische System der Klimate, Handbuch der Klimatologie, Berlin, Germany, 1931.
Korzoun, V. I., Sokolov, A. A., Budyko, M. I., Voskresensky, K. P., Kalinin, G. P., Konoplyantsev, A. A., Korotkevich, E. S., and L'vovich, M. I.: Atlas of World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth, USSR Committee for the International Hydrological Decade. Studies and Reports in Hydrology 25, Unesco, Paris, 663 pp., Leningrad, 1978.
Kotwicki, V.: Floods of Lake Eyre, Engineering and Water Supply Department, Adelaide, 99 pp., 1986.
Kulshreshtha, S. N.: A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025, Water Resour. Manage., 12, 167–184, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007957229865, 1998.
Kummu, M. and Varis, O.: The World by latitudes: a global analysis of human population, development level and environment across the north-south axis over the past half century, Appl. Geogr., 31, 495–507, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.10.009, 2011.
Kummu, M., Ward, P. J., de Moel, H., and Varis, O.: Is physical water scarcity a new phenomenon? Global assessment of water shortage over the last two millennia, Environ. Res. Lett., 5, 034006, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034006, 2010.
Kummu, M., de Moel, H., Ward, P. J., and Varis, O.: How close do we live to water? A global analysis of population distance to freshwater bodies, PLoS ONE, 6, e20578, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020578, 2011.
Laruelle, G. G., Dürr, H. H., Slomp, C. P., and Borges, A. V.: Evaluation of sinks and sources of CO2 in the global coastal ocean using a spatially-explicit typology of estuaries and continental shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L15607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043691, 2010.
Leemans, R.: Global Holdridge Life Zone Classifications, in: Global Ecosystems Database Version 2.0, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 1992.
Lehner, B. and Döll, P.: Development and validation of a global database of lakes, reservoirs and wetlands, J. Hydrol., 296, 1–22, 2004.
Ludwig, W. and Probst, J.-L.: River sediment discharge to the oceans: present-day controls and global budgets, Am. J. Sci., 298, 265–295, 1998.
McNeill, J. R. and McNeill, W. H.: The Human Web: A Bird's-Eye View of World History, W. W. Norton & Company, 368 pp., 2003.
Meybeck, M.: How to establish and use world budgets of riverine materials, in: Physical and chemical weathering in geochemical cycles, edited by: Lerman, A. and Meybeck, M., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 247–272, 1988.
Meybeck, M.: Global analysis of river systems: from earth system controls to Anthropocene controls, Phil. Trans. Royal Acad. London B, 358, 1935–1955, 2003.
Meybeck, M. and Dürr, H. H.: Cascading Filters of River Material from Headwaters to Regional Seas: The European Example, in: Watersheds, Bays, and Bounded Seas – The Science and Management of Semi-Enclosed Marine Systems, edited by: Urban, E. R. J., Sundby, B., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., and Melillo, J. M., SCOPE Series, Island Press, Washington, 115–139, 2009.
Meybeck, M. and Helmer, R.: The quality of rivers: from pristine stage to global pollution, Global Planet. Change, 1, 283–309, 1989.
Meybeck, M. and Ragu, A.: GEMS/Water Contribution to the Global Register of River Inputs (GLORI), Provisional Final Report, UNEP/WHO/UNESCO, Geneva, 245 pp., 1995.
Meybeck, M., Dürr, H. H., and Vörösmarty, C. J.: Global coastal segmentation and its river catchment contributors: a new look at land-ocean linkage, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB1S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002540, 2006.
Meybeck, M., Dürr, H. H., Roussennac, S., and Ludwig, W.: Regional Seas and their interception of riverine fluxes to oceans, Mar. Chem., 106 (Wollast Memorial Special Issue), 301–325, 2007.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis, Island Press, Washington, DC, 155 pp., 2005.
Milliman, J. D. and Farnsworth, K. L.: River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean – A Global Synthesis, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011.
Nilsson, C., Reidy, C. A., Dynesius, M., and Revenga, C.: Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world's large river systems, Science, 308, 405–408, 2005.
Nyamweru, C.: New evidence for the former extent of the Nile drainage system, The Geographical Journal, 155, 179–188, 1989.
Oki, T. and Kanae, S.: Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources, Science, 313, 1068–1072, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128845, 2006.
Petit-Maire, N. and Guo, Z. T.: Mid-Holocene climatic change and man in the present-day Sahara desert, Quaternary Deserts and Climatic Change, Al Ain/United Arab Emirates, 351–356, 1995.
Potter, P. E.: Petrology and chemistry of modern big river sands, J. Geol., 86, 423–449, 1978.
Potter, P. E. and Hamblin, W. K.: Big Rivers Worldwide, Brigham Young University, Geology Studies, Provo,Utah, p. 78, 2006.
Probst, J.-L.: Géochimie et Hydrochimie de l' érosion continentale. Mécanismes, bilan global actuel et fluctuations au cours des 500 derniers millions d'années, Sciences Géologiques Mémoires 94, Strasbourg, 161 pp., 1992.
Probst, J. L., Ludwig, W., and Amiotte-Suchet, P.: Global modelling of CO2 uptake by continental erosion and of carbon river transport to the oceans, Sci. Geol. Bullet., 50, 131–156, 1997.
Rockström, J., Falkenmark, M., Karlberg, L., Hoff, H., Rost, S., and Gerten, D.: Future water availability for global food production: The potential of green water for increasing resilience to global change, Water Resour. Res., 45, W00A12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006767, 2009.
Rodier, J. A.: Régimes hydrologiques de l'Afrique Noire à l'ouest du Congo, Mém. Orstom, Paris, 137 pp., 1964.
Rubel, F. and Kottek, M.: Observed and projected climate shifts 1901-2100 depicted by world maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification, Meteorologische Z., 19, 135–141, 2010.
Said, R.: The River Nile – Geology, Hydrology and Utilisation, 1st Edn., Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Seoul, Tokyo, 320 pp., 1993.
Salomons, W., Kremer, H., and Turner, K.: The catchment to coast continuum, in: Coastal fluxes in the Athropocene, edited by: Crossland, C. J., Kremer, H. H., Lindeboom, H. J., Marshall Crossland, J. J., and Le Tissier, M. D. A., Springer, 145–200, 2005.
Sarnthein, M., Seibold, E., and Rognon, P. (Eds.): Sahara and surrounding seas: sediments and climatic changes, Palaeoecology of Africa and the surrounding islands, edited by: van Zinderen Bakker Sr, E. M. and Coetzee, J. A., Balkema, A. A., Rotterdam, 1980.
Schultz, J.: The ecozones of the World, Springer, 252 pp., 2005.
Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., and Bouwman, A. F.: Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: an overview of Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002606, 2005.
Seitzinger, S. P., Mayorga, E., Bouwman, A. F., Kroeze, C., Beusen, A. H. W., Billen, G., Drecht, G. V., Dumont, E., Fekete, B. M., Garnier, J., and Harrison, J. A.: Global river nutrient export: A scenario analysis of past and future trends, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB0A08, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003587, 2010.
Steffen, W., Sanderson, A., Tyson, P. D., Jäger, J., Matson, A., Moore, B., Oldfield, F., Richardson, K., Schellnhuber, H. J., Turner, B. I., and Wasson, R. J. (Eds.): Global Change and the Earth System: a Planet Under Pressure, Springer, Berlin, 2004.
Sullivan, C. A., Meigh, J. R., Giacomello, A. M., Fediw, T., Lawrence, P., Samad, M., Mlote, S., Hutton, C., Allan, J. A., Schulze, R. E., Dlamini, D. J. M., Cosgrove, W., Priscoli, J. D., Gleick, P., Smout, I., Cobbing, J., Calow, R., Hunt, C., Hussain, A., Acreman, M. C., King, J., Malomo, S., Tate, E. L., O'Regan, D., Milner, S., and Steyl, I.: The Water Poverty Index: Development and application at the community scale, Nat. Resour. Forum, 27, 189–199, 2003.
Talaue-McManus, L., Smith, S. V., and Buddemeier, R. W.: Biophysical and socio-economic assessments of the coastal zone: the LOICZ approach, Ocean Coast. Manage., 46, 323–333, 2003.
Tedesco, P. A., Hugueny, B., Oberdorff, T., Dürr, H. H., Mérigoux, S., and de Mérona, B.: River hydrological seasonality influences life history strategies of tropical riverine fishes, Oecologia, 156, 691–702, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1021-2, 2008.
van Beek, L. P. H., Wada, Y., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global monthly water stress: 1. Water balance and water availability, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07517, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010wr009791, 2011.
Viviroli, D., Dürr, H. H., Messerli, B., Meybeck, M., and Weingartner, R.: Mountains of the world – water towers for humanity: typology, mapping and global significance, Water Resour. Res., 43, W07447, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005653, 2007.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Sharma, K., Fekete, B., Copeland, A. H., Holden, J., Marble, J., and Lough, J. A.: The storage and aging of continental runoff in large reservoir systems of the world, Ambio, 26, 210–219, 1997.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Fekete, B. M., Meybeck, M., and Lammers, R. B.: Geomorphometric attributes of the global system of rivers at 30-minute spatial resolution, J. Hydrol., 237, 17–39, 2000a.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Fekete, B. M., Meybeck, M., and Lammers, R. B.: The global system of rivers: its role in organizing continental land mass and defining land-to-ocean linkages, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 599–621, 2000b.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Green, P., Salisbury, J., and Lammers, R. B.: Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth, Science, 289, 284–288, 2000c.
Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S. E., Sullivan, C. A., Liermann, C. R., and Davies, P. M.: Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity, Nature, 467, 555–561, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440, 2010.
Wada, Y., Beek, L. P. H. v., Viviroli, D., Dürr, H. H., Weingartner, R., and Bierkens, M. F. P.: Global monthly water stress: 2. Water demand and severity of water stress, Water Resour. Res., 47, W07518, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009792, 2011.
World Water Assessment Programme: The United Nations World Water Development Report 3: Water in a Changing World, Paris: UNESCO, and London: Earthscan, 2009.
