Articles | Volume 25, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1993-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1993-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 14 Apr 2021
| 14 Apr 2021
Hysteresis in soil hydraulic conductivity as driven by salinity and sodicity – a modeling framework
Isaac Kramer
The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Yuval Bayer
The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Taiwo Adeyemo
The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Related authors
No articles found.
Nurit Goldberg-Yehuda, Shmuel Assouline, Yair Mau, and Uri Nachshon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2499–2517, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this work the interactions between soil compaction, evaporation, and salt accumulation at the vadose zone are discussed. Changes at the micro and macro scales of the soil physical and hydraulic properties were studied using high-resolution imagining techniques, alongside column experiments, aiming to characterize water flow and evaporation processes at natural, compacted, and tilled soil conditions. In addition, salt accumulation at the soil profile was examined for these setups.
Related subject area
Subject: Vadose Zone Hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Theory development
Mixed formulation for an easy and robust numerical computation of sorptivity
Signal contribution of distant areas to cosmic-ray neutron sensors – implications for footprint and sensitivity
Technical note: A sigmoidal soil water retention curve without asymptote that is robust when dry-range data are unreliable
Compaction effects on evaporation and salt precipitation in drying porous media
Evaporation front and its motion
HESS Opinions: Unsaturated infiltration – the need for a reconsideration of historical misconceptions
Sigmoidal water retention function with improved behaviour in dry and wet soils
The challenges of an in situ validation of a nonequilibrium model of soil heat and moisture dynamics during fires
Anatomy of the 2018 agricultural drought in the Netherlands using in situ soil moisture and satellite vegetation indices
Beyond Perrault's experiments: repeatability, didactics and complexity
Mechanisms of consistently disjunct soil water pools over (pore) space and time
Energy states of soil water – a thermodynamic perspective on soil water dynamics and storage-controlled streamflow generation in different landscapes
Hydrological characterization of cave drip waters in a porous limestone: Golgotha Cave, Western Australia
Soil water stable isotopes reveal evaporation dynamics at the soil–plant–atmosphere interface of the critical zone
Soil water migration in the unsaturated zone of semiarid region in China from isotope evidence
Governing equations of transient soil water flow and soil water flux in multi-dimensional fractional anisotropic media and fractional time
A thermodynamic formulation of root water uptake
Soil–aquifer phenomena affecting groundwater under vertisols: a review
How effective is river restoration in re-establishing groundwater–surface water interactions? – A case study
Recharge estimation and soil moisture dynamics in a Mediterranean, semi-arid karst region
Relations between macropore network characteristics and the degree of preferential solute transport
Impacts of conservation tillage on the hydrological and agronomic performance of Fanya juus in the upper Blue Nile (Abbay) river basin
Averaged water potentials in soil water and groundwater, and their connection to menisci in soil pores, field-scale flow phenomena, and simple groundwater flows
Laurent Lassabatere, Pierre-Emmanuel Peyneau, Deniz Yilmaz, Joseph Pollacco, Jesús Fernández-Gálvez, Borja Latorre, David Moret-Fernández, Simone Di Prima, Mehdi Rahmati, Ryan D. Stewart, Majdi Abou Najm, Claude Hammecker, and Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 895–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-895-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-895-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sorptivity is one of the most important parameters for quantifying water infiltration into soils. In this study, we propose a mixed formulation that avoids numerical issues and allows for the computation of sorptivity for all types of models chosen for describing the soil hydraulic functions and all initial and final conditions. We show the benefits of using the mixed formulation with regard to modeling water infiltration into soils.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 723–738, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-723-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-723-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new analytical concept to answer long-lasting questions of the cosmic-ray neutron sensing community, such as
what is the influence of a distant area or patches of different land use on the measurement signal?or
is the detector sensitive enough to detect a change of soil moisture (e.g. due to irrigation) in a remote field at a certain distance?The concept may support signal interpretation and sensor calibration, particularly in heterogeneous terrain.
Gerrit Huibert de Rooij
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5849–5858, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5849-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5849-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The way soils capture infiltrating water affects crops and natural vegetation as well as groundwater recharge. This retention of soil water is captured by a mathematical function that covers all water contents from very dry to water-saturated. Unfortunately, data in the dry range are often absent or unreliable. I modified an earlier function to be more robust in the absence of dry-range data, and present a computer program to estimate the parameters of the new function.
Nurit Goldberg-Yehuda, Shmuel Assouline, Yair Mau, and Uri Nachshon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2499–2517, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2499-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2499-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this work the interactions between soil compaction, evaporation, and salt accumulation at the vadose zone are discussed. Changes at the micro and macro scales of the soil physical and hydraulic properties were studied using high-resolution imagining techniques, alongside column experiments, aiming to characterize water flow and evaporation processes at natural, compacted, and tilled soil conditions. In addition, salt accumulation at the soil profile was examined for these setups.
Jiří Mls
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 397–406, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-397-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-397-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In the paper the evaporation front is considered the interface that separates the wet part of a porous medium from its dry surroundings, and its exact definition in time and space is given. Subsequently, the law of the front's motion is derived. The general problem governing completely the front's motion is formulated and, for a special case, solved numerically. It is shown that the solution makes it possible to locate the rate of vaporization in time and space.
Peter F. Germann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1097–1101, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1097-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1097-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This is the last paper submitted by Peter Germann before he died in December 2020. Peter reviews the development of capillary flow theory since the work of Briggs (1897) and Richards (1931), who raised capillary flow to a soil hydrological dogma. Attempts to correct the dogma led to concepts of non-equilibrium flow, macropore flow, and preferential flow during infiltration. Viscous film flow is proposed as an alternative approach to capillarity-driven flow during unsaturated infiltration.
Gerrit Huibert de Rooij, Juliane Mai, and Raneem Madi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 983–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-983-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-983-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The way soils capture infiltrating water affects crops and natural vegetation and groundwater recharge. This retention of soil water is described by a mathematical function that covers all water contents from very dry to water saturated. We combined two existing lines of research to improve the behaviour of a popular function for very dry and very wet conditions. Our new function could handle a wider range of conditions than earlier curves. We provide fits to a wide range of soils.
William J. Massman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 685–709, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-685-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-685-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Increasing fire frequency and severity now poses a threat to most of the world's wildlands and forested ecosystems and their benefits. The HMV (Heat–Moisture–Vapor) model is a tool to manage fuels to help mitigate the consequences of fire and promote soil and vegetation recovery after fire. The model's performance is surprisingly good, but it also provides insights into the existence of previously unobserved feedbacks and other physical processes that occur during fire.
Joost Buitink, Anne M. Swank, Martine van der Ploeg, Naomi E. Smith, Harm-Jan F. Benninga, Frank van der Bolt, Coleen D. U. Carranza, Gerbrand Koren, Rogier van der Velde, and Adriaan J. Teuling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 6021–6031, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6021-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-6021-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of water stored in the soil is critical for the productivity of plants. Plant productivity is either limited by the available water or by the available energy. In this study, we infer this transition point by comparing local observations of water stored in the soil with satellite observations of vegetation productivity. We show that the transition point is not constant with soil depth, indicating that plants use water from deeper layers when the soil gets drier.
Stefano Barontini and Matteo Settura
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1907–1926, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1907-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1907-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
More than 300 years after its first appearance, Perrault's De l'origine des fontaines provokes intriguing stimuli and suggestions. We discuss its epistemological relevance through the lens of the repeatability of the experiments, of the didactic aspects which arise for modern teaching of hydrology, and of the author's attitude in facing the complexity of the hydrological processes. The analysis shows that the birth of modern hydrology and the scientific revolution were closely entwined.
Matthias Sprenger, Pilar Llorens, Carles Cayuela, Francesc Gallart, and Jérôme Latron
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2751–2762, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2751-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2751-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We find that the stable isotopic compositions of mobile and matrix bound soil water are continuously different over 8 months. Long-term data further show that these isotopic differences result from the refilling of small soil pores by isotopically depleted rains during low soil moisture conditions. Thus, subsurface water is not well mixed, but flow velocities and storage in soils are highly variable; this has important implications for ecohydrological studies and soil hydrological modeling.
Erwin Zehe, Ralf Loritz, Conrad Jackisch, Martijn Westhoff, Axel Kleidon, Theresa Blume, Sibylle K. Hassler, and Hubert H. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 971–987, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-971-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-971-2019, 2019
Kashif Mahmud, Gregoire Mariethoz, Andy Baker, and Pauline C. Treble
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 977–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-977-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-977-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the relationship between drip water and rainfall in a SW Australian karst, where both intra- and interannual hydrological variations are strongly controlled by seasonal variations in recharge. The hydrological behavior of cave drips is examined at daily resolution with respect to mean discharge and the flow variation. We demonstrate that the analysis of the time series produced by cave drip loggers generates useful hydrogeological information that can be applied generally.
Matthias Sprenger, Doerthe Tetzlaff, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3839–3858, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3839-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3839-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We sampled the isotopic composition in the top 20 cm at four different sites in the Scottish Highlands at 5 cm intervals over 1 year. The relationship between the soil water isotopic fractionation and evapotranspiration showed a hysteresis pattern due to a lag response to onset and offset of the evaporative losses. The isotope data revealed that vegetation had a significant influence on the soil evaporation with evaporation being double from soils beneath Scots pine compared to heather.
Yonggang Yang and Bojie Fu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1757–1767, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1757-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1757-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates soil water migration processes in the Loess Plateau using isotopes. The soil water migration is dominated by piston-type flow, but rarely preferential flow. Soil water from the soil lay (20–40 cm) contributed to 6–12% of plant xylem water, while soil water at the depth of 40–60 cm is the largest component (range from 60 to 66 %), soil water below 60 cm depth contributed 8–14 % to plant xylem water, and only 5–8 % is derived from precipitation.
M. Levent Kavvas, Ali Ercan, and James Polsinelli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1547–1557, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1547-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1547-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study dimensionally consistent governing equations of continuity and motion for transient soil water flow and water flux in fractional time and in fractional multiple space dimensions in anisotropic media are developed. By the introduction of the Brooks–Corey constitutive relationships, an explicit form of the equations is obtained. The developed governing equations, in their fractional time but integer space forms, show behavior consistent with the previous experimental observations.
Anke Hildebrandt, Axel Kleidon, and Marcel Bechmann
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3441–3454, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3441-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3441-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This theoretical paper describes the energy fluxes and dissipation along the flow paths involved in root water uptake, an approach that is rarely taken. We show that this provides useful additional insights for understanding the biotic and abiotic impediments to root water uptake. This approach shall be applied to explore efficient water uptake strategies and help locate the limiting processes in the complex soil–plant–atmosphere system.
D. Kurtzman, S. Baram, and O. Dahan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Vertisols are cracking clayey, arable soils that often overlay groundwater reservoirs. The soil cracks enable flow that bypasses soil blocks, which results in both relatively fresh recharge of the underlying groundwater and contamination with reactive contaminants. These special phenomena, as well as unique mechanism of salinization after cultivation and relative resilience to contamination by nitrate typical to groundwater under vertisols, are reviewed in this study.
A.-M. Kurth, C. Weber, and M. Schirmer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2663–2672, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2663-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2663-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the effects of river restoration on groundwater–surface water interactions in a losing urban stream. Investigations were performed using Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). The results indicate that the highest surface water downwelling occurred at the tip of a gravel island newly installed during river restoration, leading to the conclusion that in this specific setting, river restoration was effective in locally enhancing groundwater–surface water interactions.
F. Ries, J. Lange, S. Schmidt, H. Puhlmann, and M. Sauter
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1439–1456, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1439-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1439-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture was observed along a strong semi-arid climatic gradient in a Mediterranean karst area. Soil moisture data and soil hydraulic modelling with Hydrus-1D revealed a strong dependency of percolation fluxes with rainfall amounts and intensity during heavy rainfall events. Spatial and temporal extrapolation of the model illustrated the high variability of seasonal percolation amounts among single years and showed strong correlations between soil depth and potential groundwater recharge.
M. Larsbo, J. Koestel, and N. Jarvis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5255–5269, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5255-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5255-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The characteristics of the macropore network determine the potential for fast transport of solutes through soil. Such characteristics computed from 3-dimensional X-ray tomography images were combined with measured solute breakthrough curves and near-saturated hydraulic conductivities. At a given flow rate, smaller macroporosities, poorer local connectivity of the macropore network and smaller near-saturated hydraulic conductivities resulted in a greater degree of preferential transport.
M. Temesgen, S. Uhlenbrook, B. Simane, P. van der Zaag, Y. Mohamed, J. Wenninger, and H. H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4725–4735, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4725-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4725-2012, 2012
G. H. de Rooij
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1601–1614, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1601-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1601-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Ali, A., Biggs, A. J., Šimůnek, J., and Bennett, J. M.: A pH-Based
Pedotransfer Function for Scaling Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Reduction:
Improved Estimation of Hydraulic Dynamics in HYDRUS, Vadose Zone J.,
18, 1, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2019.07.0072, 2019. a
Bennett, J. M., Marchuk, A., Marchuk, S., and Raine, S. R.: Towards predicting
the soil-specific threshold electrolyte concentration of soil as a reduction
in saturated hydraulic conductivity: The role of clay net negative charge,
Geoderma, 337, 122–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.08.030, 2019. a
Cook, F. J., Jayawardane, N. S., Rassam, D. W., Christen, E. W., Hornbuckle,
J. W., Stirzaker, R. J., Bristow, K. L., and Biswas, T. K.: The state of
measuring, diagnosing, ameliorating and managing solute effects in irrigated
systems, CRC for Irrigation Futures Technical Report, CRC for Irrigation Futures, Darling Heights, 2006. a
Dane, J. H. and Klute, A.: Salt Effects on the Hydraulic Properties of a
Swelling Soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 41, 1043–1049,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100060005x, 1977. a, b
Dang, A., Bennett, J. M., Marchuk, A., Biggs, A., and Raine, S.: Evaluating
dispersive potential to identify the threshold electrolyte concentration in
non-dispersive soils, Soil Res., 56, 549–559, https://doi.org/10.1071/SR17304,
2018a. a
Dang, A., Bennett, J. M., Marchuk, A., Biggs, A., and Raine, S.: Quantifying
the aggregation-dispersion boundary condition in terms of saturated hydraulic
conductivity reduction and the threshold electrolyte concentration,
Agr. Water Manage., 203, 172–178,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGWAT.2018.03.005, 2018b. a
De Menezes, H. R., De Almeida, B. G., De Almeida, C. D. G. C., Bennett,
J. M., Da Silva, E. M., and dos S. Freirer, M. B. G.: Use of threshold
electrolyte concentration analysis to determine salinity and sodicity limit
of irrigation water, Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e
Ambiental, 18, s53–s58, 2014. a
Ezlit, Y. D., Bennett, J. M., Raine, S. R., and Smith, R. J.: Modification of
the McNeal Clay Swelling Model Improves Prediction of Saturated Hydraulic
Conductivity as a Function of Applied Water Quality, Soil Sci. Soc.
Am. J., 77, 2149, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.03.0097, 2013. a, b, c, d
FAO and ITPS: Status of the World's Soil Resources, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on
Soils, Rome, Italy, 2015. a
Flynn, D. and Rasskazov, O.: On the integration of an ODE involving the
derivative of a Preisach nonlinearity, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.,
22, 43–55, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/22/1/003, 2005. a
Flynn, D., McNamara, H., O'Kane, P., and Pokrovskii, A.: Chapter 7 –
Application of the Preisach Model to Soil-Moisture Hysteresis, in: The
Science of Hysteresis, edited by: Bertotti, G. and Mayergoyz, I. D.,
Academic Press, Oxford, 689–744,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012480874-4/50025-7, 2006. a, b
Goldenberg, L., Magaritz, M., and Mandel, S.: Experimental investigation on
irreversible changes of hydraulic conductivity on the seawater-freshwater
interface in coastal aquifers, Water Resour. Res., 19, 77–85, 1983. a
Guyer, R. A.: Chapter 6 - Hysteretic Elastic Systems: Geophysical Materials,
in: The Science of Hysteresis, edited by: Bertotti, G. and Mayergoyz, I. D., Academic Press, Oxford, 555–688,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012480874-4/50024-5, 2006. a
Haverkamp, R., Reggiani, P., Ross, P. J., and Parlange, J.-Y.: Soil water
hysteresis prediction model based on theory and geometric scaling, in:
Environmental Mechanics: Water, Mass and Energy Transfer in the Biosphere,
edited by: Raats, P. A. C., Smiles, D., and Warrick, A. W., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., 213–246, 2002. a
Hillel, D.: Salinity Management for Sustainable Irrigation: Integrating
Science, Environment, and Economics, Tech. rep., The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 2000. a
Kramer, I. and Mau, Y.: Soil Degradation Risks Assessed by the SOTE Model for Salinity and Sodicity, Water Resour. Res., 56, 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020WR027456, 2020. a, b, c
Kramer, I., Bayer, Y., and Mau, Y.: GitHub Repository – Modeling
Irreversible Soil Degradation and Rehabilitation with the Preisach
Framework, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4013423, 2020. a, b
Lagerwerff, J., Nakayama, F., and Frere, M.: Hydraulic Conductivity Related to Porosity and Swelling of Soil, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 33, 3–11,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300010008x, 1969. a, b
Levy, G. J., Goldstein, D., and Mamedov, A. I.: Saturated Hydraulic
Conductivity of Semiarid Soils: Combined Effects of Salinity, Sodicity, and
Rate of Wetting, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 653–662,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0232, 2005. a
Mayergoyz, I. D.: Mathematical models of hysteresis, Phys. Rev. Lett., 56, 1518–1521, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.1518, 1986. a
McNamara, H.: An estimate of energy dissipation due to soil-moisture
hysteresis, Water Resour. Res., 50, 725–735,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2012WR012634, 2014. a, b
McNeal, B. L.: Prediction of the effect of mixed-salt solutions on soil
hydraulic conductivity, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 32,
190–193, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1968.03615995003200020013x, 1968. a, b
Mualem, Y.: A conceptual model of hysteresis, Water Resour. Res., 10,
514–520, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR010i003p00514, 1974. a
O'Kane, J. P. and Flynn, D.: Thresholds, switches and hysteresis in hydrology
from the pedon to the catchment scale: a non-linear systems theory, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 443–459, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-443-2007, 2007.
a
Qadir, M., Quillérou, E., Nangia, V., Murtaza, G., Singh, M., Thomas,
R. J., Drechsel, P., and Noble, A. D.: Economics of salt-induced land
degradation and restoration, Nat. Resour. Forum, 38, 282–295,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12054, 2014. a
Quirk, J. and Schofield, R.: The Effect of Electrolyte Concentration on Soil
Permeability, J. Soil Sci., 6, 163–178,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1955.tb00841.x, 1955. a, b, c
Rengasamy, P., Greene, R., Ford, G., and Mehanni, A.: Identification of
dispersive behaviour and the management of red-brown earths, Soil Res.h,
22, 413–431, 1984. a
Russo, D.: Numerical analysis of the nonsteady transport of interacting
solutes through unsaturated soil: 1. Homogeneous systems, Water Resour.
Res., 24, 271–284, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i002p00271, 1988. a, b
Shainberg, I. and Singer, M. J.: Soil Response to Saline and Sodic
Conditions, in: Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, edited by: Wallender, W. W. and Tanji, K. K., American Society of Civil
Engineers, Reston, VA, 139–167, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784411698.ch05, 2011. a
Yaron, B. and Thomas, G. W.: Soil Hydraulic Conductivity as Affected by Sodic Water, Water Resour. Res., 4, 545–552, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR004i003p00545,
1968. a, b, c
Yaron, B., Dror, I., and Berkowitz, B.: Contaminant-induced irreversible
changes in properties of the soil–vadose–aquifer zone: an overview,
Chemosphere, 71, 1409–1421, 2008. a
Short summary
Salinity and sodicity can cause irreversible degradation to soil, threatening agricultural production and food security. To date, very little is known about the degree to which soil degradation can be reversible. We introduce a model for describing this partial reversibility (hysteresis) and lay out the experimental procedures necessary for characterizing the soil in this regard. We must shift our focus from degradation measurements to reversal measurements so that we can maintain healthy soils.
Salinity and sodicity can cause irreversible degradation to soil, threatening agricultural...
