Articles | Volume 26, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2561-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2561-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
17 May 2022
Research article |
| 17 May 2022
| 17 May 2022
Influences of land use changes on the dynamics of water quantity and quality in the German lowland catchment of the Stör
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute for
Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Paul D. Wagner
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute for
Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Nicola Fohrer
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Institute for
Natural Resource Conservation, Kiel University, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Maria Staudinger, Anna Herzog, Ralf Loritz, Tobias Houska, Sandra Pool, Diana Spieler, Paul D. Wagner, Juliane Mai, Jens Kiesel, Stephan Thober, Björn Guse, and Uwe Ehret
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1076, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1076, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (HESS).
Short summary
Short summary
Four process-based and four data-driven hydrological models are compared using different training data. We found process-based models to perform better with small data sets but stop learning soon, while data-driven models learn longer. The study highlights the importance of memory in data and the impact of different data sampling methods on model performance. The direct comparison of these models is novel and provides a clear understanding of their performance under various data conditions.
Ayenew D. Ayalew, Paul D. Wagner, Dejene Sahlu, and Nicola Fohrer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1853–1872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1853-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1853-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study presents a pioneering comprehensive integrated approach to unravel hydrological complexities in data-scarce regions. By integrating diverse data sources and advanced analytics, we offer a holistic understanding of water systems, unveiling hidden patterns and driving factors. This innovative method holds immense promise for informed decision-making and sustainable water resource management, addressing a critical need in hydrological science.
Nariman Mahmoodi, Jens Kiesel, Paul D. Wagner, and Nicola Fohrer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5065–5081, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5065-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5065-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assessed the sustainability of water resources in a wadi region with the help of a hydrologic model. Our assessment showed that the increases in groundwater demand and consumption exacerbate the negative impact of climate change on groundwater sustainability and hydrologic regime alteration. These alterations have severe consequences for a downstream wetland and its ecosystem. The approach may be applicable in other wadi regions with different climate and water use systems.
Björn Guse, Matthias Pfannerstill, Abror Gafurov, Jens Kiesel, Christian Lehr, and Nicola Fohrer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5663–5679, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5663-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5663-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Performance measures are used to evaluate the representation of hydrological processes in parameters of hydrological models. In this study, we investigated how strongly model parameters and performance measures are connected. It was found that relationships are different for varying flow conditions, indicating that precise parameter identification requires multiple performance measures. The suggested approach contributes to a better handling of parameters in hydrological modelling.
M. Pfannerstill, B. Guse, D. Reusser, and N. Fohrer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4365–4376, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4365-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4365-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
To ensure reliable model results, hydrological processes have to be represented adequately in models. We present a framework that uses a temporal parameter sensitivity analysis and observed hydrological processes in the catchment to verify hydrological models. The framework is exemplarily applied to verify the groundwater structure of a hydrological model. The results show the appropriate simulation of all relevant hydrological processes in relation to processes observed in the catchment.
Related subject area
Subject: Catchment hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches
Analyzing the generalization capabilities of a hybrid hydrological model for extrapolation to extreme events
CH-RUN: a deep-learning-based spatially contiguous runoff reconstruction for Switzerland
Runoff component quantification and future streamflow projection in a large mountainous basin based on a multidata-constrained cryospheric–hydrological model
Exploring the potential processes controlling changes in precipitation–runoff relationships in non-stationary environments
A diversity-centric strategy for the selection of spatio-temporal training data for LSTM-based streamflow forecasting
Simulating the Tone River eastward diversion project in Japan carried out 4 centuries ago
Lack of robustness of hydrological models: a large-sample diagnosis and an attempt to identify hydrological and climatic drivers
Achieving water budget closure through physical hydrological process modelling: insights from a large-sample study
Heavy-tailed flood peak distributions: what is the effect of the spatial variability of rainfall and runoff generation?
State updating of the Xin'anjiang model: joint assimilating streamflow and multi-source soil moisture data via the asynchronous ensemble Kalman filter with enhanced error models
Improving the hydrological consistency of a process-based solute-transport model by simultaneous calibration of streamflow and stream concentrations
Leveraging a time-series event separation method to disentangle time-varying hydrologic controls on streamflow – application to wildfire-affected catchments
The significance of the leaf area index for evapotranspiration estimation in SWAT-T for characteristic land cover types of West Africa
Improved representation of soil moisture processes through incorporation of cosmic-ray neutron count measurements in a large-scale hydrologic model
Spatio-temporal patterns and trends of streamflow in water-scarce Mediterranean basins
A large-sample modelling approach towards integrating streamflow and evaporation data for the Spanish catchments
Technical note: An approach for handling multiple temporal frequencies with different input dimensions using a single LSTM cell
Seasonal variation in land cover estimates reveals sensitivities and opportunities for environmental models
Estimating response times, flow velocities, and roughness coefficients of Canadian Prairie basins
Learning landscape features from streamflow with autoencoders
On the use of streamflow transformations for hydrological model calibration
Simulation-based inference for parameter estimation of complex watershed simulators
Multi-scale soil moisture data and process-based modeling reveal the importance of lateral groundwater flow in a subarctic catchment
CONCN: A high-resolution, integrated surface water-groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China
Catchment response to climatic variability: implications for root zone storage and streamflow predictions
Hybrid hydrological modeling for large alpine basins: a semi-distributed approach
Karst aquifer discharge response to rainfall interpreted as anomalous transport
HESS Opinions: Never train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network on a single basin
Large-sample hydrology – a few camels or a whole caravan?
Comment on “Are soils overrated in hydrology?” by Gao et al. (2023)
Projections of streamflow intermittence under climate change in European drying river networks
Multi-decadal fluctuations in root zone storage capacity through vegetation adaptation to hydro-climatic variability have minor effects on the hydrological response in the Neckar River basin, Germany
Technical note: What does the Standardized Streamflow Index actually reflect? Insights and implications for hydrological drought analysis
Extended range forecasting of stream water temperature with deep learning models
Projected future changes in the cryosphere and hydrology of a mountainous catchment in the upper Heihe River, China
On the importance of plant phenology in the evaporative process of a semi-arid woodland: could it be why satellite-based evaporation estimates in the miombo differ?
Assessing the adequacy of traditional hydrological models for climate change impact studies: A case for long-short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks
Regionalization of GR4J model parameters for river flow prediction in Paraná, Brazil
Evolution of river regimes in the Mekong River basin over 8 decades and the role of dams in recent hydrological extremes
Skill of seasonal flow forecasts at catchment scale: an assessment across South Korea
To what extent do flood-inducing storm events change future flood hazards?
When ancient numerical demons meet physics-informed machine learning: adjoint-based gradients for implicit differentiable modeling
Assessing the value of high-resolution rainfall and streamflow data for hydrological modeling: An analysis based on 63 catchments in southeast China
Assessing the impact of climate change on high return levels of peak flows in Bavaria applying the CRCM5 large ensemble
Impacts of climate and land surface change on catchment evapotranspiration and runoff from 1951 to 2020 in Saxony, Germany
Quantifying and reducing flood forecast uncertainty by the CHUP-BMA method
Developing a tile drainage module for the Cold Regions Hydrological Model: lessons from a farm in southern Ontario, Canada
To bucket or not to bucket? Analyzing the performance and interpretability of hybrid hydrological models with dynamic parameterization
Widespread flooding dynamics under climate change: characterising floods using grid-based hydrological modelling and regional climate projections
HESS Opinions: The sword of Damocles of the impossible flood
Eduardo Acuña Espinoza, Ralf Loritz, Frederik Kratzert, Daniel Klotz, Martin Gauch, Manuel Álvarez Chaves, and Uwe Ehret
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1277–1294, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1277-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1277-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Data-driven techniques have shown the potential to outperform process-based models in rainfall–runoff simulations. Hybrid models, combining both approaches, aim to enhance accuracy and maintain interpretability. Expanding the set of test cases to evaluate hybrid models under different conditions, we test their generalization capabilities for extreme hydrological events.
Basil Kraft, Michael Schirmer, William H. Aeberhard, Massimiliano Zappa, Sonia I. Seneviratne, and Lukas Gudmundsson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1061–1082, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1061-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1061-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study reconstructs daily runoff in Switzerland (1962–2023) using a deep-learning model, providing a spatially contiguous dataset on a medium-sized catchment grid. The model outperforms traditional hydrological methods, revealing shifts in Swiss water resources, including more frequent dry years and declining summer runoff. The reconstruction is publicly available.
Mengjiao Zhang, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1033–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1033-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1033-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Owing to differences in the existing published results, we conducted a detailed analysis of the runoff components and future trends in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin and found that the contributions of snowmelt and glacier melt runoff to streamflow (both ~5 %) are limited and much lower than previous results. The streamflow in this area will continuously increase in the future, but the overestimated contribution of glacier melt could lead to an underestimation of this increasing trend.
Tian Lan, Tongfang Li, Hongbo Zhang, Jiefeng Wu, Yongqin David Chen, and Chong-Yu Xu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 903–924, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-903-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-903-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study develops an integrated framework based on the novel Driving index for changes in Precipitation–Runoff Relationships (DPRR) to explore the controlling changes in precipitation–runoff relationships in non-stationary environments. According to the quantitative results of the candidate driving factors, the possible process explanations for changes in the precipitation–runoff relationships are deduced. The main contribution offers a comprehensive understanding of hydrological processes.
Everett Snieder and Usman T. Khan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 785–798, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-785-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-785-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Improving the accuracy of flood forecasts is paramount to minimising flood damage. Machine learning (ML) models are increasingly being applied for flood forecasting. Such models are typically trained on large historic hydrometeorological datasets. In this work, we evaluate methods for selecting training datasets that maximise the spatio-temporal diversity of the represented hydrological processes. Empirical results showcase the importance of hydrological diversity in training ML models.
Joško Trošelj and Naota Hanasaki
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 753–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-753-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-753-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents the first distributed hydrological simulation which confirms claims raised by historians that the eastward diversion project of the Tone River in Japan was conducted 4 centuries ago to increase low flows and subsequent travelling possibilities surrounding the capital, Edo (Tokyo), using inland navigation. We showed that great steps forward can be made for improving quality of life with small human engineering waterworks and small interventions in the regime of natural flows.
Léonard Santos, Vazken Andréassian, Torben O. Sonnenborg, Göran Lindström, Alban de Lavenne, Charles Perrin, Lila Collet, and Guillaume Thirel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 683–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-683-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-683-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates how hydrological models are transferred to a period in which climate conditions are different to the ones of the period in which they were set up. The robustness assessment test built to detect dependencies between model error and climatic drivers was applied to three hydrological models in 352 catchments in Denmark, France and Sweden. Potential issues are seen in a significant number of catchments for the models, even though the catchments differ for each model.
Xudong Zheng, Dengfeng Liu, Shengzhi Huang, Hao Wang, and Xianmeng Meng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 627–653, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-627-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-627-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Water budget non-closure is a widespread phenomenon among multisource datasets which undermines the robustness of hydrological inferences. This study proposes a Multisource Dataset Correction Framework grounded in Physical Hydrological Process Modelling to enhance water budget closure, termed PHPM-MDCF. We examined the efficiency and robustness of the framework using the CAMELS dataset and achieved an average reduction of 49 % in total water budget residuals across 475 CONUS basins.
Elena Macdonald, Bruno Merz, Viet Dung Nguyen, and Sergiy Vorogushyn
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 447–463, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-447-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-447-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Flood peak distributions indicate how likely the occurrence of an extreme flood is at a certain river. If the distribution has a so-called heavy tail, extreme floods are more likely than might be anticipated. We find heavier tails in small catchments compared to large catchments, and spatially variable rainfall leads to a lower occurrence probability of extreme floods. Spatially variable runoff does not show effects. The results can improve estimations of probabilities of extreme floods.
Junfu Gong, Xingwen Liu, Cheng Yao, Zhijia Li, Albrecht H. Weerts, Qiaoling Li, Satish Bastola, Yingchun Huang, and Junzeng Xu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 335–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-335-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-335-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study introduces a new method to improve flood forecasting by combining soil moisture and streamflow data using an advanced data assimilation technique. By integrating field and reanalysis soil moisture data and assimilating this with streamflow measurements, we aim to enhance the accuracy of flood predictions. This approach reduces the accumulation of past errors in the initial conditions at the start of the forecast, helping to better prepare for and respond to floods.
Jordy Salmon-Monviola, Ophélie Fovet, and Markus Hrachowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 127–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-127-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-127-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
To increase the predictive power of hydrological models, it is necessary to improve their consistency, i.e. their physical realism, which is measured by the ability of the model to reproduce observed system dynamics. Using a model to represent the dynamics of water and nitrate and dissolved organic carbon concentrations in an agricultural catchment, we showed that using solute-concentration data for calibration is useful to improve the hydrological consistency of the model.
Haley A. Canham, Belize Lane, Colin B. Phillips, and Brendan P. Murphy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 27–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-27-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-27-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of watershed disturbances has proved challenging to disentangle from natural streamflow variability. This study evaluates the influence of time-varying hydrologic controls on rainfall–runoff in undisturbed and wildfire-disturbed watersheds using a novel time-series event separation method. Across watersheds, water year type and season influenced rainfall–runoff patterns. Accounting for these controls enabled clearer isolation of wildfire effects.
Fabian Merk, Timo Schaffhauser, Faizan Anwar, Ye Tuo, Jean-Martial Cohard, and Markus Disse
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5511–5539, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5511-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5511-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Evapotranspiration (ET) is computed from the vegetation (plant transpiration) and soil (soil evaporation). In western Africa, plant transpiration correlates with vegetation growth. Vegetation is often represented using the leaf area index (LAI). In this study, we evaluate the importance of the LAI for ET calculation. We take a close look at this interaction and highlight its relevance. Our work contributes to the understanding of terrestrial water cycle processes .
Eshrat Fatima, Rohini Kumar, Sabine Attinger, Maren Kaluza, Oldrich Rakovec, Corinna Rebmann, Rafael Rosolem, Sascha E. Oswald, Luis Samaniego, Steffen Zacharias, and Martin Schrön
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5419–5441, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study establishes a framework to incorporate cosmic-ray neutron measurements into the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM). We evaluate different approaches to estimate neutron counts within the mHM using the Desilets equation, with uniformly and non-uniformly weighted average soil moisture, and the physically based code COSMIC. The data improved not only soil moisture simulations but also the parameterisation of evapotranspiration in the model.
Laia Estrada, Xavier Garcia, Joan Saló-Grau, Rafael Marcé, Antoni Munné, and Vicenç Acuña
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5353–5373, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5353-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5353-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological modelling is a powerful tool to support decision-making. We assessed spatio-temporal patterns and trends of streamflow for 2001–2022 with a hydrological model, integrating stakeholder expert knowledge on management operations. The results provide insight into how climate change and anthropogenic pressures affect water resources availability in regions vulnerable to water scarcity, thus raising the need for sustainable management practices and integrated hydrological modelling.
Patricio Yeste, Matilde García-Valdecasas Ojeda, Sonia R. Gámiz-Fortis, Yolanda Castro-Díez, Axel Bronstert, and María Jesús Esteban-Parra
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5331–5352, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5331-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5331-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Integrating streamflow and evaporation data can help improve the physical realism of hydrologic models. We investigate the capabilities of the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) to reproduce both hydrologic variables for 189 headwater located in Spain. Results from sensitivity analyses indicate that adding two vegetation parameters is enough to improve the representation of evaporation and that the performance of VIC exceeded that of the largest modelling effort currently available in Spain.
Eduardo Acuña Espinoza, Frederik Kratzert, Daniel Klotz, Martin Gauch, Manuel Álvarez Chaves, Ralf Loritz, and Uwe Ehret
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3355, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3355, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance for rainfall-runoff hydrological modeling. However, most studies focus on daily-scale predictions, limiting the benefits of sub-daily (e.g. hourly) predictions in applications like flood forecasting. In this study, we introduce a new architecture, multi-frequency LSTM (MF-LSTM), designed to use input of various temporal frequencies to produce sub-daily (e.g. hourly) predictions at a moderate computational cost.
Daniel T. Myers, David Jones, Diana Oviedo-Vargas, John Paul Schmit, Darren L. Ficklin, and Xuesong Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5295–5310, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5295-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5295-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how streamflow and water quality models respond to land cover data collected by satellites during the growing season versus the non-growing season. The land cover data showed more trees during the growing season and more built areas during the non-growing season. We next found that the use of non-growing season data resulted in a higher modeled nutrient export to streams. Knowledge of these sensitivities would be particularly important when models inform water resource management.
Kevin R. Shook, Paul H. Whitfield, Christopher Spence, and John W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5173–5192, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recent studies suggest that the velocities of water running off landscapes in the Canadian Prairies may be much smaller than generally assumed. Analyses of historical flows for 23 basins in central Alberta show that many of the rivers responded more slowly and that the flows are much slower than would be estimated from equations developed elsewhere. The effects of slow flow velocities on the development of hydrological models of the region are discussed, as are the possible causes.
Alberto Bassi, Marvin Höge, Antonietta Mira, Fabrizio Fenicia, and Carlo Albert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4971–4988, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The goal is to remove the impact of meteorological drivers in order to uncover the unique landscape fingerprints of a catchment from streamflow data. Our results reveal an optimal two-feature summary for most catchments, with a third feature associated with aridity and intermittent flow that is needed for challenging cases. Baseflow index, aridity, and soil or vegetation attributes strongly correlate with learnt features, indicating their importance for streamflow prediction.
Guillaume Thirel, Léonard Santos, Olivier Delaigue, and Charles Perrin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4837–4860, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss how mathematical transformations impact calibrated hydrological model simulations. We assess how 11 transformations behave over the complete range of streamflows. Extreme transformations lead to models that are specialized for extreme streamflows but show poor performance outside the range of targeted streamflows and are less robust. We show that no a priori assumption about transformations can be taken as warranted.
Robert Hull, Elena Leonarduzzi, Luis De La Fuente, Hoang Viet Tran, Andrew Bennett, Peter Melchior, Reed M. Maxwell, and Laura E. Condon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4685–4713, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4685-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4685-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale hydrologic simulators are a needed tool to explore complex watershed processes and how they may evolve with a changing climate. However, calibrating them can be difficult because they are costly to run and have many unknown parameters. We implement a state-of-the-art approach to model calibration using neural networks with a set of experiments based on streamflow in the upper Colorado River basin.
Jari-Pekka Nousu, Kersti Leppä, Hannu Marttila, Pertti Ala-aho, Giulia Mazzotti, Terhikki Manninen, Mika Korkiakoski, Mika Aurela, Annalea Lohila, and Samuli Launiainen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4643–4666, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4643-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4643-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We used hydrological models, field measurements, and satellite-based data to study the soil moisture dynamics in a subarctic catchment. The role of groundwater was studied with different ways to model the groundwater dynamics and via comparisons to the observational data. The choice of groundwater model was shown to have a strong impact, and representation of lateral flow was important to capture wet soil conditions. Our results provide insights for ecohydrological studies in boreal regions.
Chen Yang, Zitong Jia, Wenjie Xu, Zhongwang Wei, Xiaolang Zhang, Yiguang Zou, Jeffrey McDonnell, Laura Condon, Yongjiu Dai, and Reed Maxwell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-292, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-292, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
We developed the first high-resolution, integrated surface water-groundwater hydrologic model of the entire continental China using ParFlow. The model shows good performance of streamflow and water table depth when compared to global data products and observations. It is essential for water resources management and decision making in China within a consistent framework in the changing world. It also has significant implications for similar modeling in other places in the world.
Nienke Tempel, Laurène Bouaziz, Riccardo Taormina, Ellis van Noppen, Jasper Stam, Eric Sprokkereef, and Markus Hrachowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4577–4597, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4577-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4577-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the impact of climatic variability on root zone water storage capacities and, thus, on hydrological predictions. Analysing data from 286 areas in Europe and the US, we found that, despite some variations in root zone storage capacity due to changing climatic conditions over multiple decades, these changes are generally minor and have a limited effect on water storage and river flow predictions.
Bu Li, Ting Sun, Fuqiang Tian, Mahmut Tudaji, Li Qin, and Guangheng Ni
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4521–4538, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4521-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4521-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper developed hybrid semi-distributed hydrological models by employing a process-based model as the backbone and utilizing deep learning to parameterize and replace internal modules. The main contribution is to provide a high-performance tool enriched with explicit hydrological knowledge for hydrological prediction and to improve understanding about the hydrological sensitivities to climate change in large alpine basins.
Dan Elhanati, Nadine Goeppert, and Brian Berkowitz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4239–4249, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4239-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4239-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A continuous time random walk framework was developed to allow modeling of a karst aquifer discharge response to measured rainfall. The application of the numerical model yielded robust fits between modeled and measured discharge values, especially for the distinctive long tails found during recession times. The findings shed light on the interplay of slow and fast flow in the karst system and establish the application of the model for simulating flow and transport in such systems.
Frederik Kratzert, Martin Gauch, Daniel Klotz, and Grey Nearing
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4187–4201, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4187-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4187-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, a special type of neural-network architecture became increasingly popular in hydrology literature. However, in most applications, this model was applied as a one-to-one replacement for hydrology models without adapting or rethinking the experimental setup. In this opinion paper, we show how this is almost always a bad decision and how using these kinds of models requires the use of large-sample hydrology data sets.
Franziska Clerc-Schwarzenbach, Giovanni Selleri, Mattia Neri, Elena Toth, Ilja van Meerveld, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4219–4237, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that the differences between the forcing data included in three CAMELS datasets (US, BR, GB) and the forcing data included for the same catchments in the Caravan dataset affect model calibration considerably. The model performance dropped when the data from the Caravan dataset were used instead of the original data. Most of the model performance drop could be attributed to the differences in precipitation data. However, differences were largest for the potential evapotranspiration data.
Ying Zhao, Mehdi Rahmati, Harry Vereecken, and Dani Or
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4059–4063, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Gao et al. (2023) question the importance of soil in hydrology, sparking debate. We acknowledge some valid points but critique their broad, unsubstantiated views on soil's role. Our response highlights three key areas: (1) the false divide between ecosystem-centric and soil-centric approaches, (2) the vital yet varied impact of soil properties, and (3) the call for a scale-aware framework. We aim to unify these perspectives, enhancing hydrology's comprehensive understanding.
Louise Mimeau, Annika Künne, Alexandre Devers, Flora Branger, Sven Kralisch, Claire Lauvernet, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Núria Bonada, Zoltán Csabai, Heikki Mykrä, Petr Pařil, Luka Polović, and Thibault Datry
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-272, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-272, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Our study projects how climate change will affect drying of river segments and stream networks in Europe, using advanced modeling techniques to assess changes in six river networks across diverse ecoregions. We found that drying events will become more frequent, intense and start earlier or last longer, potentially turning some river sections from perennial to intermittent. The results are valuable for river ecologists in evaluating the ecological health of river ecosystem.
Siyuan Wang, Markus Hrachowitz, and Gerrit Schoups
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4011–4033, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4011-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4011-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Root zone storage capacity (Sumax) changes significantly over multiple decades, reflecting vegetation adaptation to climatic variability. However, this temporal evolution of Sumax cannot explain long-term fluctuations in the partitioning of water fluxes as expressed by deviations ΔIE from the parametric Budyko curve over time with different climatic conditions, and it does not have any significant effects on shorter-term hydrological response characteristics of the upper Neckar catchment.
Fabián Lema, Pablo A. Mendoza, Nicolás A. Vásquez, Naoki Mizukami, Mauricio Zambrano-Bigiarini, and Ximena Vargas
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-221, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-221, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological droughts affect ecosystems and socioeconomic activities worldwide. Despite they are commonly described with the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), there is limited understanding of what it truly reflects in terms of water cycle processes. Here, we used state-of-the-art hydrological models in Andean basins to examine drivers of SSI fluctuations. The results highlight the importance of careful selection of indices and time scales for accurate drought characterization and monitoring.
Ryan S. Padrón, Massimiliano Zappa, Luzi Bernhard, and Konrad Bogner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2591, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We generate operational forecasts of daily maximum stream water temperature for the next month at 54 stations in Switzerland with our best performing data-driven model. The average forecast error is 0.38 °C for 1 day ahead and increases to 0.90 °C for 1 month ahead given the uncertainty in the meteorological variables influencing water temperature. Here we compare the skill of several models, how well they can forecast at new and ungauged stations, and the importance of different model inputs.
Zehua Chang, Hongkai Gao, Leilei Yong, Kang Wang, Rensheng Chen, Chuntan Han, Otgonbayar Demberel, Batsuren Dorjsuren, Shugui Hou, and Zheng Duan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3897–3917, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3897-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3897-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
An integrated cryospheric–hydrologic model, FLEX-Cryo, was developed that considers glaciers, snow cover, and frozen soil and their dynamic impacts on hydrology. We utilized it to simulate future changes in cryosphere and hydrology in the Hulu catchment. Our projections showed the two glaciers will melt completely around 2050, snow cover will reduce, and permafrost will degrade. For hydrology, runoff will decrease after the glacier has melted, and permafrost degradation will increase baseflow.
Henry M. Zimba, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Kawawa E. Banda, Petra Hulsman, Nick van de Giesen, Imasiku A. Nyambe, and Hubert H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3633–3663, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3633-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3633-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The fall and flushing of new leaves in the miombo woodlands co-occur in the dry season before the commencement of seasonal rainfall. The miombo species are also said to have access to soil moisture in deep soils, including groundwater in the dry season. Satellite-based evaporation estimates, temporal trends, and magnitudes differ the most in the dry season, most likely due to inadequate understanding and representation of the highlighted miombo species attributes in simulations.
Jean-Luc Martel, François Brissette, Richard Arsenault, Richard Turcotte, Mariana Castañeda-Gonzalez, William Armstrong, Edouard Mailhot, Jasmine Pelletier-Dumont, Gabriel Rondeau-Genesse, and Louis-Philippe Caron
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2133, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2133, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks with traditional hydrological models to predict future streamflow under climate change. Using data from 148 catchments, it finds that LSTM models, which learn from extensive data sequences, perform differently and often better than traditional hydrolgical models. The continental LSTM model, which includes data from diverse climate zones, is particularly effective for understanding climate impacts on water resources.
Louise Akemi Kuana, Arlan Scortegagna Almeida, Emílio Graciliano Ferreira Mercuri, and Steffen Manfred Noe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3367–3390, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The authors compared regionalization methods for river flow prediction in 126 catchments from the south of Brazil, a region with humid subtropical and hot temperate climate. The regionalization method based on physiographic–climatic similarity had the best performance for predicting daily and Q95 reference flow. We showed that basins without flow monitoring can have a good approximation of streamflow using machine learning and physiographic–climatic information as inputs.
Huy Dang and Yadu Pokhrel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3347–3365, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
By examining basin-wide simulations of a river regime over 83 years with and without dams, we present evidence that climate variation was a key driver of hydrologic variabilities in the Mekong River basin (MRB) over the long term; however, dams have largely altered the seasonality of the Mekong’s flow regime and annual flooding patterns in major downstream areas in recent years. These findings could help us rethink the planning of future dams and water resource management in the MRB.
Yongshin Lee, Francesca Pianosi, Andres Peñuela, and Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3261–3279, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3261-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3261-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Following recent advancements in weather prediction technology, we explored how seasonal weather forecasts (1 or more months ahead) could benefit practical water management in South Korea. Our findings highlight that using seasonal weather forecasts for predicting flow patterns 1 to 3 months ahead is effective, especially during dry years. This suggest that seasonal weather forecasts can be helpful in improving the management of water resources.
Mariam Khanam, Giulia Sofia, and Emmanouil N. Anagnostou
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3161–3190, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3161-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3161-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Flooding worsens due to climate change, with river dynamics being a key in local flood control. Predicting post-storm geomorphic changes is challenging. Using self-organizing maps and machine learning, this study forecasts post-storm alterations in stage–discharge relationships across 3101 US stream gages. The provided framework can aid in updating hazard assessments by identifying rivers prone to change, integrating channel adjustments into flood hazard assessment.
Yalan Song, Wouter J. M. Knoben, Martyn P. Clark, Dapeng Feng, Kathryn Lawson, Kamlesh Sawadekar, and Chaopeng Shen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3051–3077, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Differentiable models (DMs) integrate neural networks and physical equations for accuracy, interpretability, and knowledge discovery. We developed an adjoint-based DM for ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for hydrological modeling, reducing distorted fluxes and physical parameters from errors in models that use explicit and operation-splitting schemes. With a better numerical scheme and improved structure, the adjoint-based DM matches or surpasses long short-term memory (LSTM) performance.
Mahmut Tudaji, Yi Nan, and Fuqiang Tian
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1438, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1438, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Common intuition holds that higher input data resolution leads to better results. To assess the benefits of high-resolution data, we conducted simulation experiments using data with various temporal resolutions across multiple catchments, and found that higher resolution data does not always improve model performance, challenging the necessity of pursuing such data. In catchments with small areas or significant flow variability, high-resolution data is more valuable.
Florian Willkofer, Raul R. Wood, and Ralf Ludwig
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2969–2989, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2969-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2969-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Severe flood events pose a threat to riverine areas, yet robust estimates of the dynamics of these events in the future due to climate change are rarely available. Hence, this study uses data from a regional climate model, SMILE, to drive a high-resolution hydrological model for 98 catchments of hydrological Bavaria and exploits the large database to derive robust values for the 100-year flood events. Results indicate an increase in frequency and intensity for most catchments in the future.
Maik Renner and Corina Hauffe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2849–2869, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2849-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2849-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Climate and land surface changes influence the partitioning of water balance components decisively. Their impact is quantified for 71 catchments in Saxony. Germany. Distinct signatures in the joint water and energy budgets are found: (i) past forest dieback caused a decrease in and subsequent recovery of evapotranspiration in the affected regions, and (ii) the recent shift towards higher aridity imposed a large decline in runoff that has not been seen in the observation records before.
Zhen Cui, Shenglian Guo, Hua Chen, Dedi Liu, Yanlai Zhou, and Chong-Yu Xu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2809–2829, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2809-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2809-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ensemble forecasting facilitates reliable flood forecasting and warning. This study couples the copula-based hydrologic uncertainty processor (CHUP) with Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and proposes the novel CHUP-BMA method of reducing inflow forecasting uncertainty of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The CHUP-BMA avoids the normal distribution assumption in the HUP-BMA and considers the constraint of initial conditions, which can improve the deterministic and probabilistic forecast performance.
Mazda Kompanizare, Diogo Costa, Merrin L. Macrae, John W. Pomeroy, and Richard M. Petrone
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2785–2807, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2785-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2785-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A new agricultural tile drainage module was developed in the Cold Region Hydrological Model platform. Tile flow and water levels are simulated by considering the effect of capillary fringe thickness, drainable water and seasonal regional groundwater dynamics. The model was applied to a small well-instrumented farm in southern Ontario, Canada, where there are concerns about the impacts of agricultural drainage into Lake Erie.
Eduardo Acuña Espinoza, Ralf Loritz, Manuel Álvarez Chaves, Nicole Bäuerle, and Uwe Ehret
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2705–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2705-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2705-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological hybrid models promise to merge the performance of deep learning methods with the interpretability of process-based models. One hybrid approach is the dynamic parameterization of conceptual models using long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. We explored this method to evaluate the effect of the flexibility given by LSTMs on the process-based part.
Adam Griffin, Alison L. Kay, Paul Sayers, Victoria Bell, Elizabeth Stewart, and Sam Carr
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2635–2650, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2635-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2635-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Widespread flooding is a major problem in the UK and is greatly affected by climate change and land-use change. To look at how widespread flooding changes in the future, climate model data (UKCP18) were used with a hydrological model (Grid-to-Grid) across the UK, and 14 400 events were identified between two time slices: 1980–2010 and 2050–2080. There was a strong increase in the number of winter events in the future time slice and in the peak return periods.
Alberto Montanari, Bruno Merz, and Günter Blöschl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2603–2615, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2603-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2603-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Floods often take communities by surprise, as they are often considered virtually
impossibleyet are an ever-present threat similar to the sword suspended over the head of Damocles in the classical Greek anecdote. We discuss four reasons why extremely large floods carry a risk that is often larger than expected. We provide suggestions for managing the risk of megafloods by calling for a creative exploration of hazard scenarios and communicating the unknown corners of the reality of floods.
Cited articles
Abdi, H.: Partial least squares regression and projection on latent structure regression (PLS Regression), Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat., 2, 97–106, https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.51, 2010.
Aghsaei, H., Dinan, N. M., Moridi, A., Asadolahi, Z., Delavar, M., Fohrer, N., and Wagner, P. D.: Effects of dynamic land use/land cover change on water resources and sediment yield in the Anzali wetland catchment, Gilan, Iran, Sci. Total Environ., 712, 136449, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136449, 2020.
Amin, M. M., Veith, T. L., Shortle, J. S., Karsten, H. D., and Kleinman, P. J.: Addressing the spatial disconnect between national-scale total maximum daily loads and localized land management decisions, J. Environ. Qual., 49,
613–627, https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20051, 2020.
Amiri, B. J. and Nakane, K.: Modeling the linkage between river water quality and landscape metrics in the Chugoku district of Japan, Water. Resor. Manage., 23, 931–956, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-008-9307-z, 2009.
Anand, J., Gosain, A. K., and Khosa, R.: Prediction of land use changes based on Land Change Modeler and attribution of changes in the water balance of Ganga basin to land use change using the SWAT model, Sci. Total Environ., 644, 503–519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.017, 2018.
Antolini, F., Tate, E., Dalzell, B., Young, N., Johnson, K., and Hawthorne,
P. L.: Flood risk reduction from agricultural best management practices, J.
Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 56, 161–179, https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12812, 2020.
Aredo, M. R., Hatiye, S. D., and Pingale, S. M.: Impact of land use/land
cover change on stream flow in the Shaya catchment of Ethiopia using the
MIKE SHE model, Arab. J. Geosci., 14, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-06447-2, 2021.
Arnold, J., Kiniry, J., Srinivasan, R., Williams, J., Haney, E., and Neitsch, S.: SWAT 2012 input/output documentation, Texas Water Resources Institute, https://swat.tamu.edu/media/69296/swat-io-documentation-2012.pdf (last access: 12 October 2019), 2013.
Arnold, J., Kiniry, J., Srinivasan, R., Williams, J., Haney, E., and
Neitsch, S.: SWAT2012 Executables file, https://swat.tamu.edu/software/swat-executables/, last access: 10 January 2019.
Arnold, J. G., Srinivasan, R., Muttiah, R. S., and Williams, J. R.: Large
area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: model development 1, J. Am.
Water Resour. Assoc., 34, 73–89, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb05961.x, 1998.
Ayivi, F. and Jha, M. K.: Estimation of water balance and water yield in the
Reedy Fork-Buffalo Creek Watershed in North Carolina using SWAT, Int. Soil
Water Conserv. Res., 6, 203–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.03.007, 2018.
Basuki, T. M., Nugrahanto, E. B., Pramono, I. B., and Wijaya, W. W.: Baseflow and lowflow of catchments covered by various old teak forest areas, J. Degrad. Min. Lands Manage, 6, 1609, https://doi.org/10.15243/JDMLM.2019.062.1609, 2019.
Bicknell, B., Imhoff, J., Kittle, J., Donigian, A., and Johanson, R. C.:
Hydrological simulation program–Fortran (HSPF): User's manual for release 12, US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research
Laboratory, Athens, GA, https://www.casqa.org/sites/default/files/hspf-12.pdf (last access: 4 April 2021), 2001.
Bieger, K., Hörmann, G., and Fohrer, N.: Simulation of streamflow and
sediment with the soil and water assessment tool in a data scarce catchment
in the three gorges region, China, J. Environ. Qual., 43, 37–45,
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0383, 2014.
Boongaling, C. G. K., Faustino-Eslava, D. V., and Lansigan, F. P.: Modeling
land use change impacts on hydrology and the use of landscape metrics as tools for watershed management: The case of an ungauged catchment in the
Philippines, Land Use Policy, 72, 116–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.12.042, 2018.
Dickhaut, W.: Fließgewässerrenaturierung Heute–Forschung zu Effizienz und Umsetzungspraxis – Abschlussbericht, Hochschule für
angewandte Wissenschaften, Hamburg, http://www.fischartenatlas.de/cms/images/stories/09a_Lebensraeume/Fliessgewaesser/SCHWARK_etal_2005_Fliessgewaesserrenaturierung_heute_Effizienz_Umsetzungspraxis_BMBF-Abschlussbericht.pdf (last access: 6 March 2020), 2005.
Ding, J., Jiang, Y., Liu, Q., Hou, Z., Liao, J., Fu, L., and Peng, Q.:
Influences of the land use pattern on water quality in low-order streams of
the Dongjiang River basin, China: a multi-scale analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 551, 205–216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.162, 2016.
DWD – Deutscher Wetterdienst: Precipitation data 1990–2019, Precipitation
stations Haale, Padenstedt, Nettelsee and Itzehoe, Climate data 1990–2019,
Climate station Pony Padenstedt, DWD [data set],
https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/ (last access: July 2020), 2020a.
DWD – Deutscher Wetterdienst: Climate data 1990–2019, Climate station Pony
Padenstedt, https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/ (last access: July 2020), 2020b.
Deutsches Einheitsverfahren: Selected Methods of Water Analysis, Bd. I, II. VEB, Gustav Fisher, Jena, 1997.
Farjad, B., Pooyandeh, M., Gupta, A., Motamedi, M., and Marceau, D.: Modelling interactions between land use, climate, and hydrology along with
stakeholders' negotiation for water resources management, Sustainability, 9,
2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112022, 2017.
Ferreira, A., Fernandes, L. S., Cortes, R., and Pacheco, F.: Assessing
anthropogenic impacts on riverine ecosystems using nested partial least squares regression, Sci. Total Environ., 583, 466–477,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.106, 2017.
Fiener, P., Auerswald, K., and Van Oost, K.: Spatio-temporal patterns in land use and management affecting surface runoff response of agricultural catchments – A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 106, 92–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.004, 2011.
Finnern, J.: Böden und Leitbodengesellschaften des Störeinzugsgebietes in Schleswig-Holstein: Vergesellschaftung und
Stoffaustragsprognose (K, Ca, Mg) mittels GIS, Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde der Universität Kiel, Kiel, 1997.
Forman, R. T.: Some general principles of landscape and regional ecology, Landsc. Ecol., 10, 133–142, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00133027, 1995.
Gabriels, K., Willems, P., and Van Orshoven, J.: Performance evaluation of
spatially distributed, CN-based rainfall-runoff model configurations for
implementation in spatial land use optimization analyses, J. Hydrol., 602,
126872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126872, 2021.
Gashaw, T., Tulu, T., Argaw, M., and Worqlul, A. W.: Modeling the hydrological impacts of land use/land cover changes in the Andassa watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia, Sci. Total Environ., 619, 1394–1408,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.191, 2018.
Gémesi, Z., Downing, J. A., Cruse, R. M., and Anderson, P. F.: Effects
of watershed configuration and composition on downstream lake water quality,
J. Environ. Qual., 40, 517–527, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0133, 2011.
Gessner, J., Spratte, S., and Kirschbaum, F.: Störe für die Stör – Wem hilft ein lebendes Fossil, Steinburger Jahrbuch, 54, 247–273, 2010.
Ghimire, C. P., Bruijnzeel, L. A., Lubczynski, M. W., Ravelona, M., Zwartendijk, B. W., and van Meerveld, H. I.: Measurement and modeling of
rainfall interception by two differently aged secondary forests in upland
eastern Madagascar, J. Hydrol., 545, 212–225,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.10.032, 2017.
Gleick, P. H.: A look at twenty-first century water resources development,
Water Int., 25, 127–138, https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686804, 2000.
Goldewijk, K. K. and Ramankutty, N.: Land cover change over the last three
centuries due to human activities: The availability of new global data sets,
Geo J., 61, 335–344, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-004-5050-z, 2004.
Gu, D., Zhang, Y., Fu, J., and Zhang, X.: The landscape pattern characteristics of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay under the impact of human activities, Environ. Monit. Assess., 124, 361–370, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9232-7, 2007.
Guse, B., Reusser, D. E., and Fohrer, N.: How to improve the representation of hydrological processes in SWAT for a lowland catchment–temporal analysis of parameter sensitivity and model performance, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2651–2670, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9777, 2014.
Guse, B., Kiesel, J., Pfannerstill, M., and Fohrer, N.: Assessing parameter identifiability for multiple performance criteria to constrain model parameters, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 65, 1158–1172, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2020.1734204, 2020.
Haas, M. B., Guse, B., Pfannerstill, M., and Fohrer, N.: A joined multi-metric calibration of river discharge and nitrate loads with different
performance measures, J. Hydrol., 536, 534–545, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.001, 2016.
Haas, M. B., Guse, B., and Fohrer, N.: Assessing the impacts of Best Management Practices on nitrate pollution in an agricultural dominated lowland catchment considering environmental protection versus economic
development, J. Environ. Manage., 196, 347–364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.060, 2017.
Haidary, A., Amiri, B. J., Adamowski, J., Fohrer, N., and Nakane, K.: Assessing the impacts of four land use types on the water quality of wetlands in Japan, Water Resour. Manage., 27, 2217–2229, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0284-5, 2013.
Hargis, C. D., Bissonette, J. A., and David, J. L.: The behavior of landscape metrics commonly used in the study of habitat fragmentation, Landsc. Ecol., 13, 167–186, 1998.
Hatano, R., Nagumo, T., Hata, H., and Kuramochi, K.: Impact of nitrogen cycling on stream water quality in a basin associated with forest, grassland, and animal husbandry, Hokkaido, Japan, Ecol. Eng., 24, 509–515,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.01.011, 2005.
Hesselbarth, M. H., Sciaini, M., With, K. A., Wiegand, K., and Nowosad, J.:
landscapemetrics: An open-source R tool to calculate landscape metrics,
Ecography, 42, 1648–1657, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04617, 2019.
Idrissou, M., Diekkrüger, B., Tischbein, B., Op de Hipt, F., Näschen, K., Poméon, T., Yira, Y., and Ibrahim, B.: Modeling the Impact of Climate and Land Use/Land Cover Change on Water Availability in an Inland Valley Catchment in Burkina Faso, Hydrology, 9, 12, https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9010012, 2022.
Jones, K. B., Neale, A. C., Nash, M. S., Van Remortel, R. D., Wickham, J. D., Riitters, K. H., and O'neill, R. V.: Predicting nutrient and sediment loadings to streams from landscape metrics: a multiple watershed study from the United States Mid-Atlantic Region, Landsc. Ecol., 16, 301–312,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011175013278, 2001.
Kändler, M., Blechinger, K., Seidler, C., Pavlů, V., Šanda, M.,
Dostál, T., Krása, J., Vitvar, T., and Štich, M.: Impact of land
use on water quality in the upper Nisa catchment in the Czech Republic and
in Germany, Sci. Total Environ., 586, 1316–1325,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.221, 2017.
Kiesel, J., Schmalz, B., and Fohrer, N.: SEPAL – a simple GIS-based tool to
estimate sediment pathways in lowland catchments, Adv. Geosci., 21, 25–32,
https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-21-25-2009, 2009.
KTBL: Kuratorium für Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft, Betriebsplanung Landwirtschaft 1995/1996 and 2008/2009, 14. and 21. Edn.,
KTBL, Darmstadt, ISBN 9783784319346, ISBN 9783939371663, 1995 and 2008.
Kucheryavskiy, S.: mdatools – R package for chemometrics, Chemom. Intel.
Lab. Syst., 198, 103937, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.103937, 2020.
Kühling, I.: Modellierung und räumliche Analyse der Phosphateintragspfade im Einzugsgebiet eines norddeutschen Tieflandbaches,
Master thesis, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 2011.
Kumar, S., Getirana, A., Libonati, R., Hain, C., Mahanama, S., and Andela, N.: Changes in land use enhance the sensitivity of tropical ecosystems to
fire-climate extremes, Sci. Rep., 12, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05130-0, 2022.
Lam, Q., Schmalz, B., and Fohrer, N.: Modelling point and diffuse source
pollution of nitrate in a rural lowland catchment using the SWAT model, Agr. Water Manage., 97, 317–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.10.004, 2010.
Lam, Q., Schmalz, B., and Fohrer, N.: Assessing the spatial and temporal
variations of water quality in lowland areas, Northern Germany, J. Hydrol.,
438, 137–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.011, 2012.
Lei, C., Wagner, P. D., and Fohrer, N.: Identifying the most important spatially distributed variables for explaining land use patterns in a rural
lowland catchment in Germany, J. Geogr. Sci., 29, 1788–1806,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1690-2, 2019.
Lei, C., Wagner, P. D., and Fohrer, N.: Effects of land cover, topography, and soil on stream water quality at multiple spatial and seasonal scales in a German lowland catchment, Ecol. Indic., 120, 106940, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106940, 2021.
Li, G., Zhang, F., Jing, Y., Liu, Y., and Sun, G.: Response of evapotranspiration to changes in land use and land cover and climate in China during 2001–2013, Sci. Total Environ., 596, 256–265,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.080, 2017.
Li, S., Gu, S., Liu, W., Han, H., and Zhang, Q.: Water quality in relation
to land use and land cover in the upper Han River Basin, China, Catena, 75,
216–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.06.005, 2008.
LKN: Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz
Schleswig-Holstein, Discharge data from gauges Padenstedt (https://www.umweltdaten.landsh.de/pegel/jsp/pegel.jsp?gui=ganglinie&thema=q&mstnr=114200, last access: 3 April 2020), Sarlhusen (https://www.umweltdaten.landsh.de/pegel/jsp/pegel.jsp?gui=ganglinie&thema=q&mstnr=114131, last access: 25 March 2020) and
Willenscharen https://www.umweltdaten.landsh.de/pegel/jsp/pegel.jsp?gui=ganglinie&thema=q&mstnr=114135, last access: 25 March 2020), 2020a.
LKN: Landesbetrieb für Küstenschutz, Nationalpark und Meeresschutz Schleswig-Holstein, Discharge data, http://www.umweltdaten.landsh.de (last access: 3 April 2020), 2020b.
Lu, Y., Song, S., Wang, R., Liu, Z., Meng, J., Sweetman, A. J., Jenkins, A.,
Ferrier, R. C., Li, H., and Luo, W.: Impacts of soil and water pollution on
food safety and health risks in China, Environ. Int., 77, 5–15,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.12.010, 2015.
LvermA: Digitales Geländenmodell (ATKIS-DGM LiDAR), Gitterweite 5×5 m, Land survey office, Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany, 2008.
LWK: Landwirtschaftskammer Schleswig-Holstein. Richtwerte für die
Düngung 1991 and 2011, 13. and 21 Edn., LWK, Rendsburg, 1991 and 2011.
Maranguit, D., Guillaume, T., and Kuzyakov, Y.: Land-use change affects phosphorus fractions in highly weathered tropical soils, Catena, 149, 385–393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.10.010, 2017.
Mevik, B.-H., Wehrens, R., and Liland, K. H.: pls: Partial least squares and
principal component regression, R package version 2, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=pls, last access: 20 December 2020.
Mirghaed, F. A., Souri, B., Mohammadzadeh, M., Salmanmahiny, A., and Mirkarimi, S. H.: Evaluation of the relationship between soil erosion and
landscape metrics across Gorgan Watershed in northern Iran, Environ. Monit.
Assess., 190, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7040-5, 2018.
Monaghan, R., Wilcock, R., Smith, L., Tikkisetty, B., Thorrold, B., and
Costall, D.: Linkages between land management activities and water quality
in an intensively farmed catchment in southern New Zealand, Agr. Ecosyst.
Environ., 118, 211–222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.016, 2007.
Moriasi, D. N., Arnold, J. G., Van Liew, M. W., Bingner, R. L., Harmel, R.
D., and Veith, T. L.: Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations, T. ASABE, 50, 885–900, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153, 2007.
Nafi'Shehab, Z., Jamil, N. R., Aris, A. Z., and Shafie, N. S.: Spatial variation impact of landscape patterns and land use on water quality across
an urbanized watershed in Bentong, Malaysia, Ecol. Indic., 122, 107254,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107254, 2021.
Neitsch, S. L., Arnold, J. G., Kiniry, J. R., and Williams, J. R.: Soil and
water assessment tool theoretical documentation version 2009, Texas Water
Resources Institute, https://swat.tamu.edu/media/99192/swat2009-theory.pdf (last access: 1 January 2019), 2011.
Noe, G. B., Hupp, C. R., and Rybicki, N. B.: Hydrogeomorphology influences
soil nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in floodplain wetlands, Ecosystems, 16, 75–94, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-012-9597-0, 2013.
Onderka, M., Wrede, S., Rodný, M., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., and Krein,
A.: Hydrogeologic and landscape controls of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved silica (DSi) fluxes in heterogeneous catchments, J. Hydrol., 450, 36–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.05.035, 2012.
Oppelt, N., Rathjens, H., and Dörnhöfer, K.: Integration of land cover data into the open source model SWAT, in: First Sentinel-2 Preparatory
Symposium, April 2012, Frascati, Italy, 23–27, ESA SP-707,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259632792 (last access: 2 June 2020), 2012.
Peel, M. C., McMahon, T. A., and Finlayson, B. L.: Vegetation impact on mean
annual evapotranspiration at a global catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., 46, W09508, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008233, 2010.
Pfannerstill, M., Guse, B., and Fohrer, N.: A multi-storage groundwater
concept for the SWAT model to emphasize nonlinear groundwater dynamics in
lowland catchments, Hydrol. Process., 28, 5599–5612, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10062, 2014.
Pott, C. A.: Integrated monitoring, assessment and modeling of nitrogen and
phosphorus pollution in a lowland catchment in Germany: a long-term study on
water quality, Christian-Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dissertation_derivate_00005297/Dissertation_Pott_AGRAR_29.1.14.pdf (last access: 7 July 2018), 2014.
Pott, C. A. and Fohrer, N.: Best management practices to reduce nitrate pollution in a rural watershed in Germany, Rev. Ambiente Agua, 12, 888–901,
https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2099, 2017a.
Pott, C. A. and Fohrer, N.: Hydrological modeling in a rural catchment in
Germany, Appl. Res. Agrotech., 10, 7–16, 2017b.
Rathjens, H., Dörnhöfer, K., and Oppelt, N.: IRSeL – An approach to
enhance continuity and accuracy of remotely sensed land cover data, Int. J.
Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 31, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.02.010, 2014.
Riitters, K.: Pattern metrics for a transdisciplinary landscape ecology,
Landsc. Ecol., 34, 2057–2063, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0755-4, 2019.
Ripl, W., Janssen, T., Hildmann, C., and Otto, I.: Entwicklung eines Land-Gewässer Bewirtschaftungskonzeptes zur Senkung von Stoffverlusten
an Gewässer (Stör-Projekt I und II), Forschungsbericht, TU Berlin,
Berlin, http://www.aquaterra-berlin.de/images/stories/stoer_endber01/Ripl-et-al_1996_Stoer-Endbericht_150dpi_mCmP_.pdf (last access: 2 May 2020), 1996.
Shawul, A. A., Chakma, S., and Melesse, A. M.: The response of water balance
components to land cover change based on hydrologic modeling and partial
least squares regression (PLSR) analysis in the Upper Awash Basin, J. Hydrol.: Reg. Stud., 26, 100640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2019.100640, 2019.
Shi, P.-J., Yuan, Y., Zheng, J., Wang, J.-A., Ge, Y., and Qiu, G.-Y.: The
effect of land use/cover change on surface runoff in Shenzhen region, China,
Catena, 69, 31–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.04.015, 2007.
Shi, Z., Ai, L., Li, X., Huang, X., Wu, G., and Liao, W.: Partial least-squares regression for linking land-cover patterns to soil erosion and
sediment yield in watersheds, J. Hydrol., 498, 165–176,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.06.031, 2013.
Shrestha, S., Bhatta, B., Shrestha, M., and Shrestha, P. K.: Integrated
assessment of the climate and landuse change impact on hydrology and water
quality in the Songkhram River Basin, Thailand, Sci. Total Environ., 643,
1610–1622, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.306, 2018.
Shuster, W. D., Bonta, J., Thurston, H., Warnemuende, E., and Smith, D.:
Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology: A review, Urban Water
J., 2, 263–275, https://doi.org/10.1080/15730620500386529, 2005.
Singh, H., Singh, D., Singh, S. K., and Shukla, D.: Assessment of river water quality and ecological diversity through multivariate statistical techniques, and earth observation dataset of rivers Ghaghara and Gandak, India, Int. J. River Basin Manage., 15, 347–360, https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2017.1300159, 2017.
Soetaert, K. and Petzoldt, T.: Inverse modelling, sensitivity and Monte Carlo analysis in R using package FME, J. Stat. Softw, 33, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v033.i03, 2010.
Song, S., Schmalz, B., and Fohrer, N.: Simulation, quantification and comparison of in-channel and floodplain sediment processes in a lowland
area – A case study of the Upper Stör catchment in northern Germany,
Ecol. Indic., 57, 118–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.03.030, 2015.
Sood, A., Ghosh, S. K., and Upadhyay, P.: Impact of land cover change on surface runoff, in: Advances in Remote Sensing for Natural Resource Monitoring, edited by: Pandey, P. C. and Sharma, L. K., Wiley, 150–169, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119616016.ch10, 2021.
Srinivasan, J. T. and Reddy, V. R.: Impact of irrigation water quality on
human health: A case study in India, Ecol. Econ., 68, 2800–2807,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.04.019, 2009.
Statistical Office Schleswig-Holstein: Statistiches Jahrbuch Schleswig-Holstein, Statistiches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/receive/SHSerie_mods_00000001 (last access: 20 July 2013), 1992–2013.
Taka, M., Sillanpää, N., Niemi, T., Warsta, L., Kokkonen, T., and
Setälä, H.: Heavy metals from heavy land use? Spatio-temporal patterns of urban runoff metal loads, Sci. Total Environ., 817, 152855,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152855, 2022.
Tan, M. L., Gassman, P. W., Liang, J., and Haywood, J. M.: A review of
alternative climate products for SWAT modelling: Sources, assessment and future directions, Sci. Total Environ., 795, 148915,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148915, 2021.
Tigabu, T. B., Wagner, P. D., Hörmann, G., and Fohrer, N.: Modeling the
spatio-temporal flow dynamics of groundwater-surface water interactions of the Lake Tana Basin, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia, Hydrol. Res., 51, 1537–1559,
https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.046, 2020.
Uuemaa, E., Antrop, M., Roosaare, J., Marja, R., and Mander, Ü.: Landscape metrics and indices: an overview of their use in landscape research, Living Rev. Landscape Res., 3, 1–28, 2009.
Venohr, M.: Einträge und Abbau von Nährstoffen in Fließgewässern der oberen Stör, Diploma thesis,
Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany, 2000.
Wagner, P., Kumar, S., and Schneider, K.: An assessment of land use change
impacts on the water resources of the Mula and Mutha Rivers catchment
upstream of Pune, India, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2233–2246,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2233-2013, 2013.
Wagner, P. D. and Fohrer, N.: Gaining prediction accuracy in land use modeling by integrating modeled hydrologic variables, Environ. Model. Softw.,
115, 155–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.02.011, 2019.
Wagner, P. D. and Waske, B.: Importance of spatially distributed hydrologic
variables for land use change modeling, Environ. Model. Softw., 83, 245–254,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.06.005, 2016.
Wagner, P. D., Bhallamudi, S. M., Narasimhan, B., Kantakumar, L. N., Sudheer, K., Kumar, S., Schneider, K., and Fiener, P.: Dynamic integration of land use changes in a hydrologic assessment of a rapidly developing Indian catchment, Sci. Total Environ., 539, 153–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.148, 2016.
Wagner, P. D., Hoermann, G., Schmalz, B., and Fohrer, N.: Characterisation of the water and nutrient balance in the rural lowland catchment of the Kielstau, Hydrol. Wasserbewirtsch., 62, 145–158, 2018.
Wang, Q., Xu, Y., Xu, Y., Wu, L., Wang, Y., and Han, L.: Spatial hydrological responses to land use and land cover changes in a typical catchment of the Yangtze River Delta region, Catena, 170, 305–315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.022, 2018.
Wang, W., Wu, X., Yin, C., and Xie, X.: Nutrition loss through surface
runoff from slope lands and its implications for agricultural management, Agr. Water Manage., 212, 226–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.007, 2019.
Wei, W., Chen, L., Fu, B., Huang, Z., Wu, D., and Gui, L.: The effect of land uses and rainfall regimes on runoff and soil erosion in the semi-arid loess hilly area, China, J. Hydrol., 335, 247–258, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.11.016, 2007.
Wigmosta, M. S., Vail, L. W., and Lettenmaier, D. P.: A distributed hydrology-vegetation model for complex terrain, Water Resour. Res., 30,
1665–1679, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00436, 1994.
Wijesekara, G., Gupta, A., Valeo, C., Hasbani, J.-G., Qiao, Y., Delaney, P.,
and Marceau, D.: Assessing the impact of future land-use changes on hydrological processes in the Elbow River watershed in southern Alberta,
Canada, J. Hydrol., 412, 220–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.04.018, 2012.
Wold, S., Sjöström, M., and Eriksson, L.: PLS-regression: a basic tool of chemometrics, Chemom. Intel. Lab. Syst., 58, 109–130,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7439(01)00155-1, 2001.
Wu, J. and Lu, J.: Spatial scale effects of landscape metrics on stream water quality and their seasonal changes, Water Res., 191, 116811, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.116811, 2021.
Xu, S., Li, S.-L., Zhong, J., and Li, C.: Spatial scale effects of the variable relationships between landscape pattern and water quality: Example
from an agricultural karst river basin, Southwestern China, Agr. Ecosyst.
Environ., 300, 106999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106999, 2020.
Yan, B., Fang, N., Zhang, P., and Shi, Z.: Impacts of land use change on
watershed streamflow and sediment yield: An assessment using hydrologic
modelling and partial least squares regression, J. Hydrol., 484, 26–37,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.01.008, 2013.
Yu, D., Li, X., Cao, Q., Hao, R., and Qiao, J.: Impacts of climate variability and landscape pattern change on evapotranspiration in a grassland landscape mosaic, Hydrol. Process., 34, 1035–1051, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13642, 2020.
Zeileis, A. and Grothendieck, G.: zoo: S3 infrastructure for regular and irregular time series, J. Stat. Softw., 14, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v014.i06, 2005.
Zhang, W., Li, H., Hyndman, D. W., Diao, Y., Geng, J., and Pueppke, S. G.:
Water quality trends under rapid agricultural expansion and enhanced in-stream interception in a hilly watershed of Eastern China, Environ. Res.
Lett., 15, 084030, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab8981, 2020a.
Zhang, W., Li, H., Pueppke, S. G., Diao, Y., Nie, X., Geng, J., Chen, D.,
and Pang, J.: Nutrient loss is sensitive to land cover changes and slope
gradients of agricultural hillsides: evidence from four contrasting pond
systems in a hilly catchment, Agr. Water Manage., 237, 106165,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106165, 2020b.
Zhang, Y.-K. and Schilling, K.: Increasing streamflow and baseflow in Mississippi River since the 1940s: Effect of land use change, J. Hydrol., 324, 412–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.09.033, 2006.
Zambrano-Bigiarini, M.: hydroGOF: Goodness-of-fit functions for comparison of simulated and observed hydrological time series, R package version 0.4-0, https://github.com/hzambran/hydroGOF, last access: 8 July 2020.
Short summary
We presented an integrated approach to hydrologic modeling and partial least squares regression quantifying land use change impacts on water and nutrient balance over 3 decades. Results highlight that most variations (70 %–80 %) in water quantity and quality variables are explained by changes in land use class-specific areas and landscape metrics. Arable land influences water quantity and quality the most. The study provides insights on water resources management in rural lowland catchments.
We presented an integrated approach to hydrologic modeling and partial least squares regression...
