Articles | Volume 23, issue 11 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4835-2019
                    © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4835-2019
                    © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note: Water table mapping accounting for river–aquifer connectivity and human pressure
Mathias Maillot
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
                                            
                                    
                                            Geosciences Department, MINES ParisTech, PSL University, Fontainebleau, France
                                        
                                    
                                            EPTB Seine Grands Lacs, Paris, France
                                        
                                    Nicolas Flipo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
                                            
                                    
                                            Geosciences Department, MINES ParisTech, PSL University, Fontainebleau, France
                                        
                                    Agnès Rivière
                                            Geosciences Department, MINES ParisTech, PSL University, Fontainebleau, France
                                        
                                    Nicolas Desassis
                                            Geosciences Department, MINES ParisTech, PSL University, Fontainebleau, France
                                        
                                    Didier Renard
                                            Geosciences Department, MINES ParisTech, PSL University, Fontainebleau, France
                                        
                                    Patrick Goblet
                                            Geosciences Department, MINES ParisTech, PSL University, Fontainebleau, France
                                        
                                    Marc Vincent
                                            EPTB Seine Grands Lacs, Paris, France
                                        
                                    Related authors
No articles found.
Rémi Valois, Agnès Rivière, Jean-Michel Vouillamoz, and Gabriel C. Rau
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1041–1054, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1041-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1041-2024, 2024
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Characterizing aquifer systems is challenging because it is difficult to obtain in situ information. They can, however, be characterized using natural forces such as Earth tides. Models that account for more complex situations are still necessary to extend the use of Earth tides to assess hydromechanical properties of aquifer systems. Such a model is developed in this study and applied to a case study in Cambodia, where a combination of tides was used in order to better constrain the model.
                                            
                                            
                                        Shuaitao Wang, Vincent Thieu, Gilles Billen, Josette Garnier, Marie Silvestre, Audrey Marescaux, Xingcheng Yan, and Nicolas Flipo
                                    Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 449–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-449-2024, 2024
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                This paper presents unified RIVE v1.0, a unified version of the freshwater biogeochemistry model RIVE. It harmonizes different RIVE implementations, providing the referenced formalisms for microorganism activities to describe full biogeochemical cycles in the water column (e.g., carbon, nutrients, oxygen). Implemented as open-source projects in Python 3 (pyRIVE 1.0) and ANSI C (C-RIVE 0.32), unified RIVE v1.0 promotes and enhances collaboration among research teams and public services.
                                            
                                            
                                        Masihullah Hasanyar, Thomas Romary, Shuaitao Wang, and Nicolas Flipo
                                    Biogeosciences, 20, 1621–1633, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1621-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1621-2023, 2023
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                The results of this study indicate that biodegradable dissolved organic matter is responsible for oxygen depletion at low flow during summer seasons when heterotrophic bacterial activity is so intense. Therefore, the dissolved organic matter must be well measured in the water monitoring networks in order to have more accurate water quality models. It also advocates for high-frequency data collection for better quantification of the uncertainties related to organic matter.
                                            
                                            
                                        Nicolas Flipo, Nicolas Gallois, and Jonathan Schuite
                                    Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 353–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-353-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-353-2023, 2023
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                A new approach is proposed to fit hydrological or land surface models, which suffer from large uncertainties in terms of water partitioning between fast runoff and slow infiltration from small watersheds to regional or continental river basins. It is based on the analysis of hydrosystem behavior in the frequency domain, which serves as a basis for estimating water flows in the time domain with a physically based model. It opens the way to significant breakthroughs in hydrological modeling.
                                            
                                            
                                        E. Lalot, F. Curie, V. Wawrzyniak, F. Baratelli, S. Schomburgk, N. Flipo, H. Piegay, and F. Moatar
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4479–4492, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4479-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4479-2015, 2015
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                This work shows that satellite thermal infrared images (LANDSAT) can be used to locate and quantify groundwater discharge into a large river (Loire River, France - 100 to 300 m wide). Groundwater discharge rate is found to be highly variable with time and space and maximum during flow recession periods and in winter. The main identified groundwater discharge area into the Loire River corresponds to a known discharge area of the Beauce aquifer.
                                            
                                            
                                        N. Flipo, A. Mouhri, B. Labarthe, S. Biancamaria, A. Rivière, and P. Weill
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3121–3149, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3121-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3121-2014, 2014
                            Related subject area
            Subject: Groundwater hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Remote Sensing and GIS
            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Influence of intensive agriculture and geological heterogeneity on the recharge of an arid aquifer system (Saq–Ram, Arabian Peninsula) inferred from GRACE data
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Evaluating downscaling methods of GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data: a case study over a fractured crystalline aquifer in southern India
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Preprocessing approaches in machine-learning-based groundwater potential mapping: an application to the Koulikoro and Bamako regions, Mali
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Applicability of Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor for identifying submarine groundwater discharge springs in the Mediterranean Sea basin
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Unsaturated zone model complexity for the assimilation of evapotranspiration rates in groundwater modelling
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Estimating long-term groundwater storage and its controlling factors in Alberta, Canada
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Recent changes in terrestrial water storage in the Upper Nile Basin: an evaluation of commonly used gridded GRACE products
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Mapping irrigation potential from renewable groundwater in Africa – a quantitative hydrological approach
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                How to identify groundwater-caused thermal anomalies in lakes based on multi-temporal satellite data in semi-arid regions
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Statistical analysis to characterize transport of nutrients in groundwater near an abandoned feedlot
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Hydrogeological settings of a volcanic island (San Cristóbal, Galapagos) from joint interpretation of airborne electromagnetics and geomorphological observations
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Shallow groundwater effect on land surface temperature and surface energy balance under bare soil conditions: modeling and description
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Reconnoitering the effect of shallow groundwater on land surface temperature and surface energy balance using MODIS and SEBS
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Derivation of groundwater flow-paths based on semi-automatic extraction of lineaments from remote sensing data
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Groundwater use for irrigation – a global inventory
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
            
        
        Pierre Seraphin, Julio Gonçalvès, Bruno Hamelin, Thomas Stieglitz, and Pierre Deschamps
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5757–5771, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5757-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5757-2022, 2022
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                This study assesses the detailed water budget of the Saq–Ram Aquifer System using satellite gravity data. Spatial heterogeneities regarding the groundwater recharge were identified: (i) irrigation excess is great enough to artificially recharge the aquifer; and (ii) volcanic lava deposits, which cover 8% of the domain, contribute to more than 50% of the total natural recharge. This indicates a major control of geological context on arid aquifer recharge, which has been poorly discussed hitherto.
                                            
                                            
                                        Claire Pascal, Sylvain Ferrant, Adrien Selles, Jean-Christophe Maréchal, Abhilash Paswan, and Olivier Merlin
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4169–4186, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4169-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4169-2022, 2022
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                This paper presents a new validation method for the downscaling of GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data. It measures the improvement of the downscaled data against the low-resolution data in both temporal and, for the first time, spatial domains. This validation method offers a standardized and comprehensive framework to interpret spatially and temporally the quality of the downscaled products, supporting future efforts in GRACE downscaling methods.
                                            
                                            
                                        Víctor Gómez-Escalonilla, Pedro Martínez-Santos, and Miguel Martín-Loeches
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 221–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-221-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-221-2022, 2022
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Many communities in the Sahel rely solely on groundwater. We develop a machine learning technique to map areas of groundwater potential. Algorithms are trained to detect areas where there is a confluence of factors that facilitate groundwater occurrence. Our contribution focuses on using variable scaling to minimize expert bias and on testing our results beyond standard metrics. This approach is illustrated through its application to two administrative regions of Mali.
                                            
                                            
                                        Sònia Jou-Claus, Albert Folch, and Jordi Garcia-Orellana
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4789–4805, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4789-2021, 2021
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Satellite thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing is a useful method for identifying coastal springs in karst aquifers both locally and regionally. The limiting factors include technical limitations, geological and hydrogeological characteristics, environmental and marine conditions, and coastal geomorphology. Also, it can serve as a tool to use for a first screening of the coastal water surface temperature to identify possible thermal anomalies that will help narrow the sampling survey.
                                            
                                            
                                        Simone Gelsinari, Valentijn R. N. Pauwels, Edoardo Daly, Jos van Dam, Remko Uijlenhoet, Nicholas Fewster-Young, and Rebecca Doble
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 2261–2277, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2261-2021, 2021
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                Estimates of recharge to groundwater are often driven by biophysical processes occurring in the soil column and, particularly in remote areas, are also always affected by uncertainty. Using data assimilation techniques to merge remotely sensed observations with outputs of numerical models is one way to reduce this uncertainty. Here, we show the benefits of using such a technique with satellite evapotranspiration rates and coupled hydrogeological models applied to a semi-arid site in Australia.
                                            
                                            
                                        Soumendra N. Bhanja, Xiaokun Zhang, and Junye Wang
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6241–6255, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6241-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6241-2018, 2018
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                The paper presents groundwater storage conditions in all the major river basins across Alberta, Canada. We used remote-sensing data and investigate their performance using available ground-based data of groundwater level monitoring, storage coefficients, aquifer thickness, and surface water measurements. The water available for groundwater recharge has been studied in detail. Separate approaches have been followed for confined and unconfined aquifers for estimating groundwater storage.
                                            
                                            
                                        Mohammad Shamsudduha, Richard G. Taylor, Darren Jones, Laurent Longuevergne, Michael Owor, and Callist Tindimugaya
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4533–4549, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4533-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4533-2017, 2017
                                    Short summary
                                    Short summary
                                            
                                                This study tests the phase and amplitude of GRACE TWS signals in the Upper Nile Basin from five commonly used gridded products (NASA's GRCTellus: CSR, JPL, GFZ; JPL-Mascons; GRGS) using in situ data and soil moisture from the Global Land Data Assimilation System. Resolution of changes in groundwater storage (ΔGWS) from GRACE is greatly constrained by the uncertain simulated soil moisture storage and the low amplitude in ΔGWS observed in deeply weathered crystalline rocks in the Upper Nile Basin.
                                            
                                            
                                        Y. Altchenko and K. G. Villholth
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1055–1067, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1055-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1055-2015, 2015
                            U. Mallast, R. Gloaguen, J. Friesen, T. Rödiger, S. Geyer, R. Merz, and C. Siebert
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2773–2787, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2773-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2773-2014, 2014
                            P. Gbolo and P. Gerla
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4897–4906, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4897-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4897-2013, 2013
                            A. Pryet, N. d'Ozouville, S. Violette, B. Deffontaines, and E. Auken
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4571–4579, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4571-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4571-2012, 2012
                            F. Alkhaier, G. N. Flerchinger, and Z. Su
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1817–1831, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1817-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1817-2012, 2012
                            F. Alkhaier, Z. Su, and G. N. Flerchinger
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1833–1844, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1833-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1833-2012, 2012
                            U. Mallast, R. Gloaguen, S. Geyer, T. Rödiger, and C. Siebert
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2665–2678, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2665-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2665-2011, 2011
                            S. Siebert, J. Burke, J. M. Faures, K. Frenken, J. Hoogeveen, P. Döll, and F. T. Portmann
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1863–1880, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1863-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1863-2010, 2010
                            Cited articles
                        
                        Abderrahman, W. A.: Water Management in ArRiyadh, Int. J.
Water Resour.Develop., 22, 277–289,
https://doi.org/10.1080/07900620600654785, 2006. a
                    
                
                        
                        Adhikary, P. P. and Dash, C. J.: Comparison of deterministic and stochastic
methods to predict spatial variation of groundwater depth, Appl. Water
Sci., 7, 339–348, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-014-0249-8, 2017. a
                    
                
                        
                        Ahmadi, S. H. and Sedghamiz, A.: Geostatistical Analysis of Spatial and
Temporal Variations of Groundwater Level, Environ. Monitor.
Assess., 129, 277–294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9361-z, 2007. a
                    
                
                        
                        Attard, G., Winiarski, T., Rossier, Y., and Eisenlohr, L.: Review: Impact of
underground structures on the flow of urban groundwater, Hydrogeol.
J., 24, 5–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-015-1317-3, 2016. a
                    
                
                        
                        Bhat, S., Motz, L. H., Pathak, C., and Kuebler, L.: Geostatistics-based
groundwater-level monitoring network design and its application to the Upper
Floridan aquifer, USA, Environ. Monitor. Assess., 187, 4183,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4183-x, 2014. a
                    
                
                        
                        Bresciani, E., Goderniaux, P., and Batelaan, O.: Hydrogeological controls of
water table-land surface interactions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
9653–9661, 2016. a
                    
                
                        
                        Bresciani, E., Cranswick, R. H., Banks, E. W., Batlle-Aguilar, J., Cook, P. G., and Batelaan, O.: Using hydraulic head, chloride and electrical conductivity data to distinguish between mountain-front and mountain-block recharge to basin aquifers, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 1629–1648, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1629-2018, 2018. a
                    
                
                        
                        Brunner, P., Cook, P. G., and Simmons, C. T.: Hydrogeologic controls on
disconnection between surface water and groundwater, Water Resour.
Res., 45, w01422, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006953, 2009. a, b, c, d
                    
                
                        
                        Buchanan, S. and Triantafilis, J.: Mapping Water Table Depth Using Geophysical
and Environmental Variables, Ground Water, 47, 80–96,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00490.x, 2009. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Chen, S., Garambois, P.-A., Finaud-Guyot, P., Dellinger, G., Mosé, R.,
Terfous, A., and Ghenaim, A.: Variance based sensitivity analysis of 1D and
2D hydraulic models: An experimental urban flood case, Environ.
Model. Softw., 109, 167–181,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.08.008, 2018. a
                    
                
                        
                        Chung, J.-W. and Rogers, J. D.: Interpolations of Groundwater Table Elevation
in Dissected Uplands, Groundwater, 50, 598–607,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2011.00889.x, 2012. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Conrad, O., Bechtel, B., Bock, M., Dietrich, H., Fischer, E., Gerlitz, L., Wehberg, J., Wichmann, V., and Böhner, J.: System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1991–2007, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015, 2015. a
                    
                
                        
                        Cressie, N.: The origins of kriging, Mathemat. Geol., 22, 239–252,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00889887, 1990. a
                    
                
                        
                        Dafflon, B., Irving, J., and Holliger, K.: Use of high-resolution geophysical
data to characterize heterogeneous aquifers: Influence of data integration
method on hydrological predictions, Water Resour. Res., 45, W09407,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007646,
2008. a
                    
                
                        
                        Dagan, G.: Stochastic modeling of groundwater flow by unconditional and
conditional probabilities: 1. Conditional simulation and the direct problem,
Water Resour. Res., 18, 813–833, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i004p00813, 1982. a
                    
                
                        
                        Dassargues, A.: Groundwater modelling to predict the impact of a tunnel on the
behaviour of a water table aquifer in urban conditions, in: Groundwater in
the Urban Environment: Problems, Processes and Management, Proc. of XXVII
IAH Congress, 225–230, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1997. a
                    
                
                        
                        Desassis, N. and Renard, D.: Automatic Variogram Modeling by Iterative Least
Squares: Univariate and Multivariate Cases, Mathemat. Geosci., 45,
453–470, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-012-9434-1, 2013. a
                    
                
                        
                        Desbarats, A., Logan, C., Hinton, M., and Sharpe, D.: On the kriging of water
table elevations using collateral information from a digital elevation model,
J. Hydrol., 255, 25–38,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00504-2, 2002. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Dillon, P. J. and Liggett, J. A.: An ephemeral stream-aquifer interaction
model, Water Resour. Res., 19, 621–626, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR019i003p00621,
1983. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Emadi, M. and Baghernejad, M.: Comparison of spatial interpolation techniques
for mapping soil pH and salinity in agricultural coastal areas, northern
Iran, Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 60, 1315–1327,
https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2014.880837, 2014. a
                    
                
                        
                        Flipo, N. and Kurtulus, B.: geo-anfis: Application to piezometric
head interpolation in unconfined aquifer unit, in: Proceedings of FUZZYSS'11, November, Ankara,
6, 2011. a
                    
                
                        
                        Flipo, N., Jeannée, N., Poulin, M., Even, S., and Ledoux, E.: Assessment of
nitrate pollution in the Grand Morin aquifers (France): combined use of
geostatistics and physically-based modeling, J. Environ. Pollut., 146, 241–256,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.056, 2007. a
                    
                
                        
                        Flipo, N., Mouhri, A., Labarthe, B., Biancamaria, S., Rivière, A., and Weill, P.: Continental hydrosystem modelling: the concept of nested stream–aquifer interfaces, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3121–3149, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3121-2014, 2014. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Fox, G. A. and Durnford, D. S.: Unsaturated hyporheic zone flow in
stream/aquifer conjunctive systems, Adv. Water Res., 26, 989–1000, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(03)00087-3, 2003. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Freulon, X. and de Fouquet, C.: Conditioning a Gaussian model with
inequalities, 201–212, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1739-5_17, 1993. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Gambolati, G. and Volpi, G.: A conceptual deterministic analysis of the kriging
technique in hydrology, Water Resour. Res., 15, 625–629,
https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i003p00625,
1979. a
                    
                
                        
                        Gillham, R.: The capillary fringe and its effect on water-table response,
J. Hydrol., 67, 307–324,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(84)90248-8, 1984. a, b, c, d
                    
                
                        
                        Goovaerts, P.: Geostatistics in soil science: state-of-the-art and
perspectives, Geoderma, 89, 1–45,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(98)00078-0, 1999. a
                    
                
                        
                        Gribov, A. and Krivoruchko, K.: Local polynomials for data detrending and
interpolation in the presence of barriers, Stoch. Env. Res. Risk A., 25, 1057–1063, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-011-0488-2, 2011. a
                    
                
                        
                        Grubb, S.: Analytical Model for Estimation of Steady-State Capture Zones of
Pumping Wells in Confined and Unconfined Aquifers, Groundwater, 31, 27–32,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1993.tb00824.x, 1993. a
                    
                
                        
                        Haitjema, H. M. and Mitchell-Bruker, S.: Are Water Tables a Subdued Replica of
the Topography?, Ground Water, 43, 781–786,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2005.00090.x, 2005. a
                    
                
                        
                        Hentati, I., Triki, I., Trablesi, N., and Zairi, M.: Piezometry mapping
accuracy based on elevation extracted from various spatial data sources,
Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 802, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5589-2, 2016. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Hoeksema, R. J., Clapp, R. B., Thomas, A. L., Hunley, A. E., Farrow, N. D., and
Dearstone, K. C.: Cokriging model for estimation of water table elevation,
Water Resour. Res., 25, 429–438, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i003p00429, 1989. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        IGN: BD ALTI Version 2.0. Tech. Rep., Institut Géographique National, Paris, 2015. a
                    
                
                        
                        Jordan, D. W. and Pryor, W. A.: Hierarchical levels of heterogeneity in a
Mississippi River meander belt and application to reservoir systems: geologic
Note (1), AAPG Bulletin, 76, 1601–1624, 1992. a
                    
                
                        
                        Journel, A. G.: Constrained interpolation and qualitative information – The
soft kriging approach, Mathemat. Geol., 18, 269–286,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898032, 1986. a
                    
                
                        
                        King, F. H.: Principles and conditions of the movements of ground water, US
Geological Survey 19th Annual Report, Part 2, 59–294, 1899. a
                    
                
                        
                        Kurtulus, B. and Flipo, N.: Hydraulic head interpolation using anfis – model
selection and sensitivity analysis, Comput. Geosci., 38, 43–51,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.019, 2012. a, b, c
                    
                
                        
                        Lamontagne, S., Taylor, A., Cook, P., Crosbie, R., Brownbill, R., Williams, R.,
and Brunner, P.: Field assessment of surface water–groundwater connectivity
in a semi-arid river basin (Murray–Darling, Australia), Hydrol.
Process., 28, 1561–1572, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9691,
2014. a
                    
                
                        
                        Machiwal, D., Jha, M. K., Singh, V. P., and Mohan, C.: Assessment and mapping
of groundwater vulnerability to pollution: Current status and challenges,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 185, 901–927,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.08.009,
2018. a
                    
                
                        
                        Matheron, G.: Application des méthodes statistiques à l'évaluation
des gisements, Annales des mines, 144, 50–75, 1955. a
                    
                
                        
                        Matheron, G.: The intrinsic random functions and their applications, Adv.
Appl. Probab., 5, 439–468, https://doi.org/10.2307/1425829, 1973. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Michalak, A. M.: A Gibbs sampler for inequality-constrained geostatistical
interpolation and inverse modeling, Water Resour. Res., 44, WR006645,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006645, 2008. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Morris, B., Lawrence, A., Chilton, P., Adams, B., Calow, R., and Klinck, B.:
Groundwater and its susceptibility to degradation: a global assessment of
the problem and options for management, vol. 03-3 of Eary warning and
assessment report series, United Nations Environment Programme, 2003. a
                    
                
                        
                        Mouhri, A., Flipo, N., Rejiba, F., de Fouquet, C., Bodet, L., Kurtulus, B.,
Tallec, G., Durand, V., Jost, A., Ansart, P., and Goblet, P.: Designing a
multi-scale sampling system of stream-aquifer interfaces in a sedimentary
basin, J. Hydrol., 504, 194–206,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.036, 2013. a, b, c
                    
                
                        
                        Newcomer, M. E., Hubbard, S. S., Fleckenstein, J. H., Maier, U., Schmidt, C.,
Thullner, M., Ulrich, C., Flipo, N., and Rubin, Y.: Simulating bioclogging
effects on dynamic riverbed permeability and infiltration, Water Resour.
Res., 52, 2883–2900, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018351,
2016. a
                    
                
                        
                        Newcomer, M. E., Hubbard, S. S., Fleckenstein, J. H., Maier, U., Schmidt, C.,
Thullner, M., Ulrich, C., Flipo, N., and Rubin, Y.: Influence of Hydrological
Perturbations and Riverbed Sediment Characteristics on Hyporheic Zone
Respiration of CO2 and N2, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo.,
123, 902–922, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG004090, 2018. a
                    
                
                        
                        Ohmer, M., Liesch, T., Goeppert, N., and Goldscheider, N.: On the optimal
selection of interpolation methods for groundwater contouring: An example of
propagation of uncertainty regarding inter-aquifer exchange, Adv.
Water Resour., 109, 121–132,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.08.016, 2017. a
                    
                
                        
                        Osman, Y. Z. and Bruen, M. P.: Modelling stream–aquifer seepage in an
alluvial aquifer: an improved loosing-stream package for MODFLOW, J.
Hydrol., 264, 69–86,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00067-7,
2002. a
                    
                
                        
                        Philip, G. and Watson, D.: Automatic interpolation methods for mapping
piezometric surfaces, Automatica, 22, 753–756,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(86)90016-6,
1986. a
                    
                
                        
                        Renard, D., Bez, N., Desassis, N., Beucher, H., Ors, F., and Freulon, X.:
RGeostats: The Geostatistical R package [11.0.5], available at:
http://cg.ensmp.fr/rgeostats (last access: December 2018), 2001. a
                    
                
                        
                        Rivest, M., Marcotte, D., and Pasquier, P.: Hydraulic head field estimation
using kriging with an external drift: A way to consider conceptual model
information, J. Hydrol., 361, 349–361,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.08.006, 2008. a
                    
                
                        
                        Rouhani, S.: Comparative Study of Ground-Water Mapping Techniques, Groundwater,
24, 207–216, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb00996.x,
1986. a
                    
                
                        
                        Rouhani, S. and Myers, D. E.: Problems in space-time kriging of geohydrological
data, Mathemat. Geol., 22, 611–623, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00890508, 1990. a
                    
                
                        
                        Sağir, Ç. and Kurtuluş, B.: Hydraulic head and groundwater
111Cd content interpolations using empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) and
geo-adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (geo-ANFIS), Water SA, 43,
509–519, https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v43i3.16, 2017. a
                    
                
                        
                        Samine Montazem, A., Garambois, P.-A., Calmant, S., Finaud-Guyot, P., Monnier,
J., Medeiros Moreira, D., Minear, J. T., and Biancamaria, S.: Wavelet-Based
River Segmentation Using Hydraulic Control-Preserving Water Surface Elevation
Profile Properties, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6534–6543,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082986, 2019. a
                    
                
                        
                        Schirmer, M., Leschik, S., and Musolff, A.: Current research in urban
hydrogeology – A review, Adv. Water Resour., 51, 280–291,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.06.015, 2013. a
                    
                
                        
                        Sun, Y., Kang, S., Li, F., and Zhang, L.: Comparison of interpolation methods
for depth to groundwater and its temporal and spatial variations in the
Minqin oasis of northwest China, Environ. Model. Softw., 24,
1163–1170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.03.009, 2009. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Tóth, J.: A theory of groundwater motion in small drainage basins in central
Alberta, Canada, J. Geophys. Res., 67, 4375–4388,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ067i011p04375, 1962.
 a
                    
                
                        
                        Tóth, J.: József Tóth: An Autobiographical Sketch, Groundwater, 40,
320–324, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02661.x, 2002. a
                    
                
                        
                        Tsai, F. T.-C. and Li, X.: Inverse groundwater modeling for hydraulic
conductivity estimation using Bayesian model averaging and variance window,
Water Resour. Res., 44, WR006576, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006576,
2007. a
                    
                
                        
                        Varouchakis, E. A. and Hristopulos, D. T.: Comparison of stochastic and
deterministic methods for mapping groundwater level spatial variability in
sparsely monitored basins, Environ. Monitor. Assess., 185,
1–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2527-y, 2013. a, b
                    
                
                        
                        Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Saz-Sánchez, M. A., and Cuadrat, J. M.: Comparative
analysis of interpolation methods in the middle Ebro Valley (Spain):
application to annual precipitation and temperature, Clim. Res., 24,
161–180, 2003. a
                    
                
                        
                        Wang, W., Li, J., Feng, X., Chen, X., and Yao, K.: Evolution of stream-aquifer
hydrologic connectedness during pumping – Experiment, J. Hydrol.,
402, 401–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.033, 2011. a, b, c
                    
                
                        
                        Winter, T. C., Harvey, J. W., Franke, O. L., and Alley, W. M.: Ground water and
surface water; a single resource, Tech. rep., US Geological Survey, 1998. a
                    
                
                        
                        Xian, Y., Jin, M., Zhan, H., and Liu, Y.: Reactive Transport of Nutrients and
Bioclogging During Dynamic Disconnection Process of Stream and Groundwater,
Water Resour. Res., 55, 3882–3903, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024826,
2019. a
                    
                
                        
                        Zhang, X., Guan, T., Zhou, J., Cai, W., Gao, N., Du, H., Jiang, L., Lai, L.,
and Zheng, Y.: Groundwater Depth and Soil Properties Are Associated with
Variation in Vegetation of a Desert Riparian Ecosystem in an Arid Area of
China, Forests, 9, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010034, 2018. a