Articles | Volume 22, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5317-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5317-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Using a multi-hypothesis framework to improve the understanding of flow dynamics during flash floods
Audrey Douinot
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), University of Toulouse, CNRS – Toulouse, France
Hélène Roux
Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), University of Toulouse, CNRS – Toulouse, France
Pierre-André Garambois
Laboratoire des Sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICUBE) – INSA Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Denis Dartus
Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse (IMFT), University of Toulouse, CNRS – Toulouse, France
Related authors
Audrey Douinot, Jean François Iffly, Cyrille Tailliez, Claude Meisch, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5185–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of the paper is to highlight the seasonal and singular shift of the transfer time distributions of two catchments (≅10 km2).
Based on 2 years of rainfall and discharge observations, we compare variations in the properties of TTDs with the physiographic characteristics of catchment areas and the eco-hydrological cycle. The paper eventually aims to deduce several factors conducive to particularly rapid and concentrated water transfers, which leads to flash floods.
Judith Eeckman, Hélène Roux, Audrey Douinot, Bertrand Bonan, and Clément Albergel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1425–1446, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The risk of flash flood is of growing importance for populations, particularly in the Mediterranean area in the context of a changing climate. The representation of soil processes in models is a key factor for flash flood simulation. The importance of the various methods for soil moisture estimation are highlighted in this work. Local measurements from the field as well as data derived from satellite imagery can be used to assess the performance of model outputs.
Rabab Yassine, Ludovic Cassan, Hélène Roux, Olivier Frysou, and François Pérès
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1199–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting river morphology evolution is very complicated, especially for mountain rivers with complex morphologies such as the Lac des Gaves reach in France. A 2D hydromorphological model was developed to reproduce the channel's evolution and provide reliable volumetric predictions while revealing the challenge of choosing adapted sediment transport and friction laws. Our model can provide decision-makers with reliable predictions to design suitable restoration measures for this reach.
Audrey Douinot, Jean François Iffly, Cyrille Tailliez, Claude Meisch, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5185–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of the paper is to highlight the seasonal and singular shift of the transfer time distributions of two catchments (≅10 km2).
Based on 2 years of rainfall and discharge observations, we compare variations in the properties of TTDs with the physiographic characteristics of catchment areas and the eco-hydrological cycle. The paper eventually aims to deduce several factors conducive to particularly rapid and concentrated water transfers, which leads to flash floods.
Abubakar Haruna, Pierre-Andre Garambois, Helene Roux, Pierre Javelle, and Maxime Jay-Allemand
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-414, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-414, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We compared three hydrological models in a flash flood modelling framework. We first identified the sensitive parameters of each model, then compared their performances in terms of outlet discharge and soil moisture simulation. We found out that resulting from the differences in their complexities/process representation, performance depends on the aspect/measure used. The study then highlights and proposed some future investigations/modifications to improve the models.
Judith Eeckman, Hélène Roux, Audrey Douinot, Bertrand Bonan, and Clément Albergel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1425–1446, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The risk of flash flood is of growing importance for populations, particularly in the Mediterranean area in the context of a changing climate. The representation of soil processes in models is a key factor for flash flood simulation. The importance of the various methods for soil moisture estimation are highlighted in this work. Local measurements from the field as well as data derived from satellite imagery can be used to assess the performance of model outputs.
Hélène Roux, Arnau Amengual, Romu Romero, Ernest Bladé, and Marcos Sanz-Ramos
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 425–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-425-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-425-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The performances of flash-flood forecasts are evaluated using a meteorological model forcing a rainfall-runoff model. Both deterministic (single forecast of the most likely weather) and ensemble forecasts (set or ensemble of forecasts) have been produced on three subcatchments of the eastern Pyrenees exhibiting different rainfall regimes. Results show that both overall discharge forecast and flood warning are improved by the ensemble strategies with respect to the deterministic forecast.
Charlotte Marie Emery, Adrien Paris, Sylvain Biancamaria, Aaron Boone, Stéphane Calmant, Pierre-André Garambois, and Joecila Santos da Silva
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2135–2162, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2135-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2135-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses remotely sensed river discharge data to correct river storage and discharge in a large-scale hydrological model. The method is based on an ensemble Kalman filter and also introduces an additional technique that allows for better constraint of the correction (called localization). The approach is applied over the entire Amazon basin. Results show that the method is able to improve river discharge and localization to produce better results along main tributaries.
Related subject area
Subject: Catchment hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Modelling approaches
Modelling flood frequency and magnitude in a glacially conditioned, heterogeneous landscape: testing the importance of land cover and land use
Direct integration of reservoirs' operations in a hydrological model for streamflow estimation: coupling a CLSTM model with MOHID-Land
Modelling the regional sensitivity of snowmelt, soil moisture, and streamflow generation to climate over the Canadian Prairies using a basin classification approach
To what extent does river routing matter in hydrological modeling?
Calibrating macroscale hydrological models in poorly gauged and heavily regulated basins
An advanced tool integrating failure and sensitivity analysis into novel modeling of the stormwater flood volume
airGRteaching: an open-source tool for teaching hydrological modeling with R
Stable water isotopes and tritium tracers tell the same tale: no evidence for underestimation of catchment transit times inferred by stable isotopes in StorAge Selection (SAS)-function models
Uncertainty in water transit time estimation with StorAge Selection functions and tracer data interpolation
Changes in Mediterranean flood processes and seasonality
Can the combining of wetlands with reservoir operation reduce the risk of future floods and droughts?
Knowledge-informed deep learning for hydrological model calibration: an application to Coal Creek Watershed in Colorado
When best is the enemy of good – critical evaluation of performance criteria in hydrological models
The suitability of differentiable, physics-informed machine learning hydrologic models for ungauged regions and climate change impact assessment
Producing reliable hydrologic scenarios from raw climate model outputs without resorting to meteorological observations
Projecting sediment export from two highly glacierized alpine catchments under climate change: Exploring non-parametric regression as an analysis tool
A Framework for Parameter Estimation, Sensitivity Analysis, and Uncertainty Analysis for Holistic Hydrologic Modeling Using SWAT+
Using normalised difference infrared index patterns to constrain semi-distributed rainfall–runoff models in tropical nested catchments
Towards robust seasonal streamflow forecasts in mountainous catchments: impact of calibration metric selection in hydrological modeling
Revisiting the hydrological basis of the Budyko framework with the principle of hydrologically similar groups
Reconstructing five decades of sediment export from two glacierized high-alpine catchments in Tyrol, Austria, using nonparametric regression
Water and energy budgets over hydrological basins on short and long timescales
Evaluation of hydrological models on small mountainous catchments: impact of the meteorological forcings
Hydrological response to climate change and human activities in the Three-River Source Region
Incorporating experimentally derived streamflow contributions into model parameterization to improve discharge prediction
Machine-learning- and deep-learning-based streamflow prediction in a hilly catchment for future scenarios using CMIP6 GCM data
River hydraulic modeling with ICESat-2 land and water surface elevation
Hydrological modeling using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool in urban and peri-urban environments: the case of Kifisos experimental subbasin (Athens, Greece)
Monetizing the role of water in sustaining watershed ecosystem services using a fully integrated subsurface–surface water model
Technical note: How physically based is hydrograph separation by recursive digital filtering?
A comprehensive open-source course for teaching applied hydrological modelling in Central Asia
Impact of distributed meteorological forcing on simulated snow cover and hydrological fluxes over a mid-elevation alpine micro-scale catchment
Technical note: Extending the SWAT model to transport chemicals through tile and groundwater flow
Long-term reconstruction of satellite-based precipitation, soil moisture, and snow water equivalent in China
Disentangling scatter in long-term concentration–discharge relationships: the role of event types
Simulating the hydrological impacts of land use conversion from annual crop to perennial forage in the Canadian Prairies using the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform
Comparing machine learning and deep learning models for probabilistic post-processing of satellite precipitation-driven streamflow simulation
How can we benefit from regime information to make more effective use of long short-term memory (LSTM) runoff models?
On the value of satellite remote sensing to reduce uncertainties of regional simulations of the Colorado River
Assessing runoff sensitivity of North American Prairie Pothole Region basins to wetland drainage using a basin classification-based virtual modelling approach
A large-sample investigation into uncertain climate change impacts on high flows across Great Britain
Effects of passive-storage conceptualization on modeling hydrological function and isotope dynamics in the flow system of a cockpit karst landscape
Technical note: Data assimilation and autoregression for using near-real-time streamflow observations in long short-term memory networks
Attribution of climate change and human activities to streamflow variations with a posterior distribution of hydrological simulations
A time-varying distributed unit hydrograph method considering soil moisture
Flood patterns in a catchment with mixed bedrock geology and a hilly landscape: identification of flashy runoff contributions during storm events
A graph neural network (GNN) approach to basin-scale river network learning: the role of physics-based connectivity and data fusion
Improving hydrologic models for predictions and process understanding using neural ODEs
Response of active catchment water storage capacity to a prolonged meteorological drought and asymptotic climate variation
HESS Opinions: Participatory Digital eARth Twin Hydrology systems (DARTHs) for everyone – a blueprint for hydrologists
Pamela E. Tetford and Joseph R. Desloges
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3977–3998, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3977-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3977-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An efficient regional flood frequency model relates drainage area to discharge, with a major assumption of similar basin conditions. In a landscape with variable glacial deposits and land use, we characterize varying hydrological function using 28 explanatory variables. We demonstrate that (1) a heterogeneous landscape requires objective model selection criteria to optimize the fit of flow data, and (2) incorporating land use as a predictor variable improves the drainage area to discharge model.
Ana Ramos Oliveira, Tiago Brito Ramos, Lígia Pinto, and Ramiro Neves
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3875–3893, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3875-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3875-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper intends to demonstrate the adequacy of a hybrid solution to overcome the difficulties related to the incorporation of human behavior when modeling hydrological processes. Two models were implemented, one to estimate the outflow of a reservoir and the other to simulate the hydrological processes of the watershed. With both models feeding each other, results show that the proposed approach significantly improved the streamflow estimation downstream of the reservoir.
Zhihua He, Kevin Shook, Christopher Spence, John W. Pomeroy, and Colin Whitfield
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3525–3546, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3525-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3525-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated the impacts of climate change on snowmelt, soil moisture, and streamflow over the Canadian Prairies. The entire prairie region was divided into seven basin types. We found strong variations of hydrological sensitivity to precipitation and temperature changes in different land covers and basins, which suggests that different water management and adaptation methods are needed to address enhanced water stress due to expected climate change in different regions of the prairies.
Nicolás Cortés-Salazar, Nicolás Vásquez, Naoki Mizukami, Pablo A. Mendoza, and Ximena Vargas
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3505–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3505-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3505-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows how important river models can be for water resource applications that involve hydrological models and, in particular, parameter calibration. To this end, we conduct numerical experiments in a pilot basin using a combination of hydrologic model simulations obtained from a large sample of parameter sets and different routing methods. We find that routing can affect streamflow simulations, even at monthly time steps; the choice of parameters; and relevant streamflow metrics.
Dung Trung Vu, Thanh Duc Dang, Francesca Pianosi, and Stefano Galelli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3485–3504, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3485-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3485-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The calibration of hydrological models over extensive spatial domains is often challenged by the lack of data on river discharge and the operations of hydraulic infrastructures. Here, we use satellite data to address the lack of data that could unintentionally bias the calibration process. Our study is underpinned by a computational framework that quantifies this bias and provides a safe approach to the calibration of models in poorly gauged and heavily regulated basins.
Francesco Fatone, Bartosz Szeląg, Przemysław Kowal, Arthur McGarity, Adam Kiczko, Grzegorz Wałek, Ewa Wojciechowska, Michał Stachura, and Nicolas Caradot
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3329–3349, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3329-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3329-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A novel methodology for the development of a stormwater network performance simulator including advanced risk assessment was proposed. The applied tool enables the analysis of the influence of spatial variability in catchment and stormwater network characteristics on the relation between (SWMM) model parameters and specific flood volume, as an alternative approach to mechanistic models. The proposed method can be used at the stage of catchment model development and spatial planning management.
Olivier Delaigue, Pierre Brigode, Guillaume Thirel, and Laurent Coron
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3293–3327, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3293-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3293-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Teaching hydrological modeling is an important, but difficult, matter. It requires appropriate tools and teaching material. In this article, we present the airGRteaching package, which is an open-source software tool relying on widely used hydrological models. This tool proposes an interface and numerous hydrological modeling exercises representing a wide range of hydrological applications. We show how this tool can be applied to simple but real-life cases.
Siyuan Wang, Markus Hrachowitz, Gerrit Schoups, and Christine Stumpp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3083–3114, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3083-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3083-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows that previously reported underestimations of water ages are most likely not due to the use of seasonally variable tracers. Rather, these underestimations can be largely attributed to the choices of model approaches which rely on assumptions not frequently met in catchment hydrology. We therefore strongly advocate avoiding the use of this model type in combination with seasonally variable tracers and instead adopting StorAge Selection (SAS)-based or comparable model formulations.
Arianna Borriero, Rohini Kumar, Tam V. Nguyen, Jan H. Fleckenstein, and Stefanie R. Lutz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2989–3004, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2989-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2989-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed the uncertainty of the water transit time distribution (TTD) arising from model input (interpolated tracer data) and structure (StorAge Selection, SAS, functions). We found that uncertainty was mainly associated with temporal interpolation, choice of SAS function, nonspatial interpolation, and low-flow conditions. It is important to characterize the specific uncertainty sources and their combined effects on TTD, as this has relevant implications for both water quantity and quality.
Yves Tramblay, Patrick Arnaud, Guillaume Artigue, Michel Lang, Emmanuel Paquet, Luc Neppel, and Eric Sauquet
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2973–2987, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2973-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2973-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mediterranean floods are causing major damage, and recent studies have shown that, despite the increase in intense rainfall, there has been no increase in river floods. This study reveals that the seasonality of floods changed in the Mediterranean Basin during 1959–2021. There was also an increased frequency of floods linked to short episodes of intense rain, associated with a decrease in soil moisture. These changes need to be taken into consideration to adapt flood warning systems.
Yanfeng Wu, Jingxuan Sun, Boting Hu, Y. Jun Xu, Alain N. Rousseau, and Guangxin Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2725–2745, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2725-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2725-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reservoirs and wetlands are important regulators of watershed hydrology, which should be considered when projecting floods and droughts. We first coupled wetlands and reservoir operations into a semi-spatially-explicit hydrological model and then applied it in a case study involving a large river basin in northeast China. We found that, overall, the risk of future floods and droughts will increase further even under the combined influence of reservoirs and wetlands.
Peishi Jiang, Pin Shuai, Alexander Sun, Maruti K. Mudunuru, and Xingyuan Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2621–2644, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2621-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2621-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a novel deep learning approach to estimate the parameters of a computationally expensive hydrological model on only a few hundred realizations. Our approach leverages the knowledge obtained by data-driven analysis to guide the design of the deep learning model used for parameter estimation. We demonstrate this approach by calibrating a state-of-the-art hydrological model against streamflow and evapotranspiration observations at a snow-dominated watershed in Colorado.
Guillaume Cinkus, Naomi Mazzilli, Hervé Jourde, Andreas Wunsch, Tanja Liesch, Nataša Ravbar, Zhao Chen, and Nico Goldscheider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2397–2411, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2397-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2397-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE) is a performance criterion extensively used to evaluate hydrological models. We conduct a critical study on the KGE and its variant to examine counterbalancing errors. Results show that, when assessing a simulation, concurrent over- and underestimation of discharge can lead to an overall higher criterion score without an associated increase in model relevance. We suggest that one carefully choose performance criteria and use scaling factors.
Dapeng Feng, Hylke Beck, Kathryn Lawson, and Chaopeng Shen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2357–2373, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2357-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2357-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Powerful hybrid models (called δ or delta models) embrace the fundamental learning capability of AI and can also explain the physical processes. Here we test their performance when applied to regions not in the training data. δ models rivaled the accuracy of state-of-the-art AI models under the data-dense scenario and even surpassed them for the data-sparse one. They generalize well due to the physical structure included. δ models could be ideal candidates for global hydrologic assessment.
Simon Ricard, Philippe Lucas-Picher, Antoine Thiboult, and François Anctil
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2375–2395, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2375-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2375-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A simplified hydroclimatic modelling workflow is proposed to quantify the impact of climate change on water discharge without resorting to meteorological observations. Results confirm that the proposed workflow produces equivalent projections of the seasonal mean flows in comparison to a conventional hydroclimatic modelling approach. The proposed approach supports the participation of end-users in interpreting the impact of climate change on water resources.
Lena Katharina Schmidt, Till Francke, Peter Martin Grosse, and Axel Bronstert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1063, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
How suspended sediment export from glacierized high-alpine areas responds to future climate change is hardly assessable, as many interacting processes are involved and appropriate physical models are lacking. We present the first study to our knowledge exploring machine learning to project sediment export until 2100 in two high-alpine catchments. We find that uncertainties due to methodological limitations are small until 2070. Negative trends imply that ‘peak sediment’ may have already passed.
Salam A. Abbas, Ryan T. Bailey, Jeremy T. White, Jeffrey G. Arnold, Michael J. White, Natalja Čerkasova, and Jungang Gao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-127, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-127, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Research Highlights. 1. Implemented groundwater module (gwflow) into SWAT+ for four watersheds with different unique hydrologic features across the United States. 2. Present methods for sensitivity analysis, uncertainty analysis, and parameter estimation for coupled models. 3. Sensitivity analysis for streamflow and groundwater head conducted using Morris method. 4. Uncertainty analysis and parameter estimation performed using an iterative Ensemble Smoother within the PEST framework.
Nutchanart Sriwongsitanon, Wasana Jandang, James Williams, Thienchart Suwawong, Ekkarin Maekan, and Hubert H. G. Savenije
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2149–2171, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2149-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2149-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed predictive semi-distributed rainfall–runoff models for nested sub-catchments in the upper Ping basin, which yielded better or similar performance compared to calibrated lumped models. The normalised difference infrared index proves to be an effective proxy for distributed root zone moisture capacity over sub-catchments and is well correlated with the percentage of evergreen forest. In validation, soil moisture simulations appeared to be highly correlated with the soil wetness index.
Diego Araya, Pablo A. Mendoza, Eduardo Muñoz-Castro, and James McPhee
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-116, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-116, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Dynamical systems are used by many agencies worldwide to produce seasonal streamflow forecasts, which are critical for decision-making. Such systems rely on hydrology models, which contain parameters that are typically estimated using a target performance metric (i.e., objective function). This study explores the effects of this decision across mountainous basins in Chile, illustrating tradeoffs between seasonal forecast quality and the models' capability to simulate streamflow characteristics.
Yuchan Chen, Xiuzhi Chen, Meimei Xue, Chuanxun Yang, Wei Zheng, Jun Cao, Wenting Yan, and Wenping Yuan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1929–1943, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1929-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1929-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the quantification and estimation of the watershed-characteristic-related parameter (Pw) in the Budyko framework with the principle of hydrologically similar groups. The results show that Pw is closely related to soil moisture and fractional vegetation cover, and the relationship varies across specific hydrologic similarity groups. The overall satisfactory performance of the Pw estimation model improves the applicability of the Budyko framework for global runoff estimation.
Lena Katharina Schmidt, Till Francke, Peter Martin Grosse, Christoph Mayer, and Axel Bronstert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1841–1863, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1841-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1841-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a suitable method to reconstruct sediment export from decadal records of hydroclimatic predictors (discharge, precipitation, temperature) and shorter suspended sediment measurements. This lets us fill the knowledge gap on how sediment export from glacierized high-alpine areas has responded to climate change. We find positive trends in sediment export from the two investigated nested catchments with step-like increases around 1981 which are linked to crucial changes in glacier melt.
Samantha Petch, Bo Dong, Tristan Quaife, Robert P. King, and Keith Haines
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1723–1744, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1723-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1723-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Gravitational measurements of water storage from GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) can improve understanding of the water budget. We produce flux estimates over large river catchments based on observations that close the monthly water budget and ensure consistency with GRACE on short and long timescales. We use energy data to provide additional constraints and balance the long-term energy budget. These flux estimates are important for evaluating climate models.
Guillaume Evin, Matthieu Le Lay, Catherine Fouchier, Alexandre Mas, François Colleoni, David Penot, Pierre-André Garambois, and Olivier Laurantin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-845, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-845, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrological modelling of mountainous catchments is challenging for many reasons, the main one being the temporal and spatial representation of precipitation forcings. This study presents an evaluation of the hydrological modelling of 55 small mountainous catchments of the Northern French Alps, focusing on the influence of the type of precipitation reanalyses used as inputs. These evaluations emphasize the added value of radar measurements, in particular for the reproduction of flood events.
Ting Su, Chiyuan Miao, Qingyun Duan, Jiaojiao Gou, Xiaoying Guo, and Xi Zhao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1477–1492, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1477-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1477-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Three-River Source Region (TRSR) plays an extremely important role in water resources security and ecological and environmental protection in China and even all of Southeast Asia. This study used the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) land surface hydrologic model linked with the degree-day factor algorithm to simulate the runoff change in the TRSR. These results will help to guide current and future regulation and management of water resources in the TRSR.
Andreas Hartmann, Jean-Lionel Payeur-Poirier, and Luisa Hopp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1325–1341, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We advance our understanding of including information derived from environmental tracers into hydrological modeling. We present a simple approach that integrates streamflow observations and tracer-derived streamflow contributions for model parameter estimation. We consider multiple observed streamflow components and their variation over time to quantify the impact of their inclusion for streamflow prediction at the catchment scale.
Dharmaveer Singh, Manu Vardhan, Rakesh Sahu, Debrupa Chatterjee, Pankaj Chauhan, and Shiyin Liu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1047–1075, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1047-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1047-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines, for the first time, the potential of various machine learning models in streamflow prediction over the Sutlej River basin (rainfall-dominated zone) in western Himalaya during the period 2041–2070 (2050s) and 2071–2100 (2080s) and its relationship to climate variability. The mean ensemble of the model results shows that the mean annual streamflow of the Sutlej River is expected to rise between the 2050s and 2080s by 0.79 to 1.43 % for SSP585 and by 0.87 to 1.10 % for SSP245.
Monica Coppo Frias, Suxia Liu, Xingguo Mo, Karina Nielsen, Heidi Ranndal, Liguang Jiang, Jun Ma, and Peter Bauer-Gottwein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1011–1032, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1011-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1011-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses remote sensing data from ICESat-2 to calibrate a 1D hydraulic model. With the model, we can make estimations of discharge and water surface elevation, which are important indicators in flooding risk assessment. ICESat-2 data give an added value, thanks to the 0.7 m resolution, which allows the measurement of narrow river streams. In addition, ICESat-2 provides measurements on the river dry portion geometry that can be included in the model.
Evgenia Koltsida, Nikos Mamassis, and Andreas Kallioras
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 917–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-917-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-917-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Daily and hourly rainfall observations were inputted to a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model to investigate the impacts of rainfall temporal resolution on a discharge simulation. Results indicated that groundwater flow parameters were more sensitive to daily time intervals, and channel routing parameters were more influential for hourly time intervals. This study suggests that the SWAT model appears to be a reliable tool to predict discharge in a mixed-land-use basin.
Tariq Aziz, Steven K. Frey, David R. Lapen, Susan Preston, Hazen A. J. Russell, Omar Khader, Andre R. Erler, and Edward A. Sudicky
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-25, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-25, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
The study determines the value of water towards ecosystem services production in an agricultural watershed in Ontario, Canada. It uses a computer model and an economic valuation approach to determine how subsurface and surface water affect ecosystem services supply. The results show that subsurface water plays a critical role in maintaining ecosystem services. The study informs on the sustainable use of subsurface water and introduces a new method for managing watershed ecosystem services.
Klaus Eckhardt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 495–499, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-495-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-495-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
An important hydrological issue is to identify components of streamflow that react to precipitation with different degrees of attenuation and delay. From the multitude of methods that have been developed for this so-called hydrograph separation, a specific, frequently used one is singled out here. It is shown to be derived from plausible physical principles. This increases confidence in its results.
Beatrice Sabine Marti, Aidar Zhumabaev, and Tobias Siegfried
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 319–330, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-319-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-319-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical modelling is often used for climate impact studies in water resources management. It is, however, not yet highly accessible to many students of hydrology in Central Asia. One big hurdle for new learners is the preparation of relevant data prior to the actual modelling. We present a robust, open-source workflow and comprehensive teaching material that can be used by teachers and by students for self study.
Aniket Gupta, Alix Reverdy, Jean-Martial Cohard, Basile Hector, Marc Descloitres, Jean-Pierre Vandervaere, Catherine Coulaud, Romain Biron, Lucie Liger, Reed Maxwell, Jean-Gabriel Valay, and Didier Voisin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 191–212, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Patchy snow cover during spring impacts mountainous ecosystems on a large range of spatio-temporal scales. A hydrological model simulated such snow patchiness at 10 m resolution. Slope and orientation controls precipitation, radiation, and wind generate differences in snowmelt, subsurface storage, streamflow, and evapotranspiration. The snow patchiness increases the duration of the snowmelt to stream and subsurface storage, which sustains the plants and streamflow later in the summer.
Hendrik Rathjens, Jens Kiesel, Michael Winchell, Jeffrey Arnold, and Robin Sur
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 159–167, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-159-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-159-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The SWAT model can simulate the transport of water-soluble chemicals through the landscape but neglects the transport through groundwater or agricultural tile drains. These transport pathways are, however, important to assess the amount of chemicals in streams. We added this capability to the model, which significantly improved the simulation. The representation of all transport pathways in the model enables watershed managers to develop robust strategies for reducing chemicals in streams.
Wencong Yang, Hanbo Yang, Changming Li, Taihua Wang, Ziwei Liu, Qingfang Hu, and Dawen Yang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6427–6441, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6427-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6427-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We produced a daily 0.1° dataset of precipitation, soil moisture, and snow water equivalent in 1981–2017 across China via reconstructions. The dataset used global background data and local on-site data as forcing input and satellite-based data as reconstruction benchmarks. This long-term high-resolution national hydrological dataset is valuable for national investigations of hydrological processes.
Felipe A. Saavedra, Andreas Musolff, Jana von Freyberg, Ralf Merz, Stefano Basso, and Larisa Tarasova
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 6227–6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6227-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6227-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrate contamination of rivers from agricultural sources is a challenge for water quality management. During runoff events, different transport paths within the catchment might be activated, generating a variety of responses in nitrate concentration in stream water. Using nitrate samples from 184 German catchments and a runoff event classification, we show that hydrologic connectivity during runoff events is a key control of nitrate transport from catchments to streams in our study domain.
Marcos R. C. Cordeiro, Kang Liang, Henry F. Wilson, Jason Vanrobaeys, David A. Lobb, Xing Fang, and John W. Pomeroy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5917–5931, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the issue of increasing interest in the hydrological impacts of converting cropland to perennial forage cover in the Canadian Prairies. By developing customized models using the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling (CRHM) platform, this long-term (1992–2013) modelling study is expected to provide stakeholders with science-based information regarding the hydrological impacts of land use conversion from annual crop to perennial forage cover in the Canadian Prairies.
Yuhang Zhang, Aizhong Ye, Phu Nguyen, Bita Analui, Soroosh Sorooshian, Kuolin Hsu, and Yuxuan Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-377, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-377, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
We compared probabilistic long short-term memory (PLSTM) model and quantile regression forest model (QRF). The results show the QRF model is more efficient, taking only half the time of the PLSTM model to do all the experiments in terms of model efficiency, the QRF model and the PLSTM model are comparable in terms of probabilistic (multi-point) prediction, the QRF model performs better in small watersheds and the PLSTM model performs better in large watersheds.
Reyhaneh Hashemi, Pierre Brigode, Pierre-André Garambois, and Pierre Javelle
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5793–5816, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrologists have long dreamed of a tool that could adequately predict runoff in catchments. Data-driven long short-term memory (LSTM) models appear very promising to the hydrology community in this respect. Here, we have sought to benefit from traditional practices in hydrology to improve the effectiveness of LSTM models. We discovered that one LSTM parameter has a hydrologic interpretation and that there is a need to increase the data and to tune two parameters, thereby improving predictions.
Mu Xiao, Giuseppe Mascaro, Zhaocheng Wang, Kristen M. Whitney, and Enrique R. Vivoni
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5627–5646, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5627-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5627-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As the major water resource in the southwestern United States, the Colorado River is experiencing decreases in naturalized streamflow and is predicted to face severe challenges under future climate scenarios. Here, we demonstrate the value of Earth observing satellites to improve and build confidence in the spatiotemporal simulations from regional hydrologic models for assessing the sensitivity of the Colorado River to climate change and supporting regional water managers.
Christopher Spence, Zhihua He, Kevin R. Shook, John W. Pomeroy, Colin J. Whitfield, and Jared D. Wolfe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5555–5575, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5555-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5555-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We learnt how streamflow from small creeks could be altered by wetland removal in the Canadian Prairies, where this practice is pervasive. Every creek basin in the region was placed into one of seven groups. We selected one of these groups and used its traits to simulate streamflow. The model worked well enough so that we could trust the results even if we removed the wetlands. Wetland removal did not change low flow amounts very much, but it doubled high flow and tripled average flow.
Rosanna A. Lane, Gemma Coxon, Jim Freer, Jan Seibert, and Thorsten Wagener
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5535–5554, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5535-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5535-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study modelled the impact of climate change on river high flows across Great Britain (GB). Generally, results indicated an increase in the magnitude and frequency of high flows along the west coast of GB by 2050–2075. In contrast, average flows decreased across GB. All flow projections contained large uncertainties; the climate projections were the largest source of uncertainty overall but hydrological modelling uncertainties were considerable in some regions.
Guangxuan Li, Xi Chen, Zhicai Zhang, Lichun Wang, and Chris Soulsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5515–5534, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5515-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5515-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a coupled flow–tracer model to understand the effects of passive storage on modeling hydrological function and isotope dynamics in a karst flow system. Models with passive storages show improvement in matching isotope dynamics performance, and the improved performance also strongly depends on the number and location of passive storages. Our results also suggested that the solute transport is primarily controlled by advection and hydrodynamic dispersion in the steep hillslope unit.
Grey S. Nearing, Daniel Klotz, Jonathan M. Frame, Martin Gauch, Oren Gilon, Frederik Kratzert, Alden Keefe Sampson, Guy Shalev, and Sella Nevo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5493–5513, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5493-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When designing flood forecasting models, it is necessary to use all available data to achieve the most accurate predictions possible. This manuscript explores two basic ways of ingesting near-real-time streamflow data into machine learning streamflow models. The point we want to make is that when working in the context of machine learning (instead of traditional hydrology models that are based on
bio-geophysics), it is not necessary to use complex statistical methods for injecting sparse data.
Xiongpeng Tang, Guobin Fu, Silong Zhang, Chao Gao, Guoqing Wang, Zhenxin Bao, Yanli Liu, Cuishan Liu, and Junliang Jin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5315–5339, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we proposed a new framework that considered the uncertainties of model simulations in quantifying the contribution rate of climate change and human activities to streamflow changes. Then, the Lancang River basin was selected for the case study. The results of quantitative analysis using the new framework showed that the reason for the decrease in the streamflow at Yunjinghong station was mainly human activities.
Bin Yi, Lu Chen, Hansong Zhang, Vijay P. Singh, Ping Jiang, Yizhuo Liu, Hexiang Guo, and Hongya Qiu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5269–5289, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5269-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5269-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
An improved GIS-derived distributed unit hydrograph routing method considering time-varying soil moisture was proposed for flow routing. The method considered the changes of time-varying soil moisture and rainfall intensity. The response of underlying surface to the soil moisture content was considered an important factor in this study. The SUH, DUH, TDUH and proposed routing methods (TDUH-MC) were used for flood forecasts, and the simulated results were compared and discussed.
Audrey Douinot, Jean François Iffly, Cyrille Tailliez, Claude Meisch, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5185–5206, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The objective of the paper is to highlight the seasonal and singular shift of the transfer time distributions of two catchments (≅10 km2).
Based on 2 years of rainfall and discharge observations, we compare variations in the properties of TTDs with the physiographic characteristics of catchment areas and the eco-hydrological cycle. The paper eventually aims to deduce several factors conducive to particularly rapid and concentrated water transfers, which leads to flash floods.
Alexander Y. Sun, Peishi Jiang, Zong-Liang Yang, Yangxinyu Xie, and Xingyuan Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5163–5184, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution river modeling is of great interest to local governments and stakeholders for flood-hazard mitigation. This work presents a physics-guided, machine learning (ML) framework for combining the strengths of high-resolution process-based river network models with a graph-based ML model capable of modeling spatiotemporal processes. Results show that the ML model can approximate the dynamics of the process model with high fidelity, and data fusion further improves the forecasting skill.
Marvin Höge, Andreas Scheidegger, Marco Baity-Jesi, Carlo Albert, and Fabrizio Fenicia
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5085–5102, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5085-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5085-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Neural ODEs fuse physics-based models with deep learning: neural networks substitute terms in differential equations that represent the mechanistic structure of the system. The approach combines the flexibility of machine learning with physical constraints for inter- and extrapolation. We demonstrate that neural ODE models achieve state-of-the-art predictive performance while keeping full interpretability of model states and processes in hydrologic modelling over multiple catchments.
Jing Tian, Zhengke Pan, Shenglian Guo, Jiabo Yin, Yanlai Zhou, and Jun Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4853–4874, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4853-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4853-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Most of the literature has focused on the runoff response to climate change, while neglecting the impacts of the potential variation in the active catchment water storage capacity (ACWSC) that plays an essential role in the transfer of climate inputs to the catchment runoff. This study aims to systematically identify the response of the ACWSC to a long-term meteorological drought and asymptotic climate change.
Riccardo Rigon, Giuseppe Formetta, Marialaura Bancheri, Niccolò Tubini, Concetta D'Amato, Olaf David, and Christian Massari
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4773–4800, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4773-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4773-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The
Digital Earth(DE) metaphor is very useful for both end users and hydrological modelers. We analyse different categories of models, with the view of making them part of a Digital eARth Twin Hydrology system (called DARTH). We also stress the idea that DARTHs are not models in and of themselves, rather they need to be built on an appropriate information technology infrastructure. It is remarked that DARTHs have to, by construction, support the open-science movement and its ideas.
Cited articles
Anquetin, S., Braud, I., Vannier, O., Viallet, P., Boudevillain, B., Creutin, J.-D., and Manus, C.: Sensitivity of the hydrological response to the variability of rainfall fields and soils for the Gard 2002 flash-flood event, J. Hydrol., Special Issue Flash Floods: Observations and Analysis of Hydrometeorological Controls, 394, 134–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.002, 2010.
Arnaud, P., Lavabre, J., and Masson, J.: Amélioration des performances d'un modèle stochastique de génération de hyétogrammes horaires: application au pourtour méditerranéen français (Improving the performances of a hourly time step stochastic model: case of the French Mediterranean area), Revue des sciences de l'eau/Journal of Water Science, 12, 251–271, https://doi.org/10.7202/705351ar, 1999.
Ayral, P.-A., Sauvagnargues-Lesage, S., and Bressand, F.: Contribution à la spatialisation du modèle opérationnel de prévision des crues éclair ALTHAÏR (Contribution to the spatial distribution of the operational flash flood forecasting model ALTHAÏR), Etude de géographie physiqueéographie physique, 32, 75–97, 2005.
Badoche-Jacquet, G., Blanchet, F., and Blanchet, B.: Procédé et dispositif pour l'évaluation des précipitations sur une zone de terrain (Procedure and apparatus for evaluating field precipitation), European Patent EP 0 578 544 B1, Holder: RHEA, 1992.
Beven, K. J. and Kirby, M. J.: A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology (Un modéle à base physique de zone d'appel variable de l'hydrologie du bassin versant), Hydrol. Sci. B., 24, 43–69, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667909491834, 1979.
Borga, M., Gaume, E., Creutin, J. D., and Marchi, L.: Surveying flash floods: gauging the ungauged extremes, Hydrol. Process., 22, 3883–3885, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7111, 2008.
Borga, M., Stoffel, M., Marchi, L., Marra, F., and Jakob, M.: Hydrogeomorphic response to extreme rainfall in headwater systems: flash floods and debris flows, J. Hydrol., 518, 194–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.022, 2014.
Bouvier, C., Patris, N., Freydier, R., Guilhe-Batiot, C., Seidel, J.-L., Taupin, J.-D., Brunet, P., and Remes, A.: The Floodscale Experiment at the Hillslope Scale: Physico-Chemical Characterization of Runoff Contributing to Flash Flood Generation in the Small Catchment of Valescure, France, in: 10th HyMeX workshop 4–7 July 2017, Barcelona, Spain, 2017.
Braud, I. and Vandervaere, J. P.: Analysis of infiltration tests performed in the Claduègne catchment in May–June 2012, contribution to WP3.4 “Documentation and mapping of soil hydraulic properties, soil geometry and vegetation cover of small catchments”, Tech. Rep. 66, FloodScale (2012–2016) ANR project, available at: http://mistrals.sedoo.fr/?editDatsId=1321 (last access: 10 May 2018), 2015.
Braud, I., Ayral, P.-A., Bouvier, C., Branger, F., Delrieu, G., Le Coz, J., Nord, G., Vandervaere, J.-P., Anquetin, S., Adamovic, M., Andrieu, J., Batiot, C., Boudevillain, B., Brunet, P., Carreau, J., Confoland, A., Didon-Lescot, J.-F., Domergue, J.-M., Douvinet, J., Dramais, G., Freydier, R., Gérard, S., Huza, J., Leblois, E., Le Bourgeois, O., Le Boursicaud, R., Marchand, P., Martin, P., Nottale, L., Patris, N., Renard, B., Seidel, J.-L., Taupin, J.-D., Vannier, O., Vincendon, B., and Wijbrans, A.: Multi-scale hydrometeorological observation and modelling for flash flood understanding, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3733–3761, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3733-2014, 2014.
Braud, I., Andrieu, H., Ayral, P.-A., Bouvier, C., Branger, F., Carreau, J., Delrieu, G., Douvinet, J., Freydier, R., Leblois, E., Le Coz, J., Martin, P., Nord, G., Patris, N., Perez, S., Renard, B., Seidel, J.-L., and Vandervaere, J.-P.: FloodScale: Observation et modélisation hydro-météorologique multi-échelles pour la compréhension et la simulation des crues éclairs (Multi-scale hydrometeorological observation and modelling for flash-flood understanding), final report of the project ANR-2011 BS56 027 01, available at: https://floodscale.irstea.fr/donnees/rapports-finaux-flodscale/rapport-scientifique-final-floodscale-mai-2016/view (last access: 10 May 2018), 2016a.
Braud, I., Ayral, P., Bouvier, C., Branger, F., Delrieu, G., Dramais, G., Le Coz, J., Leblois, E., Nord, G., and Vandervaere, J.: Advances in flash floods understanding and modelling derived from the FloodScale project in south-east France, in: 3rd European Conference on Flood Risk Management, Innovation, Implementation, Integration (FLOODrisk 2016), 18–20 October 2016, vol. 7, p. 04005, Lyon, France, https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20160704005, 2016b.
Buytaert, W. and Beven, K.: Models as multiple working hypotheses: hydrological simulation of tropical alpine wetlands, Hydrol. Process., 25, 1784–1799, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7936, 2011.
Camarasa-Belmonte, A. M.: Flash floods in Mediterranean ephemeral streams in Valencia Region (Spain), J. Hydrol., Special Issue Flash Floods, hydro-geomorphic response and risk management, 541, 99–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.019, 2016.
Cassardo, C., Balsamo, G. P., Cacciamani, C., Cesari, D., Paccagnella, T., and Pelosini, R.: Impact of soil surface moisture initialization on rainfall in a limited area model: a case study of the 1995 South Ticino flash flood, Hydrol. Process., 16, 1301–1317, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1063, 2002.
Clark, M. P., Slater, A. G., Rupp, D. E., Woods, R. A., Vrugt, J. A., Gupta, H. V., Wagener, T., and Hay, L. E.: Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE): A modular framework to diagnose differences between hydrological models, Water Resour. Res., 44, W00B02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006735, 2008.
Clark, M. P., Kavetski, D., and Fenicia, F.: Pursuing the method of multiple working hypotheses for hydrological modeling, Water Resour. Res., 47, w09301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009827, 2011.
Clark, M. P., Nijssen, B., Lundquist, J. D., Kavetski, D., Rupp, D. E., Woods, R. A., Freer, J. E., Gutmann, E. D., Wood, A. W., Brekke, L. D., Arnold, J. R., Gochis, D. J., and Rasmussen, R. M.: A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 1. Modeling concept, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2498–2514, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017198, 2015a.
Clark, M. P., Nijssen, B., Lundquist, J. D., Kavetski, D., Rupp, D. E., Woods, R. A., Freer, J. E., Gutmann, E. D., Wood, A. W., Gochis, D. J., Ramussen, R. M., Tarboton, D. G., Mahat, V., Flerchinger G. N., and Marks, D. G.: A unified approach for process-based hydrologic modeling: 2. Model implementation and case studies, Water Resour. Res., 51, 2515–2542, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017200, 2015b.
Colmet Daage, A., Ricci, S., Sanchez-Gomez, E., and Valérie, B. E.: Climate change impacts on precipitation extremes, flows and flash floods in Mediterranean mesoscale catchments, in: 8th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, Toulouse, France, 10–14 July 2016.
Coxon, G., Freer, J., Wagener, T., Odoni, N., and Clark, M.: Diagnostic evaluation of multiple hypotheses of hydrological behaviour in a limits-of-acceptability framework for 24 UK catchments, Hydrol. Process., 28, 6135–6150, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10096, 2014.
Delrieu, G., Nicol, J., Yates, E., Kirstetter, P.-E., Creutin, J.-D., Anquetin, S., Obled, C., Saulnier, G.-M., Ducrocq, V., Gaume, E., Payrastre, O., Andrieu, H., Ayral, P.-A., Bouvier, C., Neppel, L., Livet, M., Lang, M., du Châtelet, J. P., Walpersdorf, A., and Wobrock, W.: The Catastrophic Flash-Flood Event of 8–9 September 2002 in the Gard Region, France: A First Case Study for the Cévennes Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory, J. Hydrometeorol., 6, 34–52, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-400.1, 2005.
Douinot, A.: Analyse des processus d'écoulement lors de crues à cinétique rapide sur l'arc méditerranéen, PhD thesis, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 2016.
Douinot, A., Roux, H., Garambois, P.-A., Larnier, K., Labat, D., and Dartus, D.: Accounting for rainfall systematic spatial variability in flash flood forecasting, J. Hydrol., 541, 359–370, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.08.024, 2016.
Douinot, A., Roux, H., and Dartus, D.: Modelling errors calculation adapted to rainfall – Runoff model user expectations and discharge data uncertainties, Environ. Modell. Softw., 90, 157–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.01.007, 2017.
Drobinski, P., Ducrocq, V., Alpert, P., Anagnostou, E., Béranger, K., Borga, M., Braud, I., Chanzy, A., Davolio, S., Delrieu, G., et al.: HyMeX: a 10-year multidisciplinary program on the mediterranean water cycle, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 1063–1082, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00242.1, 2014.
Faccini, F., Paliaga, G., Piana, P., Sacchini, A., and Watkins, C.: The Bisagno stream catchment (Genoa, Italy) and its major floods: geomorphic and land use variations in the last three centuries, Geomorphology, 273, 14–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.037, 2016.
Fenicia, F., Kavetski, D., and Savenije, H. H.: Elements of a flexible approach for conceptual hydrological modeling: 1. Motivation and theoretical development, Water Resour. Res., 47, W11510, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010174, 2011.
Fenicia, F., Kavetski, D., Savenije, H. H., Clark, M. P., Schoups, G., Pfister, L., and Freer, J.: Catchment properties, function, and conceptual model representation: is there a correspondence?, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2451–2467, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9726, 2014.
Fenicia, F., Kavetski, D., Savenije, H. H. G., and Pfister, L.: From spatially variable streamflow to distributed hydrological models: Analysis of key modeling decisions, Water Resour. Res., 52, 954–989, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017398, 2016.
Garambois, P.-A.: Etude régionale des crues éclair de l'arc méditerranéen français. Elaboration de méthodologies de transfert à des bassins versants non jaugés (Regional study of the flash flood events in the French Mediterranean area: on the methods for transfering information to ungauged catchment), PhD thesis, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse – IMFT, Toulouse, France, 2012.
Garambois, P. A., Roux, H., Larnier, K., Castaings, W., and Dartus, D.: Characterization of process-oriented hydrologic model behavior with temporal sensitivity analysis for flash floods in Mediterranean catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2305–2322, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2305-2013, 2013.
Garambois, P., Larnier, K., Roux, H., Labat, D., and Dartus, D.: Analysis of flash flood-triggering rainfall for a process-oriented hydrological model, Atmos. Res., 137, 14–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.016, 2014.
Garambois, P., Roux, H., Larnier, K., Labat, D., and Dartus, D.: Characterization of catchment behaviour and rainfall selection for flash flood hydrological model calibration: catchments of the eastern Pyrenees, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 60, 424–447, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.909596, 2015a.
Garambois, P.-A., Roux, H., Larnier, K., Labat, D., and Dartus, D.: Parameter regionalization for a process-oriented distributed model dedicated to flash floods, J. Hydrol., 525, 383–399, 2015b.
Gaume, E. and Borga, M.: Etat des connaissances récentes acquises sur les crues éclair en Europe: bilan du projet de recherches européen HYDRATE (2006–2010) (State of the art on the knowledge recently acquired on flash floods in Europe: results of the European research project HYDRATE (2006–2010)), La Houille Blanche, 2, 24–30, https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2013012, 2013.
Gaume, E., Bain, V., Bernardara, P., Newinger, O., Barbuc, M., Bateman, A., Blaskovicova, L., Blöschl, G., Borga, M., Dumitrescu, A., Daliakopoulos, I., Garcia, J., Irimescu, A., Kohnova, S., Koutroulis, A., Marchi, L., Matreata, S., Medina, V., Preciso, E., Sempere-Torres, D., Stancalie, G., Szolgay, J., Tsanis, I., Velasco, D., and Viglione, A.: A compilation of data on European flash floods, J. Hydrol., 367, 70–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.028, 2009.
Gourley, J. J., Flamig, Z. L., Vergara, H., Kirstetter, P.-E., Clark III, R. A., Argyle, E., Arthur, A., Martinaitis, S., Terti, G., Erlingis, J. M., Hong, Y., and Howard, K. W.: The FLASH Project: Improving the Tools for Flash Flood Monitoring and Prediction across the United States, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 361–372, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00247.1, 2017.
Habets, F., Boone, A., Champeaux, J.-L., Etchevers, P., Franchisteguy, L., Leblois, E., Ledoux, E., Le Moigne, P., Martin, E., Morel, S., Noilhan, J., Quintana Seguí, P., Rousset-Regimbeau, F., and Viennot, P.: The SAFRAN-ISBA-MODCOU hydrometeorological model applied over France, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008548, 2008.
Hegedüs, P., Czigány, S., Balatonyi, L., and Pirkhoffer, E.: Analysis of soil boundary conditions of flash floods in a small basin in SW Hungary, Open Geosci., 5, 97–111, https://doi.org/10.2478/s13533-012-0119-6, 2013.
Jacq, V.: Inventaire des situations á précipitations diluviennes sur la région Languedoc-Roussillon, la Provence-Alpes Cotes d'azur et la Corse, période 1958–1994 (Inventory of the extreme rainfall events that have occured between 1958–1994 in the Languedoc-Roussillon, the Provence-Alpes Cotes d'azur and the Corse regions), Phénomènes remarquables, Météo-France, Paris, 1994.
Katsura, S., Kosugi, K., Yamakawa, Y., and Mizuyama, T.: Field evidence of groundwater ridging in a slope of a granite watershed without the capillary fringe effect, J. Hydrol., 511, 703–718, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.021, 2014.
Katsuyama, M., Ohte, N., and Kabeya, N.: Effects of bedrock permeability on hillslope and riparian groundwater dynamics in a weathered granite catchment, Water Resour. Res., 41, 1, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003275, 2005.
Kirchner, J. W.: Catchments as simple dynamical systems: Catchment characterization, rainfall-runoff modeling, and doing hydrology backward, Water Resour. Res., 45, 2, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006912, 2009.
Laganier, O., Ayral, P. A., Salze, D., and Sauvagnargues, S.: A coupling of hydrologic and hydraulic models appropriate for the fast floods of the Gardon River basin (France), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2899–2920, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2899-2014, 2014.
Lang, M., Arnaud, P., Carreau, J., Deaux, N., Dezileau, L., Garavaglia, F., Latapie, A., Neppel, L., Paquet, E., Renard, B., Soubeyroux, J., Terrier, B., Veysseire, J., Aubert, Y., Auffray, A., Borchi, F., Bernardara, P., Carré, J., Chambon, D., Cipriani, T., Delgado, J., Doumenc, H., Fantin, R., Jourdain, S., Kochanek, K., Paquier, A., Sauquet, E., and Tramblay, Y.: ExtraFlo project (ANR 2009–2013) on extreme rainfall and flood assessment: main outcomes, La Houille Blanche – Revue internationale de l'eau, 2, 5–13, https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2014010, 2014.
Le Bourgeois, O., Bouvier, C., Brunet, P., and Ayral, P.-A.: Inverse modeling of soil water content to estimate the hydraulic properties of a shallow soil and the associated weathered bedrock, J. Hydrol., 541, 116–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.067, 2016.
Le Coz, J., Renard, B., Bonnifait, L., Branger, F., and Boursicaud, R. L.: Combining hydraulic knowledge and uncertain gaugings in the estimation of hydrometric rating curves: A Bayesian approach, J. Hydrol., 509, 573–587, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.016, 2014.
Le Lay, M. and Saulnier, G.-M.: Exploring the signature of climate and landscape spatial variabilities in flash flood events: Case of the 8–9 September 2002 Cévennes-Vivarais catastrophic event, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029746, 2007.
Ledoux, E., Girard, G., De Marsily, G., Villeneuve, J., and Deschenes, J.: Spatially distributed modeling: conceptual approach, coupling surface water and groundwater, in: Unsaturated Flow in Hydrologic Modeling, 435–454, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1989.
Ley, R., Hellebrand, H., Casper, M. C., and Fenicia, F.: Is Catchment Classification Possible by Means of Multiple Model Structures? A Case Study Based on 99 Catchments in Germany, Hydrology, 3, 22, https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology3020022, 2016.
Llasat, M. C., Marcos, R., Llasat-Botija, M., Gilabert, J., Turco, M., and Quintana-Seguí, P.: Flash flood evolution in North-Western Mediterranean, Atmos. Res., 149, 230–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.05.024, 2014.
Lobligeois, F.: Mieux connaître la distribution spatiale des pluies améliore-t-il la modélisation des crues? Diagnostic sur 181 bassins versants français (Is the spatial distribution of the rainfall observation improving flood modelling? Diagnostic over 181 French catchments), PhD thesis, AgroParisTech, Paris, available at: https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01134990 (last access: 1 February 2018), 2014.
Mahfouf, J., Manzi, A., Noilhan, J., Giordani, H., and Déqué, M.: The land surface scheme ISBA within the Météo-France climate model ARPEGE, Part I, Implementation and preliminary results, J. Climate, 8, 2039–2057, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<2039:TLSSIW>2.0.CO;2, 1995.
Marchandise, A. and Viel, C.: Utilisation des indices d'humidité de la chaîne Safran-Isba-Modcou de Météo-France pour la vigilance et la prévision opérationnelle des crues (Using the Mété-France Safran-Isba-Modcou data for operational flood warning and forecasting), La Houille Blanche, 35–41, 6, https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2009075, 2009.
Maréchal, D., Ayral, P.-A., Bailly, J.-S., Puech, C., and Sauvagnargues-Lesage, S.: Sur l'origine morphologique des écoulements par l'analyse d'observations hydrologiques distribuées, Application à deux bassins versants cévenols (Gard, France) (Relation between the flow processes and the catchment morphology through the analysis of the distributed hydrological observations: case of two Cevenol catchments (France)), Geomorphologie, 19, 47–62, https://doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.10120, 2013.
Maréchal, J.-C., Ladouche, B., and Dörfliger, N.: Analyse hydrogéologique de la contribution de l'eau souterraine à la crue éclair des 6 et 8 septembre 2005 à Nîmes (Hydrogeological analysis of groundwater contribution to the 6–8 September 2005 flash flood in Nîmes), La Houille Blanche, 88–93, 2, https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2009019, 2009.
Mateo Lázaro, J., Sánchez Navarro, J. Á., García Gil, A., and Edo Romero, V.: Sensitivity analysis of main variables present in flash flood processes. Application in two Spanish catchments: Arás and Aguilón, Environ. Earth Sci., 71, 2925–2939, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2668-5, 2014.
Maubourguet, M.-M., Chorda, J., Dartus, D., and George, J.: Prévision des crues éclair sur le Gardon d'Anduze (Flash flood forecasting in the Gardon catchment at Anduze), in: 1st Mediterranean-HyMeX Workshop – Hydrological cycle in Mediterranean Experiment, 9–11 January 2007, Météo-France, Toulouse, France, 2007.
McDonnell, J., Sivapalan, M., Vaché, K., Dunn, S., Grant, G., Haggerty, R., Hinz, C., Hooper, R., Kirchner, J., Roderick, M., Selker, J., and Weiler, M.: Moving beyond heterogeneity and process complexity: A new vision for watershed hydrology, Water Resour. Res., 43, 7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005467, 2007.
MNT BDALTI: Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière (IGN-France), 2016.
Payrastre, O., Naulin, J. P., Nguyen, C. C., and Gaume, E.: Analyse hydrologique des crues de juin 2010 dans le Var (Hydrological analysis of the flash flood of the Var region, June 2010), Research report, IFSTTAR – Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, available at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01272025 (last access: 1 February 2018), 2012.
Pfister, L., Martínez-Carreras, N., Hissler, C., Klaus, J., Carrer, G. E., Stewart, M. K., and McDonnell, J. J.: Bedrock geology controls on catchment storage, mixing, and release: A comparative analysis of 16 nested catchments, Hydrol. Process., 31, 1828–1845, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11134, hYP-16-0708.R1, 2017a.
Pfister, L., Wetzel, C. E., Klaus, J., Martínez-Carreras, N., Antonelli, M., Teuling, A. J., and McDonnell, J. J.: Terrestrial diatoms as tracers in catchment hydrology: a review, WIREs Water, 4, 6, https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1241, 2017b.
Raynaud, D., Thielen, J., Salamon, P., Burek, P., Anquetin, S., and Alfieri, L.: A dynamic runoff co-efficient to improve flash flood early warning in Europe: evaluation on the 2013 central European floods in Germany, Meteorol. Appl., 22, 410–418, https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1469, 2015.
Ribolzi, O., Moussa, R., Gaudu, J.-C., Vallès, V., and Voltz, M.: Etude des crues de transition entre période sèche et période humide, par traçage naturel sur un bassin versant méditerranéen cultivé, Cr. Acad. Sci. II A, 324, 985–992, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(97)83983-3, 1997.
Roux, H., Labat, D., Garambois, P.-A., Maubourguet, M.-M., Chorda, J., and Dartus, D.: A physically-based parsimonious hydrological model for flash floods in Mediterranean catchments, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2567–2582, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2567-2011, 2011.
Ruin, I., Creutin, J.-D., Anquetin, S., and Lutoff, C.: Human exposure to flash floods – Relation between flood parameters and human vulnerability during a storm of September 2002 in Southern France, J. Hydrol., 361, 199–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.07.044, 2008.
Sangati, M., Borga, M., Rabuffetti, D., and Bechini, R.: Influence of rainfall and soil properties spatial aggregation on extreme flash flood response modelling: an evaluation based on the Sesia river basin, North Western Italy, Adv. Water Resour., 32, 1090–1106, 2009.
Sayama, T., McDonnell, J. J., Dhakal, A., and Sullivan, K.: How much water can a watershed store?, Hydrol. Process., 25, 3899–3908, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8288, 2011.
Sivapalan, M.: Process complexity at hillslope scale, process simplicity at the watershed scale: is there a connection?, Hydrol. Process., 17, 1037–1041, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5109, 2003.
SPC (Services de Prévision des Crues) Grand Delta, DREAL (Direction régionale de l'environnement, de l'aménagement et du logement Languedoc-Roussillon, MEDD (Ministére de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable et de l'Énergie): HydroFrance database, available at: http://www.hydro.eaufrance.fr/, last access: 10 May 2018.
Tabary, P.: The new French operational radar rainfall product. Part I: Methodology, Weather Forecast., 22, 393–408, https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF1004.1, 2007.
Tetzlaff, D., Piovano, T., Ala-Aho, P., Smith, A., Carey, S. K., Marsh, P., Wookey, P. A., Street, L. E., and Soulsby, C.: Using stable isotopes to estimate travel times in a data-sparse Arctic catchment: Challenges and possible solutions, Hydrol. Process., 32, 1936–1952, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13146, 2018.
Troch, P. A., Berne, A., Bogaart, P., Harman, C., Hilberts, A. G. J., Lyon, S. W., Paniconi, C., Pauwels, V. R. N., Rupp, D. E., Selker, J. S., Teuling, A. J., Uijlenhoet, R., and Verhoest, N. E. C.: The importance of hydraulic groundwater theory in catchment hydrology: The legacy of Wilfried Brutsaert and Jean-Yves Parlange, Water Resour. Res., 49, 5099–5116, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20407, 2013.
UNISDR: UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, 3, 393–408, available at: https://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology (last access: 10 May 2018), 2009.
van Esse, W. R., Perrin, C., Booij, M. J., Augustijn, D. C. M., Fenicia, F., Kavetski, D., and Lobligeois, F.: The influence of conceptual model structure on model performance: a comparative study for 237 French catchments, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4227–4239, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4227-2013, 2013.
Van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, 1980.
Vannier, O., Braud, I., and Anquetin, S.: Regional estimation of catchment-scale soil properties by means of streamflow recession analysis for use in distributed hydrological models, Hydrol. Process., 28, 26, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10101, 2013.
Vidal, J.-P., Martin, E., Franchisteguy, L., Baillon, M., and Soubeyroux, J.-M.: A 50-year high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis over France with the Safran system, Int. J. Climatol., 30, 1627–1644, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2003, 2010.
Viglione, A., Chirico, G. B., Woods, R., and Blöschl, G.: Generalised synthesis of space – time variability in flood response: An analytical framework, J. Hydrol., 394, 198–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.05.047, 2010.
Zoccatelli, D., Borga, M., Zanon, F., Antonescu, B., and Stancalie, G.: Which rainfall spatial information for flash flood response modelling? A numerical investigation based on data from the Carpathian range, Romania, J. Hydrol., 394, 148–161, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.019, 2010.
Short summary
The distributed, process-oriented model, MARINE, was used to test several hypotheses of flow dynamics in soils during flash flood events in the Mediterranean area. Results show that the most realistic hypothesis for each catchment is consistent with existing in situ observations and measurements. The study also highlights the potential of distributed modelling and spatial observations in hydrology, especially in dealing with equifinality issues.
The distributed, process-oriented model, MARINE, was used to test several hypotheses of flow...