Articles | Volume 21, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3061-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3061-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Jun 2017
Research article |
| 26 Jun 2017
Water footprint of crop production for different crop structures in the Hebei southern plain, North China
Yingmin Chu
School of Management, China University of Mining & Technology,
Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
Guangdong
Science and Technology Library, Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic
of China
Yanjun Shen
Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of
Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050021, People's Republic of China
Guangdong
Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Pollution Integrated Control,
Guangdong Institute of Eco-environment Technology, Guangzhou, 510650,
People's Republic of China
Related authors
No articles found.
Shiqin Wang, Zhixiong Zhang, Shoucai Wei, Wenbo Zheng, Binbin Liu, Matthias Sprenger, Yanjun Shen, and Yizhang Zhang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-391, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-391, 2023
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
By seasonal isotopic signatures of precipitation and groundwater, we obtained the mechanism of groundwater recharge dominated by preferential soil flow and the cause of nitrate variation. Large pores in soils accelerate the infiltration of water and contamination, increasing groundwater recharge while increasing the risk of contamination.Groundwater recharge shows different hysteresis characteristics due to the combination of geological and anthropogenic factors.
Xingran Liu and Yanjun Shen
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 211–225, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-211-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-211-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The impacts of climate change and human activities on oasis water requirements in Heihe River basin were quantified with the methods of partial derivative and slope in this study. The results showed that the oasis water requirement increased sharply from 10.8 × 108 to 19.0 × 108 m3 during 1986–2013. Human activities were the dominant driving forces. Changes in climate, land scale and structure contributed to the increase in water requirement at rates of 6.9, 58.1, and 25.3 %, respectively.
Shusen Wang, Fuqun Zhou, Hazen A. J. Russell, Ran Huang, and Yanjun Shen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-117, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-117, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This study forecasted peak flow or flood for Mackenzie River using GRACE satellite data. It also revealed the travel time for snowmelt water to run out of the basin. Temperature is the major driver for flood. Compared with Red River, Mackenzie River basin has high water storage and water discharge capability, and low snowmelt efficiency per unit heat. The study also provides a GRACE-based approach for snowfall estimation. The model is particularly useful for cold regions with minimal data.
Related subject area
Subject: Water Resources Management | Techniques and Approaches: Mathematical applications
A novel objective function DYNO for automatic multivariable calibration of 3D lake models
The importance of non-stationary multiannual periodicities in the North Atlantic Oscillation index for forecasting water resource drought
Decreased virtual water outflows from the Yellow River basin are increasingly critical to China
AI-based techniques for multi-step streamflow forecasts: application for multi-objective reservoir operation optimization and performance assessment
Optimal water use strategies for mitigating high urban temperatures
Physical versus economic water footprints in crop production: a spatial and temporal analysis for China
Development of a revised method for indicators of hydrologic alteration for analyzing the cumulative impacts of cascading reservoirs on flow regime
Changing global cropping patterns to minimize national blue water scarcity
Climate change impacts on the Water Highway project in Morocco
HESS Opinions: How should a future water census address consumptive use? (And where can we substitute withdrawal data while we wait?)
Complex relationship between seasonal streamflow forecast skill and value in reservoir operations
Benchmark levels for the consumptive water footprint of crop production for different environmental conditions: a case study for winter wheat in China
Technical note: Multiple wavelet coherence for untangling scale-specific and localized multivariate relationships in geosciences
Machine learning methods for empirical streamflow simulation: a comparison of model accuracy, interpretability, and uncertainty in seasonal watersheds
The question of Sudan: a hydro-economic optimization model for the Sudanese Blue Nile
Evolution of the human–water relationships in the Heihe River basin in the past 2000 years
A dynamic water accounting framework based on marginal resource opportunity cost
Climate change and non-stationary flood risk for the upper Truckee River basin
Determining regional limits and sectoral constraints for water use
China's water sustainability in the 21st century: a climate-informed water risk assessment covering multi-sector water demands
Recent evolution of China's virtual water trade: analysis of selected crops and considerations for policy
Assessing water reservoirs management and development in Northern Vietnam
A framework for the quantitative assessment of climate change impacts on water-related activities at the basin scale
Wei Xia, Taimoor Akhtar, and Christine A. Shoemaker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3651–3671, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3651-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3651-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The common practice of calibrating lake hydrodynamic models only to temperature data is shown to be unable to reproduce the flow dynamics well. We proposed a new dynamically normalized objective function (DYNO) for multivariable calibration to be used with parallel or serial optimization methods. DYNO is successfully applied to simultaneously calibrate the temperature and velocity of a 3-dimensional tropical lake model.
William Rust, John P. Bloomfield, Mark Cuthbert, Ron Corstanje, and Ian Holman
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2449–2467, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We highlight the importance of the North Atlantic Oscillation in controlling droughts in the UK. Specifically, multi-year cycles in the NAO are shown to influence the frequency of droughts and this influence changes considerably over time. We show that the influence of these varying controls is similar to the projected effects of climate change on water resources. We also show that these time-varying behaviours have important implications for water resource forecasts used for drought planning.
Shuang Song, Shuai Wang, Xutong Wu, Yongyuan Huang, and Bojie Fu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2035–2044, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2035-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2035-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A reasonable assessment of the contribution of the water resources in a river basin to domestic crops supplies will be the first step in balancing the water–food nexus. Our results showed that although the Yellow River basin had reduced its virtual water outflow, its importance to crop production in China had been increasing when water footprint networks were considered. Our complexity-based approach provides a new perspective for understanding changes in a basin with a severe water shortage.
Yuxue Guo, Xinting Yu, Yue-Ping Xu, Hao Chen, Haiting Gu, and Jingkai Xie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 5951–5979, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5951-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-5951-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed an AI-based management methodology to assess forecast quality and forecast-informed reservoir operation performance together due to uncertain inflow forecasts. Results showed that higher forecast performance could lead to improved reservoir operation, while uncertain forecasts were more valuable than deterministic forecasts. Moreover, the relationship between the forecast horizon and reservoir operation was complex and depended on operating configurations and performance measures.
Bin Liu, Zhenghui Xie, Shuang Liu, Yujing Zeng, Ruichao Li, Longhuan Wang, Yan Wang, Binghao Jia, Peihua Qin, Si Chen, Jinbo Xie, and ChunXiang Shi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 387–400, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-387-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-387-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We implemented both urban water use schemes in a model (Weather Research and Forecasting model) and assessed their cooling effects with different amounts of water in different parts of the city (center, suburbs, and rural areas) for both road sprinkling and urban irrigation by model simulation. Then, we developed an optimization scheme to find out the optimal water use strategies for mitigating high urban temperatures.
Xi Yang, La Zhuo, Pengxuan Xie, Hongrong Huang, Bianbian Feng, and Pute Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 169–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-169-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-169-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Maximizing economic benefits with higher water productivity or lower water footprint is the core sustainable goal of agricultural water resources management. Here we look at spatial and temporal variations and developments in both production-based (PWF) and economic value-based (EWF) water footprints of crops, by taking a case study for China. A synergy evaluation index is proposed to further quantitatively evaluate the synergies and trade-offs between PWF and EWF.
Xingyu Zhou, Xiaorong Huang, Hongbin Zhao, and Kai Ma
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4091–4107, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4091-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4091-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The main objective of this work is to discuss the cumulative effects on flow regime with the construction of cascade reservoirs. A revised IHA (indicators of hydrologic alteration) method was developed by using a projection pursuit method based on the real-coded accelerated genetic algorithm in this study. Through this method, IHA parameters with a high contribution to hydrological-alteration evaluation could be selected out and given high weight to reduce the redundancy among the IHA metrics.
Hatem Chouchane, Maarten S. Krol, and Arjen Y. Hoekstra
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3015–3031, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3015-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3015-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies on water saving through food trade focussed either on comparing water productivities among countries or on analysing food trade in relation to national water endowments. Here, we consider, for the first time, both differences in water productivities and water endowments to analyse national comparative advantages. Our study reveals that blue water scarcity can be reduced to sustainable levels by changing cropping patterns while maintaining current levels of global production.
Nabil El Moçayd, Suchul Kang, and Elfatih A. B. Eltahir
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1467–1483, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1467-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1467-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The present work addresses the impact of climate change on the Water Highway project in Morocco. This project aims to transfer 860 × 106 m3 yr−1 of water from the north to the south. As the project is very sensitive to the availability of water in the northern regions, we evaluate its feasibility under different future climate change scenarios: under a pessimistic climate scenario, the project is infeasible; however, under an optimistic scenario a rescaled version might be feasible.
Benjamin L. Ruddell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5551–5558, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5551-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5551-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We now lack sufficient empirical observations of consumptive use of water by humans and their economy, so it is worth considering what we can do with the withdrawal-based water use data we already possess. Fortunately, a wide range of applied water management and policy questions can be addressed using currently available withdrawal data. This discussion identifies important data collection problems and argues that the withdrawal data we already possess are adequate for some important purposes.
Sean W. D. Turner, James C. Bennett, David E. Robertson, and Stefano Galelli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4841–4859, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4841-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4841-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the relationship between skill and value of ensemble seasonal streamflow forecasts. Using data from a modern forecasting system, we show that skilled forecasts are more likely to provide benefits for reservoirs operated to maintain a target water level rather than reservoirs operated to satisfy a target demand. We identify the primary causes for this behaviour and provide specific recommendations for assessing the value of forecasts for reservoirs with supply objectives.
La Zhuo, Mesfin M. Mekonnen, and Arjen Y. Hoekstra
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4547–4559, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4547-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4547-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Benchmarks for the water footprint (WF) of crop production can serve as a reference and be helpful in setting WF reduction targets. The study explores which environmental factors should be distinguished when determining benchmarks for the consumptive (green and blue) WF of crops. Through a case study for winter wheat in China over 1961–2008, we find that when determining benchmark levels for the consumptive WF of a crop, it is most useful to distinguish between different climate zones.
Wei Hu and Bing Cheng Si
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 3183–3191, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3183-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3183-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Bivariate wavelet coherence has been used to explore scale- and location-specific relationships between two variables. In reality, a process occurring on land surface is usually affected by more than two factors. Therefore, this manuscript is to develop a multiple wavelet coherence method. Results showed that new method outperforms other multivariate methods. Matlab codes for a new method are provided. This method can be widely applied in geosciences where a variable is controlled by many factors.
Julie E. Shortridge, Seth D. Guikema, and Benjamin F. Zaitchik
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2611–2628, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2611-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2611-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper compares six methods for data-driven rainfall–runoff simulation in terms of predictive accuracy, error structure, interpretability, and uncertainty. We demonstrate that autocorrelation in model errors can result in biased estimates of important values and show how certain model structures can be more easily interpreted to yield insights on physical watershed function. Finally, we explore how model structure can impact uncertainty in climate change sensitivity estimates.
S. Satti, B. Zaitchik, and S. Siddiqui
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2275–2293, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2275-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2275-2015, 2015
Z. Lu, Y. Wei, H. Xiao, S. Zou, J. Xie, J. Ren, and A. Western
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2261–2273, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2261-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2261-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper quantitatively analyzed the evolution of human-water relationships in the Heihe River basin over the past 2000 years by reconstructing the catchment water balance. The results provided the basis for investigating the impacts of human societies on hydrological systems. The evolutionary processes of human-water relationships can be divided into four stages: predevelopment, take-off, acceleration, and rebalancing. And the transition of the human-water relationship had no fixed pattern.
A. Tilmant, G. Marques, and Y. Mohamed
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1457–1467, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1457-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1457-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
As water resources are increasingly used for various purposes, there is a need for a unified framework to describe, quantify and classify water use in a region, be it a catchment, a river basin or a country. This paper presents a novel water accounting framework whereby the contribution of traditional water uses but also storage services are properly considered.
L. E. Condon, S. Gangopadhyay, and T. Pruitt
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 159–175, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-159-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-159-2015, 2015
T. K. Lissner, C. A. Sullivan, D. E. Reusser, and J. P. Kropp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4039–4052, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4039-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4039-2014, 2014
X. Chen, D. Naresh, L. Upmanu, Z. Hao, L. Dong, Q. Ju, J. Wang, and S. Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1653–1662, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1653-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1653-2014, 2014
J. Shi, J. Liu, and L. Pinter
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1349–1357, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1349-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1349-2014, 2014
A. Castelletti, F. Pianosi, X. Quach, and R. Soncini-Sessa
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 189–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-189-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-189-2012, 2012
D. Anghileri, F. Pianosi, and R. Soncini-Sessa
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2025–2038, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2025-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2025-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., and Smith, M.: Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56, FAO, Rome, Italy, 1998.
Bocchiola, D., Nana, E., and Soncini, A.: Impact of climate change scenarios on crop yield and water footprint of maize in the Po valley of Italy, Agr. Water Manage., 116, 50–61, 2013.
Chapagain, A. K. and Hoekstra, A. Y.: The blue, green and grey water footprint of rice from production and consumption perspectives, Ecol. Econ., 70, 749–758, 2011.
Chapagain, A. K. and Orr, S.: An improved water footprint methodology linking global consumption to local water resources: a case of Spanish tomatoes, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 1219–1228, 2009.
Chapagain, A. K., Hoekstra, A. Y., Savenije, H. H. G., and Gautam, R.: The water footprint of cotton consumption: an assessment of the impact of worldwide consumption of cotton products on the water resources in the cotton producing countries, Ecol. Econ., 60, 186–203, 2006.
Chen, J. Y., Tang, C. Y., Shen, Y. J. Sakura, Y., Kondoh, A., and Shimada, J.: Use of water balance calculation and tritium to examine the dropdown of groundwater table in the piedmont of the North China Plain (NCP), Environ. Geol. , 44, 564–571, 2003.
China Meteorological Administration (CMA): available at: http://www.cma.gov.cn/ (last access: 20 June 2017), 2000–2012.
da Silva, V. D. P. R., da Silva, B. B., Albuquerque, W. G., Borges, C. J. R., de Sousa, I. F., and Neto, J. D.: Crop coefficient, water requirements, yield and water use efficiency of sugarcane growth in Brazil, Agr. Water Manage., 128, 102–109, 2013.
Dong, H., Geng, Y., Sarkis, J., Fujita, T., Okadera, T., and Xue, B.: Regional water footprint evaluation in China: A case of Liaoning, Sci. Total Environ., 442, 215–224, 2013.
Duan, A. W.: Irrigation water quota of main crops in North China, Agricultural Science and Technology Press of China, Beijing, 2004.
Feng, Z. M., Liu, D. W., and Zhang, Y. H.: Water requirements and irrigation sched-uling of spring maize using GIS and CropWat model in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Chin. Geogr. Sci., 17, 56–63, 2007.
Gheewala, S. H., Silalertruksa, T., Nilsalab, P., Mungkung, R., Perret, S. R., and Chaiyawannakarn, N.: Water footprint and impact of water consumption for food, feed, fuel crops production in Thailand, Water, 6, 1698–1718, 2014.
Gleick, P. H.: Global freshwater resources: soft-path solutions for the 21st century, Science, 302, 1524–1528, 2003.
Hoekstra, A. Y. (Ed.): Virtual Water Trade, in: Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, 12–13 December 2002, Delft, the Netherlands, Value of Water Research Report Series No. 12, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, available at: http://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Report12.pdf (last access: 20 June 2017), 2003.
Hoekstra, A. Y. and Chapagain, A. K.: Water footprints of nations: water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern, Water Resour. Manage., 21, 35–48, 2007.
Hoekstra, A. Y., Chapagain, A. K., Aldaya, M. M., and Mekonnen, M. M.: Water Footprint Manual: State of the Art, Water Footprint Network, Enschede, the Netherlands, 2009.
Hu, C. S., Zhang, X. Y., Cheng, Y. S., and Pei, D.: An analysis on dynamics of water tableand overdraft in the piedmont of Mt Taihang, Syst. Sci. Compr. Stud. Agric., 18, 89–91, 2002.
Huang, J., Bradley, G. R., Xu, C. C., Zhang, H. L., and Chen, F.: Cropping pattern mod-ifications change water resource demands in the Beijing metropolitan area, J. Integr. Agric., 11, 1914–1923, 2012.
Jefferies, D., Muñoz, I., Hodges, J., King, V. J., Aldaya, M., Ercin, A. E., Canals, L. M., and Hoekstra, A. Y.: Water footprint and life cycle assessment as approaches to assess potential impacts of products on water consumption. Key learning points from pilot studies on tea and margarine, J. Clean. Prod., 33, 155–166, 2012.
Konar, M., Dalin, C., Suweis, S., Hanasaki, N., Rinaldo, A., and Rodriguez-Iturbe, I.: Water for food: the global virtual water trade network, Water Resour. Res., 47, 143–158, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010307, 2011.
Lamastra, L., Suciu, N. A., Novelli, E., and Trevisan, M.: A new approach to assessing the water footprint of wine: an Italian case study, Sci. Total Environ., 490, 748–756, 2014.
Lucrezia, L., Nicoleta, A. S., Elisa, N., and Marco, T.: A new approach to assessing the water footprint of wine: An Italian case study, Sci. Total Environ., 490, 748–756, 2014.
Ma, Y., Feng, S., and Song, X.: A root zone model for estimating soil water balance and crop yield responses to deficit irrigation in the North China Plain, Agr. Water Manage., 127, 13–24, 2013.
Mekonnen, M. M. and Hoekstra, A. Y.: The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products, Value ofwater research report series No. 47, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2010.
Pan, X. P., Li, G. X., Liu, F. G., Wu, X. F., Kondoh, A., and Shen, Y. J.: Using remote sensing to determine spatio-temporal variations in winter wheat growing area in the North China Plain, Chin. J. Eco-Agric., 23, 497–505, 2015.
Rosegrant, M. W. and Ringler, C.: Impact on food security and rural developmentof transferring water out of agriculture, Water Policy, 1, 567–586, 2000.
Shrestha, S., Pandey, V. P., Chanamai, C., and Ghosh, D. K.: Green, blue and grey water footprints of primary crops production in Nepal, Water Resour. Manage., 27, 5223–5243, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR010307, 2013.
Sun, H., Shen, Y., Yu, Q., Flerchinger, G. N., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., and Zhang, X.: Effect ofprecipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summermaize rotation in the North China Plain, Agr. Water Manage., 97, 1139–1145, 2010.
Suttayakul, P., H-Kittikun, A., Suksaroj, C., Mungkalasiri, J., Wisansuwannakorn, R., and Musikavong, C.: Water footprints of products of oil palm plantations and palm oil mills in Thailand, Sci Total Environ., 542, 521–529, 2016.
UNEP: Global Environment Outlook e Geo 4: Environment for Development, United Nations Environment Programme, Valletta, Malta, 2007.
Wang, H. Y., Pan, X. P., Luo, J. M., Luo, Z. P., Chang, C. P., and Shen, Y. J.: Using remote sensing to analyze spatiotemporal variations in crop planting in the North China Plain, Chin. J. Eco-Agricult., 23, 1199–1209, 2015.
Wang, X., Li, X., and Xin, L.: Impact of the shrinking winter wheat sown area onagricultural water consumption in the Hebei Plain, J. Geogr. Sci., 24, 313–330, 2014.
Wang, X., Li, X. B., and Fischer, G.: Impact of the changing area sown to winter wheat on crop water footprint in the North China Plain, Ecol. Indicat., 57, 100–109, 2015.
Wang, Y. B., Wu, P. T., Engel, B. A., and Sun, S. K.: Application of water footprint combined with unified virtual crop pattern to evaluate crop water productivity in grain production in China, Sci. Total Environ., 497–498, 1–9, 2014.
White, D. J., Feng, K. S., Sun, L. X., and Hubacek, K.: A hydro-economic MRIO analysis of the Haihe River Basin's water footprint and water stress, Ecol. Model., 318, 157–167, 2015.
Xu, Y. J., Huang, K., Yu, Y. J., and Wang, X. M.: Changes in water footprint of crop production in Beijing from 1978 to 2012: a logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition analysis, J. Clean. Prod., 87, 180–187, 2014.
Yang, X., Gao, W., Shi, Q., Chen, F., and Chu, Q.: Impact of climate change on thewater requirement of summer maize in the Huang–Huai–Hai farming region, Agr Water Manage., 124, 20–27, 2013.
Yuan, Z. J. and Shen, Y. J.: Estimation of Agricultural Water Consumption from Meteorological and Yield Data: A Case Study of Hebei, North China, PLOS ONE, 8, e58685, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058685, 2013.
Yuan, Z. J., Shen, Y. J., Chu, Y. M., and Qi, Y. Q.: Variations and distribution of temperature and precipitation of Haihe River Basin in recent 40 years, Res. Soil Water Conserv., 16, 24–26, 2009.
Zang, T., Xie, X., and Huang, Z.: Life cycle water footprints of nonfood biomass fuels in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 4137–4144, 2014.
Zhang, G. and Zhang, S.: Advances in agricultural nitrogen leaching in soil, Soil, 6, 291–297, 1998.
Short summary
In this study, we analyzed the water footprint (WF) of crop production and found winter wheat, summer maize and vegetables were the top water-consuming crops in the Hebei southern plain (HSP). The total WF, WFblue, WFgreen and WFgrey for 13 years (2000–2012) of crop production were 604.8, 288.5, 141.3 and 175.0 km3, respectively, with an annual downtrend from 2000 to 2012. Finally, we evaluated a reasonable farming structure by analyzing scenarios of the main crops' WF.
In this study, we analyzed the water footprint (WF) of crop production and found winter wheat,...
