Articles | Volume 19, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2899-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2899-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Jun 2015
Research article |
| 22 Jun 2015
The water balance components of undisturbed tropical woodlands in the Brazilian cerrado
Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, University of São Paulo, CxP. 359, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
USDA-ARS, Southwest Watershed Research Center, 2000 E. Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
E. Wendland
Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, University of São Paulo, CxP. 359, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
M. A. Nearing
USDA-ARS, Southwest Watershed Research Center, 2000 E. Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
R. L. Scott
USDA-ARS, Southwest Watershed Research Center, 2000 E. Allen Rd., Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
R. Rosolem
Queens School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
H. R. da Rocha
Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Related authors
André Almagro, Paulo Tarso S. Oliveira, Antônio Alves Meira Neto, Tirthankar Roy, and Peter Troch
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3105–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have collected and synthesized catchment attributes from multiple sources into an extensive dataset, the Catchment Attributes for Brazil (CABra). CABra contains streamflow and climate daily series for 735 catchments in the 1980–2010 period, aside from dozens of attributes of topography, climate, streamflow, groundwater, soil, geology, land cover, and hydrologic disturbance. The CABra intends to pave the way for a better understanding of catchments' behavior in Brazil and the world.
Gabriela Chiquito Gesualdo, Paulo Tarso Oliveira, Dulce Buchala Bicca Rodrigues, and Hoshin Vijai Gupta
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4955–4968, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4955-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4955-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the influence of anticipated climate change on water security in the Jaguari Basin, which is the main source of freshwater for 9 million people in the São Paulo metropolitan region. Our findings indicate an expansion of the basin critical period, and identify October and November as the most vulnerable months. There is an urgent need to implement efficient mitigation and adaptation policies that recognize the annual pattern of variation between insecure and secure periods.
Jamie Robert Cameron Brown, Ross Woods, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Debora Regina Roberti, and Rafael Rosolem
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-883, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-883, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, global and regional weather datasets have emerged, but validation with real-world data is crucial, especially in diverse regions like Brazil. This study compares seven key weather variables from five datasets with measurements from 11 sites across Brazil’s main biomes. Results show varying performance across variables and timescales, with one reanalysis product outperforming others overall. Findings suggest it may be a strong choice for multi-variable studies in Brazil.
Eshrat Fatima, Rohini Kumar, Sabine Attinger, Maren Kaluza, Oldrich Rakovec, Corinna Rebmann, Rafael Rosolem, Sascha E. Oswald, Luis Samaniego, Steffen Zacharias, and Martin Schrön
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5419–5441, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5419-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study establishes a framework to incorporate cosmic-ray neutron measurements into the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM). We evaluate different approaches to estimate neutron counts within the mHM using the Desilets equation, with uniformly and non-uniformly weighted average soil moisture, and the physically based code COSMIC. The data improved not only soil moisture simulations but also the parameterisation of evapotranspiration in the model.
Yanchen Zheng, Gemma Coxon, Ross Woods, Daniel Power, Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez, David McJannet, Rafael Rosolem, Jianzhu Li, and Ping Feng
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1999–2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1999-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1999-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalysis soil moisture products are a vital basis for hydrological and environmental research. Previous product evaluation is limited by the scale difference (point and grid scale). This paper adopts cosmic ray neutron sensor observations, a novel technique that provides root-zone soil moisture at field scale. In this paper, global harmonized CRNS observations were used to assess products. ERA5-Land, SMAPL4, CFSv2, CRA40 and GLEAM show better performance than MERRA2, GLDAS-Noah and JRA55.
Dagmawi Teklu Asfaw, Michael Bliss Singer, Rafael Rosolem, David MacLeod, Mark Cuthbert, Edisson Quichimbo Miguitama, Manuel F. Rios Gaona, and Katerina Michaelides
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 557–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-557-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-557-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
stoPET is a new stochastic potential evapotranspiration (PET) generator for the globe at hourly resolution. Many stochastic weather generators are used to generate stochastic rainfall time series; however, no such model exists for stochastically generating plausible PET time series. As such, stoPET represents a significant methodological advance. stoPET generate many realizations of PET to conduct climate studies related to the water balance, agriculture, water resources, and ecology.
Lívia M. P. Rosalem, Miriam Coenders-Gerritis, Jamil A. A. Anache, Seyed M. M. Sadeghi, and Edson Wendland
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-59, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-59, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We monitored the interception process on an undisturbed savanna forest and applied two interception models to evaluate their performance at different time scales and study their seasonal response. As results, both models performed well at a monthly scale and could represent the seasonal trends observed. However, they presented some limitations to predict the evaporative processes on a daily basis.
Heye Reemt Bogena, Martin Schrön, Jannis Jakobi, Patrizia Ney, Steffen Zacharias, Mie Andreasen, Roland Baatz, David Boorman, Mustafa Berk Duygu, Miguel Angel Eguibar-Galán, Benjamin Fersch, Till Franke, Josie Geris, María González Sanchis, Yann Kerr, Tobias Korf, Zalalem Mengistu, Arnaud Mialon, Paolo Nasta, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Vassilios Pisinaras, Daniel Rasche, Rafael Rosolem, Hami Said, Paul Schattan, Marek Zreda, Stefan Achleitner, Eduardo Albentosa-Hernández, Zuhal Akyürek, Theresa Blume, Antonio del Campo, Davide Canone, Katya Dimitrova-Petrova, John G. Evans, Stefano Ferraris, Félix Frances, Davide Gisolo, Andreas Güntner, Frank Herrmann, Joost Iwema, Karsten H. Jensen, Harald Kunstmann, Antonio Lidón, Majken Caroline Looms, Sascha Oswald, Andreas Panagopoulos, Amol Patil, Daniel Power, Corinna Rebmann, Nunzio Romano, Lena Scheiffele, Sonia Seneviratne, Georg Weltin, and Harry Vereecken
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1125-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring of increasingly frequent droughts is a prerequisite for climate adaptation strategies. This data paper presents long-term soil moisture measurements recorded by 66 cosmic-ray neutron sensors (CRNS) operated by 24 institutions and distributed across major climate zones in Europe. Data processing followed harmonized protocols and state-of-the-art methods to generate consistent and comparable soil moisture products and to facilitate continental-scale analysis of hydrological extremes.
Shaini Naha, Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez, and Rafael Rosolem
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6339–6357, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6339-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6339-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid growth in population in developing countries leads to an increase in food demand, and as a consequence, percentages of land are being converted to cropland which alters river flow processes. This study describes how the hydrology of a flood-prone river basin in India would respond to the current and future changes in land cover. Our findings indicate that the recurrent flood events occurring in the basin might be influenced by these changes in land cover at the catchment scale.
Tom Gleeson, Thorsten Wagener, Petra Döll, Samuel C. Zipper, Charles West, Yoshihide Wada, Richard Taylor, Bridget Scanlon, Rafael Rosolem, Shams Rahman, Nurudeen Oshinlaja, Reed Maxwell, Min-Hui Lo, Hyungjun Kim, Mary Hill, Andreas Hartmann, Graham Fogg, James S. Famiglietti, Agnès Ducharne, Inge de Graaf, Mark Cuthbert, Laura Condon, Etienne Bresciani, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7545–7571, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7545-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater is increasingly being included in large-scale (continental to global) land surface and hydrologic simulations. However, it is challenging to evaluate these simulations because groundwater is
hiddenunderground and thus hard to measure. We suggest using multiple complementary strategies to assess the performance of a model (
model evaluation).
Daniel Power, Miguel Angel Rico-Ramirez, Sharon Desilets, Darin Desilets, and Rafael Rosolem
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 7287–7307, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensors estimate root-zone soil moisture at sub-kilometre scales. There are national-scale networks of these sensors across the globe; however, methods for converting neutron signals to soil moisture values are inconsistent. This paper describes our open-source Python tool that processes raw sensor data into soil moisture estimates. The aim is to allow a user to ensure they have a harmonized data set, along with informative metadata, to facilitate both research and teaching.
E. Andrés Quichimbo, Michael Bliss Singer, Katerina Michaelides, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Rafael Rosolem, and Mark O. Cuthbert
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6893–6917, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6893-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding and quantifying water partitioning in dryland regions are of key importance to anticipate the future impacts of climate change in water resources and dryland ecosystems. Here, we have developed a simple hydrological model (DRYP) that incorporates the key processes of water partitioning in drylands. DRYP is a modular, versatile, and parsimonious model that can be used to anticipate and plan for climatic and anthropogenic changes to water fluxes and storage in dryland regions.
André Almagro, Paulo Tarso S. Oliveira, Antônio Alves Meira Neto, Tirthankar Roy, and Peter Troch
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3105–3135, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have collected and synthesized catchment attributes from multiple sources into an extensive dataset, the Catchment Attributes for Brazil (CABra). CABra contains streamflow and climate daily series for 735 catchments in the 1980–2010 period, aside from dozens of attributes of topography, climate, streamflow, groundwater, soil, geology, land cover, and hydrologic disturbance. The CABra intends to pave the way for a better understanding of catchments' behavior in Brazil and the world.
Isaac Kipkemoi, Katerina Michaelides, Rafael Rosolem, and Michael Bliss Singer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-48, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-48, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The work is a novel investigation of the role of temporal rainfall resolution and intensity in affecting the water balance of soil in a dryland environment. This research has implications for what rainfall data are used to assess the impact of climate and climate change on the regional water balance. This information is critical for anticipating the impact of a changing climate on dryland communities globally who need it to know when to plant their seeds or where livestock pasture is available.
Tom Gleeson, Thorsten Wagener, Petra Döll, Samuel C. Zipper, Charles West, Yoshihide Wada, Richard Taylor, Bridget Scanlon, Rafael Rosolem, Shams Rahman, Nurudeen Oshinlaja, Reed Maxwell, Min-Hui Lo, Hyungjun Kim, Mary Hill, Andreas Hartmann, Graham Fogg, James S. Famiglietti, Agnès Ducharne, Inge de Graaf, Mark Cuthbert, Laura Condon, Etienne Bresciani, and Marc F. P. Bierkens
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-378, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-378, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Shaini Naha, Miguel A. Rico-Ramirez, and Rafael Rosolem
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-220, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-220, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid growth in population in developing countries leads to an increase in food demand and as a consequence, percentages of land are being converted to cropland which alters the river flow processes. Therefore we try to understand the exact role of these changes in modifying the river flows through the prediction of the impacts of these changes in the future by taking a clue from the past. This study concludes that recurrent flood events might be influenced by these changes in future.
Romane Berthelin, Michael Rinderer, Bartolomé Andreo, Andy Baker, Daniela Kilian, Gabriele Leonhardt, Annette Lotz, Kurt Lichtenwoehrer, Matías Mudarra, Ingrid Y. Padilla, Fernando Pantoja Agreda, Rafael Rosolem, Abel Vale, and Andreas Hartmann
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 9, 11–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-11-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-9-11-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the setup of a soil moisture monitoring network, which is implemented at five karstic sites with different climates across the globe. More than 400 soil moisture probes operating at a high spatio-temporal resolution will improve the understanding of groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration processes in karstic areas.
Gabriela Chiquito Gesualdo, Paulo Tarso Oliveira, Dulce Buchala Bicca Rodrigues, and Hoshin Vijai Gupta
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4955–4968, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4955-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4955-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the influence of anticipated climate change on water security in the Jaguari Basin, which is the main source of freshwater for 9 million people in the São Paulo metropolitan region. Our findings indicate an expansion of the basin critical period, and identify October and November as the most vulnerable months. There is an urgent need to implement efficient mitigation and adaptation policies that recognize the annual pattern of variation between insecure and secure periods.
Jamil A. A. Anache, Edson Wendland, Lívia M. P. Rosalem, Cristian Youlton, and Paulo T. S. Oliveira
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1263–1279, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1263-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1263-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the water balance over 5 years in different land uses typical of the Brazilian Cerrado: tropical woodland, bare land, pasture and sugarcane. Land uses may affect hillslope hydrology and cause trade-offs; the woodland consumes the soil water storage along the dry season, while the agricultural LCLU (pasture and sugarcane) reduces the water consumption in either season, and the aquifer recharge rates may be reduced in forested areas due to increased water demand by the vegetation.
Fanny Sarrazin, Andreas Hartmann, Francesca Pianosi, Rafael Rosolem, and Thorsten Wagener
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4933–4964, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4933-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4933-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We propose the first large-scale vegetation–recharge model for karst regions (V2Karst), which enables the analysis of the impact of changes in climate and land cover on karst groundwater recharge. We demonstrate the plausibility of V2Karst simulations against observations at FLUXNET sites and of controlling modelled processes using sensitivity analysis. We perform virtual experiments to further test the model and gain insight into its sensitivity to precipitation pattern and vegetation cover.
Viktor Polyakov, Jeffry Stone, Chandra Holifield Collins, Mark A. Nearing, Ginger Paige, Jared Buono, and Rae-Landa Gomez-Pond
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 19–26, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-19-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-19-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the results of 272 rainfall simulation experiments conducted at 23 semiarid locations in Arizona and Nevada over a 10-year period. The scope of this data set combined with state of the art rainfall simulation equipment makes it particularly valuable to advance our understanding of basic hydrological and biological processes that drive soil erosion on arid rangelands.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Lena Scheiffele, Joost Iwema, Heye R. Bogena, Ling Lv, Edoardo Martini, Gabriele Baroni, Rafael Rosolem, Jannis Weimar, Juliane Mai, Matthias Cuntz, Corinna Rebmann, Sascha E. Oswald, Peter Dietrich, Ulrich Schmidt, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5009–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A field-scale average of near-surface water content can be sensed by cosmic-ray neutron detectors. To interpret, calibrate, and validate the integral signal, it is important to account for its sensitivity to heterogeneous patterns like dry or wet spots. We show how point samples contribute to the neutron signal based on their depth and distance from the detector. This approach robustly improves the sensor performance and data consistency, and even reveals otherwise hidden hydrological features.
Mark A. Nearing, Viktor O. Polyakov, Mary H. Nichols, Mariano Hernandez, Li Li, Ying Zhao, and Gerardo Armendariz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3221–3229, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3221-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3221-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents novel scientific understanding about the way that hillslope surfaces form when exposed to rainfall erosion, and the way those surfaces interact with and influence runoff velocities during rain events. The data show that hillslope surfaces form such that flow velocities are independent of slope gradient and dependent on flow rates alone. This result represents a shift in thinking about surface water runoff.
Joost Iwema, Rafael Rosolem, Mostaquimur Rahman, Eleanor Blyth, and Thorsten Wagener
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2843–2861, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2843-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2843-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated whether the simulation of water flux from the land surface to the atmosphere (using the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator model) could be improved by replacing traditional soil moisture sensor data with data from the more novel Cosmic-Ray Neutron soil moisture sensor. Despite observed differences between the two types of soil moisture measurement data, we found no substantial differences in improvement in water flux estimation, based on multiple calibration experiments.
Mostaquimur Rahman and Rafael Rosolem
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 459–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-459-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-459-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Modelling water flow through chalk (a fine-grained porous medium traversed by fractures) is important for optimizing water resource management practices in the UK. However, efficient simulations of water movement through chalk are difficult due to the porous nature of chalk, creating high-velocity preferential flow paths. This paper describes a novel approach to representing chalk hydrology in land surface modelling for large-scale applications.
Jon D. Pelletier, Mary H. Nichols, and Mark A. Nearing
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 471–488, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-471-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-471-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents that a shift from grassland to shrubland within the past few thousand years has caused erosion rates to increase more than 10-fold and drainage density to increase approximately 3-fold in areas of otherwise similar climate and geology at a study site in Arizona. We provide a mathematical model that predicts the observed drainage density under both grassland and shrubland conditions. In the model application we are able to tightly constrain every parameter.
S. I. Saad, J. Mota da Silva, and H. R. Rocha
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2015-490, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2015-490, 2016
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
This work reports about the implementation of an environmental model (InVEST) for sediment and streamflow simulations in the landscape scale in a small catchment of the 1st Brazilian municipal project of payments for watershed services. It issues a calibration processes under scarce observational data, and simulation of roads and small sediment basins. It shows that without roads, simulations may misrepresents land use associated with environmental services delivery.
S. Yin, Y. Xie, B. Liu, and M. A. Nearing
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4113–4126, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4113-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4113-2015, 2015
X. Han, X. Li, G. He, P. Kumbhar, C. Montzka, S. Kollet, T. Miyoshi, R. Rosolem, Y. Zhang, H. Vereecken, and H.-J. H. Franssen
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-7395-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-7395-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
DasPy is a ready to use open source parallel multivariate land data assimilation framework with joint state and parameter estimation using Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter. The Community Land Model (4.5) was integrated as model operator. The Community Microwave Emission Modelling platform, COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Interaction Code and the Two-Source Formulation were integrated as observation operators for the multivariate assimilation of soil moisture and soil temperature, respectively.
J. Iwema, R. Rosolem, R. Baatz, T. Wagener, and H. R. Bogena
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3203–3216, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3203-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3203-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The cosmic-ray neutron sensor can provide soil moisture content averages over areas of roughly half a kilometre by half a kilometre. Although this sensor is usually calibrated using soil samples taken on a single day, we found that multiple sampling days are needed. The calibration results were also affected by the soil wetness conditions of the sampling days. The outcome of this study will help researchers to calibrate/validate new cosmic-ray neutron sensor sites more accurately.
A. Hartmann, T. Gleeson, R. Rosolem, F. Pianosi, Y. Wada, and T. Wagener
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1729–1746, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1729-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1729-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new approach to assess karstic groundwater recharge over Europe and the Mediterranean. Cluster analysis is used to subdivide all karst regions into four typical karst landscapes and to simulate karst recharge with a process-based karst model. We estimate its parameters by a combination of a priori information and observations of soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Independent observations of recharge that present large-scale models significantly under-estimate karstic recharge.
X. Han, H.-J. H. Franssen, R. Rosolem, R. Jin, X. Li, and H. Vereecken
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 615–629, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-615-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-615-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents the joint assimilation of cosmic-ray neutron counts and land surface temperature with parameter estimation of leaf area index at an irrigated corn field. The results show that the data assimilation can reduce the systematic input errors due to the lack of irrigation data. The estimations of soil moisture, evapotranspiration and leaf area index can be improved in the joint assimilation framework.
R. Rosolem, T. Hoar, A. Arellano, J. L. Anderson, W. J. Shuttleworth, X. Zeng, and T. E. Franz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4363–4379, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4363-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4363-2014, 2014
J. Shuttleworth, R. Rosolem, M. Zreda, and T. Franz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3205–3217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3205-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3205-2013, 2013
T. E. Franz, M. Zreda, R. Rosolem, and T. P. A. Ferre
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 453–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-453-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-453-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject: Hillslope hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
Understanding soil loss in Mollisol permanent gully head cuts through hydrological and hydromechanical responses
When and where does near-surface runoff occur in a pre-Alpine headwater catchment?
Mixed-cultivation grasslands enhance runoff generation and reduce soil loss in the restoration of degraded alpine hillsides
Dynamics of snow melt infiltration into mountain soils: an instrumental approach in the Nant Valley, Swiss Alps
Assessment of plot-scale sediment transport on young moraines in the Swiss Alps using a fluorescent sand tracer
Subsurface flow paths in a chronosequence of calcareous soils: impact of soil age and rainfall intensities on preferential flow occurrence
Evaporation, infiltration and storage of soil water in different vegetation zones in the Qilian Mountains: a stable isotope perspective
Groundwater fluctuations during a debris flow event in western Norway – triggered by rain and snowmelt
Satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations for landslide prediction in India
Characterising hillslope–stream connectivity with a joint event analysis of stream and groundwater levels
Structural and functional control of surface-patch to hillslope runoff and sediment connectivity in Mediterranean dry reclaimed slope systems
Distinct stores and the routing of water in the deep critical zone of a snow-dominated volcanic catchment
Hydrological trade-offs due to different land covers and land uses in the Brazilian Cerrado
A sprinkling experiment to quantify celerity–velocity differences at the hillslope scale
Impacts of a capillary barrier on infiltration and subsurface stormflow in layered slope deposits monitored with 3-D ERT and hydrometric measurements
Form and function in hillslope hydrology: characterization of subsurface flow based on response observations
Form and function in hillslope hydrology: in situ imaging and characterization of flow-relevant structures
Identification of runoff formation with two dyes in a mid-latitude mountain headwater
Multiple runoff processes and multiple thresholds control agricultural runoff generation
Factors influencing stream baseflow transit times in tropical montane watersheds
Effects of a deep-rooted crop and soil amended with charcoal on spatial and temporal runoff patterns in a degrading tropical highland watershed
Erosion processes in black marl soils at the millimetre scale: preliminary insights from an analogous model
Monitoring hillslope moisture dynamics with surface ERT for enhancing spatial significance of hydrometric point measurements
Development and testing of a large, transportable rainfall simulator for plot-scale runoff and parameter estimation
True colors – experimental identification of hydrological processes at a hillslope prone to slide
Assessment of shallow subsurface characterisation with non-invasive geophysical methods at the intermediate hill-slope scale
Macropore flow of old water revisited: experimental insights from a tile-drained hillslope
Hillslope characteristics as controls of subsurface flow variability
Fluorescent particle tracers in surface hydrology: a proof of concept in a semi-natural hillslope
Soil-water dynamics and unsaturated storage during snowmelt following wildfire
Use of the 3-D scanner in mapping and monitoring the dynamic degradation of soils: case study of the Cucuteni-Baiceni Gully on the Moldavian Plateau (Romania)
A porewater-based stable isotope approach for the investigation of subsurface hydrological processes
Subsurface lateral flow from hillslope and its contribution to nitrate loading in streams through an agricultural catchment during subtropical rainstorm events
The effect of slope steepness and antecedent moisture content on interrill erosion, runoff and sediment size distribution in the highlands of Ethiopia
Surface and subsurface flow effect on permanent gully formation and upland erosion near Lake Tana in the northern highlands of Ethiopia
The benefits of gravimeter observations for modelling water storage changes at the field scale
Shallow soil moisture – ground thaw interactions and controls – Part 1: Spatiotemporal patterns and correlations over a subarctic landscape
Shallow soil moisture – ground thaw interactions and controls – Part 2: Influences of water and energy fluxes
Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater in the Ore Mountains
Chao Ma, Shoupeng Wang, Dongshuo Zheng, Yan Zhang, Jie Tang, Yanru Wen, and Jie Dong
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 823–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-823-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-823-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Soil loss results from the hydrological and hydromechanical responses. The soil loss intensity theoretically relates to the soil water storage and the suction stress. This work contributes to exhibiting the close relationship between erosion intensity in the bed and on the slope and the soil water storage and suction stress. The results of this work highlight that antecedent precipitation should be considered in predicting soil loss in the permanent gully rather than solely from rainfall amount.
Victor Aloyse Gauthier, Anna Leuteritz, and Ilja van Meerveld
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-398, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-398, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
This study explored the occurrence of flow on and just below the soil surface for 14 small vegetated plots across a pre-Alpine catchment. Overland flow and lateral flow through the topsoil occurred frequently. The spatial variation in the occurrence and amount of flow depended on site characteristics, in particular the Topographic Wetness Index. The amount of flow also depended on the antecedent wetness conditions and total precipitation.
Yulei Ma, Yifan Liu, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Manuel López-Vicente, and Gao-Lin Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3947–3961, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3947-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3947-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Runoff and sediment reduction benefits of hillside mixed grasslands were examined. Cultivated grasslands effectively increased runoff and decreased sediment along ages. Runoff was the dominant factor affecting the soil erosion modulus on alpine hillsides. This implies that protective measures should be prioritized during the initial planting stage of cultivated grasslands on degraded alpine hillsides.
Judith Eeckman, Brian De Grenus, Floreana Miesen, James Thornton, Philip Brunner, and Nadav Peleg
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1832, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1832, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The fate of liquid water from melting snow in winter and spring is difficult to understand in the mountains. This work uses uncommon methods to accurately track the dynamics of snowmelt and infiltration at different depths in the ground and at different altitudes. The results show that melting snow quickly infiltrates into the upper layers of the soil but is also quickly transferred into the surface layer of the soil along the slopes towards the river.
Fabian Maier, Florian Lustenberger, and Ilja van Meerveld
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4609–4635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4609-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used a fluorescent sand tracer with afterglow in combination with sprinkling experiments to visualize and determine the movement of sediments on natural hillslopes. We compared the observed transport patterns with the characteristics of the hillslopes. Results show that the fluorescent sand can be used to monitor sediment redistribution on the soil surface and that infiltration on older hillslopes decreased sediment transport due to more developed vegetation cover and root systems.
Anne Hartmann, Markus Weiler, Konrad Greinwald, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4953–4974, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Analyzing the impact of soil age and rainfall intensity on vertical subsurface flow paths in calcareous soils, with a special focus on preferential flow occurrence, shows how water flow paths are linked to the organization of evolving landscapes. The observed increase in preferential flow occurrence with increasing moraine age provides important but rare data for a proper representation of hydrological processes within the feedback cycle of the hydro-pedo-geomorphological system.
Guofeng Zhu, Leilei Yong, Xi Zhao, Yuwei Liu, Zhuanxia Zhang, Yuanxiao Xu, Zhigang Sun, Liyuan Sang, and Lei Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3771–3784, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3771-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3771-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In arid areas, the processes of water storage have not been fully understood in different vegetation zones in mountainous areas. This study monitored the stable isotopes in the precipitation and soil water of the Xiying River Basin. In the four vegetation zones, soil water evaporation intensities were mountain grassland > deciduous forest > coniferous forest > alpine meadow, and soil water storage capacity was alpine meadow > deciduous forest > coniferous forest > mountain grassland.
Stein Bondevik and Asgeir Sorteberg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4147–4158, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Pore pressure is important for the trigger of debris slides and flows. But how, exactly, does the pore pressure vary just before a slide happens? We drilled and installed a piezometer 1.6 m below the ground in a hillslope susceptible to debris flows in western Norway and measured pore pressure and water temperature through the years 2010–2013. We found the largest anomaly in our groundwater data during the storm named Hilde in November in 2013, when a debris flow happened in this slope.
Maria Teresa Brunetti, Massimo Melillo, Stefano Luigi Gariano, Luca Ciabatta, Luca Brocca, Giriraj Amarnath, and Silvia Peruccacci
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3267–3279, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3267-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3267-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite and rain gauge data are tested to predict landslides in India, where the annual toll of human lives and loss of property urgently demands the implementation of strategies to prevent geo-hydrological instability. For this purpose, we calculated empirical rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation. The validation of thresholds showed that satellite-based rainfall data perform better than ground-based data, and the best performance is obtained with an hourly temporal resolution.
Daniel Beiter, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5713–5744, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the interactions between streams and their adjacent hillslopes in terms of water flow. It could be revealed that soil structure has a strong influence on how hillslopes connect to the streams, while the groundwater table tells us a lot about when the two connect. This observation could be used to improve models that try to predict whether or not hillslopes are in a state where a rain event will be likely to produce a flood in the stream.
Mariano Moreno-de-las-Heras, Luis Merino-Martín, Patricia M. Saco, Tíscar Espigares, Francesc Gallart, and José M. Nicolau
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2855–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2855-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study shifts from present discussions of the connectivity theory to the practical application of the connectivity concept for the analysis of runoff and sediment dynamics in Mediterranean dry slope systems. Overall, our results provide evidence for the feasibility of using the connectivity concept to understand how the spatial distribution of vegetation and micro-topography (including rills) interact with rainfall dynamics to generate spatially continuous runoff and sediment fluxes.
Alissa White, Bryan Moravec, Jennifer McIntosh, Yaniv Olshansky, Ben Paras, R. Andres Sanchez, Ty P. A. Ferré, Thomas Meixner, and Jon Chorover
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4661–4683, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4661-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4661-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the influence of the subsurface structure on water routing, water residence times, and the hydrologic response of distinct groundwater stores and further investigates their contribution to streamflow. We conclude that deep groundwater from the fractured aquifer system, rather than shallow groundwater, is the dominant source of streamflow, which highlights the need to better characterize the deep subsurface of mountain systems using interdisciplinary studies such as this one.
Jamil A. A. Anache, Edson Wendland, Lívia M. P. Rosalem, Cristian Youlton, and Paulo T. S. Oliveira
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1263–1279, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1263-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1263-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the water balance over 5 years in different land uses typical of the Brazilian Cerrado: tropical woodland, bare land, pasture and sugarcane. Land uses may affect hillslope hydrology and cause trade-offs; the woodland consumes the soil water storage along the dry season, while the agricultural LCLU (pasture and sugarcane) reduces the water consumption in either season, and the aquifer recharge rates may be reduced in forested areas due to increased water demand by the vegetation.
Willem J. van Verseveld, Holly R. Barnard, Chris B. Graham, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, J. Renée Brooks, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5891–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5891-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5891-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
How stream water responds immediately to a rainfall or snow event, while the average time it takes water to travel through the hillslope can be years or decades and is poorly understood. We assessed this difference by combining a 24-day sprinkler experiment (a tracer was applied at the start) with a process-based hydrologic model. Immobile soil water, deep groundwater contribution and soil depth variability explained this difference at our hillslope site.
Rico Hübner, Thomas Günther, Katja Heller, Ursula Noell, and Arno Kleber
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5181–5199, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5181-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5181-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we used a spatially and temporally high resolved 3-D ERT in addition to matric potential measurements to monitor the infiltration and subsurface water flow on a hillslope with layered slope deposits. We derived some interesting findings about the capillary barrier effect as a main driving factor for the activation of different flow pathways. Thus, the maintenance or breakdown of a capillary barrier has a decisive influence on the precipitation runoff response of of the catchment.
Lisa Angermann, Conrad Jackisch, Niklas Allroggen, Matthias Sprenger, Erwin Zehe, Jens Tronicke, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3727–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the temporal dynamics and response velocities of lateral preferential flow at the hillslope. The results are compared to catchment response behavior to infer the large-scale implications of the observed processes. A large portion of mobile water flows through preferential flow paths in the structured soils, causing an immediate discharge response. The study presents a methodological approach to cover the spatial and temporal domain of these highly heterogeneous processes.
Conrad Jackisch, Lisa Angermann, Niklas Allroggen, Matthias Sprenger, Theresa Blume, Jens Tronicke, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3749–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid subsurface flow in structured soils facilitates fast vertical and lateral redistribution of event water. We present its in situ exploration through local measurements and irrigation experiments. Special emphasis is given to a coherent combination of hydrological and geophysical methods. The study highlights that form and function operate as conjugated pairs. Dynamic imaging through time-lapse GPR was key to observing both and to identifying hydrologically relevant structures.
Lukáš Vlček, Kristýna Falátková, and Philipp Schneider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3025–3040, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3025-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3025-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The role of mountain headwater area in hydrological cycle was investigated at two opposite hillslopes covered by mineral and organic soils. Similarities and differences in percolation and preferential flow paths between the hillslopes were identified by sprinkling experiments with Brilliant Blue and Fluorescein. The dye solutions infiltrated into the soil and continued either as lateral subsurface pipe flow (organic soil), or percolated vertically towards the bedrock (mineral soil).
Shabnam Saffarpour, Andrew W. Western, Russell Adams, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4525–4545, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4525-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4525-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A variety of threshold mechanisms influence the transfer of rainfall to runoff from catchments. Some of these mechanisms depend on the occurrence of intense rainfall and others depend on the catchment being wet. This article first provides a framework for considering which mechanisms are important in different situations and then uses that framework to examine the behaviour of a catchment in Australia that exhibits a mix of both rainfall intensity and catchment wetness dependent thresholds.
Lyssette E. Muñoz-Villers, Daniel R. Geissert, Friso Holwerda, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1621–1635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1621-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1621-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an important first step towards a better understanding of the hydrology of tropical montane regions and the factors influencing baseflow mean transit times (MTT). Our MTT estimates ranged between 1.2 and 2.7 years, suggesting deep and long subsurface pathways contributing to sustain dry season flows. Our findings showed that topography and subsurface permeability are the key factors controlling baseflow MTTs. Longest MTTs were found in the cloud forest headwater catchments.
Haimanote K. Bayabil, Tigist Y. Tebebu, Cathelijne R. Stoof, and Tammo S. Steenhuis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 875–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-875-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-875-2016, 2016
J. Bechet, J. Duc, M. Jaboyedoff, A. Loye, and N. Mathys
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1849–1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1849-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1849-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution three-dimensional point clouds are used to analyse erosion processes at the millimetre scale. The processes analysed here play a role in the closure of cracks. We demonstrated how micro-scale infiltration can influence the degradation of soil surface by inducing downward mass movements that are not reversible. This development will aid in designing future experiments to analyse processes such as swelling, crack closure, micro-landslides, etc.
R. Hübner, K. Heller, T. Günther, and A. Kleber
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 225–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-225-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-225-2015, 2015
T. G. Wilson, C. Cortis, N. Montaldo, and J. D. Albertson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4169–4183, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4169-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4169-2014, 2014
P. Schneider, S. Pool, L. Strouhal, and J. Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 875–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, 2014
S. Popp, D. Altdorff, and P. Dietrich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1297–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1297-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1297-2013, 2013
J. Klaus, E. Zehe, M. Elsner, C. Külls, and J. J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 103–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-103-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-103-2013, 2013
S. Bachmair and M. Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3699–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3699-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3699-2012, 2012
F. Tauro, S. Grimaldi, A. Petroselli, M. C. Rulli, and M. Porfiri
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2973–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2973-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2973-2012, 2012
B. A. Ebel, E. S. Hinckley, and D. A. Martin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1401–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012, 2012
G. Romanescu, V. Cotiuga, A. Asandulesei, and C. Stoleriu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 953–966, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-953-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-953-2012, 2012
J. Garvelmann, C. Külls, and M. Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 631–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-631-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-631-2012, 2012
B. Zhang, J. L. Tang, Ch. Gao, and H. Zepp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3153–3170, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3153-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3153-2011, 2011
M. B. Defersha, S. Quraishi, and A. Melesse
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2367–2375, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2367-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2367-2011, 2011
T. Y. Tebebu, A. Z. Abiy, A. D. Zegeye, H. E. Dahlke, Z. M. Easton, S. A. Tilahun, A. S. Collick, S. Kidnau, S. Moges, F. Dadgari, and T. S. Steenhuis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2207–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2207-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2207-2010, 2010
B. Creutzfeldt, A. Güntner, S. Vorogushyn, and B. Merz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1715–1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1715-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1715-2010, 2010
X. J. Guan, C. J. Westbrook, and C. Spence
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1375–1386, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1375-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1375-2010, 2010
X. J. Guan, C. Spence, and C. J. Westbrook
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1387–1400, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1387-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1387-2010, 2010
E. Zehe, T. Graeff, M. Morgner, A. Bauer, and A. Bronstert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 873–889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-873-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-873-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Allen, R., Pereira, L., Rais, D., Smith, M., Solomon, K., and O'Halloran, T.: Crop Evapotranspiration-Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 1998.
Bäse, F., Elsenbeer, H., Neill, C., and Krusche, A. V.: Differences in throughfall and net precipitation between soybean and transitional tropical forest in the southern Amazon, Brazil, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 159, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.013, 2012.
Cogo, N. P., Levien, R., and Schwarz, R. A.: Perdas de solo e água por erosão hídrica influenciadas por métodos de preparo, classes de declive e níveis de fertilidade do solo, R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 27, 743–753, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832003000400019, 2003.
Costa, M. H., Botta, A., and Cardille, J. A.: Effects of large-scale changes in land cover on the discharge of the Tocantins River, Southeastern Amazonia, J. Hydrol., 283, 206–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00267-1, 2003.
da Rocha, H. R. da, Freitas, H. C., Rosolem, R., Juárez, R. I. N., Tannus, R. N., Ligo, M. A., Cabral, O. M. R., and Dias, M. A. F. S.: Measurements of CO2 exchange over a woodland savanna (Cerrado Sensu stricto) in southeast Brasil, Biota Neotrop., 2, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032002000100009, 2002.
da Rocha, H. R., Manzi, A. O., Cabral, O. M., Miller, S. D., Goulden, M. L., Saleska, S. R., Coupe, N. R., Wofsy, S. C., Borma, L. S., Artaxo, P., Vourlitis, G., Nogueira, J. S., Cardoso, F. L., Nobre, A. D., Kruijt, B., Freitas, H. C., von Randow, C., Aguiar, R. G., and Maia, J. F.: Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil, J. Geophys. Res., 114, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000640, 2009.
Davidson, E. A., de Araújo, A. C., Artaxo, P., Balch, J. K., Brown, I. F., Bustamante, M. M. C, Coe, M. T., DeFries, R. S., Keller, M., Longo, M., Munger, J. W., Schroeder, W., Soares-Filho, B. S., Souza, C. M., and Wofsy, S. C.: The Amazon basin in transition, Nature, 481, 321–328, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10717, 2012.
Dawes, W., Ali, R., Varma, S., Emelyanova, I., Hodgson, G., and McFarlane, D.: Modelling the effects of climate and land cover change on groundwater recharge in south-west Western Australia, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2709–2722, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2709-2012, 2012.
de Gonçalves, L. G. G., Borak, J. S., Costa, M. H., Saleska, S. R., Baker, I., Restrepo-Coupe, N., Muza, M. N., Poulter, B., Verbeeck, H., Fisher, J. B., Arain, M. A., Arkin, P., Cestaro, B. P., Christoffersen, B., Galbraith, D., Guan, X., van den Hurk, B. J. J. M., Ichii, K., Imbuzeiro, H. M. A., Jain, A. K., Levine, N., Lu, C., Miguez-Macho, G., Roberti, D. R., Sahoo, A., Sakaguchi, K., Schaefer, K., Shi, M., Shuttleworth, W. J., Tian, H., Yang, Z. L., and Zeng, X.: Overview of the Large-Scale Biosphere–Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia Data Model Intercomparison Project (LBA-DMIP), Agric. For. Meteorol., 182–183, 111–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.030, 2013.
Dezzeo, N. and Chacón, N.: Nutrient fluxes in incident rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow in adjacent primary and secondary forests of the Gran Sabana, southern Venezuela, For. Ecol. Manage., 234, 218–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.07.003, 2006.
Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Olson, R., Anthoni, P., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Burba, G., Ceulemans, R., Clement, R., Dolman, H., Granier, A., Gross, P., Grünwald, T., Hollinger, D., Jensen, N.-O., Katul, G., Keronen, P., Kowalski, A., Ta Lai, C., Law, B. E., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Moors, E., William Munger, J., Pilegaard, K., Rannik, Ü., Rebmann, C., Suyker, A., Tenhunen, J., Tu, K., Verma, S., Vesala, T., Wilson, K., and Wofsy, S.: Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets, Agric. For. Meteorol., 107, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00235-5, 2001.
Ferreira, L. G. and Huete, A. R.: Assessing the seasonal dynamics of the Brazilian Cerrado vegetation through the use of spectral vegetation indices, Int. J. Remote Sens., 25, 1837–1860, https://doi.org/10.1080/0143116031000101530, 2004.
Fidelis, A. T. and de Godoy, S. A. P.: Estrutura de um cerrado strico sensu na Gleba Cerrado Pé-de-Gigante, Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, SP, Acta Bot. Bras., 17, 531–539, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062003000400006, 2003.
Furley, P. A.: The nature and diversity of neotropical savanna vegetation with particular reference to the Brazilian cerrados, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 8, 223–241, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.1999.00142.x, 1999.
Garcia-Montiel, D. C., Coe, M. T., Cruz, M. P., Ferreira, J. N., da Silva, E. M., and Davidson, E. A.: Estimating Seasonal Changes in Volumetric Soil Water Content at Landscape Scales in a Savanna Ecosystem Using Two-Dimensional Resistivity Profiling, Earth Interact., 12, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1175/2007EI238.1, 2008.
Giambelluca, T. W., Scholz, F. G., Bucci, S. J., Meinzer, F. C., Goldstein, G., Hoffmann, W. A., Franco, A. C., and Buchert, M. P.: Evapotranspiration and energy balance of Brazilian savannas with contrasting tree density, Agric. For. Meteorol., 149, 1365–1376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.03.006, 2009.
Gibbs, H. K., Ruesch, A. S., Achard, F., Clayton, M. K., Holmgren, P., Ramankutty, N., and Foley, J. A.: Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 16732–16737, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910275107, 2010.
Gibbs, H. K., Rausch, L., Munger, J., Schelly, I., Morton, D. C., Noojipady, P., Soares-Filho, B., Barreto, P., Micol, L., and Walker, N. F.: Brazil's Soy Moratorium, Science, 347, 377–378, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0181, 2015.
Glenn, E. P., Huete, A. R., Nagler, P. L., Hirschboeck, K. K., and Brown, P.: Integrating Remote Sensing and Ground Methods to Estimate Evapotranspiration, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 26, 139–168, https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680701402503, 2007.
Glenn, E. P., Nagler, P. L., and Huete, A. R.: Vegetation Index Methods for Estimating Evapotranspiration by Remote Sensing, Surv. Geophys., 31, 531–555, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-010-9102-2, 2010.
Glenn, E. P., Neale, C. M. U., Hunsaker, D. J., and Nagler, P. L.: Vegetation index-based crop coefficients to estimate evapotranspiration by remote sensing in agricultural and natural ecosystems, Hydrol. Process., 25, 4050–4062, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8392, 2011.
Honda, E. A.: Repartição da água da chuva sob o dossel e umidade do solo no gradiente fisionômico da vegetação do Cerrado, Ph.D. Thesis , Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil, 2013.
Huete, A., Didan, K., Miura, T., Rodriguez, E. P., Gao, X., and Ferreira, L. G.: Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 195–213, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00096-2, 2002.
IBAMA/MMA/UNDP: Monitoramento do desmatamento nos biomas Brasileiros por satélite, Ministério de Meio Ambiente, Brasília, Brazil, available at: http://siscom.ibama.gov.br/monitorabiomas/cerrado/index.htm (last access: 1 September 2014), 2011.
Juárez, N. R. I., Goulden, M. L., Myneni, R. B., Fu, R., Bernardes, S., and Gao, H.: An empirical approach to retrieving monthly evapotranspiration over Amazonia, Int. J. Remote Sens., 29, 7045–7063, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160802226026, 2008.
Lapola, D. M., Martinelli, L. A., Peres, C. A., Ometto, J. P. H. B., Ferreira, M. E., Nobre, C. A., Aguiar, A. P. D., Bustamante, M. M. C., Cardoso, M. F., Costa, M. H., Joly, C. A., Leite, C. C., Moutinho, P., Sampaio, G., Strassburg, B. B. N., and Vieira, I. C. G.: Pervasive transition of the Brazilian land-use system, Nature Clim. Change, 4, 27–35, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2056, 2013.
Lilienfein, J. and Wilcke, W.: Water and element input into native, agri- and silvicultural ecosystems of the Brazilian savanna, Biogeochemistry, 67, 183–212, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000015279.48813.9d, 2004.
Lima, W. P. and Nicolielo, N.: Precipitação efetiva e interceptação em florestas de pinheiros tropicais e em reserva de cerradão, IPEF, 24, 43–46, 1983.
Loarie, S. R., Lobell, D. B., Asner, G. P., Mu, Q., and Field, C. B.: Direct impacts on local climate of sugar-cane expansion in Brazil, Nature Clim. Change, 1, 105–109, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1067, 2011.
Macedo, M. N., DeFries, R. S., Morton, D. C., Stickler, C. M., Galford, G. L., and Shimabukuro, Y. E.: Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon during the late 2000s, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 1341–1346, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111374109, 2012.
Marris, E.: Conservation in Brazil: The forgotten ecosystem, Nature, 437, 944–945, https://doi.org/10.1038/437944a, 2005.
Miranda, A. C., Miranda, H. S., Lloyd, J., Grace, J., Francey, R. J., Mcintyre, J. A., Meir, P., Riggan, P., Lockwood, R., and Brass, J.: Fluxes of carbon, water and energy over Brazilian cerrado: an analysis using eddy covariance and stable isotopes, Plant. Cell Environ., 20, 315–328, 1997.
Mu, Q., Jones, L. A., Kimball, J. S., McDonald, K. C., and Running, S. W.: Satellite assessment of land surface evapotranspiration for the pan-Arctic domain, Water Resour. Res., 45, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007189, 2009.
Mu, Q., Zhao, M., and Running, S. W.: Improvements to a MODIS global terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 1781–1800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019, 2011.
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B., and Kent, J.: Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities, Nature, 403, 853–858, https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501, 2000.
Nagler, P. L., Glenn, E. P., Lewis Thompson, T., and Huete, A.: Leaf area index and normalized difference vegetation index as predictors of canopy characteristics and light interception by riparian species on the Lower Colorado River, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 125, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.03.008, 2004.
Nagler, P. L., Scott, R. L., Westenburg, C., Cleverly, J. R., Glenn, E. P., and Huete, A. R.: Evapotranspiration on western U.S. rivers estimated using the Enhanced Vegetation Index from MODIS and data from eddy covariance and Bowen ratio flux towers, Remote Sens. Environ., 97, 337–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.011, 2005a.
Nagler, P. L., Cleverly, J., Glenn, E., Lampkin, D., Huete, A., and Wan, Z.: Predicting riparian evapotranspiration from MODIS vegetation indices and meteorological data, Remote Sens. Environ., 94, 17–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.08.009, 2005b.
Nagler, P. L., Glenn, E. P., Kim, H., Emmerich, W., Scott, R. L., Huxman, T. E., and Huete, A. R.: Relationship between evapotranspiration and precipitation pulses in a semiarid rangeland estimated by moisture flux towers and MODIS vegetation indices, J. Arid Environ., 70, 443–462, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.12.026, 2007.
Nagler, P., Glenn, E., Nguyen, U., Scott, R., and Doody, T.: Estimating Riparian and Agricultural Actual Evapotranspiration by Reference Evapotranspiration and MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index, Remote Sens., 5, 3849–3871, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5083849, 2013.
Oliveira, P. T. S., Alves Sobrinho, T., Rodrigues, D. B. B., and Panachuki, E.: Erosion risk mapping applied to environmental zoning, Water Resour. Manage., 25, 1021–1036, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9739-0, 2011.
Oliveira, P. T. S., Nearing, M. A., Moran, M. S., Goodrich, D. C., Wendland, E., and Gupta, H. V.: Trends in water balance components across the Brazilian Cerrado, Water Resour. Res., 50, 7100–7114, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015202, 2014.
Oliveira, P. T. S., Wendland, E., and Nearing, M. A.: Rainfall erosivity in Brazil: A review, Catena, 100, 139–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.08.006, 2013.
Oliveira, R. S., Bezerra, L., Davidson, E. A., Pinto, F., Klink, C. A., Nepstad, D. C., and Moreira, A.: Deep root function in soil water dynamics in cerrado savannas of central Brazil, Funct. Ecol., 19, 574–581, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01003.x, 2005.
Reys, P. A. N.: Estrutura e fenologia da vegetação de borda e interior em um fragmento de cerrado sensu stricto no sudeste do Brasil (Itirapina, São Paulo), Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, 2008.
Rodrigues, D. B. B., Gupta, H. V., Serrat-Capdevila, A., Oliveira, P. T. S, Mario Mendiondo, E., Maddock, T., and Mahmoud, M.: Contrasting American and Brazilian Systems for Water Allocation and Transfers, J. Water Res. Pl.-Asce, 141, 04014087, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000483, 2014.
Rosolem, R., Gupta, H. V., Shuttleworth, W. J., Zeng, X., and de Gonçalves, L. G. G.: A fully multiple-criteria implementation of the Sobol$\prime $ method for parameter sensitivity analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D07103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016355, 2012.
Rosolem, R., Gupta, H. V., Shuttleworth, W. J., de Gonçalves, L. G. G. and Zeng, X.: Towards a comprehensive approach to parameter estimation in land surface parameterization schemes, Hydrol. Process., 27, 2075–2097, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9362, 2013.
Ruhoff, A. L., Paz, A. R., Aragao, L. E. O. C., Mu, Q., Malhi, Y., Collischonn, W., Rocha, H. R., and Running, S. W.: Assessment of the MODIS global evapotranspiration algorithm using eddy covariance measurements and hydrological modelling in the Rio Grande basin, Hydrol. Sci. J., 58, 1658–1676, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.837578, 2013.
Santos, A. J. B., Silva, G. T. D. A., Miranda, H. S., Miranda, A. C., and Lloyd, J.: Effects of fire on surface carbon, energy and water vapour fluxes over campo sujo savanna in central Brazil, Funct. Ecol., 17, 711–719, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2003.00790.x, 2003.
Scanlon, B. R., Reedy, R. C., Stonestrom, D. A., Prudic, D. E., and Dennehy, K. F.: Impact of land use and land cover change on groundwater recharge and quality in the southwestern US, Global Change Biol., 11, 1577–1593, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01026.x, 2005.
Scott, R. L., Cable, W. L., Huxman, T. E., Nagler, P. L., Hernandez, M., and Goodrich, D. C.: Multiyear riparian evapotranspiration and groundwater use for a semiarid watershed, J. Arid Environ., 72, 1232–1246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.01.001, 2008.
Soares-Filho, B., Rajao, R., Macedo, M., Carneiro, A., Costa, W., Coe, M., Rodrigues, H., and Alencar, A.: Cracking Brazil's Forest Code, Science, 344, 363–364, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1246663, 2014.
Spracklen, D. V., Arnold, S. R., and Taylor, C. M.: Observations of increased tropical rainfall preceded by air passage over forests, Nature, 489, 282–285, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11390, 2012.
Villalobos-Vega, R., Salazar, A., Miralles-Wilhelm, F., Haridasan, M., Franco, A. C., and Goldstein, G.: Do groundwater dynamics drive spatial patterns of tree density and diversity in Neotropical savannas?, J. Veg. Sci., 25, 1465–1473, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12194, 2014.
Vourlitis, G. L., Filho, N. P., Hayashi, M. M. S., Nogueira, J. S., Caseiro, F. T., and Campelo Jr., J. H.: Seasonal variations in the evapotranspiration of a transitional tropical forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR000122, 2002.
Wang, K., Wang, P., Li, Z., Cribb, M., and Sparrow, M.: A simple method to estimate actual evapotranspiration from a combination of net radiation, vegetation index, and temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD008351, 2007.
Wendland, E., Barreto, C., and Gomes, L. H.: Water balance in the Guarani Aquifer outcrop zone based on hydrogeologic monitoring, J. Hydrol., 342, 261–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.05.033, 2007.
Wohl, E., Barros, A., Brunsell, N., Chappell, N. A., Coe, M., Giambelluca, T., Goldsmith, S., Harmon, R., Hendrickx, J. M. H., Juvik, J., McDonnell, J., and Ogden, F.: The hydrology of the humid tropics, Nat. Clim. Change, 655–662, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1556, 2012.
Youlton, C.: Quantificação experimental da alteração no balanço hidríco e erosão em um neossolo quartzarênico devido à substituição de pastagem por cana-de-açúcar, Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil, 2013.
Short summary
We determined the main components of the water balance for an undisturbed cerrado.
Evapotranspiration ranged from 1.91 to 2.60mm per day for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Canopy interception ranged from 4 to 20% and stemflow values were approximately 1% of gross precipitation.
The average runoff coefficient was less than 1%, while cerrado deforestation has the potential to increase that amount up to 20-fold.
The water storage may be estimated by the difference between P and ET.
We determined the main components of the water balance for an undisturbed cerrado....
