Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
HESS
Articles | Volume 29, issue 22
Articles | Volume 29, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6647-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6647-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 29, issue 22
Research article
 | 
24 Nov 2025
Research article |  | 24 Nov 2025

Robust adaptive pathways for long-term flood control in delta cities: addressing pluvial flood risks under future deep uncertainty

Hengzhi Hu, Qian Ke, Wei Wu, Min Zhang, Yanjuan Wu, Chengming Jin, and Jiahong Wen

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Short summary
This study proposes a framework combining robustness and adaptiveness for long-term flood planning. Applied to Shanghai, it shows that the most cost-effective option may not meet long-term goals, and a combination of green spaces, drainage, and tunnels outperforms alternative options. The findings emphasize that flexibility and adaptability are critical for developing robust, long-term adaptation pathways and minimizing future risks in other urban areas.
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