Articles | Volume 27, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4609-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4609-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
22 Dec 2023
Research article |
| 22 Dec 2023
| 22 Dec 2023
Assessment of plot-scale sediment transport on young moraines in the Swiss Alps using a fluorescent sand tracer
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (Nagra), Hardstrasse 73, 5430 Wettingen, Switzerland
Florian Lustenberger
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
Mountain Hydrology and Mass Movements, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Ilja van Meerveld
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Fabian Maier, Florian Lustenberger, and Ilja van Meerveld
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-165, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge on overland flow generation and sediment transport is limited due to a lack of observational methods. Thus, we used sprinkling experiments on two natural hillslopes and tested a novel method using fluorescent sand to visualize the movement of soil particles. The results show, that the applied method is suitable to track the movement of individual sediment particles and the particle transport distance depends on the surface characteristics of the hillslopes.
Marco M. Lehmann, Josie Geris, Ilja van Meerveld, Daniele Penna, Youri Rothfuss, Matteo Verdone, Pertti Ala-Aho, Matyas Arvai, Alise Babre, Philippe Balandier, Fabian Bernhard, Lukrecija Butorac, Simon Damien Carrière, Natalie C. Ceperley, Zuosinan Chen, Alicia Correa, Haoyu Diao, David Dubbert, Maren Dubbert, Fabio Ercoli, Marius G. Floriancic, Teresa E. Gimeno, Damien Gounelle, Frank Hagedorn, Christophe Hissler, Frédéric Huneau, Alberto Iraheta, Tamara Jakovljević, Nerantzis Kazakis, Zoltan Kern, Karl Knaebel, Johannes Kobler, Jiří Kocum, Charlotte Koeber, Gerbrand Koren, Angelika Kübert, Dawid Kupka, Samuel Le Gall, Aleksi Lehtonen, Thomas Leydier, Philippe Malagoli, Francesca Sofia Manca di Villahermosa, Chiara Marchina, Núria Martínez-Carreras, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Hannu Marttila, Aline Meyer Oliveira, Gaël Monvoisin, Natalie Orlowski, Kadi Palmik-Das, Aurel Persoiu, Andrei Popa, Egor Prikaziuk, Cécile Quantin, Katja T. Rinne-Garmston, Clara Rohde, Martin Sanda, Matthias Saurer, Daniel Schulz, Michael Paul Stockinger, Christine Stumpp, Jean-Stéphane Venisse, Lukas Vlcek, Stylianos Voudouris, Björn Weeser, Mark E. Wilkinson, Giulia Zuecco, and Katrin Meusburger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-409, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-409, 2024
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes a unique large-scale isotope dataset to study water dynamics in European forests. Researchers collected data from 40 beech and spruce forest sites in spring and summer 2023, using a standardized method to ensure consistency. The results show that water sources for trees change between seasons and vary by tree species. This large dataset offers valuable information for understanding plant water use, improving ecohydrological models, and mapping water cycles across Europe.
Franziska Clerc-Schwarzenbach, Giovanni Selleri, Mattia Neri, Elena Toth, Ilja van Meerveld, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4219–4237, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show that the differences between the forcing data included in three CAMELS datasets (US, BR, GB) and the forcing data included for the same catchments in the Caravan dataset affect model calibration considerably. The model performance dropped when the data from the Caravan dataset were used instead of the original data. Most of the model performance drop could be attributed to the differences in precipitation data. However, differences were largest for the potential evapotranspiration data.
Michael Margreth, Florian Lustenberger, Dorothea Hug Peter, Fritz Schlunegger, and Massimiliano Zappa
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-78, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-78, 2024
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Recession models (RM) are crucial for observing the low flow behavior of a catchment. We developed two novel RM, which are designed to represent slowly draining catchment conditions. With a newly designed low flow prediction procedure we tested the prediction capability of these two models and three others from literature. One of our novel products delivered the best results, because it best represents the slowly draining catchment conditions.
Paolo Nasta, Günter Blöschl, Heye R. Bogena, Steffen Zacharias, Roland Baatz, Gabriëlle De Lannoy, Karsten H. Jensen, Salvatore Manfreda, Laurent Pfister, Ana M. Tarquis, Ilja van Meerveld, Marc Voltz, Yijian Zeng, William Kustas, Xin Li, Harry Vereecken, and Nunzio Romano
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1678, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1678, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Unsolved Problems in Hydrology (UPH) initiative has emphasized the need to establish networks of multi-decadal hydrological observatories to tackle catchment-scale challenges on a global scale. This opinion paper provocatively discusses two end members of possible future hydrological observatory (HO) networks for a given hypothesized community budget: a comprehensive set of moderately instrumented observatories or, alternatively, a small number of highly instrumented super-sites.
Izabela Bujak-Ozga, Jana von Freyberg, Margaret Zimmer, Andrea Rinaldo, Paolo Benettin, and Ilja van Meerveld
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-67, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-67, 2024
Preprint under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Stream networks expand and contract affecting the amount and quality of water in perennial streams. This study presents measurements of changes in water chemistry and the flowing portion of the drainage network during rainfall events in two neighboring catchments. Despite the proximity, similar size, soil and bedrock, water chemistry and stream network dynamics differed substantially for the two catchments. These differences are attributed to the differences in slope and channel network.
Shaozhen Liu, Ilja van Meerveld, Yali Zhao, Yunqiang Wang, and James W. Kirchner
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 205–216, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the seasonal and spatial patterns of soil moisture in 0–500 cm soil using 89 monitoring sites in a loess catchment with monsoonal climate. Soil moisture is highest during the months of least precipitation and vice versa. Soil moisture patterns at the hillslope scale are dominated by the aspect-controlled evapotranspiration variations (a local control), not by the hillslope convergence-controlled downslope flow (a nonlocal control), under both dry and wet conditions.
Jana Erdbrügger, Ilja van Meerveld, Jan Seibert, and Kevin Bishop
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1779–1800, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Groundwater can respond quickly to precipitation and is the main source of streamflow in most catchments in humid, temperate climates. To better understand shallow groundwater dynamics, we installed a network of groundwater wells in two boreal headwater catchments in Sweden. We recorded groundwater levels in 75 wells for 2 years and sampled the water and analyzed its chemical composition in one summer. This paper describes these datasets.
Fabian Maier, Florian Lustenberger, and Ilja van Meerveld
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-165, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge on overland flow generation and sediment transport is limited due to a lack of observational methods. Thus, we used sprinkling experiments on two natural hillslopes and tested a novel method using fluorescent sand to visualize the movement of soil particles. The results show, that the applied method is suitable to track the movement of individual sediment particles and the particle transport distance depends on the surface characteristics of the hillslopes.
Rafael Poyatos, Víctor Granda, Víctor Flo, Mark A. Adams, Balázs Adorján, David Aguadé, Marcos P. M. Aidar, Scott Allen, M. Susana Alvarado-Barrientos, Kristina J. Anderson-Teixeira, Luiza Maria Aparecido, M. Altaf Arain, Ismael Aranda, Heidi Asbjornsen, Robert Baxter, Eric Beamesderfer, Z. Carter Berry, Daniel Berveiller, Bethany Blakely, Johnny Boggs, Gil Bohrer, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Rosvel Bracho, Patricia Brito, Jason Brodeur, Fernando Casanoves, Jérôme Chave, Hui Chen, Cesar Cisneros, Kenneth Clark, Edoardo Cremonese, Hongzhong Dang, Jorge S. David, Teresa S. David, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Frederic C. Do, Michal Dohnal, Jean-Christophe Domec, Sebinasi Dzikiti, Colin Edgar, Rebekka Eichstaedt, Tarek S. El-Madany, Jan Elbers, Cleiton B. Eller, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Brent Ewers, Patrick Fonti, Alicia Forner, David I. Forrester, Helber C. Freitas, Marta Galvagno, Omar Garcia-Tejera, Chandra Prasad Ghimire, Teresa E. Gimeno, John Grace, André Granier, Anne Griebel, Yan Guangyu, Mark B. Gush, Paul J. Hanson, Niles J. Hasselquist, Ingo Heinrich, Virginia Hernandez-Santana, Valentine Herrmann, Teemu Hölttä, Friso Holwerda, James Irvine, Supat Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya, Paul G. Jarvis, Hubert Jochheim, Carlos A. Joly, Julia Kaplick, Hyun Seok Kim, Leif Klemedtsson, Heather Kropp, Fredrik Lagergren, Patrick Lane, Petra Lang, Andrei Lapenas, Víctor Lechuga, Minsu Lee, Christoph Leuschner, Jean-Marc Limousin, Juan Carlos Linares, Maj-Lena Linderson, Anders Lindroth, Pilar Llorens, Álvaro López-Bernal, Michael M. Loranty, Dietmar Lüttschwager, Cate Macinnis-Ng, Isabelle Maréchaux, Timothy A. Martin, Ashley Matheny, Nate McDowell, Sean McMahon, Patrick Meir, Ilona Mészáros, Mirco Migliavacca, Patrick Mitchell, Meelis Mölder, Leonardo Montagnani, Georgianne W. Moore, Ryogo Nakada, Furong Niu, Rachael H. Nolan, Richard Norby, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oberhuber, Nikolaus Obojes, A. Christopher Oishi, Rafael S. Oliveira, Ram Oren, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Teemu Paljakka, Oscar Perez-Priego, Pablo L. Peri, Richard L. Peters, Sebastian Pfautsch, William T. Pockman, Yakir Preisler, Katherine Rascher, George Robinson, Humberto Rocha, Alain Rocheteau, Alexander Röll, Bruno H. P. Rosado, Lucy Rowland, Alexey V. Rubtsov, Santiago Sabaté, Yann Salmon, Roberto L. Salomón, Elisenda Sánchez-Costa, Karina V. R. Schäfer, Bernhard Schuldt, Alexandr Shashkin, Clément Stahl, Marko Stojanović, Juan Carlos Suárez, Ge Sun, Justyna Szatniewska, Fyodor Tatarinov, Miroslav Tesař, Frank M. Thomas, Pantana Tor-ngern, Josef Urban, Fernando Valladares, Christiaan van der Tol, Ilja van Meerveld, Andrej Varlagin, Holm Voigt, Jeffrey Warren, Christiane Werner, Willy Werner, Gerhard Wieser, Lisa Wingate, Stan Wullschleger, Koong Yi, Roman Zweifel, Kathy Steppe, Maurizio Mencuccini, and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2607–2649, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2607-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Transpiration is a key component of global water balance, but it is poorly constrained from available observations. We present SAPFLUXNET, the first global database of tree-level transpiration from sap flow measurements, containing 202 datasets and covering a wide range of ecological conditions. SAPFLUXNET and its accompanying R software package
sapfluxnetrwill facilitate new data syntheses on the ecological factors driving water use and drought responses of trees and forests.
Severin-Luca Bellè, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Frank Hagedorn, Cristina Santin, Marcus Schiedung, Ilja van Meerveld, and Samuel Abiven
Biogeosciences, 18, 1105–1126, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1105-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1105-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Controls of pyrogenic carbon (PyC) redistribution under rainfall are largely unknown. However, PyC mobility can be substantial after initial rain in post-fire landscapes. We conducted a controlled simulation experiment on plots where PyC was applied on the soil surface. We identified redistribution of PyC by runoff and splash and vertical movement in the soil depending on soil texture and PyC characteristics (material and size). PyC also induced changes in exports of native soil organic carbon.
Leonie Kiewiet, Ilja van Meerveld, Manfred Stähli, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3381–3398, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3381-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3381-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The sources of stream water are important, for instance, for predicting floods. The connectivity between streams and different (ground-)water sources can change during rain events, which affects the stream water composition. We investigated this for stream water sampled during four events and found that stream water came from different sources. The stream water composition changed gradually, and we showed that changes in solute concentrations could be partly linked to changes in connectivity.
Barbara Strobl, Simon Etter, H. J. Ilja van Meerveld, and Jan Seibert
Geosci. Commun., 3, 109–126, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-109-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-109-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Training can deter people from joining a citizen science project but may be needed to ensure good data quality. In this study, we found that an online game that was originally developed for data quality control in a citizen science project can be used for training as well. These findings are useful for the development of training strategies for other citizen science projects because they indicate that gamified approaches might be valuable scalable training methods.
H. J. Ilja van Meerveld, James W. Kirchner, Marc J. P. Vis, Rick S. Assendelft, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4825–4834, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4825-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4825-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Flowing stream networks extend and retract seasonally and in response to precipitation. This affects the distances and thus the time that it takes a water molecule to reach the flowing stream and the stream outlet. When the network is fully extended, the travel times are short, but when the network retracts, the travel times become longer and more uniform. These dynamics should be included when modeling solute or pollutant transport.
Simon Etter, Barbara Strobl, Jan Seibert, and H. J. Ilja van Meerveld
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5243–5257, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5243-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5243-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To evaluate the potential value of streamflow estimates for hydrological model calibration, we created synthetic streamflow datasets in various temporal resolutions based on the errors in streamflow estimates of 136 citizens. Our results show that streamflow estimates of untrained citizens are too inaccurate to be useful for model calibration. If, however, the errors can be reduced by training or filtering, the estimates become useful if also a sufficient number of estimates are available.
H. J. Ilja van Meerveld, Marc J. P. Vis, and Jan Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 4895–4905, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4895-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-4895-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We tested the usefulness of stream level class data for hydrological model calibration. Only two stream level classes, e.g. above or below a rock in the stream, were already informative, particularly when the boundary was chosen at a high stream level. There was hardly any improvement in model performance when using more than five stream level classes. These results suggest that model based streamflow time series can be obtained from citizen science based water level class data.
S. R. Lutz, H. J. van Meerveld, M. J. Waterloo, H. P. Broers, and B. M. van Breukelen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4505–4524, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4505-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4505-2013, 2013
S. A. Howie and H. J. van Meerveld
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3421–3435, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3421-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3421-2013, 2013
S. A. Howie and H. J. van Meerveld
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-14065-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-14065-2012, 2012
Revised manuscript not accepted
Related subject area
Subject: Hillslope hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
Mixed-cultivation grasslands enhance runoff generation and reduce soil loss in the restoration of degraded alpine hillsides
Subsurface flow paths in a chronosequence of calcareous soils: impact of soil age and rainfall intensities on preferential flow occurrence
Evaporation, infiltration and storage of soil water in different vegetation zones in the Qilian Mountains: a stable isotope perspective
Groundwater fluctuations during a debris flow event in western Norway – triggered by rain and snowmelt
Satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations for landslide prediction in India
Characterising hillslope–stream connectivity with a joint event analysis of stream and groundwater levels
Structural and functional control of surface-patch to hillslope runoff and sediment connectivity in Mediterranean dry reclaimed slope systems
Distinct stores and the routing of water in the deep critical zone of a snow-dominated volcanic catchment
Hydrological trade-offs due to different land covers and land uses in the Brazilian Cerrado
A sprinkling experiment to quantify celerity–velocity differences at the hillslope scale
Impacts of a capillary barrier on infiltration and subsurface stormflow in layered slope deposits monitored with 3-D ERT and hydrometric measurements
Form and function in hillslope hydrology: characterization of subsurface flow based on response observations
Form and function in hillslope hydrology: in situ imaging and characterization of flow-relevant structures
Identification of runoff formation with two dyes in a mid-latitude mountain headwater
Multiple runoff processes and multiple thresholds control agricultural runoff generation
Factors influencing stream baseflow transit times in tropical montane watersheds
Effects of a deep-rooted crop and soil amended with charcoal on spatial and temporal runoff patterns in a degrading tropical highland watershed
The water balance components of undisturbed tropical woodlands in the Brazilian cerrado
Erosion processes in black marl soils at the millimetre scale: preliminary insights from an analogous model
Monitoring hillslope moisture dynamics with surface ERT for enhancing spatial significance of hydrometric point measurements
Development and testing of a large, transportable rainfall simulator for plot-scale runoff and parameter estimation
True colors – experimental identification of hydrological processes at a hillslope prone to slide
Assessment of shallow subsurface characterisation with non-invasive geophysical methods at the intermediate hill-slope scale
Macropore flow of old water revisited: experimental insights from a tile-drained hillslope
Hillslope characteristics as controls of subsurface flow variability
Fluorescent particle tracers in surface hydrology: a proof of concept in a semi-natural hillslope
Soil-water dynamics and unsaturated storage during snowmelt following wildfire
Use of the 3-D scanner in mapping and monitoring the dynamic degradation of soils: case study of the Cucuteni-Baiceni Gully on the Moldavian Plateau (Romania)
A porewater-based stable isotope approach for the investigation of subsurface hydrological processes
Subsurface lateral flow from hillslope and its contribution to nitrate loading in streams through an agricultural catchment during subtropical rainstorm events
The effect of slope steepness and antecedent moisture content on interrill erosion, runoff and sediment size distribution in the highlands of Ethiopia
Surface and subsurface flow effect on permanent gully formation and upland erosion near Lake Tana in the northern highlands of Ethiopia
The benefits of gravimeter observations for modelling water storage changes at the field scale
Shallow soil moisture – ground thaw interactions and controls – Part 1: Spatiotemporal patterns and correlations over a subarctic landscape
Shallow soil moisture – ground thaw interactions and controls – Part 2: Influences of water and energy fluxes
Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater in the Ore Mountains
Yulei Ma, Yifan Liu, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Manuel López-Vicente, and Gao-Lin Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3947–3961, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3947-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3947-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Runoff and sediment reduction benefits of hillside mixed grasslands were examined. Cultivated grasslands effectively increased runoff and decreased sediment along ages. Runoff was the dominant factor affecting the soil erosion modulus on alpine hillsides. This implies that protective measures should be prioritized during the initial planting stage of cultivated grasslands on degraded alpine hillsides.
Anne Hartmann, Markus Weiler, Konrad Greinwald, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4953–4974, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Analyzing the impact of soil age and rainfall intensity on vertical subsurface flow paths in calcareous soils, with a special focus on preferential flow occurrence, shows how water flow paths are linked to the organization of evolving landscapes. The observed increase in preferential flow occurrence with increasing moraine age provides important but rare data for a proper representation of hydrological processes within the feedback cycle of the hydro-pedo-geomorphological system.
Guofeng Zhu, Leilei Yong, Xi Zhao, Yuwei Liu, Zhuanxia Zhang, Yuanxiao Xu, Zhigang Sun, Liyuan Sang, and Lei Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3771–3784, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3771-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3771-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In arid areas, the processes of water storage have not been fully understood in different vegetation zones in mountainous areas. This study monitored the stable isotopes in the precipitation and soil water of the Xiying River Basin. In the four vegetation zones, soil water evaporation intensities were mountain grassland > deciduous forest > coniferous forest > alpine meadow, and soil water storage capacity was alpine meadow > deciduous forest > coniferous forest > mountain grassland.
Stein Bondevik and Asgeir Sorteberg
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4147–4158, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4147-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4147-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Pore pressure is important for the trigger of debris slides and flows. But how, exactly, does the pore pressure vary just before a slide happens? We drilled and installed a piezometer 1.6 m below the ground in a hillslope susceptible to debris flows in western Norway and measured pore pressure and water temperature through the years 2010–2013. We found the largest anomaly in our groundwater data during the storm named Hilde in November in 2013, when a debris flow happened in this slope.
Maria Teresa Brunetti, Massimo Melillo, Stefano Luigi Gariano, Luca Ciabatta, Luca Brocca, Giriraj Amarnath, and Silvia Peruccacci
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3267–3279, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3267-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3267-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Satellite and rain gauge data are tested to predict landslides in India, where the annual toll of human lives and loss of property urgently demands the implementation of strategies to prevent geo-hydrological instability. For this purpose, we calculated empirical rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation. The validation of thresholds showed that satellite-based rainfall data perform better than ground-based data, and the best performance is obtained with an hourly temporal resolution.
Daniel Beiter, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5713–5744, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the interactions between streams and their adjacent hillslopes in terms of water flow. It could be revealed that soil structure has a strong influence on how hillslopes connect to the streams, while the groundwater table tells us a lot about when the two connect. This observation could be used to improve models that try to predict whether or not hillslopes are in a state where a rain event will be likely to produce a flood in the stream.
Mariano Moreno-de-las-Heras, Luis Merino-Martín, Patricia M. Saco, Tíscar Espigares, Francesc Gallart, and José M. Nicolau
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2855–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2855-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study shifts from present discussions of the connectivity theory to the practical application of the connectivity concept for the analysis of runoff and sediment dynamics in Mediterranean dry slope systems. Overall, our results provide evidence for the feasibility of using the connectivity concept to understand how the spatial distribution of vegetation and micro-topography (including rills) interact with rainfall dynamics to generate spatially continuous runoff and sediment fluxes.
Alissa White, Bryan Moravec, Jennifer McIntosh, Yaniv Olshansky, Ben Paras, R. Andres Sanchez, Ty P. A. Ferré, Thomas Meixner, and Jon Chorover
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4661–4683, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4661-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4661-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper examines the influence of the subsurface structure on water routing, water residence times, and the hydrologic response of distinct groundwater stores and further investigates their contribution to streamflow. We conclude that deep groundwater from the fractured aquifer system, rather than shallow groundwater, is the dominant source of streamflow, which highlights the need to better characterize the deep subsurface of mountain systems using interdisciplinary studies such as this one.
Jamil A. A. Anache, Edson Wendland, Lívia M. P. Rosalem, Cristian Youlton, and Paulo T. S. Oliveira
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1263–1279, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1263-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1263-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the water balance over 5 years in different land uses typical of the Brazilian Cerrado: tropical woodland, bare land, pasture and sugarcane. Land uses may affect hillslope hydrology and cause trade-offs; the woodland consumes the soil water storage along the dry season, while the agricultural LCLU (pasture and sugarcane) reduces the water consumption in either season, and the aquifer recharge rates may be reduced in forested areas due to increased water demand by the vegetation.
Willem J. van Verseveld, Holly R. Barnard, Chris B. Graham, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, J. Renée Brooks, and Markus Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5891–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5891-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5891-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
How stream water responds immediately to a rainfall or snow event, while the average time it takes water to travel through the hillslope can be years or decades and is poorly understood. We assessed this difference by combining a 24-day sprinkler experiment (a tracer was applied at the start) with a process-based hydrologic model. Immobile soil water, deep groundwater contribution and soil depth variability explained this difference at our hillslope site.
Rico Hübner, Thomas Günther, Katja Heller, Ursula Noell, and Arno Kleber
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5181–5199, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5181-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5181-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we used a spatially and temporally high resolved 3-D ERT in addition to matric potential measurements to monitor the infiltration and subsurface water flow on a hillslope with layered slope deposits. We derived some interesting findings about the capillary barrier effect as a main driving factor for the activation of different flow pathways. Thus, the maintenance or breakdown of a capillary barrier has a decisive influence on the precipitation runoff response of of the catchment.
Lisa Angermann, Conrad Jackisch, Niklas Allroggen, Matthias Sprenger, Erwin Zehe, Jens Tronicke, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3727–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the temporal dynamics and response velocities of lateral preferential flow at the hillslope. The results are compared to catchment response behavior to infer the large-scale implications of the observed processes. A large portion of mobile water flows through preferential flow paths in the structured soils, causing an immediate discharge response. The study presents a methodological approach to cover the spatial and temporal domain of these highly heterogeneous processes.
Conrad Jackisch, Lisa Angermann, Niklas Allroggen, Matthias Sprenger, Theresa Blume, Jens Tronicke, and Erwin Zehe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3749–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Rapid subsurface flow in structured soils facilitates fast vertical and lateral redistribution of event water. We present its in situ exploration through local measurements and irrigation experiments. Special emphasis is given to a coherent combination of hydrological and geophysical methods. The study highlights that form and function operate as conjugated pairs. Dynamic imaging through time-lapse GPR was key to observing both and to identifying hydrologically relevant structures.
Lukáš Vlček, Kristýna Falátková, and Philipp Schneider
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3025–3040, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3025-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3025-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The role of mountain headwater area in hydrological cycle was investigated at two opposite hillslopes covered by mineral and organic soils. Similarities and differences in percolation and preferential flow paths between the hillslopes were identified by sprinkling experiments with Brilliant Blue and Fluorescein. The dye solutions infiltrated into the soil and continued either as lateral subsurface pipe flow (organic soil), or percolated vertically towards the bedrock (mineral soil).
Shabnam Saffarpour, Andrew W. Western, Russell Adams, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4525–4545, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4525-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4525-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A variety of threshold mechanisms influence the transfer of rainfall to runoff from catchments. Some of these mechanisms depend on the occurrence of intense rainfall and others depend on the catchment being wet. This article first provides a framework for considering which mechanisms are important in different situations and then uses that framework to examine the behaviour of a catchment in Australia that exhibits a mix of both rainfall intensity and catchment wetness dependent thresholds.
Lyssette E. Muñoz-Villers, Daniel R. Geissert, Friso Holwerda, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1621–1635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1621-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1621-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an important first step towards a better understanding of the hydrology of tropical montane regions and the factors influencing baseflow mean transit times (MTT). Our MTT estimates ranged between 1.2 and 2.7 years, suggesting deep and long subsurface pathways contributing to sustain dry season flows. Our findings showed that topography and subsurface permeability are the key factors controlling baseflow MTTs. Longest MTTs were found in the cloud forest headwater catchments.
Haimanote K. Bayabil, Tigist Y. Tebebu, Cathelijne R. Stoof, and Tammo S. Steenhuis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 875–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-875-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-875-2016, 2016
P. T. S. Oliveira, E. Wendland, M. A. Nearing, R. L. Scott, R. Rosolem, and H. R. da Rocha
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2899–2910, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2899-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2899-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We determined the main components of the water balance for an undisturbed cerrado.
Evapotranspiration ranged from 1.91 to 2.60mm per day for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Canopy interception ranged from 4 to 20% and stemflow values were approximately 1% of gross precipitation.
The average runoff coefficient was less than 1%, while cerrado deforestation has the potential to increase that amount up to 20-fold.
The water storage may be estimated by the difference between P and ET.
J. Bechet, J. Duc, M. Jaboyedoff, A. Loye, and N. Mathys
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1849–1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1849-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1849-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution three-dimensional point clouds are used to analyse erosion processes at the millimetre scale. The processes analysed here play a role in the closure of cracks. We demonstrated how micro-scale infiltration can influence the degradation of soil surface by inducing downward mass movements that are not reversible. This development will aid in designing future experiments to analyse processes such as swelling, crack closure, micro-landslides, etc.
R. Hübner, K. Heller, T. Günther, and A. Kleber
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 225–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-225-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-225-2015, 2015
T. G. Wilson, C. Cortis, N. Montaldo, and J. D. Albertson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4169–4183, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4169-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4169-2014, 2014
P. Schneider, S. Pool, L. Strouhal, and J. Seibert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 875–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, 2014
S. Popp, D. Altdorff, and P. Dietrich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1297–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1297-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1297-2013, 2013
J. Klaus, E. Zehe, M. Elsner, C. Külls, and J. J. McDonnell
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 103–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-103-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-103-2013, 2013
S. Bachmair and M. Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3699–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3699-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3699-2012, 2012
F. Tauro, S. Grimaldi, A. Petroselli, M. C. Rulli, and M. Porfiri
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2973–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2973-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2973-2012, 2012
B. A. Ebel, E. S. Hinckley, and D. A. Martin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1401–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012, 2012
G. Romanescu, V. Cotiuga, A. Asandulesei, and C. Stoleriu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 953–966, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-953-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-953-2012, 2012
J. Garvelmann, C. Külls, and M. Weiler
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 631–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-631-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-631-2012, 2012
B. Zhang, J. L. Tang, Ch. Gao, and H. Zepp
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3153–3170, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3153-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3153-2011, 2011
M. B. Defersha, S. Quraishi, and A. Melesse
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2367–2375, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2367-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2367-2011, 2011
T. Y. Tebebu, A. Z. Abiy, A. D. Zegeye, H. E. Dahlke, Z. M. Easton, S. A. Tilahun, A. S. Collick, S. Kidnau, S. Moges, F. Dadgari, and T. S. Steenhuis
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2207–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2207-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2207-2010, 2010
B. Creutzfeldt, A. Güntner, S. Vorogushyn, and B. Merz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1715–1730, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1715-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1715-2010, 2010
X. J. Guan, C. J. Westbrook, and C. Spence
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1375–1386, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1375-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1375-2010, 2010
X. J. Guan, C. Spence, and C. J. Westbrook
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1387–1400, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1387-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1387-2010, 2010
E. Zehe, T. Graeff, M. Morgner, A. Bauer, and A. Bronstert
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 873–889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-873-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-873-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Anache, J. A. A., Flanagan, D. C., Srivastava, A., and Wendland, E. C.: Land use and climate change impacts on runoff and soil erosion at the hillslope scale in the Brazilian Cerrado, Sci. Total Environ., 622–623, 140–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.257, 2018.
Angulo-Martínez, M., Beguería, S., Navas, A., and Machín, J.: Splash erosion under natural rainfall on three soil types in NE Spain, Geomorphology, 175–176, 38–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.06.016, 2012.
Appels, W. M., Bogaart, P. W., and van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M.: Influence of spatial variations of microtopography and infiltration on surface runoff and field scale hydrological connectivity, Adv. Water Resour., 34, 303–313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.12.003, 2011.
Appels, W. M., Bogaart, P. W., and van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M.: Surface runoff in flat terrain: How field topography and runoff generating processes control hydrological connectivity, J. Hydrol., 534, 493–504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.021, 2016.
Asadi, H., Shahedi, K., Jarihani, B., and Sidle, R.: Rainfall-Runoff Modelling Using Hydrological Connectivity Index and Artificial Neural Network Approach, Water, 11, 212, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020212, 2019.
Badr, A. A. and Lotfy, M. F.: Tracing beach sand movement using fluorescent quartz along the Nile delta promontories, Egypt, J. Coast. Res., 15, 261–265, 1999.
Bast, A., Wilcke, W., Graf, F., Lüscher, P., and Gärtner, H.: A simplified and rapid technique to determine an aggregate stability coefficient in coarse grained soils, Catena, 127, 170–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.11.017, 2015.
Bertuzzi, P., Rauws, G., and Courault, D.: Testing roughness indices to estimate soil surface roughness changes due to simulated rainfall, Soil Till. Res., 17, 87–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(90)90008-2, 1990.
Blanchard, D. C.: Raindrop size-distribution in Hawaiian rains, J. Meteorol., 10, 457–473, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1953)010<0457:RSDIHR>2.0.CO;2, 1953.
Bracken, L. J. and Croke, J.: The concept of hydrological connectivity and its contribution to understanding runoff-dominated geomorphic systems, Hydrol. Process., 21, 1749–1763, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6313, 2007.
Bracken, L. J., Wainwright, J., Ali, G. A., Tetzlaff, D., Smith, M. W., Reaney, S. M., and Roy, A. G.: Concepts of hydrological connectivity: Research approaches, pathways and future agendas, Earth-Sci. Rev., 119, 17–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.001, 2013.
Brardinoni, F. and Hassan, M. A.: Glacial erosion, evolution of river long profiles, and the organization of process domains in mountain drainage basins of coastal British Columbia, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F01013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000358, 2006.
Brighenti, S., Tolotti, M., Bruno, M. C., Wharton, G., Pusch, M. T., and Bertoldi, W.: Ecosystem shifts in Alpine streams under glacier retreat and rock glacier thaw: A review, Sci. Total Environ., 675, 542–559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.221, 2019.
Buda, A. R., Kleinman, P. J. A., Srinivasan, M. S., Bryant, R. B., and Feyereisen, G. W.: Factors influencing surface runoff generation from two agricultural hillslopes in central Pennsylvania, Hydrol. Process., 23, 1295–1312, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7237, 2009.
Buendia, C., Vericat, D., Batalla, R. J., and Gibbins, C. N.: Temporal Dynamics of Sediment Transport and Transient In-channel Storage in a Highly Erodible Catchment, Land Degrad. Dev., 27, 1045–1063, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2348, 2016.
Calsamiglia, A., Gago, J., Garcia-Comendador, J., Bernat, J. F., Calvo-Cases, A., and Estrany, J.: Evaluating functional connectivity in a small agricultural catchment under contrasting flood events by using UAV, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 45, 800–815, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4769, 2020.
Cammeraat, L. H.: A review of two strongly contrasting geomorphological systems within the context of scale, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 27, 1201–1222, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.421, 2002.
Carnahan, E., Amundson, J. M., and Hood, E.: Impact of glacier loss and vegetation succession on annual basin runoff, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1667–1681, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1667-2019, 2019.
Coles, A. E. and McDonnell, J. J.: Fill and spill drives runoff connectivity over frozen ground, J. Hydrol., 558, 115–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.016, 2018.
Colombo, N., Salerno, F., Martin, M., Malandrino, M., Giardino, M., Serra, E., Godone, D., Said-Pullicino, D., Fratianni, S., Paro, L., Tartari, G., and Freppaz, M.: Influence of permafrost, rock and ice glaciers on chemistry of high-elevation ponds (NW Italian Alps), Sci. Total Environ., 685, 886–901, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.233, 2019.
Cowie, N. M., Moore, R. D., and Hassan, M. A.: Effects of glacial retreat on proglacial streams and riparian zones in the Coast and North Cascade Mountains, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 351–365, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3453, 2014.
Curry, A. M., Sands, T. B., and Porter, P. R.: Geotechnical controls on a steep lateral moraine undergoing paraglacial slope adjustment, Geol. Soc. Eng. Geol. Sp., 320, 181–197, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP320.12, 2009.
Darboux, F. and Huang, C.: Does Soil Surface Roughness Increase or Decrease Water and Particle Transfers?, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 69, 748–756, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2003.0311, 2005.
Deasy, C. and Quinton, J. N.: Use of rare earth oxides as tracers to identify sediment source areas for agricultural hillslopes, Solid Earth, 1, 111–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-111-2010, 2010.
de Lima, R. L. P., Abrantes, J. R. C. B., de Lima, J. L. M. P., and de Lima, M. I. P.: Using thermal tracers to estimate flow velocities of shallow flows: laboratory and field experiments, J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 63, 255–262, https://doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0028, 2015.
Ding, W. and Li, M.: Effects of grass coverage and distribution patterns on erosion and overland flow hydraulic characteristics, Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 477, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-5329-7, 2016.
Dorador, J., Rodríguez-Tovar, F. J., and Expedition, I. O. D. P.: Quantitative estimation of bioturbation based on digital image analysis, Mar. Geol., 349, 55–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.003, 2014.
Dunkerley, D.: Flow threads in surface run-off: implications for the assessment of flow properties and friction coefficients in soil erosion and hydraulics investigations, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 29, 1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1086, 2004.
Dunkerley, D. L.: Determining friction coefficients for interrill flows: the significance of flow filaments and backwater effects, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 28, 475–491, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.453, 2003.
Dunne, T., Zhang, W., and Aubry, B. F.: Effects of Rainfall, Vegetation, and Microtopography on Infiltration and Runoff, Water Resour. Res., 27, 2271–2285, https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR01585, 1991.
Ebabu, K., Tsunekawa, A., Haregeweyn, N., Adgo, E., Meshesha, D. T., Aklog, D., Masunaga, T., Tsubo, M., Sultan, D., Fenta, A. A., and Yibeltal, M.: Analyzing the variability of sediment yield: A case study from paired watersheds in the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia, 303, 446–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.12.020, 2018.
Eigel, J. and Moore, I. D.: A simplified technique for measuring raindrop size and distribution, T. ASAE, 26, 1079–1084, 1983.
Evans, R.: Mechanics of ater erosion and their spatial and temporal controls: an empirical viewpoint, Soil Erosion, Wiley, Chichester, 109–128, ISBN 0471278025, 1980.
Farmer, E. E.: Soil erosion by overland flow and raindrop splash on three mountain soils, No. 92–10, Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.69066, 1971.
Fernández-Raga, M., Palencia, C., Keesstra, S., Jordán, A., Fraile, R., Angulo-Martínez, M., and Cerdà, A.: Splash erosion: A review with unanswered questions, Earth-Sci. Rev., 171, 463–477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.06.009, 2017.
Garnier, E., Navas, M. L., and Grigulis, K.: Plant functional diversity: organism traits, community structure, and ecosystem properties, Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198757368.001.0001, 2016.
Gay, A., Cerdan, O., Mardhel, V., and Desmet, M.: Application of an index of sediment connectivity in a lowland area, J. Soil. Sediment., 16, 280–293, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1235-y, 2016.
Geilhausen, M., Morche, D., Otto, J.-C., and Schrott, L.: Sediment discharge from the proglacial zone of a retreating Alpine glacier, Z. Geomorphol., 57, 29–53, https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2012/S-00122, 2013.
Geißler, C., Lang, A. C., von Oheimb, G., Härdtle, W., Baruffol, M., and Scholten, T.: Impact of tree saplings on the kinetic energy of rainfall – The importance of stand density, species identity and tree architecture in subtropical forests in China, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 156, 31–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.12.005, 2012.
Gerke, K. M., Sidle, R. C., and Mallants, D.: Preferential flow mechanisms identified from staining experiments in forested hillslopes, Hydrol. Process., 29, 4562–4578, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10468, 2015.
Gianinetto, M., Aiello, M., Vezzoli, R., Polinelli, F. N., Rulli, M. C., Chiarelli, D. D., Bocchiola, D., Ravazzani, G., and Soncini, A.: Future Scenarios of Soil Erosion in the Alps under Climate Change and Land Cover Transformations Simulated with Automatic Machine Learning, Climate, 8, 28, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8020028, 2020.
Gobiet, A. and Kotlarski, S.: Future Climate Change in the European Alps, Oxford Res. Encycl. Clim. Sci., 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.767, 2020.
Gobiet, A., Kotlarski, S., Beniston, M., Heinrich, G., Rajczak, J., and Stoffel, M.: 21st century climate change in the European Alps-A review, Sci. Total Environ., 493, 1138–1151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.050, 2014.
Govers, G., Takken, I., and Helming, K.: Soil roughness and overland flow, Agronomie, 20, 131–146, https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2000114, 2000.
Greinwald, K., Gebauer, T., Treuter, L., Kolodziej, V., Musso, A., Maier, F., Lustenberger, F., and Scherer-Lorenzen, M.: Root density drives aggregate stability of soils of different moraine ages in the Swiss Alps, Plant Soil, 468, 439–457, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-05111-8, 2021a.
Greinwald, K., Dieckmann, L. A., Schipplick, C., Hartmann, A., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., and Gebauer, T.: Vertical root distribution and biomass allocation along proglacial chronosequences in Central Switzerland, Arctic, Antarct. Alp. Res., 53, 20–34, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2020.1859720, 2021b.
Guzmán, G., Barrón, V., and Gómez, J. A.: Evaluation of magnetic iron oxides as sediment tracers in water erosion experiments, Catena, 82, 126–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2010.05.011, 2010.
Guzmán, G., Laguna, A., Cañasveras, J. C., Boulal, H., Barrón, V., Gómez-Macpherson, H., Giráldez, J. V., and Gómez, J. A.: Study of sediment movement in an irrigated maize–cotton system combining rainfall simulations, sediment tracers and soil erosion models, J. Hydrol., 524, 227–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.02.033, 2015.
Gyssels, G., Poesen, J., Bochet, E., and Li, Y.: Impact of plant roots on the resistance of soils to erosion by water: a review, Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ., 29, 189–217, https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp443ra, 2005.
Hachani, S., Boudevillain, B., Delrieu, G., and Bargaoui, Z.: Drop size distribution climatology in Cévennes-Vivarais region, France, Atmosphere-Basel, 8, 233, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8120233, 2017.
Harden, C. P. and Scruggs, P. D.: Infiltration on mountain slopes: a comparison of three environments, Geomorphology, 55, 5–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00129-6, 2003.
Hardy, R. A., Pates, J. M., Quinton, J. N., and Coogan, M. P.: A novel fluorescent tracer for real-time tracing of clay transport over soil surfaces, Catena, 141, 39–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.02.011, 2016.
Hardy, R. A., James, M. R., Pates, J. M., and Quinton, J. N.: Using real time particle tracking to understand soil particle movements during rainfall events, Catena, 150, 32–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.11.005, 2017.
Hardy, R. A., Quinton, J. N., James, M. R., Fiener, P., and Pates, J. M.: High precision tracing of soil and sediment movement using fluorescent tracers at hillslope scale, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 1091–1099, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4557, 2019.
Hartmann, A., Semenova, E., Weiler, M., and Blume, T.: Field observations of soil hydrological flow path evolution over 10 millennia, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3271–3288, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3271-2020, 2020a.
Hartmann, A., Weiler, M., and Blume, T.: The impact of landscape evolution on soil physics: evolution of soil physical and hydraulic properties along two chronosequences of proglacial moraines, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3189–3204, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3189-2020, 2020b.
Heckmann, T. and Schwanghart, W.: Geomorphic coupling and sediment connectivity in an alpine catchment – Exploring sediment cascades using graph theory, Geomorphology, 182, 89–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.033, 2013.
Heckmann, T., Cavalli, M., Cerdan, O., Foerster, S., Javaux, M., Lode, E., Smetanová, A., Vericat, D., and Brardinoni, F.: Indices of sediment connectivity: opportunities, challenges and limitations, Earth-Sci. Rev., 187, 77–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.08.004, 2018.
Helming, K., Römkens, M. J. M., and Prasad, S. N.: Surface Roughness Related Processes of Runoff and Soil Loss: A Flume Study, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 243–250, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1998.03615995006200010031x, 1998.
Hino, M., Fujita, K., and Shutto, H.: A laboratory experiment on the role of grass for infiltration and runoff processes, J. Hydrol., 90, 303–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90073-4, 1987.
Horton, R. E.: The role of infiltration in the hydrologic cycle, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 14, 446–460, 1933.
Hudek, C., Sturrock, C. J., Atkinson, B. S., Stanchi, S., and Freppaz, M.: Root morphology and biomechanical characteristics of high altitude alpine plant species and their potential application in soil stabilization, Ecol. Eng., 109, 228–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.05.048, 2017.
Ingle, J. C.: The Movement of Beach Sand – An Analysis Using Fluorescent Grains, 1st edn., Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0070-4571(08)X7030-X, 1966.
Johnson, C. B., Mannering, J. V., and Moldenhauer, W. C.: Influence of Surface Roughness and Clod Size and Stability on Soil and Water Losses, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 43, 772–777, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1979.03615995004300040031x, 1979.
Jomaa, S., Barry, D. A., Heng, B. C. P., Brovelli, A., Sander, G. C., and Parlange, J.-Y.: Influence of rock fragment coverage on soil erosion and hydrological response: Laboratory flume experiments and modeling, Water Resour. Res., 48, W05535, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011255, 2012.
Jonasson, S. and Callaghan, T. V: Root mechanical properties related to disturbed and stressed habitats in the Arctic, New Phytol., 122, 179–186, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00064.x, 1992.
Kato, S., Okabe, T., Aoki, Y., and Kamohara, S.: Field measurements of sand movement on river-mouth tidal flat using color sand tracing, Coast. Eng. Proc., 1, 61, https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v34.sediment.61, 2014.
Klaar, M. J., Kidd, C., Malone, E., Bartlett, R., Pinay, G., Chapin, F. S., and Milner, A.: Vegetation succession in deglaciated landscapes: implications for sediment and landscape stability, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 40, 1088–1100, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3691, 2015.
Klein, M., Zviely, D., Kit, E., and Shteinman, B.: Sediment Transport along the Coast of Israel: Examination of Fluorescent Sand Tracers, J. Coast. Res., 236, 1462–1470, https://doi.org/10.2112/05-0488.1, 2007.
Knapen, A., Poesen, J., Govers, G., Gyssels, G., and Nachtergaele, J.: Resistance of soils to concentrated flow erosion: A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 80, 75–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.08.001, 2007.
Komura, S.: Hydraulics of Slope Erosion by Overland Flow, J. Hydraul. Div., 102, 1573–1586, https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0004639, 1976.
Kuhn, M.: caret: Classification and Regression Training, R package version 6.0-90, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=caret (last access: 24 April 2023), 2021.
Labhart, T. P.: Aarmassiv und Gotthardmassiv, Sammlung Geol. Führer, 63, 173 pp., ISBN 978-3-443-15019-8 1977.
Lane, S. N., Brookes, C. J., Kirkby, M. J., and Holden, J.: A network-index-based version of TOPMODEL for use with high-resolution digital topographic data, Hydrol. Process., 18, 191–201, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5208, 2004.
Lane, S. N., Reaney, S. M., and Heathwaite, A. L.: Representation of landscape hydrological connectivity using a topographically driven surface flow index, Water Resour. Res., 45, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007336, 2009.
Lavee, H. and Poesen, J. W. A.: Overland flow generation and continuity on stone-covered soil surfaces, Hydrol. Process., 5, 345–360, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.3360050403, 1991.
Lázaro, R., Calvo-Cases, A., Lázaro, A., and Molina, I.: Effective run-off flow length over biological soil crusts on silty loam soils in drylands, Hydrol. Process., 29, 2534–2544, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10345, 2015.
Leatherman, S. P.: Field Measurement of Microtopography, J. Coast. Res., 3, 233–235, 1987.
Legout, C., Leguédois, S., Le Bissonnais, Y., and Malam Issa, O.: Splash distance and size distributions for various soils, Geoderma, 124, 279–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.05.006, 2005.
Li, D., Lu, X., Walling, D. E., Zhang, T., Steiner, J. F., Wasson, R. J., Harrison, S., Nepal, S., Nie, Y., Immerzeel, W. W., Shugar, D. H., Koppes, M., Lane, S., Zeng, Z., Sun, X., Yegorov, A., and Bolch, T.: High Mountain Asia hydropower systems threatened by climate-driven landscape instability, Nat. Geosci., 15, 520–530, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00953-y, 2022.
Lichtenegger, E.: Root distribution in some alpine plants, Acta Phytogeogr. Suec., 81, 76–82, 1996.
Liu, Q. Q. and Singh, V. P.: Effect of Microtopography, Slope Length and Gradient, and Vegetative Cover on Overland Flow through Simulation, J. Hydrol. Eng., 9, 375–382, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:5(375), 2004.
Lohse, K. A. and Dietrich, W. E.: Contrasting effects of soil development on hydrological properties and flow paths, Water Resour. Res., 41, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003403, 2005.
Maier, F. and van Meerveld, I.: HILLSCAPE Project – Data on moraine soil properties and on overland flow and subsurface flow characteristics, GFZ Data Services [data set], https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2021.011, 2021.
Maier, F. and van Meerveld, I.: High-resolution soil surface photos of young moraines in the Swiss Alps, GFZ Data Services [data set], https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2023.016, 2023.
Maier, F. and van Meerveld, I.: Long-Term Changes in Runoff Generation Mechanisms for Two Proglacial Areas in the Swiss Alps I: Overland Flow, Water Resour. Res., 57, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021wr030221, 2021.
Maier, F., van Meerveld, I., Greinwald, K., Gebauer, T., Lustenberger, F., Hartmann, A., and Musso, A.: Effects of soil and vegetation development on surface hydrological properties of moraines in the Swiss Alps, Catena, 187, 104353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104353, 2020.
Maier, F., van Meerveld, I., and Weiler, M.: Long-term changes in runoff generation mechanisms for two proglacial areas in the Swiss Alps II: Subsurface Flow, Water Resour. Res., 57, e2021WR030221, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR030221, 2021.
Marchamalo, M., Hooke, J. M., and Sandercock, P. J.: Flow and Sediment Connectivity in Semi-arid Landscapes in SE Spain: Patterns and Controls, Land. Degrad. Dev., 27, 1032–1044, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2352, 2016.
Marques, M. J., Bienes, R., Jiménez, L., and Pérez-Rodríguez, R.: Effect of vegetal cover on runoff and soil erosion under light intensity events. Rainfall simulation over USLE plots, Sci. Total Environ., 378, 161–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.043, 2007.
Martínez-Carreras, N., Krein, A., Gallart, F., Iffly, J. F., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., and Owens, P. N.: Assessment of different colour parameters for discriminating potential suspended sediment sources and provenance: A multi-scale study in Luxembourg, Geomorphology, 118, 118–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.12.013, 2010.
Maruffi, L., Stucchi, L., Casale, F., and Bocchiola, D.: Soil erosion and sediment transport under climate change for Mera River, in Italian Alps of Valchiavenna, Sci. Total Environ., 806, 150651, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150651, 2022.
Masselink, R. J. H., Heckmann, T., Temme, A. J. A. M., Anders, N. S., Gooren, H. P. A., and Keesstra, S. D.: A network theory approach for a better understanding of overland flow connectivity, Hydrol. Process., 31, 207–220, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10993, 2017.
Medeiros, P. H. A. and de Araújo, J. C.: Temporal variability of rainfall in a semiarid environment in Brazil and its effect on sediment transport processes, J. Soil. Sediment., 14, 1216–1223, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-013-0809-9, 2013.
MeteoSwiss: Swiss climate in detail. Extreme value analysis. Standard period 1990–2020, https://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/service-und-publikationen/applikationen/standardperiode.html (last access: 17 February 2022), 2021.
MeteoSwiss: Swiss climate in detail. Climate diagrams and normals per station. Standard period 1991–2020, https://www.meteoschweiz.admin.ch/home/klima/schweizer-klima-im-detail/klima-normwerte/klimadiagramme-und-normwerte-pro-station.html?station=grh (last access: 17 February 2022), 2022.
Moreno-De Las Heras, M., Nicolau, J. M., Merino-Martn, L., and Wilcox, B. P.: Plot-scale effects on runoff and erosion along a slope degradation gradient, Water Resour. Res., 46, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007875, 2010.
Mu, H., Yu, X., Fu, S., Yu, B., Liu, Y., and Zhang, G.: Effect of stem basal cover on the sediment transport capacity of overland flows, Geoderma, 337, 384–393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.055, 2019.
Musso, A., Lamorski, K., Sławiński, C., Geitner, C., Hunt, A., Greinwald, K., and Egli, M.: Evolution of soil pores and their characteristics in a siliceous and calcareous proglacial area, Catena, 182, 104–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104154, 2019.
Musso, A., Ketterer, M. E., Greinwald, K., Geitner, C., and Egli, M.: Rapid decrease of soil erosion rates with soil formation and vegetation development in periglacial areas, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 45, 2824–2839, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4932, 2020a.
Musso, A., Ketterer, M. E., Greinwald, K., Geitner, C., and Egli, M.: Rapid decrease of soil erosion rates with soil formation and vegetation development in periglacial areas, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 45, 2824–2839, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4932, 2020b.
Musso, A., Tikhomirov, D., Plötze, M.L., Greinwald, K., Hartmann, A., Geitner, C., Maier, F., Petibon, F. and Egli, M.: Soil formation and mass redistribution during the Holocene using meteoric 10Be, soil chemistry and mineralogy, Geosciences, 12, 99, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020099, 2022.
Najafi, S., Dragovich, D., Heckmann, T., and Sadeghi, S. H.: Sediment connectivity concepts and approaches, Catena, 196, 104880, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2020.104880, 2021.
Nanda, A., Sen, S., and McNamara, J. P.: How spatiotemporal variation of soil moisture can explain hydrological connectivity of infiltration-excess dominated hillslope: Observations from lesser Himalayan landscape, J. Hydrol., 579, 124146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124146, 2019.
Nearing, M. A., Pruski, F., and O'Neal, M. R.: Expected climate change impacts on soil erosion rates: A review, J. Soil Water Conserv., 59, 43–50, 2004.
Noxton Technologies: Material safety data sheet of glow in the dark powder TAT 33, https://noxton.net/pasport_en.html (last access: 25 June 2022), 2022.
Orwin, J. F., Guggenmos, M. R., and Holland, P. G.: Changes in suspended sediment to solute yield ratios from an alpine basin during the transition to winter, Southern Alps, New Zealand, Geogr. Ann. A, 92, 247–261, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2010.00393.x, 2010.
Panagos, P., Borrelli, P., Poesen, J., Ballabio, C., Lugato, E., Meusburger, K., Montanarella, L., and Alewell, C.: The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe, Environ. Sci. Policy, 54, 438–447, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.08.012, 2015.
Park, S. W., Mitchell, J. K., and Bubenzern, G. D.: Rainfall Characteristics and Their Relation to Splash Erosion, T. ASAE, 26, 0795–0804, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.34026, 1983.
Parsons, A. J.: Overland Flow. Hydraulics and Erosion Mechanics, 1st edn., edited by: Parsons, A. J., CRC Press, London, 456 pp., https://doi.org/10.1201/b12648, 1992.
Parsons, A. J.: Erosion and Sediment Transport by Water on Hillslopes, in: Encyclopedia of Water, Wiley, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119300762.wsts0007, 2019.
Parsons, A. J., Onda, Y., Noguchi, T., Patin, J., Cooper, J., Wainwright, J., and Sakai, N.: The use of RFID in soil-erosion research, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 1693–1696, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3628, 2014.
Paschmann, C., Fernandes, J. N., Vetsch, D. F., and Boes, R. M.: Assessment of flow field and sediment flux at alpine desanding facilities, Int. J. River Basin Manag., 15, 287–295, https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2017.1280814, 2017.
Pearce, R. A., Trlica, M. J., Leininger, W. C., Smith, J. L., and Frasier, G. W.: Efficiency of Grass Buffer Strips and Vegetation Height on Sediment Filtration in Laboratory Rainfall Simulations, J. Environ. Qual., 26, 139–144, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600010021x, 1997.
Peñuela, A., Darboux, F., Javaux, M., and Bielders, C. L.: Evolution of overland flow connectivity in bare agricultural plots, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 41, 1595–1613, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3938, 2016.
Poesen, J.: Soil erosion in the Anthropocene: Research needs, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 84, 64–84, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4250, 2017.
Poesen, J. and Lavee, H.: Rock fragments in top soils: significance and processes, Catena, 23, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90050-7, 1994.
Poesen, J., Ingelmo-Sanchez, F., and Mucher, H.: The hydrological response of soil surfaces to rainfall as affected by cover and position of rock fragments in the top layer, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 15, 653–671, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290150707, 1990.
Pohl, M., Stroude, R., Buttler, A., and Rixen, C.: Functional traits and root morphology of alpine plants, Ann. Bot., 108, 537–545, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr169, 2011.
Pohlert, T.: PMCMRplus: Calculate Pairwise Multiple Comparisons of Mean Rank Sums Extended. R package version 1.9.4, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=PMCMRplus (last access: 9 July 2022), 2021.
Polyakov, V. and Nearing, M.: Rare earth element oxides for tracing sediment movement, Catena, 55, 255–276, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(03)00159-0, 2004.
Polyakov, V., Li, L., and Nearing, M. A.: Correction factor for measuring mean overland flow velocities on stony surfaces under rainfall using dye tracer, Geoderma, 390, 114975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.114975, 2021.
R Core Team: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 14 April 2022), 2021.
Reaney, S. M., Bracken, L. J., and Kirkby, M. J.: The importance of surface controls on overland flow connectivity in semi-arid environments: results from a numerical experimental approach, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2116–2128, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9769, 2014.
Rey, F.: Influence of vegetation distribution on sediment yield in forested marly gullies, Catena, 50, 549–562, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00121-2, 2003.
Rey, F., Ballais, J.-L., Marre, A., and Rovéra, G.: Role of vegetation in protection against surface hydric erosion, C. R. Geosci., 336, 991–998, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2004.03.012, 2004.
Richards, J. A.: Supervised Classification Techniques, in: Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 247–318, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30062-2_8, 2013.
Schneider, P., Pool, S., Strouhal, L., and Seibert, J.: True colors – experimental identification of hydrological processes at a hillslope prone to slide, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 875–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, 2014.
Sen, S., Srivastava, P., Dane, J. H., Yoo, K. H., and Shaw, J. N.: Spatial-temporal variability and hydrologic connectivity of runoff generation areas in a North Alabama pasture-implications for phosphorus transport, Hydrol. Process., 24, 342–356, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7502, 2010.
Shore, M., Murphy, P. N. C., Jordan, P., Mellander, P.-E., Kelly-Quinn, M., Cushen, M., Mechan, S., Shine, O., and Melland, A. R.: Evaluation of a surface hydrological connectivity index in agricultural catchments, Environ. Model. Softw., 47, 7–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.04.003, 2013.
Sidle, R. C., Hirano, T., Gomi, T., and Tomomi, T.: Hortonian overland flow from Japanese forest plantations – an aberration, the real thing, or something in between?, Hydrol. Process., 21, 3237–3247, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6876, 2007.
Singer, M. and Walker, P.: Rainfall runoff in soil erosion with simulated rainfall, overland flow and cover, Soil Res., 21, 109, https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9830109, 1983.
Smith, M. W., Bracken, L. J., and Cox, N. J.: Toward a dynamic representation of hydrological connectivity at the hillslope scale in semiarid areas, Water Resour. Res., 46, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008496, 2010.
Stewart, R. D., Liu, Z., Rupp, D. E., Higgins, C. W., and Selker, J. S.: A new instrument to measure plot-scale runoff, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 4, 57–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-4-57-2015, 2015.
Stock, J. and Dietrich, W. E.: Valley incision by debris flows: Evidence of a topographic signature, Water Resour. Res., 39, 1089, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001057, 2003.
Tarboton, D. G.: A new method for the determination of flow directions and upslope areas in grid digital elevation models, Water Resour. Res., 33, 309–319, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR03137, 1997.
Tauro, F., Grimaldi, S., Petroselli, A., and Porfiri, M.: Fluorescent particle tracers for surface flow measurements: A proof of concept in a natural stream, Water Resour. Res., 48, W06528, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011610, 2012a.
Tauro, F., Grimaldi, S., Petroselli, A., Rulli, M. C., and Porfiri, M.: Fluorescent particle tracers in surface hydrology: a proof of concept in a semi-natural hillslope, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2973–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2973-2012, 2012b.
Tauro, F., Petroselli, A., Fiori, A., Romano, N., Rulli, M. C., Porfiri, M., Palladino, M., and Grimaldi, S.: Technical Note: Monitoring streamflow generation processes at Cape Fear, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-501, 2016.
Thompson, S. E., Katul, G. G., and Porporato, A.: Role of microtopography in rainfall-runoff partitioning: An analysis using idealized geometry, Water Resour. Res., 46, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008835, 2010a.
Thompson, S. E., Harman, C. J., Heine, P., and Katul, G. G.: Vegetation-infiltration relationships across climatic and soil type gradients, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, G02023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001134, 2010b.
van De Giesen, N. C., Stomph, T. J., and de Ridder, N.: Scale effects of Hortonian overland flow and rainfall-runoff dynamics in a West African catena landscape, Hydrol. Process., 14, 165–175, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(200001)14:1<165::AID-HYP920>3.0.CO;2-1, 2000.
Vigiak, O., van Dijck, S. J. E., van Loon, E. E., and Stroosnijder, L.: Matching hydrologic response to measured effective hydraulic conductivity, Hydrol. Process., 20, 487–504, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5916, 2006.
Wainwright, J., Parsons, A. J., and Abrahams, A. D.: Plot-scale studies of vegetation, overland flow and erosion interactions: case studies from Arizona and New Mexico, Hydrol. Process., 14, 2921–2943, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2921::AID-HYP127>3.0.CO;2-7, 2000.
Weiler, M.: Mechanisms controlling macropore flow during infiltration: dye tracer experiments and simulations, ETH Zurich, 12–19 pp., https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/145255/eth-24150-01.pdf (last access: 17 October 2023), 2001.
Weiler, M. and Flühler, H.: Inferring flow types from dye patterns in macroporous soils, Geoderma, 120, 137–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.08.014, 2004.
Wickham, H: ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer-Verlag New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4_9, 2016.
Wolstenholme, J. M., Smith, M. W., Baird, A. J., and Sim, T. G.: A new approach for measuring surface hydrological connectivity, Hydrol. Process., 34, 538–552, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13602, 2020.
Yasso, W. E.: Formulation and use of fluorescent tracer coatings in sediment transport studies, Sedimentology, 6, 287–301, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1966.tb01896.x, 1966.
Young, R. A. and Holt, R. F.: Tracing Soil Movement with Fluorescent Glass Particles, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 32, 600–602, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1968.03615995003200040050x, 1968.
Zanandrea, F., Michel, G. P., Kobiyama, M., Censi, G., and Abatti, B. H.: Spatial-temporal assessment of water and sediment connectivity through a modified connectivity index in a subtropical mountainous catchment, Catena, 204, 105380, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105380, 2021.
Zhang, B., Yang, Y., and Zepp, H.: Effect of vegetation restoration on soil and water erosion and nutrient losses of a severely eroded clayey Plinthudult in southeastern China, Catena, 57, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2003.07.001, 2004.
Zhang, D.: rsq: R-Squared and Related Measures, R package version 2.0, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rsq (last access: 14 August 2022), 2020.
Zhang, X., Liu, B., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Shi, K. and Wu, S.: Adobe photoshop quantification (PSQ) rather than point-counting: A rapid and precise method for quantifying rock textural data and porosities, Comput. Geosci., 69, 62–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2014.04.003, 2014.
Zimmermann, B.: Spatial and temporal variability of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in gradients of disturbance, J. Hydrol., 361, 78–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.07.027, 2008.
Short summary
We used a fluorescent sand tracer with afterglow in combination with sprinkling experiments to visualize and determine the movement of sediments on natural hillslopes. We compared the observed transport patterns with the characteristics of the hillslopes. Results show that the fluorescent sand can be used to monitor sediment redistribution on the soil surface and that infiltration on older hillslopes decreased sediment transport due to more developed vegetation cover and root systems.
We used a fluorescent sand tracer with afterglow in combination with sprinkling experiments to...
