Articles | Volume 20, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4913-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4913-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
A review of current and possible future human–water dynamics in Myanmar's river basins
Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53315 Bonn, Germany
Mariele Evers
Department of Geography, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166, 53315 Bonn, Germany
Related authors
Linda Taft, Uwe Wiechert, Christian Albrecht, Christian Leipe, Sumiko Tsukamoto, Thomas Wilke, Hucai Zhang, and Frank Riedel
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-23, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Glenda García-Santos, Mariana Madruga de Brito, Britta Höllermann, Linda Taft, Adrian Almoradie, and Mariele Evers
Proc. IAHS, 379, 83–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-83-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-83-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our study presents the utility of a system dynamics modelling approach for water management and decision-making for the case of a forest ecosystem under risk of wildfires. We use the pluralistic water research concept to explore different scenarios and simulate the emergent behaviour of water interception and net precipitation after a wildfire in a forest ecosystem. Through a case study, we illustrate the applicability of this new methodology.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pınar Pamukçu Albers and Mariele Evers
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2534, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2534, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the uncertainty in defining and selecting flood risk indicators. Using a systematic literature review, we evaluated indicators across various flood risk factors. Our analysis revealed commonly used indicators for each factor and their complex relationships. The findings offer recommendations for selecting appropriate indicators and indices to enhance flood risk assessment, improve mitigation efforts, and inform better flood management strategies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Linda Taft, Uwe Wiechert, Christian Albrecht, Christian Leipe, Sumiko Tsukamoto, Thomas Wilke, Hucai Zhang, and Frank Riedel
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2019-23, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Glenda García-Santos, Mariana Madruga de Brito, Britta Höllermann, Linda Taft, Adrian Almoradie, and Mariele Evers
Proc. IAHS, 379, 83–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-83-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-83-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Our study presents the utility of a system dynamics modelling approach for water management and decision-making for the case of a forest ecosystem under risk of wildfires. We use the pluralistic water research concept to explore different scenarios and simulate the emergent behaviour of water interception and net precipitation after a wildfire in a forest ecosystem. Through a case study, we illustrate the applicability of this new methodology.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mariana Madruga de Brito, Mariele Evers, and Adrian Delos Santos Almoradie
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 373–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-373-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-373-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper sheds light on the integration of interdisciplinary knowledge in the assessment of flood vulnerability in Taquari-Antas river basin, Brazil. It shows how stakeholder participation is crucial for increasing not only the acceptance of model results but also its quality.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mariana Madruga de Brito and Mariele Evers
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1019–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1019-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1019-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a systematic review of 128 papers that apply multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tools to flood problems, aiming to provide an overall picture of what has motivated researchers in 37 different countries over the past 2 decades. A wide range of applications were identified, highlighting the utility of MCDM as a decision support tool in all stages of the flood management process.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
B. Höllermann and M. Evers
Proc. IAHS, 370, 193–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-193-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-370-193-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Water management is challenged by socio-hydrological change and forced to make decisions under uncertainty. E.g. reservoir management aiming at flood mitigation copes with various aspects of uncertainty. The proposed framework condenses these aspects under a risk based approach and provides an overview of neuralgic points of uncertainty and fields of action and uncertainty reduction. The framework enables practitioners to consistently integrate uncertainties in their decision-making processes.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Related subject area
Subject: Rivers and Lakes | Techniques and Approaches: Theory development
Spatiotemporal variation of modern lake, stream, and soil water isotopes in Iceland
Impacts of science on society and policy in major river basins globally
Conceptualising surface water–groundwater exchange in braided river systems
Evaporation and sublimation measurement and modeling of an alpine saline lake influenced by freeze–thaw on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Rediscovering Robert E. Horton's lake evaporation formulae: new directions for evaporation physics
Ionic aluminium concentrations exceed thresholds for aquatic health in Nova Scotian rivers, even during conditions of high dissolved organic carbon and low flow
Turbulence in the stratified boundary layer under ice: observations from Lake Baikal and a new similarity model
Changing suspended sediment in United States rivers and streams: linking sediment trends to changes in land use/cover, hydrology and climate
Freshwater pearl mussels from northern Sweden serve as long-term, high-resolution stream water isotope recorders
Integrating network topology metrics into studies of catchment-level effects on river characteristics
Estimating the effect of rainfall on the surface temperature of a tropical lake
Toward a conceptual framework of hyporheic exchange across spatial scales
HESS Opinions: Science in today's media landscape – challenges and lessons from hydrologists and journalists
River water quality changes in New Zealand over 26 years: response to land use intensity
A century-scale, human-induced ecohydrological evolution of wetlands of two large river basins in Australia (Murray) and China (Yangtze)
An index of floodplain surface complexity
Hydroclimatological influences on recently increased droughts in China's largest freshwater lake
Quantitative analysis of biogeochemically controlled density stratification in an iron-meromictic lake
Reconstruction of flood events based on documentary data and transnational flood risk analysis of the Upper Rhine and its French and German tributaries since AD 1480
A methodological approach of estimating resistance to flow under unsteady flow conditions
Quantitative historical hydrology in Europe
Quantifying groundwater dependence of a sub-polar lake cluster in Finland using an isotope mass balance approach
Variations in quantity, composition and grain size of Changjiang sediment discharging into the sea in response to human activities
The KULTURisk Regional Risk Assessment methodology for water-related natural hazards – Part 1: Physical–environmental assessment
The use of taxation records in assessing historical floods in South Moravia, Czech Republic
New method for assessing the susceptibility of glacial lakes to outburst floods in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru
Dissolved and particulate nutrient transport dynamics of a small Irish catchment: the River Owenabue
Water balance of selected floodplain lake basins in the Middle Bug River valley
Winter stream temperature in the rain-on-snow zone of the Pacific Northwest: influences of hillslope runoff and transient snow cover
Inverse streamflow routing
A fluid-mechanics based classification scheme for surface transient storage in riverine environments: quantitatively separating surface from hyporheic transient storage
Variation in turbidity with precipitation and flow in a regulated river system – river Göta Älv, SW Sweden
A novel approach to analysing the regimes of temporary streams in relation to their controls on the composition and structure of aquatic biota
Mass transport of contaminated soil released into surface water by landslides (Göta River, SW Sweden)
Physical and chemical consequences of artificially deepened thermocline in a small humic lake – a paired whole-lake climate change experiment
A flume experiment on the effect of constriction shape on the formation of forced pools
David J. Harning, Jonathan H. Raberg, Jamie M. McFarlin, Yarrow Axford, Christopher R. Florian, Kristín B. Ólafsdóttir, Sebastian Kopf, Julio Sepúlveda, Gifford H. Miller, and Áslaug Geirsdóttir
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 4275–4293, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4275-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4275-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
As human-induced global warming progresses, changes to Arctic precipitation are expected, but predictions are limited by an incomplete understanding of past changes in the hydrological system. Here, we measured water isotopes, a common tool to reconstruct past precipitation, from lakes, streams, and soils across Iceland. These data will allow robust reconstruction of past precipitation changes in Iceland in future studies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shuanglei Wu and Yongping Wei
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3871–3895, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3871-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3871-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study developed a framework to understand the structures of knowledge development in 72 river basins globally from 1962–2017 using Web of Science. It was found that the knowledge systems were characterized by increasingly interconnected management issues addressed by limited disciplines and were linked more strongly to societal impacts than that to policy. Understanding the current state of knowledge casts a light on sustainable knowledge transformations for river basin management.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Scott R. Wilson, Jo Hoyle, Richard Measures, Antoine Di Ciacca, Leanne K. Morgan, Eddie W. Banks, Linda Robb, and Thomas Wöhling
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 2721–2743, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2721-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-2721-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Braided rivers are complex and dynamic systems that are difficult to understand. Here, we proposes a new model of how braided rivers work in the subsurface based on field observations in three braided rivers in New Zealand. We suggest that braided rivers create their own shallow aquifers by moving bed sediments during flood flows. This new conceptualisation considers braided rivers as whole “river systems” consisting of channels and a gravel aquifer, which is distinct from the regional aquifer.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Fangzhong Shi, Xiaoyan Li, Shaojie Zhao, Yujun Ma, Junqi Wei, Qiwen Liao, and Deliang Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 163–178, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-163-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-163-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
(1) Evaporation under ice-free and sublimation under ice-covered conditions and its influencing factors were first quantified based on 6 years of eddy covariance observations. (2) Night evaporation of Qinghai Lake accounts for more than 40 % of the daily evaporation. (3) Lake ice sublimation reaches 175.22 ± 45.98 mm, accounting for 23 % of the annual evaporation. (4) Wind speed weakening may have resulted in a 7.56 % decrease in lake evaporation during the ice-covered period from 2003 to 2017.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Solomon Vimal and Vijay P. Singh
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 445–467, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-445-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-445-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Evaporation from open water is a well-studied problem in hydrology. Robert E. Horton, unknown to most investigators on the subject, studied it in great detail by conducting experiments and relating them to physical laws. His work furthered known theories of lake evaporation but was not recognized. This is unfortunate because it performs better than five variously complex methods across scales (local to continental; 30 min–2 months) and seems quite relevant for climate-change-era problems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Shannon M. Sterling, Sarah MacLeod, Lobke Rotteveel, Kristin Hart, Thomas A. Clair, Edmund A. Halfyard, and Nicole L. O'Brien
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4763–4775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4763-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4763-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Wild salmon numbers in Nova Scotia, Canada, have been plummeting in recent decades. In 2014, we launched an ionic aluminium monitoring program in Nova Scotia to see if this toxic element was a threat to salmon populations. We found that all 10 monitored rivers had ionic aluminium concentrations that exceeded the threshold for aquatic health. Our results demonstrate that elevated aluminium still threatens aquatic ecosystems and that delays in recovery from acid rain remains a critical issue.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Georgiy Kirillin, Ilya Aslamov, Vladimir Kozlov, Roman Zdorovennov, and Nikolai Granin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1691–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1691-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1691-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that heat transported from Lake Baikal to its ice cover is up to 10 times higher than traditionally assumed and strongly affects the ice melting. The heat is transported by under-ice currents on the background of a strong temperature gradient between the ice base and warmer waters beneath. To parameterize this newly quantified transport mechanism, an original boundary layer model was developed. The results are crucial for understanding seasonal ice dynamics on lakes and marginal seas.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jennifer C. Murphy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 991–1010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-991-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-991-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Between 1992 and 2012, concentrations of suspended sediment decreased at about 60 % of 137 US stream sites, with increases at only 17 % of sites. Sediment trends were primarily attributed to changes in land management, but streamflow changes also contributed to these trends at > 50 % of sites. At many sites, decreases in sediment occurred despite small-to-moderate increases in the amount of anthropogenic land use, suggesting sediment reduction activities across the US may be seeing some success.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Bernd R. Schöne, Aliona E. Meret, Sven M. Baier, Jens Fiebig, Jan Esper, Jeffrey McDonnell, and Laurent Pfister
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 673–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-673-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-673-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first annually resolved stable isotope record (1819–1998) from shells of Swedish river mussels. Data reflect hydrological processes in the catchment and changes in the isotope value of local precipitation. The latter is related to the origin of moisture from which precipitation formed (North Atlantic or the Arctic) and governed by large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Results help to better understand climate dynamics and constrain ecological changes in river ecosystems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Eleanore L. Heasley, Nicholas J. Clifford, and James D. A. Millington
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2305–2319, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2305-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2305-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
River network structure is an overlooked feature of catchments. We demonstrate that network structure impacts broad spatial patterns of river characteristics in catchments using regulatory data. River habitat quality increased with network density, but other characteristics responded differently between study catchments. Network density was quantified using a method that can easily be applied to any catchment. We suggest that river network structure should be included in catchment-level studies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gabriel Gerard Rooney, Nicole van Lipzig, and Wim Thiery
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6357–6369, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6357-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6357-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper uses a unique observational dataset of a tropical African lake (L. Kivu) to assess the effect of rain on lake surface temperature. Data from 4 years were categorised by daily rain amount and total net radiation to show that heavy rain may reduce the end-of-day lake temperature by about 0.3 K. This is important since lake surface temperature may influence local weather on short timescales, but the effect of rain on lake temperature has been little studied or parametrised previously.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chiara Magliozzi, Robert C. Grabowski, Aaron I. Packman, and Stefan Krause
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6163–6185, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6163-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6163-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The hyporheic zone is the area below riverbeds where surfacewater and groundwater mix. Hyporheic flow is linked to river processes and functions, but research to date has not sufficiently addressed how factors operating at different scales in time and space drive hyporheic flow variations at reach and larger scales. This review presents the scale-specific processes and interactions that control hyporheic flow, and a case study showing how valley factors affect its expression at the reach scale.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stefanie R. Lutz, Andrea Popp, Tim van Emmerik, Tom Gleeson, Liz Kalaugher, Karsten Möbius, Tonie Mudde, Brett Walton, Rolf Hut, Hubert Savenije, Louise J. Slater, Anna Solcerova, Cathelijne R. Stoof, and Matthias Zink
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3589–3599, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3589-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3589-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Media play a key role in the communication between scientists and the general public. However, the interaction between scientists and journalists is not always straightforward. In this opinion paper, we present insights from hydrologists and journalists into the benefits, aftermath and potential pitfalls of science–media interaction. We aim to encourage scientists to participate in the diverse and evolving media landscape, and we call on the scientific community to support scientists who do so.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Jason P. Julian, Kirsten M. de Beurs, Braden Owsley, Robert J. Davies-Colley, and Anne-Gaelle E. Ausseil
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1149–1171, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1149-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1149-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
New Zealand is a natural laboratory for investigating water quality responses to land use intensity because it has one of the highest rates of agricultural intensification globally over recent decades. We interpreted water quality state and trends (1989–2014) of 77 river sites across NZ. We show that the greatest long-term negative impacts on river water quality have been increased cattle densities and legacy nutrients from intensively managed grasslands and plantation forests.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Giri R. Kattel, Xuhui Dong, and Xiangdong Yang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2151–2168, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2151-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2151-2016, 2016
M. W. Scown, M. C. Thoms, and N. R. De Jager
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 431–441, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-431-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-431-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
An index of floodplain surface complexity is developed in this paper and applied to eight floodplains from different geographic settings. Floodplain width and sediment yield were associated with the index or with sub-indicators, whereas hydrology was not. These findings suggest that valley and sediment conditions are important determinants of floodplain surface complexity, and these should complement hydrology as a focus of floodplain research and management.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Y. Liu and G. Wu
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 93–107, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-93-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-93-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Lake droughts result in significant hydrological, ecological and economic consequences. This study proposes approaches for quantifying the lake drought features and estimating the contributions from individual factors, taking China’s largest freshwater lake as a case examination. Our results showed that the recently increased lake droughts were due to hydroclimatic effects, with less important contributions from the water impoundments of the world’s largest dam affecting the lake outflows.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
E. Nixdorf and B. Boehrer
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4505–4515, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4505-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4505-2015, 2015
I. Himmelsbach, R. Glaser, J. Schoenbein, D. Riemann, and B. Martin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4149–4164, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4149-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4149-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The article presents a long-term analysis of flood occurrence along the southern part of the Upper Rhine River system and of 14 of its tributaries in France and Germany since 1480 BC. Special focus is given to temporal and spatial variations of flood events and their underlying meteorological causes over time, knowledge about the historical aspects of flood protection and flood vulnerability, while comparing selected historical and modern extreme events, establishing a common evaluation scheme.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
M. M. Mrokowska, P. M. Rowiński, and M. B. Kalinowska
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 4041–4053, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4041-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4041-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents evaluation of resistance parameters: friction slope, friction velocity and Manning coefficient in unsteady flow. Theoretical description is facilitated with the analysis of field data from artificial dam-break flood waves in a small lowland watercourse. The methodology to enhance the evaluation of resistance by relations derived from flow equations is proposed. The study shows the Manning coefficient is less sensitive to simplified relations than other parameters.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
G. Benito, R. Brázdil, J. Herget, and M. J. Machado
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3517–3539, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Historical hydrology combines documentary data with hydrological methods to lengthen flow records to the past centuries. We describe the methodological evolution of historical hydrology under the influence of developments in hydraulics and statistics. Analysis of 45 case studies in Europe show that present flood magnitudes are not unusual in the context of the past, whereas flood frequency has decreased, although some rivers show a reactivation of rare floods over the last two decades.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
E. Isokangas, K. Rozanski, P. M. Rossi, A.-K. Ronkanen, and B. Kløve
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1247–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1247-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1247-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
An iterative isotope mass balance approach was used to quantify the groundwater dependence of 67 kettle lakes and ponds. A quantitative measure for the dependence of a lake on groundwater (G index) introduced in this study revealed generally large groundwater dependency among the lakes. The isotope mass balance approach proved to be especially useful when the groundwater reliance of lakes situated in a relatively small area with similar climatic conditions needs to be determined.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
J. H. Gao, J. Jia, Y. P. Wang, Y. Yang, J. Li, F. Bai, X. Zou, and S. Gao
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 645–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-645-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-645-2015, 2015
P. Ronco, V. Gallina, S. Torresan, A. Zabeo, E. Semenzin, A. Critto, and A. Marcomini
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 5399–5414, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5399-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5399-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a methodology, shaped by the EU Flood Directive, for the integrated assessment of flood risk at the regional scale for multiple receptors (i.e. people, economic activities, natural and semi-natural systems and cultural heritage) based on the subsequent assessment of hazards, exposure and vulnerability. By means of MCDA and GIS tools, it supports the ranking of the area, sub-areas and hotspots at risk, in order to evaluate the benefits of different risk prevention scenarios.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
R. Brázdil, K. Chromá, L. Řezníčková, H. Valášek, L. Dolák, Z. Stachoň, E. Soukalová, and P. Dobrovolný
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3873–3889, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3873-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3873-2014, 2014
A. Emmer and V. Vilímek
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 3461–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3461-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-3461-2014, 2014
S. T. Harrington and J. R. Harrington
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2191–2200, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2191-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2191-2014, 2014
J. Dawidek and B. Ferencz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1457–1465, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1457-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1457-2014, 2014
J. A. Leach and R. D. Moore
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 819–838, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-819-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-819-2014, 2014
M. Pan and E. F. Wood
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4577–4588, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4577-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4577-2013, 2013
T. R. Jackson, R. Haggerty, and S. V. Apte
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2747–2779, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2747-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2747-2013, 2013
G. Göransson, M. Larson, and D. Bendz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2529–2542, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2529-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2529-2013, 2013
F. Gallart, N. Prat, E. M. García-Roger, J. Latron, M. Rieradevall, P. Llorens, G. G. Barberá, D. Brito, A. M. De Girolamo, A. Lo Porto, A. Buffagni, S. Erba, R. Neves, N. P. Nikolaidis, J. L. Perrin, E. P. Querner, J. M. Quiñonero, M. G. Tournoud, O. Tzoraki, N. Skoulikidis, R. Gómez, M. M. Sánchez-Montoya, and J. Froebrich
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3165–3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3165-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3165-2012, 2012
G. Göransson, M. Larson, D. Bendz, and M. Åkesson
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1879–1893, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1879-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1879-2012, 2012
M. Forsius, T. Saloranta, L. Arvola, S. Salo, M. Verta, P. Ala-Opas, M. Rask, and J. Vuorenmaa
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2629–2642, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2629-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2629-2010, 2010
D. M. Thompson and C. R. McCarrick
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1321–1330, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1321-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1321-2010, 2010
Cited articles
ADB – Asian Development Bank, Myanmar in transition, Opportunities and challenges, http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29942/myanmar-transition.pdf (last access: 15 October 2015), 2012.
Allen, D. J., Molur, S., and Daniel, B. A.: The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in the Eastern Himalaya, UCN, Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland, and Zoo Outreach Organisation, Coimbatore, India, 2010.
Aung, M. M.: State of forests and forest genetic resources in Myanmar, Proceedings of the Southeast Asian Moving Workshop on Conservation, Management and Utilization of Forest Genetic Resources, edited by: Koskela, J., Appanah, S., Pedersen, A. P., and Markopoulos, M. D., Forestry Research Support Programme for Asia and the Pacific (FORSPA), FORSPA Publication No. 31/2002, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), June 2002, Bangkok, http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac648e/ac648e00.htm#Contents (last access: 15 September 2015, 2002.
Aung, T. T., Mochida, Y., and Than, M. M.: Prediction of recovery pathways of cyclone-disturbed mangroves in the mega delta of Myanmar, Forest Ecol. Manage., 293, 103–113, 2013.
Bates, B., Kunddzewicz, Z. W., Wu, S., and Palutikof, J. (Eds.): Climate change and water, Vol. VI, Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 2008.
Bender, F.: Geology of Burma. Beiträge zur regionalen Geologie der Erde, Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 311 pp., 1983.
Bird, M. I., Robinson, R. A. J., Win Oo, N., Maung Aye, M., Lu., X. X., Higgitt, D. L., Swe, A., Tun, T., Lhain, S., Win, K., Sandar Aye, K., Mi Mi Win, K., and Hoey, T. B.: A preliminary estimate of organic carbon transport by the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and Thanlwin (Salween) Rivers of Myanmar, Quatern. Int., 186, 113–122, 2008.
Burki, T.: Floods in Myanmar damage hundreds of health facilities, Lancelet, 386, 843, 2015.
Burma Rivers Network: http://burmariversnetwork.org/ (last access: 25 August 2015), 2014.
CIA – Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook, Burma, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html, last access: 13 October 2015.
Dai, A.: Drought under global warming: a review, WIREs Clim. Change, 2, 45–65, 2011.
D'Arrigo, R. and Ummenhofer, C. C.: Short Communication. The climate of Myanmar: evidence for effects of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Int. J. Climatol., 35, 634–640, 2015.
D'Arrigo, R., Palmer, J., Ummenhofer, C. C., Kyaw, N. N., and Krusic, P.: Three centuries of Myanmar monsoon climate variability inferred from teak tree rings, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L24705, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049927, 2011.
Department of Population: Ministry of Immigration and Population, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, The Union Report, Census Report Vol. 2, http://myanmar.unfpa.org/census (last access: 19 May 2016), 2015.
Di Baldassarre, G., Viglione, A., Carr, G., Kuil, L., Salinas, J. L., and Blöschl, G.: Socio-hydrology: conceptualising human-flood interactions, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3295–3303, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3295-2013, 2013.
DMH – Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Myanmar: Drought conditions and management strategies in Myanmar, http://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/597/mod_page/content/79/Myanmar.pdf, last access: 17 September 2015.
Fan, H., He, D., and Wang, H.: Environmental consequences of damming the mainstream Lacang–Mekong River: A review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 146, 77–91, 2015.
FAO: aquastat, Salween river basin, http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/basins/salween/salween-CP_eng.pdf (last access: 23 September 2015), 2011.
FAO: FAOSTAT on the UN, Myanmar, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), http://faostat.fao.org/CountryProfiles/Country_Profile/Direct.aspx?lang=en&area=28 (last access: 24 September 2015), 2014.
FAO: aquastat database, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html?lang=en, last access: 1 September 2015.
FAO: 2015–2016 El Niño, Early action and response for agriculture, food security and nutrition, Report Working Draft (25 April 2016), Up date #7, http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/emergencies/docs/FAOEarlyActionandResponse2015-2016El NinoReport_SeventhUpdate _250416.pdf, last accdess: 20 May 2016.
Farmlandgrab.org: There is no voice of real farmers, http://farmlandgrab.org/24313 (last access: 15 October 2015), 2014.
Furuichi, T., Win, Z., and Wasson, R. J.: Discharge and suspended sediment transport in the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar: Centennial and decadal changes, Hydrol. Process., 23, 1631–1641, 2009.
GCCA – Global Climate Change Alliance, Myanmar climate change alliance, http://www.gcca.eu/national-programmes/asia/gcca-myanmar (last access: 14 October 2015), 2012.
Geng, Q. L., Wu, P., Zhao, X. N., and Wang, Y. B.: A framework of indicator system for zoning of agricultural water and land resources utilization: A case study of Bayan Nur, Inner Mongolia, Ecol. Indicat., 40, 43–50, 2014.
Hadden, R. L.: The geology of Burma (Myanmar): An annotated bibliography of Burma's geology, geography and earth science, Topographic Engineering Center, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 312 pp., 2008.
Hedley, P. J., Bird, M. I., and Robinson, R. A. J.: Evolution of the Irrawaddy delta region since 1850, Geogr. J., 176, 138–149, 2010.
Hiebert, M.: Land reform: A critical test for Myanmar's government, Southeast Asia from the Corner of 18th & K Streets, Center for Strategic & International Studies, Chair for Southeast Asia Studies, Vol. III, http://csis.org/files/publication/121108_SoutheastAsia_Vol_3_Issue_21.pdf (last access: 15 October 2015), 2012.
Hirabayashi, Y., Mahendran, R., Koirala, S., Yamazaki, D., Watanabe, S., and Kanae, S.: Global flood risk under climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 816–821, 2003.
Htun, K.: Myanmar forestry outlook study. Asia-Pacific forestry sector outlook study II, Working Paper Series, Working Paper No. APFSOS II/WP/2009/07, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia the Pacific, Bangkok, 2009.
Htway, O. and Matsumoto, J.: Climatological onset dates of summer monsoon over Myanmar, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 382–393, 2011.
IPCC: Climate Change 2014, Synthesis report, http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full.pdf (last access: 13 October 2015), 2014.
Irrawaddy: Land: The search for solutions, Interview with Dr. Thaung Htun, http://www.irrawaddy.org/magazine/land-search-solutions.html, last access: 15 October 2015.
Iwamura, T., Wilson, K. A., Venter, O., and Possingham, H. P.: A climatic stability approach to prioritizing global conservation investments, PLoS ONE, 5, e15103, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015103, 2010.
JICA – Japan International Cooperation Agency: Data collection survey on the project for development of water saving agricultural technology in the central dry zone in the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Final report, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, available at: http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12127163.pdf (last access 17 August 2016), 2013.
Johnston, R., Pavelic, P., Sellamuttu, S. S., and McCartney, M.: Water Management in the Dry Zone, Irrawaddy Basin, Myanmar, IWMI Dry Zone Study, http://riversymposium.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/A3A_Robyn-Johnson.pdf (last access: 31 August 2015), 2013.
Kagalou, I., Leonardos, I., Anastasiadou, C., and Neofytou, C.: The DPSIR Approach for an Integrated River Management Framework. A Preliminary Application on a Mediterranean Site (Kalamas River – NW Greece), Water Resour. Manage., 26, 1677–1692, 2012.
Kahil, M. T., Dinar, A., and Albiac, J.: Modeling water scarcity and droughts for policy adaptation to climate change in arid and semiarid regions, J. Hydrol., 522, 95–109, 2015.
Kattelus, M., Rahaman, M. M., and Varis, O.: Myanmar under reform: Emerging pressures on water, energy and food security, Nat. Resour. Forum, 38, 85–98, 2014.
Kreft, S. and Eckstein, D.: Global Climate Risk Index 2014. Who suffers most from extreme weather events? Weather-related loss events in 2012 and 1993 to 2012, http://germanwatch.org/en/download/8551.pdf (last access: 18 August 2015), 2014.
Kumar, K. K., Rajagopalan, B., and Cane, M. A.: On the weakening relationship between the Indian Monsoon and ENSO, Science, 284, 2156–2159, 1999.
Leimgruber, P., Kelly, D. S., Steininger, M. K., Brunner, J., Müller, T., and Songer, M.: Forest cover change patterns in Myanmar (Burma) 1990–2000, Environ. Conserv., 32, 356–364, 2005.
Li, X. Q. and Ting, M. F.: Recent and future changes in the Asian monsoon-ENSO relationship: Natural or forced?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 3502–3512, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063557, 2015.
Lin, I.-I., Chen, C.-H., Pun, I.-F., Liu, W. T., and Wu, C.-C.: Warm ocean anomaly, air sea fluxes, and the rapid intensification of the tropical cyclone Nargis (2008), Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L03817, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035815, 2009.
Lu, X. X., Li, S., Kummu, M., Padawangi, R., and Wang, J. J.: Observed changes in the water flow at Chiang Saen in the lower Mekong: Impacts of Chinese dams?, Quatern. Int., 336, 145–157, 2014.
Lwin, Z.: Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management Project, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Transport, Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems, http://www.inbo-news.org/IMG/pdf/13b-AIRBM_PPT_16-10-2014_Lao_FINAL-Myanmar.pdf (last access: 23 September 2015), 2014.
Maung, M. K.: Forecasting the coastal rainfall of Burma, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 71, 115–125, 1945.
McCartney, M., Pavelic, P., Lacombe, G., Latt, K., Zan, A. K., Thein, K., Douangsavanh, S., Balasubramanya, S., Ameer, R., Myint, A., Cho, C., Johnston, R., and Sotoukee, T.: Water resource assessment of the Dry Zone of Myanmar, Final report for component 1, Project report of the Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT) Dry Zone Program, International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Vientiane, Laos, National Engineering and Planning Services (EPS), Yangon, Myanmar, 52 pp., 2013.
Ministry of Forestry of the Union of Myanmar: National action programme of Myanmar to combat desertification in the context of United Nations convention to combat desertification (UNCCD), http://www.unccd.int/ActionProgrammes/myanmar-eng2005.pdf (last access: 24 September 2015), 2005.
MOAI – Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Union of Myanmar, http://myanmargeneva.org/e-com/Agri/expind/agri-index/myanmar.com/Ministry/agriculture/default_1.html (last access: 27 August 2015), 2001.
Myanmar's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to Climate Change, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mmr01.pdf (last access: 13 October 2015), 2012.
Nature News: Forest clearance boosted power of cyclone Nargis, Nature, 453, 270, 2008.
Niemeijer, D. and de Groot, R. S.: A conceptual framework for selecting environmental indicator sets, Ecol. Indicat., 8, 14–25, 2008a.
Niemeijer, D. and de Groot, R. S.: Framing environmental indicators: moving from causal chains to causal networks, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 10, 89–106, 2008b.
Nilsson, C., Reidy, C. A., Dynesius, M., and Revenga, C.: Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world's large river systems, Science, 308, 405–408, 2005.
Oo, H. L.: Case study: Integrated water resources management in Myanmar, Abstract at UN-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference 2015, http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/waterandsustainabledevelopment2015/pdf/Htun_Lwin_oo_MyanmarGDG.pdf, last access: 5 October 2015.
Oo, N. W.: Present state and problems of mangrove management in Myanmar, Trees, 16, 218–223, 2002.
Peel, M. C., Finlayson, B. L., and McMahon, T. A.: Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007, 2007.
Pinto, R., de Jonge, V. N., Neto, J. M., Domingos, T., Marques, J. C., and Patrício, J.: Towards a DPSIR driven integration of ecological value, water uses and ecosystem services for estuarine systems, Ocean Coast. Manage., 72, 64–79, 2013.
Pirrone, N., Trombino, G., Cinnirella, S., Algieri, A., Bendoricchio, G., and Palmeri, L.: The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) approach for integrated catchment-coastal zone management: preliminary application to the Po catchment-Adriatic Sea coastal zone system, Reg. Environ. Change, 5, 111–137, 2005.
Postel, S. and Richter, B.: Rivers for life: managing water for people and nature, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 220 pp, 2003.
Rao, M., Htun, S., Platt, S. G., Tizard, R., Poole, C., Myint, T., and Watson, J. E. M.: Biodiversity conservation in a changing climate: A review of threats and implications for conservation planning in Myanmar, Ambio, 42, 789–804, 2013.
Robinson, R. A. J., Bird, M. I., Oo, N. W., Hoey, T. B., Aye, M. M., Higgitt, D. L., Lud, X. X., Swe, A., Tun, T., and Win, S. L.: The Irrawaddy river sediment flux to the Indian Ocean: the original nineteenth-century data revisited, J. Geol., 115, 629–640, 2007.
Salmivaara, A., Kummu, M., Keskinen, M., and Varis, O.: Using global datasets to create environmental profiles for data-poor regions. A case from the Irrawaddy and Salween river basins, Environ. Manage., 51, 897–911, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0016-x, 2013.
Salween Watch and SEARIN – Southeast Asia Rivers Network: Center for Social Development Studies Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, in: The Salween under threat, Damming the longest free river in Southeast Asia, edited by: Akimoto, Y., 83 pp., http://www.livingriversiam.org/4river-tran/4sw/swd_book_en.pdf (last access: 21 August 2015), 2004.
Scherer, D., Bookhagen, B., and Strecker, M. R.: Spatially variable response of Himalayan glaciers to climate change affected by debris cover, Nat. Geosci., 4, 156–159, 2011.
Schmidt, C.: As isolation ends, Myanmar faces new ecological risks, Science, 337, 796–797, 2012.
SEAFDEC: Proceedings of the ASEAN-SEAFDEC Conference on Sustainable Fisheries for Food Security Towards 2020 "Fish for the People 2020: Adaptation to a Changing Environment", Vol. II: Thematic Panel Sessions, 13–17 June 2011, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Bangkok, Thailand, 311 pp., 2012.
Sein, Z. M. M., Ogwang, B. A., Ongoma, V., Ogou, F. K., and Batebana, K.: Inter-annual variability of summer monsoon rainfall over Myanmar in relation to IOD and ENSO, J. Environ. Agr. Sci., 4, 28–36, 2015.
Sen Roy, N. and Kaur, S.: Climatology of monsoon rains of Myanmar (Burma), Int. J. Climatol., 20, 913–928, 2000.
Sen Roy, S. and Sen Roy, N.: Influence of Pacific decadal oscillation and El Niño Southern oscillation on the summer monsoon precipitation in Myanmar, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 14–21, 2011.
Shrestha, S., Thin, N. M. M., and Deb, P.: Assessment of climate change impacts on irrigation water requirement and rice yield for Ngamoeyeik Irrigation Project in Myanmar, J. Water Clim. Change, 5, 427–442, https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.114, 2014.
Smakhtin, V. and Anputhas, M.: An assessment of environmental flow requirements of Indian river basins, International Water Management Institute Research Report 107, International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2006.
Smith, B. D., Tun, M. T., Chit, A. M., Win, H., and Moe, T.: Catch composition and conservation management of a human–dolphin cooperative cast-net fishery in the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar, Biol. Conserv., 142, 1042–1049, 2009.
Thomson Reuters: FACTBOX – Key facts about cyclone Nargis, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/04/30/idUSSP420097 (last access: 18 August 2015), 2009.
Torrence, C. and Webster, P. J.: Interdecadal changes in the ENSO-Monsoon system, J. Climate, 12, 2679–2690, 1999.
Turner, A. G. and Annamalai, H.: Climate change and the Southeast Asian summer monsoon, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 587–595, 2012.
Union of Myanmar: The Conservation of Water Resources and Rivers Law, http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mya139027.pdf (last access: 12 November 2015), 2006.
Van der Werf, G. R., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Olivier, J. G. J., Kasibhatla, P. S., Jackson, R. B., Collatz, G. J., and Randerson, J. T.: CO2 emissions from forest loss, Nat. Geosci., 2, 737–738, 2009.
van Driel, W. F. and Nauta, T. A.: Vulnerability and resilience assessment of the Ayeyarwady Delta in Myanmar, Scoping phase, Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem (BOBLME) Project, Global Water Partnership (GWP) and Delta Alliance, Delft, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 2013.
Varis, O., Kummu, M., and Salmivaara, A.: Ten major rivers in monsoon Asia-Pacific: An assessment of vulnerability, Appl. Geogr., 32, 441–454, 2012.
Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S. E., Sullivan, C. A., Reidy Liermann, C., and Davies, P. M.: Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity, Nature, 467, 555–561, 2010.
Webb, E. L., Phelps, J., Friess, D. A., Rao, M., and Ziegler, A. D.: Environment-friendly reform in Myanmar, Sci. Lett., 336, 295, 2012.
Webb, E. L., Jachowski, N. R. A., Phelps, J., Friess, D. A., Thand, M. M., and Ziegler, A. D.: Deforestation in the Ayeyarwady Delta and the conservation implications of an internationally-engaged Myanmar, Global Environ. Change, 24, 321–333, 2014.
Webster, P. J.: Myanmar's deadly daffodil. Commentary, Nat. Geosci., 1, 488–490, 2008.
WEPA – Water Environment Partnership in Asia: State of water environment, water-related issues and policies, Myanmar, http://www.wepa-db.net/policies/state/myanmar/myanmar.htm (last access: 25 September 2015), 2014.
Win, Z.: River basins management in Myanmar. Presentation for the International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/48d77c00471bb512b04efc57143498e5/2.3.Zaw+Win.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (last access: 13 November 2015), 2014.
Woodroffe, C. D.: Deltaic and estuarine environments and their late Quaternary dynamics on the Sunda and Sahul shelves, J. Asian Earth Sci., 18, 393–413, 2000.
World Bank: Myanmar essential health services access project, Report No. PAD1020, http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/09/25/000470435_20140925101652/Rendered/PDF/PAD10200PAD0P1010Box385323B00OUO090.pdf (last access: 31 August 2015), 2014.
Xavier, P. K., Marzin, C., and Goswami, B. N.: An objective definition of the Indian summer monsoon season and a new perspective on the ENSO–monsoon relationship, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 749–764, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.45, 2007.
Short summary
The country of Myanmar and its abundant water resources are facing major challenges due to political and economic reforms, massive investments from neighbouring countries and climate change impacts. Publications on current and future impacts from human activities and climate change on Myanmar's river basins have been reviewed in order to gain an overview of the key drivers in these human–water dynamics. The review reveals the relevance of this information with regard to human–water interactions.
The country of Myanmar and its abundant water resources are facing major challenges due to...