Fan, H., Hou, Y., Xu, X., Mi, C., and Shi, H.: Composite Factors during Snowmelt Erosion of Farmland in Black Soil Region of Northeast China: Temperature, Snowmelt Runoff, Thaw Depths and Contour Ridge Culture, Water, 15, 2918, https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162918, 2023.
Farkas, C., Randriamampianina, R., and Majercak, J.: Modelling impacts of different climate change scenarios on soil water regime of a Mollisol, Cereal Res. Commun., 33, 185–188, https://doi.org/10.1556/crc.33.2005.1.45, 2005.
Gómez-Gutiérrez, A., Schnabel, S., De Sanjosé, J. J., and Contador, F. L.: Exploring the relationships between gully erosion and hydrology in rangelands of SW Spain, Z. Geomorphol., 56, 27–44, https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2012/s-00071, 2012.
Guan, Y., Yang, S., Zhao, C., Lou, H., Chen, K., Zhang, C., and Wu, B.: Monitoring long-term gully erosion and topographic thresholds in the marginal zone of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Soil Tillage Res., 205, 104800, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2020.104800, 2021.
Guo, W., Luo, L., Wang, W., Liu, Z., Chen, Z., Kang, H., and Yang, B.: Sensitivity of rainstorm-triggered shallow mass movements on gully slopes to topographical factors on the Chinese Loess Plateau, Geomorphology, 337, 69–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.04.006, 2019.
Guo, W., Xu, X., Wang, W., Zhu, T., and Liu, Y.: Experimental study of shallow mass movements on gully slopes and associated sediment under rainfall on the Chinese loess plateau, Geomorphology, 350, 106919, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106919, 2020.
Harmon, R. S. and Doe, W. W.: Landscape erosion and evolution modeling, Springer Science
+ Business Media, Springer New York, NY, ISBN: 978-1-4613-5139-9, 2001.
Hu, G., Wu, Y., Liu, B., Yu, Z., You, Z., and Zhang, Y.: Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China, Catena, 71, 321–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.02.004, 2007.
Hu, G., Wu, Y., Liu, B., Zhang, Y., You, Z., and Yu, Z.: The characteristics of gully erosion over rolling hilly black soil areas of Northeast China, J. Geogr. Sci., 19, 309–320, https:// 10.1007/s11442-009-0309-4, 2009.
Hayas, A., Peña, A., and Vanwalleghem, T.: Predicting gully width and widening rates from upstream contribution area and rainfall: A case study in SW Spain, Geomorphology, 341, 130–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.05.017, 2019.
Jiao, J., Qin, W., Li, K., Xu, H., Yin, Z., and Hou, S.: Critical thresholds for stage division of water erosion process in different ridge systems in mollisol region of Northeast China, J. Mt. Sci., 20, 1540–1560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-022-7476-5, 2023.
Li, H., Cruse, R. M., Liu, X., and Zhang, X.: Effects of Topography and Land Use Change on Gully Development in Typical Mollisol Region of Northeast China, Chin. Geogr. Sci., 26, 779–788, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-016-0837-7, 2016.
Li, H., Shen, H., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., and Gao, Q.: Effects of Ridge Tillage and Straw Returning on Runoff and Soil Loss under Simulated Rainfall in the Mollisol Region of Northeast China, Sustainability, 13, 10614, https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910614, 2021.
Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Q., He, Y., and Yao, W.: Assessment of bank gully development and vegetation coverage on the Chinese Loess Plateau, Geomorphology, 228, 462–469, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.005, 2015.
Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhu, Q., Yang, S., Li, H., and Ma, H.: A gully erosion assessment model for the Chinese Loess Plateau based on changes in gully length and area, Catena, 148, 195–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.04.018, 2017.
Liu, X., Guo, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Zhou, P., Chen, Z., Qi, J., and Shen, Q.: Morphological characteristics and volume estimation model of permanent gullies an
d topographic threshold of gullying in the rolling hilly Mollisols region of northeast China, Catena, 231, 107323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107323, 2023.
Lu, N. and Godt, J. W.: Hillslope Hydrology and Stability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139108164, 2013.
Luffman, I. E., Nandi, A., and Spiegel, T.: Gully morphology, hillslope erosion, and precipitation characteristics in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, southeastern USA, Catena, 133, 221–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.05.015, 2015.
Mualem, Y.: Hysteretical models for prediction of the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated porous media, Water Resour. Res., 12, 1248–1254, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR012i006p01248, 1976.
Poesen, J., Vandaele, K., and van Wesemael, B.: Gully Erosion: Importance and Model Implications, in: Boardman, J. and Favis-Mortlock, D., Modelling Soil Erosion by Water, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 55, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58913-3_22, 1998.
Rengers, F. K. and Tucker, G. E.: Analysis and modeling of gully headcut dynamics, North American high plains, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 119, 983–1003, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002962, 2014.
Sachs, E. and Sarah, P.: Combined effect of rain temperature and antecedent soil moisture on runoff and erosion on Loess, Catena, 158, 213–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.07.007, 2017.
Schoener, G. and Stone, M. C.: Impact of antecedent soil moisture on runoff from a semiarid catchment, J. Hydrol., 569, 627–636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.025, 2019.
Sidle, R. C., Gomi, T., Usuga, J. C. L., and Jarihani, B.: Hydrogeomorphic processes and scaling issues in the continuum from soil pedons to catchments, Earth Sci. Rev., 175, 75–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.010, 2017.
Stein, O. R. and Latray, D. A.: Experiments and modeling of head cut migration in stratified soils, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1284, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001166, 2002.
Svoray, T., Michailov, E., Cohen, A., Rokach, L., and Sturm, A.: Predicting gully initiation: comparing data mining techniques, analytical hierarchy processes and the topographic threshold, Earth Surf. Process., 37, 607–619, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2273, 2012.
Tang, J., Xie, Y., Wu, Y., and Liu, G.: Influence of precipitation change and topography characteristics on the development of farmland gully in the black soil region of northeast China, Catena, 224, 106999, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.106999, 2023.
Tang, J., Xie, Y., Liu, C., Dong, H., and Liu, G.: Effects of rainfall characteristics and contour tillage on ephemeral gully development in a field in Northeastern China, Soil Till. Res., 218, 105312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105312, 2022.
Tebebu, T. Y., Abiy, A. Z., Zegeye, A. D., Dahlke, H. E., Easton, Z. M., Tilahun, S. A., Collick, A. S., Kidnau, S., Moges, S., Dadgari, F., and Steenhuis, T. S.: Surface and subsurface flow effect on permanent gully formation and upland erosion near Lake Tana in the northern highlands of Ethiopia, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2207–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2207-2010, 2010.
Thomas, J. T., Iverson, N. R., and Burkart, M. R.: Rank-collapse processes in a valley-bottom gully, western Iowa, Earth Surf. Process., 34, 109–122, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1699, 2009.
Torri, D. and Poesen, J.: A review of topographic threshold conditions for gully head development in different environments, Earth Sci. Rev., 130, 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.12.006, 2014.
van Beek, R., Cammeraat, E., Andreu, V., Mickovski, S. B., and Dorren, L.: Hillslope Processes: Mass Wasting, Slope Stability and Erosion, in: Slope Stability and Erosion Control: Ecotechnological Solutions, edited by: Norris, J. E., Stokes, A., Mickovski, S. B., Cammeraat, E., van Beek, R., Nicoll, B. C., and Achim, A., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 17–64, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6676-4_3, 2008.
van Genuchten, M. T.: A Closed-form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892–898, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x, 1980.
Wei, L., Zhang, B., and Wang, M.: Effects of antecedent soil moisture on runoff and soil erosion in alley cropping systems, Agr Water Manag., 94, 54–62, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.08.007, 2007.
Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Deng, J., Yu, S., and Zhao, Y.: Long-Term Gully Erosion and Its Response to Human Intervention in the Tableland Region of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Remote Sens., 13, 5053, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13245053, 2021a.
Wang, L., Zheng, F., Liu, G., Zhang, X., Wilson, G. V., Shi, H., and Liu, X.: Seasonal changes of soil erosion and its spatial distribution on a long gentle hillslope in the Chinese Mollisol region, Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res., 9, 394–404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.02.001, 2021b.
Wang, Z., Liu, B., Wang, X., Gao, X., and Liu, G.: Erosion effect on the productivity of black soil in Northeast China, Sci. China Ser. D, 52, 1005–1021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0093-0, 2009.
Wu, Y., Zheng, Q., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., Cheng, H., and Wang, Y.: Development of gullies and sediment production in the black soil region of northeastern China, Geomorphology, 101, 683–691, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.03.008, 2008.
Wayllace, A. and Lu, N.: A Transient Water Release and Imbibitions Method for Rapidly Measuring Wetting and Drying Soil Water Retention and Hydraulic Conductivity Functions, Geotech. Test. J., 35, 103–117, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ103596, 2012.
Wen, Y., Kasielke, T., Li, H., Zepp, H., and Zhang, B.: A case-study on history and rates of gully erosion in Northeast China, Land Degrad. Dev., 32, 4254–4266, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4031, 2021.
Wen, Y., Liu, B., Jiang, H., Li, T., Zhang, B., and Wu, W.: Initial soil moisture prewinter affects the freeze-thaw profile dynamics of a Mollisol in Northeast China, Catena, 234, 107648, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107648, 2024.
Xu, X., Zheng, F., Wilson, G. V., and Wu, M.: Upslope inflow, hillslope gradient and rainfall intensity impacts on ephemeral gully erosion, Land Degrad. Dev., 28, 2623–2635, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2825, 2017.
Xu, X., Zheng, F., Wilson, G. V., He, C., Lu, J., and Bian, F.: Comparison of runoff and soil loss in different tillage systems in the Mollisol region of Northeast China, Soil Till. Res., 177, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.10.005, 2018.
Xu, X., Ma, Y., Yang, W., Zhang, H., Tarolli, P., Jiang, Y., and Yan, Q.: Qualifying mass failures on loess gully sidewalls using laboratory experimentation, Catena, 187, 104252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104252, 2020.
Yang, J., Zhang, S., Chang, L., Li, F., Li, T. Q., and Gao, Y.: Gully erosion regionalization of black soil area in northeastern China, Chin. Geogr. Sci., 27, 78–87, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-017-0848-z, 2017.
Zare, M., Soufi, M., Nejabat, M., and Pourghasemi, H. R.: The topographic threshold of gully erosion and contributing factors, Nat. Hazard, 112, 2013–2035, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05254-6, 2022.
Zhang, S., Jiang, L., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Fu, S., and Dai, L.: Soil nutrient variance by slope position in a Mollisol farmland area of Northeast China, Chin. Geogr. Sci., 26, 508–517, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-015-0737-2, 2016.
Zhang, S., Wang, X., Xiao, Z., Qu, F., Wang, X., Li, Y., Aurangzeib, M., Zhang, X., and Liu, X.: Quantitative studies of gully slope erosion and soil physiochemical properties during freeze-thaw cycling in a Mollisol region, Sci. Total Environ., 707, 136191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136191, 2020.
Zhang, S., Han, X., Cruse, R., Zhang, X., Hu, W., Yan, Y., and Guo, M.: Morphological characteristics and influencing factors of permanent gully and its contribution to regional soil loss based on a field investigation of 393 km
2 in Mollisols region of northeast China, Catena, 217, 106467, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106467, 2022.
Zhou, P., Guo, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Qi, J., Chen, Z., Wang, L., and Xu, J.: Quantifying the effect of freeze-thaw on the soil erodibility of gully heads of typical gullies in the Mollisols region of Northeast China, Catena, 228, 107180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107180, 2023.
