Bachmair, S., Weiler, M., and Troch, P. A.: Intercomparing hillslope
hydrological dynamics: Spatio-temporal variability and vegetation cover
effects, Water Resour. Res., 48, W05537, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011196, 2012.
Baroni, G., Ortuani, B., Facchi, A., and Gandolfi, C.: The role of
vegetation and soil properties on the spatio-temporal variability of the
surface soil moisture in a maize-cropped field, J. Hydrol., 489,
148–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.03.007, 2013.
Beven, K. and Germann, P.: Macropores and water flow in soils revisited, Water
Resour. Res., 49, 3071–3092, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20156, 2013.
Carranza, C., Nolet, C., Pejij, M., and van der Ploeg, M.: Root zone
soil moisture estimation with random forest, J. Hydrol., 593,
125840, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125840, 2021.
Casper, M. C., Grigoryan, G., Gronz, O., Gutjahr, O., Heinemann, G., Ley, R., and Rock, A.: Analysis of projected hydrological behavior of catchments based on signature indices, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 409–421, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-409-2012, 2012.
Castillo, V. M., Gomez-Plaza, A., and Martinez-Mena, M.: The role of
antecedent soil water content in the runoff response of semiarid catchments:
a simulation approach, J. Hydrol., 284, 114–130,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00264-6, 2003.
Chen, I. T., Chang, L. C., and Chang, F. J.: Exploring the sptio-temporal
interrelation between groundwater and surface water by using the
self-organizing maps, J. Hydrol., 556, 131–142,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.10.015, 2018.
Crow, W. T. and Ryu, D.: A new data assimilation approach for improving runoff prediction using remotely-sensed soil moisture retrievals, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1-2009, 2009.
Curtu, R., Mantilla, R., Fonley, M., Cunha, L. K., Small, S. J., Jay, L. O.,
and Krajewski, W. F.: An integral-balance nonlinear model to simulate changes
in soil moisture, groundwater and surface runoff dynamics at the hillslope
scale, Adv. Water Resour., 71, 125–139,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2014.06.003, 2014.
Di Prinzio, M., Castellarin, A., and Toth, E.: Data-driven catchment classification: application to the pub problem, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1921–1935, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1921-2011, 2011
Farsadnia, F., Kamrood, M. R., Nia, A. M., Modarres, R., Bray, M. T., Han,
D., and Sadatinejad, J.: Identification of homogeneous regions for
regionalization of watersheds by two-level self-organizing feature maps,
J. Hydrol., 509, 387–397, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.050, 2014.
Feng, H. and Liu, Y.: Combined effects of precipitation and air temperature
on soil moisture in different land covers in a humid basin, J. Hydrol., 531, 1129–1140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.016, 2015.
Freer, J., McDonnell, J., Beven, K., Peters, N. E., Burns, D. A., Hooper, R.
P., Aulenbach, B., and Kendall, C.: The role of bedrock topography on
subsurface storm flow, Water Resour. Res., 38, W1269,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000872, 2004.
Gao, H., Hrachowitz, M., Fenicia, F., Gharari, S., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Testing the realism of a topography-driven model (FLEX-Topo) in the nested catchments of the Upper Heihe, China, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1895–1915, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1895-2014, 2014.
Gharari, S., Hrachowitz, M., Fenicia, F., Gao, H., and Savenije, H. H. G.: Using expert knowledge to increase realism in environmental system models can dramatically reduce the need for calibration, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4839–4859, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4839-2014, 2014.
Gwak, Y. and Kim, S.: Factors affecting soil moisture spatial variability for a
humid forest hillslope, Hydrol. Process., 31, 431–445,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11039, 2016.
Haga, H., Matsumoto, Y., Matsutani, J., Fujita, M., Nishida, K., and
Sakamoto, Y.: Flow paths, rainfall properties, and antecedent soil moisture
controlling lags to peak discharge in a granitic unchanneled catchment,
Water Resour. Res., 41, W12410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004236, 2005.
Hardie, M. A., Cotching, W. E., Doyle, R. B., Holz, G., Lisson, S., and
Mattern, K.: Effect of antecedent soil moisture on preferential flow in a
texture-contrast soil, J. Hydrol., 398, 191–201,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.12.008, 2011.
He, Z., Zhao, W., Liu, H., and Chang, X.: The response of soil moisture to
rainfall event size in subalpine grassland and meadows in a semi-arid
mountain range: a case study in northwestern China's Qilian Mountains,
J. Hydrol., 420–421, 183–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.11.056, 2012.
He, Z., Jia, G., Liu, Z., Zhang, Z., Yu, X., and Xiao, P.: Field studies on
the influence of rainfall intensity, vegetation cover and slope length on
soil moisture infiltration on typical watersheds of the Loess Plateau,
China, Hydrol. Process., 34, 4904–4919, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13892, 2020.
Heisler-White, J. L., Knapp, A. K., and Kelly, E. F.: Increasing
precipitation event size increases aboveground net primary productivity in a
semi-arid grassland, Oecologia, 158, 129–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1116-9, 2008.
Herbst, M., Gupta, H. V., and Casper, M. C.: Mapping model behaviour using Self-Organizing Maps, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 395–409, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-395-2009, 2009.
Iglesias, F. and Kastner, W.: Analysis of similarity measures in times
series clustering for the discovery of building energy patterns, Energies,
6, 579–597, https://doi.org/10.3390/en6020579, 2013.
Ismail, S., Shabri, A., and Samsudin, R.: A hybrid model of self organizing maps and least square support vector machine for river flow forecasting, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4417–4433, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4417-2012, 2012.
Kim, S.: Characterization of soil moisture responses on a hillslope to
sequential rainfall events during late autumn and spring, Water Resour. Res., 45, W09425, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007239, 2009.
Kim, S.: Hydrometric Transit Times along Transects on a Steep Hillslope,
Water Resour. Res., 50, 7267–7284, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014746, 2014.
Kohonen, T.: Self-Organizing Maps, third edn., Springer, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-642-56927-2, 2001.
Lai, X., Liao, K., Feng, H., and Zhu, Q.: Responses of soil water
percolation to dynamic interactions among rainfall, antecedent moisture and
season in forest site, J. Hydrol., 540, 565–573,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.06.038, 2016.
Lee, E. and Kim, S.: Characterization of runoff generation in a mountainous
hillslope according to multiple threshold behavior and hysteretic loop
features, J. Hydrol., 590, 125534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125534,
2020.
Ley, R., Casper, M. C., Hellebrand, H., and Merz, R.: Catchment classification by runoff behaviour with self-organizing maps (SOM), Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2947–2962, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2947-2011, 2011.
Li, X. Y., Zhang, S. Y., Peng, H. Y., Hu, X., and Ma, Y. J.: Soil water and
temperature dynamics in shrub-encroached grasslands and climatic
implications: Results from inner Mongolia steppe ecosystem of north China,
Agr. Forest Meteorol., 171, 20–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agriformet.2012.11.001, 2013.
Liang, W. L., Kosugi, K., and Mizuyama, T.: Soil water dynamics around a
tree on a hillslope with or without rainwater supplied by stemflow, Water
Resour. Res., 47, W02541, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009856, 2011.
Liao, K., Zhou, Z., Lai, X., Zhu, Q., and Feng, H.: Evaluation of different
approaches for identifying optimal sites to predict mean hillslope soil
moisture content, J. Hydrol., 547, 10–20,
10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.01.043, 2017.
López García, H. and Machón González, I.: Self-organizing
map and clustering for wastewater treatment monitoring, Eng. Appl. Artif. Intel., 17, 215–225,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2004.03.004, 2004.
Loritz, R., Hassler, S. K., Jackisch, C., Allroggen, N., van Schaik, L., Wienhöfer, J., and Zehe, E.: Picturing and modeling catchments by representative hillslopes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1225–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1225-2017, 2017.
Lu, N. and Godt, J.: Infinite slope stability under steady unsaturated seepage
conditions, Water Resour. Res., 44, W11404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR006976,
2008.
Mei, X., Zhu, Q., Ma, L., Zhang, D., Wang, Y., and Hao, W.: Effect of stand
origin and slope position on infiltration pattern and preferential flow on a
Loess hillslope, Land Degrad. Dev., 29, 1353–1365,
https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2928, 2018.
Montero, P. and Vilar, J. A.: TSclust: An R package for time series clustering,
J. Stat. Softw., 62, 1–43, https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v062.i01, 2014.
Nimmo, J. R.: Preferential flow occurs in unsaturated conditions,
Hydrol. Process., 26, 786–789, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8380, 2012.
Park, Y. S., Cereghino, R., Compin, A., and Lek, S.: Applications of
artificial neural networks for pattering and predicting aquatic insect
species richness in running waters, Ecol. Model., 160, 265–280,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00258-2, 2003.
Penna, D., Borga, M., Norbiato, D., and Fontana, G. D.: Hillslope scale soil
moisture variability in a steep alpine terrain, J. Hydrol., 364,
311–327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.009, 2009.
Penna, D., Tromp-van Meerveld, H. J., Gobbi, A., Borga, M., and Dalla Fontana, G.: The influence of soil moisture on threshold runoff generation processes in an alpine headwater catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 689–702, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-689-2011, 2011.
Ramirez, D. A., Bellot, J., Domingo, F., and Blasco, A.: Can water responses
in stipa tenacissima L. during the summer season be promoted by non-rainfall
water gains in soil?, Plant Soil, 291, 67–79, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-9175-3, 2007.
Reusser, D. E., Blume, T., Schaefli, B., and Zehe, E.: Analysing the temporal dynamics of model performance for hydrological models, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 999–1018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-999-2009, 2009.
Rodriguez-Iturbe, I., Isham, V., Cox, D. R., Manfreda, S., and Porporato, A.: Space-time modeling of soil moisture: Stochastic rainfall forcing with
heterogeneous vegetations, Water Resour. Res., 42, W06D05,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004497, 2006.
Rosenbaum, U., Bogena, H. R., Herbst, M., Huisman, J. A., Peterson, T. J.,
Weuthen, A., Western, A. W., and Vereecken, H.: Seasonal and event dynamics
of spatial soil moisture patterns at the small catchment scale, Water Resour. Res., 48, W10544, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011518, 2012.
Saffarpour, S., Western, A. W., Adams, R., and McDonnell, J. J.: Multiple runoff processes and multiple thresholds control agricultural runoff generation, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4525–4545, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4525-2016, 2016.
Shrestha, D. L., Kayastha, N., and Solomatine, D. P.: A novel approach to parameter uncertainty analysis of hydrological models using neural networks, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1235–1248, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1235-2009, 2009.
Srivastava, P. K., Han, D., Ramirez, M. R., and Islam, T.: Machine learning
techniques for downscaling smos satellite soil moisture using modis land
surface temperature for hydrological application, Water Resour.
Manag., 27, 3127–3144, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0337-9, 2013.
Toth, E.: Catchment classification based on characterisation of streamflow and precipitation time series, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1149–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1149-2013, 2013.
Tramblay, Y., Bouaicha, R., Brocca, L., Dorigo, W., Bouvier, C., Camici, S., and Servat, E.: Estimation of antecedent wetness conditions for flood modelling in northern Morocco, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4375–4386, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4375-2012, 2012.
Tromp van Meerveld, I. and McDonnell, J. J.: Comment to “Spatial
correlation of soil moisture in small catchments and its relationship to
dominant spatial hydrological processes, Journal of Hydrology, 286, 113–134”, J. Hydrol., 303, 307–312,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.09.002, 2005.
Uber, M., Vandervaere, J.-P., Zin, I., Braud, I., Heistermann, M., Legoût, C., Molinié, G., and Nord, G.: How does initial soil moisture influence the hydrological response? A case study from southern France, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6127–6146, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6127-2018, 2018.
Uchida, T., Kosugi, K., and Mizuyama, T.: Effects of pipeflow on
hydrological process and its relations to landslide, a review of pipeflow
studies in forested headwater catchments, Hydrol. Process., 15,
2151–2174, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.281, 2001.
Van Arkel, Z. and Kaleita, A. L.: Identifying sampling locations for
field-scale soil moisture estimation using K-means clustering, Water Resour. Res., 50, 7050–7057, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015015, 2014.
Wang, S., Fu, B., Gao, G., Liu, Y., and Zhou, J.: Responses of soil moisture
in different land cover types to rainfall events in a re-vegetation
catchment area of the Loess Plateau, China, Catena, 101, 122–128,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.10.006, 2013.
Wang, X. P., Cui, Y., Pan, Y. X., Li, X. R., Yu, Z., and Young, M. H.:
Effects of rainfall characteristics on infiltration and redistribution
patterns in revegetation-stabilized desert ecosystems, J. Hydrol.,
358, 134–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.06.002, 2008.
Ward, J. H.: Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function,
J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 58, 236–244, 1963.
Western, A. W., Grayson, R. B., Blöschl, G., Willgoose, G. R., and McMahon, T. A.: Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to
terrain indices, Water Resour. Res., 35, 797–8110,
https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900065, 1999.
Wiekenkamp, I., Huisman, J. A., Bogena, H. R., Lin, H. S., and Vereecken, H.:
Spatial and temporal occurrence of preferential flow in a forested headwater
catchment, J. Hydrol., 534, 139–149,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.050, 2016.
Wienhöfer, J. and Zehe, E.: Predicting subsurface stormflow response of a forested hillslope – the role of connected flow paths, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 121–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-121-2014, 2014.
Wilson, D. J., Western, A. W., and Grayson, R. B.: Identifying and
quantifying sources of variability in temporal and spatial soil moisture
observations, Water Resour. Res., 40, W02507, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002306,
2004.
Zhang, Y., Wei, H., and Nearing, M. A.: Effects of antecedent soil moisture on runoff modeling in small semiarid watersheds of southeastern Arizona, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 3171–3179, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-3171-2011, 2011.
Zhu, Q., Nie, X. F., Zhou, X. B., Liao, K. H., and Li, H. P.: Soil moisture
response to rainfall at different topographic positions along a mixed
land-use hillslope, Catena, 119, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2014.03.010, 2014.