Articles | Volume 25, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-527-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-527-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A history of TOPMODEL
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Mike J. Kirkby
School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Jim E. Freer
University of Saskatchewan, Centre for Hydrology, Canmore, Canada
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
JBA Trust, Broughton, UK
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Cited
94 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- LUCST: A novel toolkit for Land Use Land Cover change assessment in SWAT+ to support flood management decisions A. Rigby et al.
- A historical overview of experimental hydrology in China Y. Nan et al.
- Understanding the Way Machines Simulate Hydrological Processes—A Case Study of Predicting Fine-Scale Watershed Response on a Distributed Framework D. Kim et al.
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- Extending the utility of space-borne snow water equivalent observations over vegetated areas with data assimilation J. Pflug et al.
- Coupling SWAT and LSTM for Improving Daily Streamflow Simulation in a Humid and Semi-humid River Basin Z. Mei et al.
- Gaps in Water Quality Modeling of Hydrologic Systems L. Lucas et al.
- Climate-catchment-soil control on hydrological droughts in peninsular India P. Ganguli et al.
- Exploring controls on precipitation-runoff dependencies: Implications for non-stationary and spatially heterogeneous analyses T. Lan et al.
- Modelling river flow in cold and ungauged regions: a review of the purposes, methods, and challenges C. Belvederesi et al.
- Tackling water table depth modeling via machine learning: From proxy observations to verifiability J. Janssen et al.
- Application of advanced machine learning algorithms and geospatial techniques for groundwater potential zone mapping in Gambela Plain, Ethiopia T. Seifu et al.
- Combining topography and reflectance indices for better surface water detection Y. Hu et al.
- Construction-Induced Waterlogging Simulation in Pinglu Canal Using a Coupled SWMM-HEC-RAS Model: Implications for Inland Waterway Engineering J. Li et al.
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- Digital Modeling of Lateral Water and Caesium-137 Flows at the Microlandscape Level in Semihydromorphic Soils of Bryansk Oblast V. Linnik et al.
- Deciding on fitness‐for‐purpose‐of models and of natural flood management K. Beven et al.
- Surface water resource attenuation attribution and patterns in Hai River Basin Q. Wang et al.
- Soil types determine vegetation communities along a toposequence in a dolomite peak-cluster depression catchment Q. Meng et al.
- Research and application of the parallel computing method for the grid-based Xin'anjiang model Q. Liu et al.
- Digital modeling of lateral water flows and caesium-137 at the microlandscape level in semi-hydromorphic soils of the Bryansk region V. Linnik et al.
- Interpretable machine learning on large samples for supporting runoff estimation in ungauged basins Y. Xu et al.
- Spatial Layout of Trees on Farms Influences Magnitude and Timing of River Flow Peak J. Judson et al.
- Multi-Machine Learning Ensemble Regionalization of Hydrological Parameters for Enhancing Flood Prediction in Ungauged Mountainous Catchments K. Li et al.
- Opportunities for variable rate application of nitrogen under spatial water variations in rainfed wheat systems—an economic analysis T. Tenreiro et al.
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- Influence of Hillslope Flow on Hydroclimatic Evolution Under Climate Change P. Arboleda Obando et al.
- Evaluation and Hydrological Application of a Data Fusing Method of Multi-Source Precipitation Products-A Case Study over Tuojiang River Basin Y. Li et al.
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- Combining catastrophe technique and regression analysis to deduce leading landscape patterns for regional flood vulnerability: A case study of Nanjing, China J. Xue et al.
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- Gridded maps of wetlands dynamics over mid-low latitudes for 1980–2020 based on TOPMODEL Y. Xi et al.
- Comparative study of various typical hydrological models for flash flood forecasting K. Wen et al.
- Geospatial Site Terms for Central and Eastern U.S. Ground-Motion Models Using Physiographic Province and Sediment Thickness E. Meyer et al.
- A multi-model study of the subsurface and surface hydrodynamics of a 700 km2 watershed in western Canada (Fox Creek area, Alberta) B. Meneses-Vega et al.
- A runoff prediction approach based on machine learning, ensemble forecasting and error correction: A case study of source area of Yellow River J. Wang et al.
- A dual-model framework combining nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) and LSTM networks for enhanced daily runoff prediction and error correction W. Shi et al.
- Mountainous Flood Resilience: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Flood Analysis Methods M. Rijal et al.
- Topography and functional traits shape the distribution of key shrub plant functional types in low-Arctic tundra D. Yang et al.
- A historical perspective on modelling the relationship between catchment wetness and streamflow response F. Fenicia et al.
- Season-Aware Ensemble Forecasting with Improved Arctic Puffin Optimization for Robust Daily Runoff Prediction Across Multiple Climate Zones W. Wang et al.
- Upscaling point-scale soil hydraulic properties for application in a catchment model using Bayesian calibration: An application in two agricultural regions of New Zealand C. Rajanayaka et al.
- Evaluating the Feasibility of the Liuxihe Model for Forecasting Inflow Flood to the Fengshuba Reservoir Y. Zhao et al.
- Evaluation of wetland CH4 in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model using satellite observations R. Parker et al.
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- Reviews and syntheses: A scoping review evaluating the potential application of ecohydrological models for northern peatland restoration M. Silva et al.
- Flood hazard mapping methods: A review R. Mudashiru et al.
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- Application of Risk Analysis in the Screening of Flood Disaster Hot Spots and Adaptation Strategies E. Huang et al.
- The influence of land management and seasonal changes in surface vegetation on flood mitigation in twoUKupland catchments S. Bond et al.
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- Modelling evaporation with local, regional and global BROOK90 frameworks: importance of parameterization and forcing I. Vorobevskii et al.
- Enhanced LSTM Model for Daily Runoff Prediction in the Upper Huai River Basin, China Y. Man et al.
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- Using Physics-Encoded GeoAI to Improve the Physical Realism of Deep Learning′s Rainfall-Runoff Responses under Climate Change H. Li et al.
- Groundwater recharge hotspot mapping in the semi-arid Modder River Catchment using self-supervised spatio-temporal embeddings and density-based clustering T. Nkwe et al.
- Evaluating the Influence of Topographic and Process Representation on Runoff and River Flow in Small‐Valley Scenarios Using a Coupled Rainfall–Runoff–Inundation and River‐Flow Model T. Ito et al.
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- Hydrological status of the Dagu River Basin and management suggestions based on soil and water assessment tool multi-station calibration W. Gao et al.
- GHydroMod-SIM-DAI v1.0: A new distributed hydrological model capable of dynamically recognizing runoff generation mechanisms and accounting for aboveground and underground anthropogenic impacts Y. Wang et al.
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- A multiple hydrograph separation technique for identifying hydrological model structures and an interpretation of dominant process controls on flow duration curves C. Leong & Y. Yokoo
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- Characterizing the effect of scaling errors on the spatial downscaling of mountain vegetation gross primary productivity X. Xie & A. Li
- LSTM-FKAN coupled with feature extraction technique for Precipitation–Runoff modeling T. Li et al.
- Hydrometeorological analysis of extreme events in tropical climate basins: application of topmodel in the Muriaé River basin R. da Silva & H. Karam
- Temporal variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on a typical black soil slope of northeast China X. Wu et al.
94 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Catchment response to intense rainfall: Evaluating modelling hypotheses P. Astagneau et al.
- Positive–Unlabeled Learning-Based Hybrid Models and Interpretability for Groundwater Potential Mapping in Karst Areas B. Bi et al.
- LUCST: A novel toolkit for Land Use Land Cover change assessment in SWAT+ to support flood management decisions A. Rigby et al.
- A historical overview of experimental hydrology in China Y. Nan et al.
- Understanding the Way Machines Simulate Hydrological Processes—A Case Study of Predicting Fine-Scale Watershed Response on a Distributed Framework D. Kim et al.
- An Improved Xin’anjiang Hydrological Model for Flood Simulation Coupling Snowmelt Runoff Module in Northwestern China Y. Tan et al.
- Extending the utility of space-borne snow water equivalent observations over vegetated areas with data assimilation J. Pflug et al.
- Coupling SWAT and LSTM for Improving Daily Streamflow Simulation in a Humid and Semi-humid River Basin Z. Mei et al.
- Gaps in Water Quality Modeling of Hydrologic Systems L. Lucas et al.
- Climate-catchment-soil control on hydrological droughts in peninsular India P. Ganguli et al.
- Exploring controls on precipitation-runoff dependencies: Implications for non-stationary and spatially heterogeneous analyses T. Lan et al.
- Modelling river flow in cold and ungauged regions: a review of the purposes, methods, and challenges C. Belvederesi et al.
- Tackling water table depth modeling via machine learning: From proxy observations to verifiability J. Janssen et al.
- Application of advanced machine learning algorithms and geospatial techniques for groundwater potential zone mapping in Gambela Plain, Ethiopia T. Seifu et al.
- Combining topography and reflectance indices for better surface water detection Y. Hu et al.
- Construction-Induced Waterlogging Simulation in Pinglu Canal Using a Coupled SWMM-HEC-RAS Model: Implications for Inland Waterway Engineering J. Li et al.
- Exploring the potential processes controlling changes in precipitation–runoff relationships in non-stationary environments T. Lan et al.
- Digital Modeling of Lateral Water and Caesium-137 Flows at the Microlandscape Level in Semihydromorphic Soils of Bryansk Oblast V. Linnik et al.
- Deciding on fitness‐for‐purpose‐of models and of natural flood management K. Beven et al.
- Surface water resource attenuation attribution and patterns in Hai River Basin Q. Wang et al.
- Soil types determine vegetation communities along a toposequence in a dolomite peak-cluster depression catchment Q. Meng et al.
- Research and application of the parallel computing method for the grid-based Xin'anjiang model Q. Liu et al.
- Digital modeling of lateral water flows and caesium-137 at the microlandscape level in semi-hydromorphic soils of the Bryansk region V. Linnik et al.
- Interpretable machine learning on large samples for supporting runoff estimation in ungauged basins Y. Xu et al.
- Spatial Layout of Trees on Farms Influences Magnitude and Timing of River Flow Peak J. Judson et al.
- Multi-Machine Learning Ensemble Regionalization of Hydrological Parameters for Enhancing Flood Prediction in Ungauged Mountainous Catchments K. Li et al.
- Opportunities for variable rate application of nitrogen under spatial water variations in rainfed wheat systems—an economic analysis T. Tenreiro et al.
- Integrated Geospatial Analysis and Hydrological Modeling for Peak Flow and Volume Simulation in Rwanda R. Mind’je et al.
- Influence of Hillslope Flow on Hydroclimatic Evolution Under Climate Change P. Arboleda Obando et al.
- Evaluation and Hydrological Application of a Data Fusing Method of Multi-Source Precipitation Products-A Case Study over Tuojiang River Basin Y. Li et al.
- Gauged and historical abrupt wave front floods (‘walls of water’) in Pennine rivers, northern England D. Archer et al.
- Forest hydrology modeling tools for watershed management: A review G. Sun et al.
- Assessing landslide susceptibility of Türkiye at drainage basin scale: a semi-quantitative approach K. Okalp & H. Akgün
- A fine spatial resolution estimation scheme for large-scale gross primary productivity (GPP) in mountain ecosystems by integrating an eco-hydrological model with the combination of linear and non-linear downscaling processes X. Xie et al.
- A Generalized Multistep Dynamic (GMD) TOPMODEL S. Goudarzi et al.
- On the value of a history of hydrology and the establishment of a History of Hydrology Working Group K. Beven et al.
- A Comprehensive Review of Cutting-Edge Flood Modelling Approaches for Urban Flood Resilience Enhancement S. Snikitha et al.
- Combining catastrophe technique and regression analysis to deduce leading landscape patterns for regional flood vulnerability: A case study of Nanjing, China J. Xue et al.
- Influence of Piezometric Groundwater Flow on the Hydrological Cycle T. OGURA & M. LU
- Cooling Effects Revealed by Modeling of Wetlands and Land‐Atmosphere Interactions Z. Zhang et al.
- Gridded maps of wetlands dynamics over mid-low latitudes for 1980–2020 based on TOPMODEL Y. Xi et al.
- Comparative study of various typical hydrological models for flash flood forecasting K. Wen et al.
- Geospatial Site Terms for Central and Eastern U.S. Ground-Motion Models Using Physiographic Province and Sediment Thickness E. Meyer et al.
- A multi-model study of the subsurface and surface hydrodynamics of a 700 km2 watershed in western Canada (Fox Creek area, Alberta) B. Meneses-Vega et al.
- A runoff prediction approach based on machine learning, ensemble forecasting and error correction: A case study of source area of Yellow River J. Wang et al.
- A dual-model framework combining nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) and LSTM networks for enhanced daily runoff prediction and error correction W. Shi et al.
- Mountainous Flood Resilience: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Flood Analysis Methods M. Rijal et al.
- Topography and functional traits shape the distribution of key shrub plant functional types in low-Arctic tundra D. Yang et al.
- A historical perspective on modelling the relationship between catchment wetness and streamflow response F. Fenicia et al.
- Season-Aware Ensemble Forecasting with Improved Arctic Puffin Optimization for Robust Daily Runoff Prediction Across Multiple Climate Zones W. Wang et al.
- Upscaling point-scale soil hydraulic properties for application in a catchment model using Bayesian calibration: An application in two agricultural regions of New Zealand C. Rajanayaka et al.
- Evaluating the Feasibility of the Liuxihe Model for Forecasting Inflow Flood to the Fengshuba Reservoir Y. Zhao et al.
- Evaluation of wetland CH4 in the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model using satellite observations R. Parker et al.
- Unveiling the limits of deep learning models in hydrological extrapolation tasks S. Baste et al.
- Technical note: Hydrology modelling R packages – a unified analysis of models and practicalities from a user perspective P. Astagneau et al.
- Modelling infiltration and infiltration excess: The importance of fast and local processes A. Bronstert et al.
- Enhancing Runoff Simulation Using BTOP-LSTM Hybrid Model in the Shinano River Basin S. Nimai et al.
- Parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification of rainfall-runoff models using data assimilation methods based on deep learning and local ensemble updates L. Yao et al.
- Hydrometeorological Insights into the Forecasting Performance of Multi-Source Weather over a Typical Hill-Karst Basin, Southwest China C. Mo et al.
- Reviews and syntheses: A scoping review evaluating the potential application of ecohydrological models for northern peatland restoration M. Silva et al.
- Flood hazard mapping methods: A review R. Mudashiru et al.
- 海河流域地表水资源衰减归因与规律 庆. 王 et al.
- Application of Risk Analysis in the Screening of Flood Disaster Hot Spots and Adaptation Strategies E. Huang et al.
- The influence of land management and seasonal changes in surface vegetation on flood mitigation in twoUKupland catchments S. Bond et al.
- Measuring Annual Sedimentation through High Accuracy UAV-Photogrammetry Data and Comparison with RUSLE and PESERA Erosion Models S. Alexiou et al.
- Two-dimensional differential form of distributed Xinanjiang model J. Zhao et al.
- Effects of Climate Change and Changes in Land Use and Cover on Water Yield in an Equatorial Andean Basin D. Zhiña et al.
- Modelling evaporation with local, regional and global BROOK90 frameworks: importance of parameterization and forcing I. Vorobevskii et al.
- Enhanced LSTM Model for Daily Runoff Prediction in the Upper Huai River Basin, China Y. Man et al.
- Propagation from Meteorological to Hydrological Drought and Its Influencing Factors in the Huaihe River Basin J. Wang et al.
- Using Physics-Encoded GeoAI to Improve the Physical Realism of Deep Learning′s Rainfall-Runoff Responses under Climate Change H. Li et al.
- Groundwater recharge hotspot mapping in the semi-arid Modder River Catchment using self-supervised spatio-temporal embeddings and density-based clustering T. Nkwe et al.
- Evaluating the Influence of Topographic and Process Representation on Runoff and River Flow in Small‐Valley Scenarios Using a Coupled Rainfall–Runoff–Inundation and River‐Flow Model T. Ito et al.
- Geomorphometry today I. Florinsky
- Hydrological status of the Dagu River Basin and management suggestions based on soil and water assessment tool multi-station calibration W. Gao et al.
- GHydroMod-SIM-DAI v1.0: A new distributed hydrological model capable of dynamically recognizing runoff generation mechanisms and accounting for aboveground and underground anthropogenic impacts Y. Wang et al.
- A distributed hybrid model for agricultural water-land resource matching S. Wang et al.
- Impacts on water quality of producing biogas on pig farms as a function of the associated agricultural practices O. Baziz et al.
- A multiple hydrograph separation technique for identifying hydrological model structures and an interpretation of dominant process controls on flow duration curves C. Leong & Y. Yokoo
- Method of Topographic Downscaling of Soil Moisture Fields Derived from Semi-Distributed Hydrological Models A. Bugaets et al.
- Coupling hydrological, geotechnical and machine learning models to enhance landslide prediction for an early warning system: application to Upper Garonne River Basin, Pyrenees, Spain F. Asurza et al.
- NutSpaFHy—A Distributed Nutrient Balance Model to Predict Nutrient Export from Managed Boreal Headwater Catchments A. Lauren et al.
- The view from the Welsh mountains: on the rise and proliferation of small basin studies in the UK and their legacy J. Jones
- Combination of dynamic TOPMODEL and machine learning techniques to improve runoff prediction P. Huang
- Why methane surged in the atmosphere during the early 2020s P. Ciais et al.
- A Practical Algorithm for Correcting Topographical Effects on Global GPP Products X. Xie et al.
- Assessing the effects of land cover change in runoff processes with RHESSys: a case study in the Waterford River Watershed, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada D. Bautista & L. Galagedara
- Evaluation of Long-Term Radar-Derived Precipitation for Water Balance Estimates: A Case Study for Multiple Catchments in Saxony, Germany T. Luong et al.
- Runoff Modeling in Ungauged Catchments Using Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Model Parameters Regionalization Methodology H. Wu et al.
- Climate Change Impacts on the Water Resources and Vegetation Dynamics of a Forested Sardinian Basin through a Distributed Ecohydrological Model S. Sirigu & N. Montaldo
- Characterizing the effect of scaling errors on the spatial downscaling of mountain vegetation gross primary productivity X. Xie & A. Li
- LSTM-FKAN coupled with feature extraction technique for Precipitation–Runoff modeling T. Li et al.
- Hydrometeorological analysis of extreme events in tropical climate basins: application of topmodel in the Muriaé River basin R. da Silva & H. Karam
- Temporal variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on a typical black soil slope of northeast China X. Wu et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 May 2026
Short summary
The theory that forms the basis of TOPMODEL was first outlined by Mike Kirkby some 45 years ago. This paper recalls some of the early developments: the rejection of the first journal paper, the early days of digital terrain analysis, model calibration and validation, the various criticisms of the simplifying assumptions, and the relaxation of those assumptions in the dynamic forms of TOPMODEL, and it considers what we might do now with the benefit of hindsight.
The theory that forms the basis of TOPMODEL was first outlined by Mike Kirkby some 45 years ago....