Since antiquity, manifold theories have emerged on the sources, distribution, and circulation of water on planet Earth. As a hydrological community, we are keen to further our science, and it is therefore of utmost importance to understand what the roots of our science are. In other words, there is a pressing need to develop a culture of historical hydrological literacy. While further developing its terminology, concepts, and methods, teaching and research can benefit from considering the relevant collective scientific knowledge base. Moreover, a historical perspective of our science will contribute to avoiding a contemporary bias of ideas and theories. In the end, science is never free of value, personal interest, or societal pressures. The historical context in which scientists work can therefore help to understand the development of the science, its current state, and future directions.

With this special issue we aim to stimulate the discussion of how we, as a community, develop historical literacy and integrate this into teaching and research to enhance our science. What lessons can we draw for today's and tomorrow's hydrology from a historical perspective of the scientific development and experiences? We solicit contributions that discuss how hydrological concepts have gradually evolved over time; how forgotten methods might have contemporary value; the value of historical datasets of experimental catchments and their management; and remarkable contributions of scientists, institutes, and organisations.