Articles | Volume 25, issue 7 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4147-2021
                    © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4147-2021
                    © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Groundwater fluctuations during a debris flow event in western Norway – triggered by rain and snowmelt
                                            Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Norway University of
Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 133, 6851 Sogndal, Norway
                                        
                                    Asgeir Sorteberg
                                            Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, and Bjerknes Centre for
Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
                                        
                                    Related authors
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Ashbin Jaison, Asgeir Sorteberg, Clio Michel, and Øyvind Breivik
                                    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1341–1355, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1341-2024, 2024
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                                                The present study uses daily insurance losses and wind speeds to fit storm damage functions at the municipality level of Norway. The results show that the damage functions accurately estimate losses associated with extreme damaging events and can reconstruct their spatial patterns. However, there is no single damage function that performs better than another. A newly devised damage–no-damage classifier shows some skill in predicting extreme damaging events.
                                            
                                            
                                        Ashbin Jaison, Asgeir Sorteberg, Clio Michel, and Øyvind Breivik
                                        Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-90, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-90, 2023
                                    Manuscript not accepted for further review 
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                                                The benefits of establishing wind storm damage relationships are twofold: 1) forecasting losses and 2) assessment of the damages post event. The present study uses the daily insurance losses and wind speeds to fit storm damage functions at the municipality level of Norway. The results show that the damage functions accurately estimate losses associated with extreme damaging events and can reconstruct their spatial patterns in the complex terrain of Norway.
                                            
                                            
                                        Ida Marie Solbrekke, Asgeir Sorteberg, and Hilde Haakenstad
                                    Wind Energ. Sci., 6, 1501–1519, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1501-2021, 2021
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                                                We validate new high-resolution data set (NORA3) for offshore wind power purposes for the North Sea and the Norwegian Sea. The aim of the validation is to ensure that NORA3 can act as a wind resource data set in the planning phase for future offshore wind power installations in the area of concern. The general conclusion of the validation is that NORA3 is well suited for wind power estimates but gives slightly conservative estimates of the offshore wind metrics.
                                            
                                            
                                        Ida Marie Solbrekke, Nils Gunnar Kvamstø, and Asgeir Sorteberg
                                    Wind Energ. Sci., 5, 1663–1678, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1663-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-5-1663-2020, 2020
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                                                The potential of collective offshore wind power is quantified using 16 years of hourly wind speed observations. Wind power intermittency is reduced through a hypothetical electricity grid connecting five sites at the Norwegian continental shelf. We identify large-scale atmospheric situations resulting in long-term periods of power shutdown. Wind power variability and risk measures decrease in an interconnected wind power system.
                                            
                                            
                                        E. Viste and A. Sorteberg
                                    The Cryosphere, 9, 1147–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1147-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1147-2015, 2015
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                                                Snow and ice provide large amounts of meltwater to the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. In this study we show that climate change will reduce the amount of snow falling in the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and Karakoram substantially. The limited number of observations in remote upper-level terrain makes it difficult to get a complete overview of the situation today, but our results indicate that by 2071–2100 snowfall may be reduced by 30–70% with the strongest anthropogenic forcing scenario.
                                            
                                            
                                        Related subject area
            Subject: Hillslope hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Instruments and observation techniques
            
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Mixed-cultivation grasslands enhance runoff generation and reduce soil loss in the restoration of degraded alpine hillsides
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Assessment of plot-scale sediment transport on young moraines in the Swiss Alps using a fluorescent sand tracer
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Subsurface flow paths in a chronosequence of calcareous soils: impact of soil age and rainfall intensities on preferential flow occurrence
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Evaporation, infiltration and storage of soil water in different vegetation zones in the Qilian Mountains: a stable isotope perspective
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Satellite rainfall products outperform ground observations for landslide prediction in India
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Characterising hillslope–stream connectivity with a joint event analysis of stream and groundwater levels
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Structural and functional control of surface-patch to hillslope runoff and sediment connectivity in Mediterranean dry reclaimed slope systems
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Distinct stores and the routing of water in the deep critical zone of a snow-dominated volcanic catchment
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                                     
                                Hydrological trade-offs due to different land covers and land uses in the Brazilian Cerrado
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                A sprinkling experiment to quantify celerity–velocity differences at the hillslope scale
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Impacts of a capillary barrier on infiltration and subsurface stormflow in layered slope deposits monitored with 3-D ERT and hydrometric measurements
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Form and function in hillslope hydrology: characterization of subsurface flow based on response observations
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Form and function in hillslope hydrology: in situ imaging and characterization of flow-relevant structures
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Identification of runoff formation with two dyes in a mid-latitude mountain headwater
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Multiple runoff processes and multiple thresholds control agricultural runoff generation
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Factors influencing stream baseflow transit times in tropical montane watersheds
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Effects of a deep-rooted crop and soil amended with charcoal on spatial and temporal runoff patterns in a degrading tropical highland watershed
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                The water balance components of undisturbed tropical woodlands in the Brazilian cerrado
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Erosion processes in black marl soils at the millimetre scale: preliminary insights from an analogous model
                                
                                        
                                            
                                    
                            
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Monitoring hillslope moisture dynamics with surface ERT for enhancing spatial significance of hydrometric point measurements
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Development and testing of a large, transportable rainfall simulator for plot-scale runoff and parameter estimation
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                True colors – experimental identification of hydrological processes at a hillslope prone to slide
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Assessment of shallow subsurface characterisation with non-invasive geophysical methods at the intermediate hill-slope scale
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Macropore flow of old water revisited: experimental insights from a tile-drained hillslope
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Hillslope characteristics as controls of subsurface flow variability
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Fluorescent particle tracers in surface hydrology: a proof of concept in a semi-natural hillslope
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Soil-water dynamics and unsaturated storage during snowmelt following wildfire
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Use of the 3-D scanner in mapping and monitoring the dynamic degradation of soils: case study of the Cucuteni-Baiceni Gully on the Moldavian Plateau (Romania)
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                A porewater-based stable isotope approach for the investigation of subsurface hydrological processes
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Subsurface lateral flow from hillslope and its contribution to nitrate loading in streams through an agricultural catchment during subtropical rainstorm events
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                The effect of slope steepness and antecedent moisture content on interrill erosion, runoff and sediment size distribution in the highlands of Ethiopia
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Surface and subsurface flow effect on permanent gully formation and upland erosion near Lake Tana in the northern highlands of Ethiopia
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                The benefits of gravimeter observations for modelling water storage changes at the field scale
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Shallow soil moisture – ground thaw interactions and controls – Part 1: Spatiotemporal patterns and correlations over a subarctic landscape
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Shallow soil moisture – ground thaw interactions and controls – Part 2: Influences of water and energy fluxes
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
                        
                            
                            
                            
                                     
                                Plot and field scale soil moisture dynamics and subsurface wetness control on runoff generation in a headwater in the Ore Mountains
                                
                            
                            
                        
                    
                    
            
        
        Yulei Ma, Yifan Liu, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, Manuel López-Vicente, and Gao-Lin Wu
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3947–3961, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3947-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3947-2024, 2024
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                                                Runoff and sediment reduction benefits of hillside mixed grasslands were examined. Cultivated grasslands effectively increased runoff and decreased sediment along ages. Runoff was the dominant factor affecting the soil erosion modulus on alpine hillsides. This implies that protective measures should be prioritized during the initial planting stage of cultivated grasslands on degraded alpine hillsides. 
                                            
                                            
                                        Fabian Maier, Florian Lustenberger, and Ilja van Meerveld
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 4609–4635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4609-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4609-2023, 2023
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                                                We used a fluorescent sand tracer with afterglow in combination with sprinkling experiments to visualize and determine the movement of sediments on natural hillslopes. We compared the observed transport patterns with the characteristics of the hillslopes. Results show that the fluorescent sand can be used to monitor sediment redistribution on the soil surface and that infiltration on older hillslopes decreased sediment transport due to more developed vegetation cover and root systems.
                                            
                                            
                                        Anne Hartmann, Markus Weiler, Konrad Greinwald, and Theresa Blume
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 4953–4974, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4953-2022, 2022
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                                                Analyzing the impact of soil age and rainfall intensity on vertical subsurface flow paths in calcareous soils, with a special focus on preferential flow occurrence, shows how water flow paths are linked to the organization of evolving landscapes. The observed increase in preferential flow occurrence with increasing moraine age provides important but rare data for a proper representation of hydrological processes within the feedback cycle of the hydro-pedo-geomorphological system.
                                            
                                            
                                        Guofeng Zhu, Leilei Yong, Xi Zhao, Yuwei Liu, Zhuanxia Zhang, Yuanxiao Xu, Zhigang Sun, Liyuan Sang, and Lei Wang
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3771–3784, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3771-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3771-2022, 2022
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                                                In arid areas, the processes of water storage have not been fully understood in different vegetation zones in mountainous areas. This study monitored the stable isotopes in the precipitation and soil water of the Xiying River Basin. In the four vegetation zones, soil water evaporation intensities were mountain grassland > deciduous forest > coniferous forest > alpine meadow, and soil water storage capacity was alpine meadow > deciduous forest > coniferous forest > mountain grassland.
                                            
                                            
                                        Maria Teresa Brunetti, Massimo Melillo, Stefano Luigi Gariano, Luca Ciabatta, Luca Brocca, Giriraj Amarnath, and Silvia Peruccacci
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3267–3279, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3267-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3267-2021, 2021
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                                                Satellite and rain gauge data are tested to predict landslides in India, where the annual toll of human lives and loss of property urgently demands the implementation of strategies to prevent geo-hydrological instability. For this purpose, we calculated empirical rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation. The validation of thresholds showed that satellite-based rainfall data perform better than ground-based data, and the best performance is obtained with an hourly temporal resolution.
                                            
                                            
                                        Daniel Beiter, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5713–5744, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5713-2020, 2020
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                                                We investigated the interactions between streams and their adjacent hillslopes in terms of water flow. It could be revealed that soil structure has a strong influence on how hillslopes connect to the streams, while the groundwater table tells us a lot about when the two connect. This observation could be used to improve models that try to predict whether or not hillslopes are in a state where a rain event will be likely to produce a flood in the stream.
                                            
                                            
                                        Mariano Moreno-de-las-Heras, Luis Merino-Martín, Patricia M. Saco, Tíscar Espigares, Francesc Gallart, and José M. Nicolau
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 2855–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2855-2020, 2020
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                                                This study shifts from present discussions of the connectivity theory to the practical application of the connectivity concept for the analysis of runoff and sediment dynamics in Mediterranean dry slope systems. Overall, our results provide evidence for the feasibility of using the connectivity concept to understand how the spatial distribution of vegetation and micro-topography (including rills) interact with rainfall dynamics to generate spatially continuous runoff and sediment fluxes.
                                            
                                            
                                        Alissa White, Bryan Moravec, Jennifer McIntosh, Yaniv Olshansky, Ben Paras, R. Andres Sanchez, Ty P. A. Ferré, Thomas Meixner, and Jon Chorover
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 4661–4683, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4661-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-4661-2019, 2019
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                                                This paper examines the influence of the subsurface structure on water routing, water residence times, and the hydrologic response of distinct groundwater stores and further investigates their contribution to streamflow. We conclude that deep groundwater from the fractured aquifer system, rather than shallow groundwater, is the dominant source of streamflow, which highlights the need to better characterize the deep subsurface of mountain systems using interdisciplinary studies such as this one.
                                            
                                            
                                        Jamil A. A. Anache, Edson Wendland, Lívia M. P. Rosalem, Cristian Youlton, and Paulo T. S. Oliveira
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1263–1279, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1263-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1263-2019, 2019
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                                                We assessed the water balance over 5 years in different land uses typical of the Brazilian Cerrado: tropical woodland, bare land, pasture and sugarcane. Land uses may affect hillslope hydrology and cause trade-offs; the woodland consumes the soil water storage along the dry season, while the agricultural LCLU (pasture and sugarcane) reduces the water consumption in either season, and the aquifer recharge rates may be reduced in forested areas due to increased water demand by the vegetation.
                                            
                                            
                                        Willem J. van Verseveld, Holly R. Barnard, Chris B. Graham, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, J. Renée Brooks, and Markus Weiler
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5891–5910, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5891-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5891-2017, 2017
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                                                How stream water responds immediately to a rainfall or snow event, while the average time it takes water to travel through the hillslope can be years or decades and is poorly understood. We assessed this difference by combining a 24-day sprinkler experiment (a tracer was applied at the start) with a process-based hydrologic model. Immobile soil water, deep groundwater contribution and soil depth variability explained this difference at our hillslope site.
                                            
                                            
                                        Rico Hübner, Thomas Günther, Katja Heller, Ursula Noell, and Arno Kleber
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5181–5199, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5181-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5181-2017, 2017
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                                                In our study, we used a spatially and temporally high resolved 3-D ERT in addition to matric potential measurements to monitor the infiltration and subsurface water flow on a hillslope with layered slope deposits. We derived some interesting findings about the capillary barrier effect as a main driving factor for the activation of different flow pathways. Thus, the maintenance or breakdown of a capillary barrier has a decisive influence on the precipitation runoff response of of the catchment.
                                            
                                            
                                        Lisa Angermann, Conrad Jackisch, Niklas Allroggen, Matthias Sprenger, Erwin Zehe, Jens Tronicke, Markus Weiler, and Theresa Blume
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3727–3748, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3727-2017, 2017
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                                                This study investigates the temporal dynamics and response velocities of lateral preferential flow at the hillslope. The results are compared to catchment response behavior to infer the large-scale implications of the observed processes. A large portion of mobile water flows through preferential flow paths in the structured soils, causing an immediate discharge response. The study presents a methodological approach to cover the spatial and temporal domain of these highly heterogeneous processes.
                                            
                                            
                                        Conrad Jackisch, Lisa Angermann, Niklas Allroggen, Matthias Sprenger, Theresa Blume, Jens Tronicke, and Erwin Zehe
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3749–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3749-2017, 2017
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                                                Rapid subsurface flow in structured soils facilitates fast vertical and lateral redistribution of event water. We present its in situ exploration through local measurements and irrigation experiments. Special emphasis is given to a coherent combination of hydrological and geophysical methods. The study highlights that form and function operate as conjugated pairs. Dynamic imaging through time-lapse GPR was key to observing both and to identifying hydrologically relevant structures.
                                            
                                            
                                        Lukáš Vlček, Kristýna Falátková, and Philipp Schneider
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 3025–3040, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3025-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3025-2017, 2017
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                                                The role of mountain headwater area in hydrological cycle was investigated at two opposite hillslopes covered by mineral and organic soils. Similarities and differences in percolation and preferential flow paths between the hillslopes were identified by sprinkling experiments with Brilliant Blue and Fluorescein. The dye solutions infiltrated into the soil and continued either as lateral subsurface pipe flow (organic soil), or percolated vertically towards the bedrock (mineral soil).
                                            
                                            
                                        Shabnam Saffarpour, Andrew W. Western, Russell Adams, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 4525–4545, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4525-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4525-2016, 2016
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                                                A variety of threshold mechanisms influence the transfer of rainfall to runoff from catchments. Some of these mechanisms depend on the occurrence of intense rainfall and others depend on the catchment being wet. This article first provides a framework for considering which mechanisms are important in different situations and then uses that framework to examine the behaviour of a catchment in Australia that exhibits a mix of both rainfall intensity and catchment wetness dependent thresholds.
                                            
                                            
                                        Lyssette E. Muñoz-Villers, Daniel R. Geissert, Friso Holwerda, and Jeffrey J. McDonnell
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1621–1635, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1621-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-1621-2016, 2016
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                                                This study provides an important first step towards a better understanding of the hydrology of tropical montane regions and the factors influencing baseflow mean transit times (MTT). Our MTT estimates ranged between 1.2 and 2.7 years, suggesting deep and long subsurface pathways contributing to sustain dry season flows. Our findings showed that topography and subsurface permeability are the key factors controlling baseflow MTTs. Longest MTTs were found in the cloud forest headwater catchments.
                                            
                                            
                                        Haimanote K. Bayabil, Tigist Y. Tebebu, Cathelijne R. Stoof, and Tammo S. Steenhuis
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 875–885, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-875-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-875-2016, 2016
                            P. T. S. Oliveira, E. Wendland, M. A. Nearing, R. L. Scott, R. Rosolem, and H. R. da Rocha
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2899–2910, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2899-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2899-2015, 2015
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                                                We determined the main components of the water balance for an undisturbed cerrado. 
Evapotranspiration ranged from 1.91 to 2.60mm per day for the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Canopy interception ranged from 4 to 20% and stemflow values were approximately 1% of gross precipitation. 
The average runoff coefficient was less than 1%, while cerrado deforestation has the potential to increase that amount up to 20-fold.
The water storage may be estimated by the difference between P and ET.
                                            
                                            
                                        J. Bechet, J. Duc, M. Jaboyedoff, A. Loye, and N. Mathys
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1849–1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1849-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1849-2015, 2015
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                                                High-resolution three-dimensional point clouds are used to analyse erosion processes at the millimetre scale. The processes analysed here play a role in the closure of cracks. We demonstrated how micro-scale infiltration can influence the degradation of soil surface by inducing downward mass movements that are not reversible. This development will aid in designing future experiments to analyse processes such as swelling, crack closure, micro-landslides, etc.
                                            
                                            
                                        R. Hübner, K. Heller, T. Günther, and A. Kleber
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 225–240, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-225-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-225-2015, 2015
                            T. G. Wilson, C. Cortis, N. Montaldo, and J. D. Albertson
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4169–4183, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4169-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4169-2014, 2014
                            P. Schneider, S. Pool, L. Strouhal, and J. Seibert
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 875–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-875-2014, 2014
                            S. Popp, D. Altdorff, and P. Dietrich
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1297–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1297-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1297-2013, 2013
                            J. Klaus, E. Zehe, M. Elsner, C. Külls, and J. J. McDonnell
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 103–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-103-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-103-2013, 2013
                            S. Bachmair and M. Weiler
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 3699–3715, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3699-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3699-2012, 2012
                            F. Tauro, S. Grimaldi, A. Petroselli, M. C. Rulli, and M. Porfiri
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2973–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2973-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2973-2012, 2012
                            B. A. Ebel, E. S. Hinckley, and D. A. Martin
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1401–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1401-2012, 2012
                            G. Romanescu, V. Cotiuga, A. Asandulesei, and C. Stoleriu
                                    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 953–966, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-953-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-953-2012, 2012
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                Short summary
            Pore pressure is important for the trigger of debris slides and flows. But how, exactly, does the pore pressure vary just before a slide happens? We drilled and installed a piezometer 1.6 m below the ground in a hillslope susceptible to debris flows in western Norway and measured pore pressure and water temperature through the years 2010–2013. We found the largest anomaly in our groundwater data during the storm named Hilde in November in 2013, when a debris flow happened in this slope.
            Pore pressure is important for the trigger of debris slides and flows. But how, exactly, does...