Articles | Volume 25, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2915-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2915-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Variations in surface roughness of heterogeneous surfaces in the Nagqu area of the Tibetan Plateau
Maoshan Li
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Atmospheric Sciences/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/ Joint Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
Xiaoran Liu
Climate Center, Meteorological Bureau of Inner Mongolia Autonomous
Region, Huhehot 010051, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
Lei Shu
School of Atmospheric Sciences/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/ Joint Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
Shucheng Yin
School of Atmospheric Sciences/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/ Joint Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
Lingzhi Wang
School of Atmospheric Sciences/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/ Joint Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
Wei Fu
School of Atmospheric Sciences/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province/ Joint Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, Sichuan, China
Yaoming Ma
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China
Yaoxian Yang
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Fanglin Sun
Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
Related authors
Haipeng Yu, Guantian Wang, Zeyong Hu, Yaoming Ma, Maoshan Li, Weiqiang Ma, Lianglei Gu, Fanglin Sun, Hongchun Gao, Shujin Wang, and Fuquan Lu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-356, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-356, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Nagqu Observation Network, located in Central Tibetan Plateau (CTP), has functioned as the primary source of land-atmosphere interaction observations and published a near-surface meteorological observational dataset which spans a period of nine years (2014–2022) with hourly temporal resolution. This dataset will contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of land-atmosphere interactions on the TP and support comprehensive research of the energy-water cycle and climate change.
Binbin Wang, Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Weiqiang Ma, Xuelong Chen, Cunbo Han, Zhipeng Xie, Yuyang Wang, Maoshan Li, Bin Ma, Xingdong Shi, Weimo Li, and Zhengling Cai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-195, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-195, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals distinct patterns in water, heat, and carbon exchange over the Tibetan Plateau. Heat transfer peaks in spring, while water vapor release is highest in summer. Most stations act as carbon sinks, but one in a forested valley is a carbon source, likely due to vegetation loss and human activity. The findings highlight the strong connections between water, heat, and carbon fluxes, offering valuable insights into climate change and weather forecasting.
Maoshan Li, Wei Fu, Na Chang, Ming Gong, Pei Xu, Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Yaoxian Yang, and Fanglin Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-257, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Compared with the plain area, the land-atmosphere interaction on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is intense and complex, which affects the structure of the boundary layer. The observed height of the convective boundary layer on the TP under the influence of the southern branch of the westerly wind was higher than that during the Asian monsoon season. The height of the boundary layer was positively correlated with the sensible heat flux and negatively correlated with latent heat flux.
Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Zhipeng Xie, Weiqiang Ma, Binbin Wang, Xuelong Chen, Maoshan Li, Lei Zhong, Fanglin Sun, Lianglei Gu, Cunbo Han, Lang Zhang, Xin Liu, Zhangwei Ding, Genhou Sun, Shujin Wang, Yongjie Wang, and Zhongyan Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2937–2957, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In comparison with other terrestrial regions of the world, meteorological observations are scarce over the Tibetan Plateau.
This has limited our understanding of the mechanisms underlying complex interactions between the different earth spheres with heterogeneous land surface conditions.
The release of this continuous and long-term dataset with high temporal resolution is expected to facilitate broad multidisciplinary communities in understanding key processes on the
Third Pole of the world.
Haipeng Yu, Guantian Wang, Zeyong Hu, Yaoming Ma, Maoshan Li, Weiqiang Ma, Lianglei Gu, Fanglin Sun, Hongchun Gao, Shujin Wang, and Fuquan Lu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-356, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-356, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The Nagqu Observation Network, located in Central Tibetan Plateau (CTP), has functioned as the primary source of land-atmosphere interaction observations and published a near-surface meteorological observational dataset which spans a period of nine years (2014–2022) with hourly temporal resolution. This dataset will contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of land-atmosphere interactions on the TP and support comprehensive research of the energy-water cycle and climate change.
Binbin Wang, Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Weiqiang Ma, Xuelong Chen, Cunbo Han, Zhipeng Xie, Yuyang Wang, Maoshan Li, Bin Ma, Xingdong Shi, Weimo Li, and Zhengling Cai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-195, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-195, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This study reveals distinct patterns in water, heat, and carbon exchange over the Tibetan Plateau. Heat transfer peaks in spring, while water vapor release is highest in summer. Most stations act as carbon sinks, but one in a forested valley is a carbon source, likely due to vegetation loss and human activity. The findings highlight the strong connections between water, heat, and carbon fluxes, offering valuable insights into climate change and weather forecasting.
Minqiang Zhou, Yilong Wang, Minzheng Duan, Xiangjun Tian, Jinzhi Ding, Jianrong Bi, Yaoming Ma, Weiqiang Ma, and Zhenhua Xi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1293, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1293, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is a key system that impacts the global carbon balance. This study presents the greenhouse gas (GHG) mole fraction measurement campaign in May 2022 at Mt. Qomolangma station, including ground-based remote sensing and in situ measurements. The GHG measurements are carried out in this region for the first time and used for satellite validation.
Cunbo Han, Yaoming Ma, Weiqiang Ma, Fanglin Sun, Yunshuai Zhang, Wei Hu, Hanying Xu, Chunhui Duan, and Zhenhua Xi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1963, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1963, 2024
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Wind speed spectra analysis is very important for understanding boundary layer turbulence characteristics, atmospheric numerical model development, and wind energy assessment. However, wind speed spectra studies in mountainous areas are extremely scarce. In this study, using a 15-year time series of wind speed observed by a PBL tower and eddy-covariance tower at a site on the north slope of Mt. Everest, we investigated the characteristics of wind speed and wind speed spectrum.
Yaoming Ma, Zhipeng Xie, Yingying Chen, Shaomin Liu, Tao Che, Ziwei Xu, Lunyu Shang, Xiaobo He, Xianhong Meng, Weiqiang Ma, Baiqing Xu, Huabiao Zhao, Junbo Wang, Guangjian Wu, and Xin Li
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 3017–3043, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3017-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-3017-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current models and satellites struggle to accurately represent the land–atmosphere (L–A) interactions over the Tibetan Plateau. We present the most extensive compilation of in situ observations to date, comprising 17 years of data on L–A interactions across 12 sites. This quality-assured benchmark dataset provides independent validation to improve models and remote sensing for the region, and it enables new investigations of fine-scale L–A processes and their mechanistic drivers.
Ling Yuan, Xuelong Chen, Yaoming Ma, Cunbo Han, Binbin Wang, and Weiqiang Ma
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 775–801, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-775-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-775-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately monitoring and understanding the spatial–temporal variability of evapotranspiration (ET) components over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remains difficult. Here, 37 years (1982–2018) of monthly ET component data for the TP was produced, and the data are consistent with measurements. The annual average ET for the TP was about 0.93 (± 0.037) × 103 Gt yr−1. The rate of increase of the ET was around 0.96 mm yr−1. The increase in the ET can be explained by warming and wetting of the climate.
Peizhen Li, Lei Zhong, Yaoming Ma, Yunfei Fu, Meilin Cheng, Xian Wang, Yuting Qi, and Zixin Wang
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 9265–9285, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9265-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-9265-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, all-sky downwelling shortwave radiation (DSR) over the entire Tibetan Plateau (TP) at a spatial resolution of 1 km was estimated using an improved parameterization scheme. The influence of topography and different radiative attenuations were comprehensively taken into account. The derived DSR showed good agreement with in situ measurements. The accuracy was better than six other DSR products. The derived DSR also provided more reasonable and detailed spatial patterns.
Pei Zhang, Donghai Zheng, Rogier van der Velde, Jun Wen, Yaoming Ma, Yijian Zeng, Xin Wang, Zuoliang Wang, Jiali Chen, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5513–5542, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Soil moisture and soil temperature (SMST) are important state variables for quantifying the heat–water exchange between land and atmosphere. Yet, long-term, regional-scale in situ SMST measurements at multiple depths are scarce on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). The presented dataset would be valuable for the evaluation and improvement of long-term satellite- and model-based SMST products on the TP, enhancing the understanding of TP hydrometeorological processes and their response to climate change.
Maoshan Li, Wei Fu, Na Chang, Ming Gong, Pei Xu, Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Yaoxian Yang, and Fanglin Sun
Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-257, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2022-257, 2022
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Compared with the plain area, the land-atmosphere interaction on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is intense and complex, which affects the structure of the boundary layer. The observed height of the convective boundary layer on the TP under the influence of the southern branch of the westerly wind was higher than that during the Asian monsoon season. The height of the boundary layer was positively correlated with the sensible heat flux and negatively correlated with latent heat flux.
Yunshuai Zhang, Qian Huang, Yaoming Ma, Jiali Luo, Chan Wang, Zhaoguo Li, and Yan Chou
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 15949–15968, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15949-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15949-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The source region of the Yellow River has an important role in issues related to water resources, ecological environment, and climate changes in China. We utilized large eddy simulation to understand whether the surface heterogeneity promotes or inhibits the boundary-layer turbulence, the great contribution of the thermal circulations induced by surface heterogeneity to the water and heat exchange between land/lake and air. Moreover, the turbulence in key locations is characterized.
Lian Liu, Yaoming Ma, Massimo Menenti, Rongmingzhu Su, Nan Yao, and Weiqiang Ma
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4967–4981, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4967-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4967-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Albedo is a key factor in land surface energy balance, which is difficult to successfully reproduce by models. Here, we select eight snow events on the Tibetan Plateau to evaluate the universal improvements of our improved albedo scheme. The RMSE relative reductions for temperature, albedo, sensible heat flux and snow depth reach 27%, 32%, 13% and 21%, respectively, with remarkable increases in the correlation coefficients. This presents a strong potential of our scheme for modeling snow events.
Zhipeng Xie, Yaoming Ma, Weiqiang Ma, Zeyong Hu, and Genhou Sun
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-260, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2021-260, 2021
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Wind-driven snow transport greatly influences spatial-temporal distribution of snow in mountainous areas. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability of blowing snow is in its infancy because of inaccuracies in satellite-based blowing snow algorithms and the absence of quantitative assessments. Here, we present the spatiotemporal variability and magnitude of blowing snow events, and explore the potential links with ambient meteorological conditions using near surface blowing snow observations.
Cunbo Han, Yaoming Ma, Binbin Wang, Lei Zhong, Weiqiang Ma, Xuelong Chen, and Zhongbo Su
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3513–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3513-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-3513-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Actual terrestrial evapotranspiration (ETa) is a key parameter controlling the land–atmosphere interaction processes and water cycle. However, the spatial distribution and temporal changes in ETa over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remain very uncertain. Here we estimate the multiyear (2001–2018) monthly ETa and its spatial distribution on the TP by a combination of meteorological data and satellite products. Results have been validated at six eddy-covariance monitoring sites and show high accuracy.
Zhipeng Xie, Weiqiang Ma, Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Genhou Sun, Yizhe Han, Wei Hu, Rongmingzhu Su, and Yixi Fan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3783–3804, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3783-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3783-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ground information on the occurrence of blowing snow has been sorely lacking because direct observations of blowing snow are sparse in time and space. In this paper, we investigated the potential capability of the decision tree model to detect blowing snow events in the European Alps. Trained with routine meteorological observations, the decision tree model can be used as an efficient tool to detect blowing snow occurrences across different regions requiring limited meteorological variables.
Yanbin Lei, Tandong Yao, Kun Yang, Lazhu, Yaoming Ma, and Broxton W. Bird
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3163–3177, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3163-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Lake evaporation from Paiku Co on the TP is low in spring and summer and high in autumn and early winter. There is a ~ 5-month lag between net radiation and evaporation due to large lake heat storage. High evaporation and low inflow cause significant lake-level decrease in autumn and early winter, while low evaporation and high inflow cause considerable lake-level increase in summer. This study implies that evaporation can affect the different amplitudes of lake-level variations on the TP.
Ziyu Huang, Lei Zhong, Yaoming Ma, and Yunfei Fu
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 2827–2841, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2827-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-2827-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Spectral nudging is an effective dynamical downscaling method used to improve precipitation simulations of regional climate models (RCMs). However, the biases of the driving fields over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) would possibly introduce extra biases when spectral nudging is applied. The results show that the precipitation simulations were significantly improved when limiting the application of spectral nudging toward the potential temperature and water vapor mixing ratio over the TP.
Genhou Sun, Zeyong Hu, Yaoming Ma, Zhipeng Xie, Jiemin Wang, and Song Yang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 5937–5951, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the influence of soil conditions on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) thermodynamics and convective cloud formations over a typical underlying surface, based on a series of simulations on a sunny day in the Tibetan Plateau, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The real-case simulation and sensitivity simulations indicate that the soil moisture could have a strong impact on PBL thermodynamics, which may be favorable for the convective cloud formations.
Yaoming Ma, Zeyong Hu, Zhipeng Xie, Weiqiang Ma, Binbin Wang, Xuelong Chen, Maoshan Li, Lei Zhong, Fanglin Sun, Lianglei Gu, Cunbo Han, Lang Zhang, Xin Liu, Zhangwei Ding, Genhou Sun, Shujin Wang, Yongjie Wang, and Zhongyan Wang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2937–2957, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2937-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2937-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In comparison with other terrestrial regions of the world, meteorological observations are scarce over the Tibetan Plateau.
This has limited our understanding of the mechanisms underlying complex interactions between the different earth spheres with heterogeneous land surface conditions.
The release of this continuous and long-term dataset with high temporal resolution is expected to facilitate broad multidisciplinary communities in understanding key processes on the
Third Pole of the world.
Felix Nieberding, Christian Wille, Gerardo Fratini, Magnus O. Asmussen, Yuyang Wang, Yaoming Ma, and Torsten Sachs
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2705–2724, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2705-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2705-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first long-term eddy covariance CO2 and H2O flux measurements from the large but underrepresented alpine steppe ecosystem on the central Tibetan Plateau. We applied careful corrections and rigorous quality filtering and analyzed the turbulent flow regime to provide meaningful fluxes. This comprehensive data set allows potential users to put the gas flux dynamics into context with ecosystem properties and potential flux drivers and allows for comparisons with other data sets.
Cited articles
Arino, O., Ramos, J., Kalogirou, V., Defourny, P., and Achard, F.: Glob Cover 2009, in: Proceedings of the living planet Symposium, Edinburgh, UK,
686–689, available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/74498 (last access: 18 February 2011), 2010.
Asrar, G., Myneni, R. B., and Choudhury, B. J. : Spatial heterogeneity in
vegetation canopies and remote sensing of absorbed photosynthetically active
radiation: A modelling study, Remote Sens. Environ., 41, 85–103,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(92)90070-Z, 1992.
Brutsaert, W. A.: Evaporation into the Atmosphere, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 113–121, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1497-6, 1982.
Chen, J., Wang, J., and Mitsuaki, H.: An independent method to determine the
surface roughness length, Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 17, 21–26,
https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1993.01.03, 1993.
Chen, Q. T., Jia, L., Hutjes, R., and Menenti, M.: Estimation of Aerodynamic
Roughness Length over Oasis in the Heihe River Basin by Utilizing Remote
Sensing and Ground Data, Remote Sens., 7, 3690–3709,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70403690, 2015.
Chen, X., Su, Z., Ma, Y., Yang, K., Wen, J., and Zhang, Y.: An improvement of roughness height parameterization of the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) over the Tibetan Plateau, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 52, 607–622, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-056.1, 2013.
Chu, D., Basabta, S., Wang, W., Zhang, Y. L., Liu, L. S., and Shushil, P.: Land Cover Mapping in the Tibet Plateau Using MODIS Imagery, Resour. Sci.,
32, 2152–2159, 2010.
Guan, X. D., Huang, J. P., Guo, N., Bi, J. R., and Wang, G. Y.: Variability
of soil moisture and its relationship with surface albedo and soil thermal
parameters over the Loess Plateau, Adv. Atmos. Sci., 26, 692–700, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-8198-0, 2009.
He, J., Yang, K., Tang, W., Lu, H., Qin, J., and Chen, Y.: The first high-resolution meteorological forcing dataset for land process studies over
China, Scient. Data, 7, 25, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0369-y, 2020.
Högström, U.: Review of Some Characteristics of the Atmospheric Surface Layer, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 78, 215–246, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00120937, 1996.
Irannejad, P. and Shao, Y. P.: Description and validation of the
atmosphere-land-surface interaction scheme (ALSIS) with HAPEX and Cabauw data, Global Planet. Change, 19, 87–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(98)00043-5, 1998.
Jane, Q.: The third pole, Nature, 454, 393–396, 2008.
Jia, L.: The Characteristics of Roughness Length for Heat and Its Influence
on Determination of Sensible Heat Flux in Arid Zone, Plateau Meteorol., 19, 495–503, 2000.
Li, J. L., Hong, Z. X., and Sun, S. F.: An Observational Experiment on the
Atmospheric Boundary Layer in Gerze Area of the Tibetan Plateau, Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 301–312, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10011-000-0335-3, 2000.
Li, L., Chen, X. G., Wang, Z. Y., Xu, W. X., and Tang, H. Y.: Climate Change
and Its Regional Differences over the Tibetan Plateau, Adv. Clim. Change Res., 6, 181–186, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1719.2010.03.005, 2010.
Li, M., and Liu, X.: code_for calculate z0m in Matlab, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4797701, 2021.
Liu, J., Zhou, M., and Hu, Y.: Discussion on the Terrain Aerodynamic Roughness, Ecol. Environ., 16, 1829–1836, 2007.
Luo, S., Lü, S., and Yu, Z.: Development and validation of the frozen soil parameterization scheme in Common Land Model, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 55, 130–140, 2009.
Ma, Y.: A long-term dataset of integrated land-atmosphere interaction observations on the Tibetan Plateau (2005–2016), National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, https://doi.org/10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc.270910, 2020.
Ma, Y. and Wang, J. M.: Analysis of Aerodynamic and Thermodynamic Parameters on the Grassy Marshland Surface of Tibetan Plateau, Prog. Nat. Sci., 12, 36–40, 2002.
Ma, Y., Tsukamoto, O., Wang, J. M., Ishikawa, H., and Tamagawa, I.: Analysis
of aerodynamic and thermodynamic parameters on the grassy marshland surface
of Tibetan Plateau, Prog. Nat. Sci., 12, 36–40, 2002.
Ma, Y., Yao, T., Wang, J., and Hu, Z.: The Study on the Land Surface Heat
Fluxes over Heterogeneous Landscape of the Tibetan Plateau, Adv. Earth Sci., 21, 1215–1223, 2006.
Massman, W.: An analytical one-dimensional model of momentum transfer by
vegetation of arbitrary structure, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 83, 407–421, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1000234813011, 1997.
Massman, W. and Weil, J. C.: An analytical one-dimensional second-order closure model of turbulence statistics and the Lagrangian time scale within
and above plant canopies of arbitrary structure, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 91, 81–107, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1001810204560, 1999.
Monin, A. and Obukhov A.: Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the atmosphere
near the ground, Tr. Akad. Nauk SSSR Geofiz. Inst., 24, 163–187, 1954.
Moran, M . S., Clarke, T. H., Inone, Y., and Vidal, A.: Estimating crop water deficit using the relation between surface-air temperature and spectral vegetation index, Remeot Sens. Environ., 49, 246–263,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)90020-5, 1994.
Panosky, H. A. and Dutton, J. A.: Atmospheric Turbulence: Models and Methods for Engineering Applications, John Wiley, New York, 1–399, 1984.
Pierce, L. L., Walker, J., and Downling, T. I.: Ecological change in the
Murry-Darling Basin – III: A simulation of regional hydrological changes, J. Appl. Ecol., 30, 283–294, 1992.
Raupach, M. R.: Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness lengh and
zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 71, 211–216, 1994.
Shao, Y.: Phtsics and Modeling of Wind Erosion, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London, 1–452, 2000.
Smirnova, T. G., Brown, J. M., Benjamin, S. G., and Kenyon, J. S.: Modifications to the rapid update cycle land surface model (RUC LSM)
available in the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, Mon. Weather
Rev., 144, 1851–1865, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0198.1, 2016.
Stanhill, G.: A simple instrument for the field measurement of turbulent diffusion flux, J. Appl. Meteorol., 8, 509–513, 1969.
Su, Z.: Remote Sensing Applied to Hydrology: The Sauer River Basin Study,
PhD Thesis, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 1996
Tao, S. Y., Chen, L. S., and Xu, X. D.: Progresses of the Theoretical Study
in the Second Tibetan Plateau Experiment of Atmospheric Sciences (Part I),
China Meteorological Press, Beijing, 1–348, 1998.
Wang, J.: Land Surface Process Experiments and Interaction Study in China – from HEIFE to Imgrass and GAME-TIBET/TIPEX, Plateau Meteorol., 18, 280–294, 1999.
Wu, G. and Zhang, Y.: Tibetan Plateau forcing and timing of the Mon-soon onset over south Asia and the south China sea, Mon. Weather Rev., 4, 913–927, 1998.
Wu, G. and Zhang, Y.: Thermal and Mechanical Forcing of the Tibetan Plateau
and Asian Monsoon Onset Part: Timing of the Onset, Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 52–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00731-4, 1999.
Wu, G. X., Mao, J. Y., and Duan, A. M.: Recent progress in the study on the impact of Tibetan Plateau on Asian summer climate, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 62, 528–540, 2004.
Wu, G. X., Liu, Y. M., Liu, X., Duan, A. M., and Liang, X. Y.: How the heating over the Tibetan Plateau affects the Asian climate in summer, Chin. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 47–56, https://doi.org/10.1360/gs050303, 2005.
Wu, X. M., Ma, W. Q., and Ma, Y. M.: Observation and Simulation Analyses on
Characteristics of Land Surface Heat Flux in Noethern TibetanPlateau in Summer, Plateau Meteorol., 32, 1246–1252, 2013.
Xie, Z. P., Hu, Z. Y., Liu, H. L., Sun, G. H., Yang, Y., Lin, Y., and Huang,
F. F.: Evaluation of the Surface Energy Exchange Simulations of Land Surface
Model CLM4.5 in Alpine Meadow over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Plateau
Meteorol., 36, 1–12, 2017.
Xu, L. J., Liu, H. Z., Xu X. D., Du, Q., and Wang, L.: Applicability of WRF
model to the simulation of atmospheric boundary layer in Nagqu area of Tibetan Plateau, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 76, 955–967, 2018.
Yang M. X., and Yao T. D.: A Review of the Study on the Impact of Snow Cover
in the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Monsoon, J. Glaciol. Geocryl., 20, 90–95, 1998.
Ye, D. Z. and Wu, G. X.: The role of heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in
the general circulation, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 67, 181–198, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01277509, 1998.
Zhang, G., Zhou, G. S., and Chen, F.: Analysis of Parameter Sensitivity on
Surface Heat Exchange in the Noah Land Surface Model at a Temperate Desert
Steppe Site in China, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 31, 1167–1182,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-017-7050-1, 2017.
Zhang, Q. and Lv, S. H.: The Determination of Roughness Length over City Surface, Plateau Meteorol., 22, 24–32, 2003.
Zhang, Y., Yan, D., Wen, X., Li, D., Zheng, Z., Zhu, X., Wang, B., Wang, C., and Wang, L.: Comparative analysis of the meteorological elements simulated by different land surface process schemes in the WRF model in the Yellow River source region, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 139, 145–162, 2020.
Zhang, Y. S. and Wu, G. X.: Diasnostic Investigations of Mechanism of Onset
of Asian Summer Monsoon and Abrupt Seasonal Transitions Over Northern
Hemisphere PartI, Acta Meteorol. Sin., 56, 2–17, https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb1998.047, 1998.
Zhou, X. J., Zhao, P., Chen, J. M., Chen, L. X., and Li, W. L.: Impacts of
Thermodynamic Processes over the Tibetan Plateau on the Northern Hemispheric
Climate, Sci. China Ser. D, 52, 1679–1693, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0194-9, 2009.
Zhou, Y. L., Ju, W., Sun, X., Wen, X. F., and Guan, D.: Significant decrease
of uncertainties in sensible heat flux simulation using temporally variable
aerodynamic roughness in two typical forest ecosystems of China, J. Appl.
Meteorol. Clim., 51, 1099–1110, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0243.1, 2012.
Zhou, Y., Xu, W., Bai, A., Zhang, J., Liu, X., and Ouyang, J. F.: Dynamic
Snow-melting Process and its Relationship with Air Temperature in Tuotuohe,
TibetanPlateau, Plateau Meteorol., 36, 24–32, 2017.
Short summary
In this study, using MODIS satellite data and site atmospheric turbulence observation data in the Nagqu area of the northern Tibetan Plateau, with the Massman-retrieved model and a single height observation to determine aerodynamic surface roughness, temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the surface roughness were analyzed. The result is feasible, and it can be applied to improve the model parameters of the land surface model and the accuracy of model simulation in future work.
In this study, using MODIS satellite data and site atmospheric turbulence observation data in...