Articles | Volume 23, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1375-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1375-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Mar 2019
Research article |
| 11 Mar 2019
| 11 Mar 2019
Combining continuous spatial and temporal scales for SGD investigations using UAV-based thermal infrared measurements
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, T. Lieser Str. 4,
06120 Halle, Germany
Christian Siebert
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, T. Lieser Str. 4,
06120 Halle, Germany
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Cited
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Artificial Intelligence Search Strategies for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Applied for Submarine Groundwater Discharge Site Investigation C. Tholen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010007
- 中国近岸海底地下水排泄<bold>(SGD)</bold>研究进展 艳. 张 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2021-0216
- Georectifying drone image data over water surfaces without fixed ground control: Methodology, uncertainty assessment and application over an estuarine environment J. Watts et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108853
- A State-Of-The-Art Perspective on the Characterization of Subterranean Estuaries at the Regional Scale N. Moosdorf et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.601293
- In situ observations of turbulent ship wakes and their spatiotemporal extent A. Nylund et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1285-2021
- Remote Sensing and Geophysical Applications in the Dead Sea Region: Insights, Trends, and Advances D. Closson & A. Djamil https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15020050
- Delayed subsidence of the Dead Sea shore due to hydro-meteorological changes S. Vey et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91949-y
- Drones address an observational blind spot for biological oceanography P. Gray et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2472
- Groundwater discharge tracing for a large Ice-Covered lake in the Tibetan Plateau: Integrated satellite remote sensing data, chemical components and isotopes (D, 18O, and 222Rn) F. Liao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127741
- Advances in the study of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in China Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9946-x
- High-resolution observations of submarine groundwater discharge reveal the fine spatial and temporal scales of nutrient exposure on a coral reef: Faga'alu, AS F. Oberle et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02245-8
- Investigation of the Spatio-Temporal Behaviour of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Using a Low-Cost Multi-Sensor-Platform C. Tholen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080802
- Drone thermal imaging and benthic time-series analysis show dynamic spatial and temporal delivery of submarine groundwater discharge on reef ecosystems S. Zummo et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333712
- Small Unmanned Aircraft (sUAS)-Deployed Thermal Infrared (TIR) Imaging for Environmental Surveys with Implications in Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD): Methods, Challenges, and Novel Opportunities K. Young & S. Pradhanang https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071331
- A Vision on a UNESCO Global Geopark at the Southeastern Dead Sea in Jordan—How Natural Hazards May Offer Geotourism Opportunities D. Al-Halbouni et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040553
- Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) in Hydrology: A Review M. Vélez-Nicolás et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071359
- Aerial Drone Imaging in Alongshore Marine Ecosystems: Small-Scale Detection of a Coastal Spring System in the North-Eastern Adriatic Sea G. Savonitto et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194864
- Submarine groundwater discharge into a temperate tidal basin: Mapping and characterization by a multi-method and multi-scale approach E. Erkul et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109445
- Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater D. Arévalo-Martínez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023
- Monitoring Water Diversity and Water Quality with Remote Sensing and Traits A. Lausch et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132425
20 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Artificial Intelligence Search Strategies for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Applied for Submarine Groundwater Discharge Site Investigation C. Tholen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010007
- 中国近岸海底地下水排泄<bold>(SGD)</bold>研究进展 艳. 张 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2021-0216
- Georectifying drone image data over water surfaces without fixed ground control: Methodology, uncertainty assessment and application over an estuarine environment J. Watts et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2024.108853
- A State-Of-The-Art Perspective on the Characterization of Subterranean Estuaries at the Regional Scale N. Moosdorf et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.601293
- In situ observations of turbulent ship wakes and their spatiotemporal extent A. Nylund et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1285-2021
- Remote Sensing and Geophysical Applications in the Dead Sea Region: Insights, Trends, and Advances D. Closson & A. Djamil https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15020050
- Delayed subsidence of the Dead Sea shore due to hydro-meteorological changes S. Vey et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91949-y
- Drones address an observational blind spot for biological oceanography P. Gray et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2472
- Groundwater discharge tracing for a large Ice-Covered lake in the Tibetan Plateau: Integrated satellite remote sensing data, chemical components and isotopes (D, 18O, and 222Rn) F. Liao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127741
- Advances in the study of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in China Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9946-x
- High-resolution observations of submarine groundwater discharge reveal the fine spatial and temporal scales of nutrient exposure on a coral reef: Faga'alu, AS F. Oberle et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02245-8
- Investigation of the Spatio-Temporal Behaviour of Submarine Groundwater Discharge Using a Low-Cost Multi-Sensor-Platform C. Tholen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080802
- Drone thermal imaging and benthic time-series analysis show dynamic spatial and temporal delivery of submarine groundwater discharge on reef ecosystems S. Zummo et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333712
- Small Unmanned Aircraft (sUAS)-Deployed Thermal Infrared (TIR) Imaging for Environmental Surveys with Implications in Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD): Methods, Challenges, and Novel Opportunities K. Young & S. Pradhanang https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071331
- A Vision on a UNESCO Global Geopark at the Southeastern Dead Sea in Jordan—How Natural Hazards May Offer Geotourism Opportunities D. Al-Halbouni et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11040553
- Applications of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) in Hydrology: A Review M. Vélez-Nicolás et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13071359
- Aerial Drone Imaging in Alongshore Marine Ecosystems: Small-Scale Detection of a Coastal Spring System in the North-Eastern Adriatic Sea G. Savonitto et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15194864
- Submarine groundwater discharge into a temperate tidal basin: Mapping and characterization by a multi-method and multi-scale approach E. Erkul et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2025.109445
- Ideas and perspectives: Land–ocean connectivity through groundwater D. Arévalo-Martínez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-647-2023
- Monitoring Water Diversity and Water Quality with Remote Sensing and Traits A. Lausch et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16132425
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 15 Aug 2026
Short summary
Submarine groundwater discharge is highly variable in spatial and temporal terms. With a novel approach using a hovering drone over a predefined location which recorded 670 surface temperatures images over a period of 167 s, we are able to (i) enhance focused SGD patterns otherwise camouflaged by strong lateral flow dynamics, (ii) show size variation of up to 155 % (focused SGD) and 600 % (diffuse SGD), and (iii) reveal short-term periodicity of the order of 20 to 78 s for diffuse SGD.
Submarine groundwater discharge is highly variable in spatial and temporal terms. With a novel...
