Articles | Volume 22, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6611-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6611-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Dec 2018
Research article |
| 21 Dec 2018
| 21 Dec 2018
Developing a drought-monitoring index for the contiguous US using SMAP
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, 59 Olden St, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Eric F. Wood
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, 59 Olden St, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, 59 Olden St, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Cited
38 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Satellite-Based Assessment of Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in Mainland Southeast Asia Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3190438
- Satellite-based land surface temperature and soil moisture observations accurately predict soil respiration in temperate deciduous and coniferous forests L. Weiland et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109618
- Combining hyper-resolution land surface modeling with SMAP brightness temperatures to obtain 30-m soil moisture estimates N. Vergopolan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111740
- A global near-real-time soil moisture index monitor for food security using integrated SMOS and SMAP S. Sadri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111864
- Application of high-resolution meteorological data from NCAM-WRF to characterize agricultural drought in small-scale farmlands based on soil moisture deficit M. Hong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106494
- SMAP products for prediction of surface soil moisture by ELM network model and agricultural drought index A. Karamvand et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-022-00973-7
- Continental drought monitoring using satellite soil moisture, data assimilation and an integrated drought index L. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112028
- Gaussianizing the Earth: Multidimensional information measures for Earth data analysis J. Johnson et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2021.3066260
- Multi-scale EO-based agricultural drought monitoring indicator for operative irrigation networks management in Italy C. Corbari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101732
- Unraveling drought impacts on winter wheat yield in the Yellow River Basin: A coupled drought index–crop modeling framework Y. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110643
- Monitoring Soil Moisture Drought over Northern High Latitudes from Space J. Blyverket et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101200
- Hydrologic Consistency of Multi-Sensor Drought Observations in Forested Environments K. Andreadis et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050852
- STUDY ON REMOTE SENSING MONITORING MODEL OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT BASED ON RANDOM FOREST DEVIATION CORRECTION S. Li & X. Xu https://doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-64-41
- Exploring SMAP and OCO-2 observations to monitor soil moisture control on photosynthetic activity of global drylands and croplands A. Gonsamo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111314
- Robustness of Vegetation Optical Depth Retrievals Based on L-Band Global Radiometry D. Chaparro et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3201581
- Development of low latency, high resolution SMAP soil moisture retrievals in support of near-real-time applications Y. Kwon et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1854083
- Occurrence of drought events at the land–atmosphere interface in Central Asia assessed via advanced microwave scanning radiometer data P. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7655
- Dynamic evolution of recent droughts in Central Asia based on microwave remote sensing satellite products P. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129497
- SMAP underestimates soil moisture in vegetation-disturbed areas primarily as a result of biased surface temperature data X. Fan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111914
- Non-overlap of suitable areas of agro-climatic resources and main planting areas is the main reason for potato drought disaster in Inner Mongolia, China D. Riao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108033
- Assessing National Water Model Soil Moisture Performance in Puerto Rico Using In Situ and Satellite Observations G. Trossi-Torres et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18050590
- Global spatiotemporal consistency between meteorological and soil moisture drought indices M. Afshar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108848
- Global Soil Moisture Estimation based on GPM IMERG Data using a Site Specific Adjusted Antecedent Precipitation Index T. Ramsauer & P. Marzahn https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2022.2162351
- Soil moisture as an essential component for delineating and forecasting agricultural rather than meteorological drought S. Chatterjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112833
- Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Salinity Derived from Satellite-Borne Sensors J. Boutin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09798-5
- Quasi-SMAP: A SMAP-Referenced Long-Term Daily Surface Soil Moisture Record From 1981 to 2022 Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2026.3701537
- Multicomponent Satellite Assessment of Drought Severity in the Contiguous United States From 2002 to 2017 Using AMSR‐E and AMSR2 J. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024633
- Global Flash Drought Monitoring Using Surface Soil Moisture V. Sehgal et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR029901
- Assessing CYGNSS Satellite Soil Moisture Data for Drought Monitoring with Multiple Datasets and Indicators Z. Hou & Z. Pu https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010116
- A roadmap for high-resolution satellite soil moisture applications – confronting product characteristics with user requirements J. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112162
- FarmCan: a physical, statistical, and machine learning model to forecast crop water deficit for farms S. Sadri et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5373-2022
- Propagation in the Drought Cascade: Observational Analysis Over the Continental US D. Entekhabi https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032608
- Trapezoid-based surface soil moisture retrieval using a pixel-to-pixel scheme: A preliminary result over the North China Plain P. Leng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128350
- Microwave remote sensing for agricultural drought monitoring: Recent developments and challenges M. Vreugdenhil et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.1045451
- How Does Precipitation Data Influence the Land Surface Data Assimilation Drought Monitoring? K. Gavahi et al. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3993358
- How does precipitation data influence the land surface data assimilation for drought monitoring? K. Gavahi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154916
- The 18O ecohydrology of a grassland ecosystem – predictions and observations R. Hirl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2581-2019
- Comparison of soil moisture at different depths for drought monitoring based on improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index Z. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2021.08.008
38 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Satellite-Based Assessment of Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in Mainland Southeast Asia Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3190438
- Satellite-based land surface temperature and soil moisture observations accurately predict soil respiration in temperate deciduous and coniferous forests L. Weiland et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109618
- Combining hyper-resolution land surface modeling with SMAP brightness temperatures to obtain 30-m soil moisture estimates N. Vergopolan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111740
- A global near-real-time soil moisture index monitor for food security using integrated SMOS and SMAP S. Sadri et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111864
- Application of high-resolution meteorological data from NCAM-WRF to characterize agricultural drought in small-scale farmlands based on soil moisture deficit M. Hong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106494
- SMAP products for prediction of surface soil moisture by ELM network model and agricultural drought index A. Karamvand et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-022-00973-7
- Continental drought monitoring using satellite soil moisture, data assimilation and an integrated drought index L. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112028
- Gaussianizing the Earth: Multidimensional information measures for Earth data analysis J. Johnson et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/MGRS.2021.3066260
- Multi-scale EO-based agricultural drought monitoring indicator for operative irrigation networks management in Italy C. Corbari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101732
- Unraveling drought impacts on winter wheat yield in the Yellow River Basin: A coupled drought index–crop modeling framework Y. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2026.110643
- Monitoring Soil Moisture Drought over Northern High Latitudes from Space J. Blyverket et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11101200
- Hydrologic Consistency of Multi-Sensor Drought Observations in Forested Environments K. Andreadis et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050852
- STUDY ON REMOTE SENSING MONITORING MODEL OF AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT BASED ON RANDOM FOREST DEVIATION CORRECTION S. Li & X. Xu https://doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-64-41
- Exploring SMAP and OCO-2 observations to monitor soil moisture control on photosynthetic activity of global drylands and croplands A. Gonsamo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111314
- Robustness of Vegetation Optical Depth Retrievals Based on L-Band Global Radiometry D. Chaparro et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3201581
- Development of low latency, high resolution SMAP soil moisture retrievals in support of near-real-time applications Y. Kwon et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2026.1854083
- Occurrence of drought events at the land–atmosphere interface in Central Asia assessed via advanced microwave scanning radiometer data P. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7655
- Dynamic evolution of recent droughts in Central Asia based on microwave remote sensing satellite products P. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129497
- SMAP underestimates soil moisture in vegetation-disturbed areas primarily as a result of biased surface temperature data X. Fan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111914
- Non-overlap of suitable areas of agro-climatic resources and main planting areas is the main reason for potato drought disaster in Inner Mongolia, China D. Riao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108033
- Assessing National Water Model Soil Moisture Performance in Puerto Rico Using In Situ and Satellite Observations G. Trossi-Torres et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w18050590
- Global spatiotemporal consistency between meteorological and soil moisture drought indices M. Afshar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.108848
- Global Soil Moisture Estimation based on GPM IMERG Data using a Site Specific Adjusted Antecedent Precipitation Index T. Ramsauer & P. Marzahn https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2022.2162351
- Soil moisture as an essential component for delineating and forecasting agricultural rather than meteorological drought S. Chatterjee et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112833
- Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Salinity Derived from Satellite-Borne Sensors J. Boutin et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09798-5
- Quasi-SMAP: A SMAP-Referenced Long-Term Daily Surface Soil Moisture Record From 1981 to 2022 Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2026.3701537
- Multicomponent Satellite Assessment of Drought Severity in the Contiguous United States From 2002 to 2017 Using AMSR‐E and AMSR2 J. Du et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024633
- Global Flash Drought Monitoring Using Surface Soil Moisture V. Sehgal et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR029901
- Assessing CYGNSS Satellite Soil Moisture Data for Drought Monitoring with Multiple Datasets and Indicators Z. Hou & Z. Pu https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010116
- A roadmap for high-resolution satellite soil moisture applications – confronting product characteristics with user requirements J. Peng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112162
- FarmCan: a physical, statistical, and machine learning model to forecast crop water deficit for farms S. Sadri et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5373-2022
- Propagation in the Drought Cascade: Observational Analysis Over the Continental US D. Entekhabi https://doi.org/10.1029/2022WR032608
- Trapezoid-based surface soil moisture retrieval using a pixel-to-pixel scheme: A preliminary result over the North China Plain P. Leng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128350
- Microwave remote sensing for agricultural drought monitoring: Recent developments and challenges M. Vreugdenhil et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.1045451
- How Does Precipitation Data Influence the Land Surface Data Assimilation Drought Monitoring? K. Gavahi et al. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3993358
- How does precipitation data influence the land surface data assimilation for drought monitoring? K. Gavahi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154916
- The 18O ecohydrology of a grassland ecosystem – predictions and observations R. Hirl et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2581-2019
- Comparison of soil moisture at different depths for drought monitoring based on improved soil moisture anomaly percentage index Z. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2021.08.008
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 25 Oct 2026
Short summary
Of particular interest to NASA's SMAP-based agricultural applications is a monitoring product that assesses near-surface soil moisture in terms of probability percentiles for dry and wet conditions. However, the short SMAP record length poses a statistical challenge for the meaningful assessment of its indices. This study presents initial insights about using SMAP Level 3 and Level 4 for monitoring drought and pluvial regions with a first application over the contiguous United States (CONUS).
Of particular interest to NASA's SMAP-based agricultural applications is a monitoring product...
