Articles | Volume 22, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3983-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3983-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note: Assessment of observation quality for data assimilation in flood models
Joanne A. Waller
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Javier García-Pintado
School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
David C. Mason
School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Sarah L. Dance
School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Nancy K. Nichols
School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Related authors
No articles found.
Helen Hooker, Sarah Dance, David Mason, John Bevington, and Kay Shelton
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-178, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2024-178, 2024
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This study introduces a method that uses satellite data to enhance flood map selection for forecast-based financing applications. Tested on the 2022 Pakistan floods, it successfully triggered flood maps in four out of five regions, including those with urban areas. The approach ensures timely humanitarian aid by updating flood maps, even when initial triggers are missed, aiding in better disaster preparedness and risk management.
Helen Hooker, Sarah L. Dance, David C. Mason, John Bevington, and Kay Shelton
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2769–2785, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ensemble forecasts of flood inundation produce maps indicating the probability of flooding. A new approach is presented to evaluate the spatial performance of an ensemble flood map forecast by comparison against remotely observed flooding extents. This is important for understanding forecast uncertainties and improving flood forecasting systems.
Gwyneth Matthews, Christopher Barnard, Hannah Cloke, Sarah L. Dance, Toni Jurlina, Cinzia Mazzetti, and Christel Prudhomme
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2939–2968, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2939-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2939-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The European Flood Awareness System creates flood forecasts for up to 15 d in the future for the whole of Europe which are made available to local authorities. These forecasts can be erroneous because the weather forecasts include errors or because the hydrological model used does not represent the flow in the rivers correctly. We found that, by using recent observations and a model trained with past observations and forecasts, the real-time forecast can be corrected, thus becoming more useful.
Remy Vandaele, Sarah L. Dance, and Varun Ojha
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4435–4453, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4435-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4435-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The acquisition of river-level data is a critical task for the understanding of flood events but is often complicated by the difficulty to install and maintain gauges able to provide such information. This study proposes applying deep learning techniques on river-camera images in order to automatically extract the corresponding water levels. This approach could allow for a new flexible way to observe flood events, especially at ungauged locations.
Concetta Di Mauro, Renaud Hostache, Patrick Matgen, Ramona Pelich, Marco Chini, Peter Jan van Leeuwen, Nancy K. Nichols, and Günter Blöschl
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4081–4097, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4081-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4081-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates how the sequential assimilation of flood extent derived from synthetic aperture radar data can help improve flood forecasting. In particular, we carried out twin experiments based on a synthetically generated dataset with controlled uncertainty. Our empirical results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed data assimilation framework, as forecasting errors are substantially reduced as a result of the assimilation.
Sean F. Cleator, Sandy P. Harrison, Nancy K. Nichols, I. Colin Prentice, and Ian Roulstone
Clim. Past, 16, 699–712, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-699-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-699-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present geographically explicit reconstructions of seasonal temperature and annual moisture variables at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 21 000 years ago. The reconstructions use existing site-based estimates of climate, interpolated in space and time in a physically consistent way using climate model simulations. The reconstructions give a much better picture of the LGM climate and will provide a robust evaluation of how well state-of-the-art climate models simulate large climate changes.
Elizabeth S. Cooper, Sarah L. Dance, Javier García-Pintado, Nancy K. Nichols, and Polly J. Smith
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2541–2559, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2541-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2541-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Flooding from rivers is a huge and costly problem worldwide. Computer simulations can help to warn people if and when they are likely to be affected by river floodwater, but such predictions are not always accurate or reliable. Information about flood extent from satellites can help to keep these forecasts on track. Here we investigate different ways of using information from satellite images and look at the effect on computer predictions. This will help to develop flood warning systems.
Bertrand Bonan, Nancy K. Nichols, Michael J. Baines, and Dale Partridge
Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 24, 515–534, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-515-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-24-515-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We develop data assimilation techniques for numerical models using moving mesh methods. Moving meshes are valuable for explicitly tracking interfaces and boundaries in evolving systems. The application of the techniques is demonstrated on a one-dimensional
model of an ice sheet. It is shown, using various types of observations, that
the techniques predict the evolution of the edges of the ice sheet and its height accurately and efficiently.
Sylvain Delahaies, Ian Roulstone, and Nancy Nichols
Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 2635–2650, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2635-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2635-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon is a fundamental constituent of life and understanding its global cycle is a key challenge for the modelling of the Earth system. We use a variational method to estimate parameters and initial conditions for the carbon cycle model DALECv2 using multiple sources of observations. We develop a methodology that helps understanding the nature of the inverse problem and evaluating solution strategies, then we demonstrate the efficiency of the variational method in an experiment using real data.
B. Bonan, M. J. Baines, N. K. Nichols, and D. Partridge
The Cryosphere, 10, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper introduce a moving-point approach to model the flow of ice sheets. This particular moving-grid numerical approach is based on the conservation of local masses. This allows the ice sheet margins to be tracked explicitly. A finite-difference moving-point scheme is derived and applied in a simplified context (1-D). The conservation method is also suitable for 2-D scenarios. This paper is a first step towards applications of the conservation method to realistic 2-D cases.
Related subject area
Subject: Engineering Hydrology | Techniques and Approaches: Uncertainty analysis
A comprehensive uncertainty framework for historical flood frequency analysis: a 500-year-long case study
Bayesian calibration of a flood simulator using binary flood extent observations
Intercomparison of global reanalysis precipitation for flood risk modelling
Seamless streamflow forecasting at daily to monthly scales: MuTHRE lets you have your cake and eat it too
An uncertainty partition approach for inferring interactive hydrologic risks
Predicting discharge capacity of vegetated compound channels: uncertainty and identifiability of one-dimensional process-based models
Uncertainty quantification of floodplain friction in hydrodynamic models
Developing a drought-monitoring index for the contiguous US using SMAP
Sedimentation monitoring including uncertainty analysis in complex floodplains: a case study in the Mekong Delta
Assessing the impact of uncertainty on flood risk estimates with reliability analysis using 1-D and 2-D hydraulic models
The transferability of hydrological models under nonstationary climatic conditions
Why hydrological predictions should be evaluated using information theory
Spatial uncertainty assessment in modelling reference evapotranspiration at regional scale
Confidence intervals for the coefficient of L-variation in hydrological applications
Possibilistic uncertainty analysis of a conceptual model of snowmelt runoff
Mathieu Lucas, Michel Lang, Benjamin Renard, and Jérôme Le Coz
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5031–5047, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5031-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5031-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The proposed flood frequency model accounts for uncertainty in the perception threshold S and the starting date of the historical period. Using a 500-year-long case study, inclusion of historical floods reduces the uncertainty in flood quantiles, even when only the number of exceedances of S is known. Ignoring threshold uncertainty leads to underestimated flood quantile uncertainty. This underlines the value of using a comprehensive framework for uncertainty estimation.
Mariano Balbi and David Charles Bonaventure Lallemant
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1089–1108, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1089-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1089-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We proposed a methodology to obtain useful and robust probabilistic predictions from computational flood simulators using satellite-borne flood extent observations. We developed a Bayesian framework to obtain the uncertainty in roughness parameters, in observations errors, and in simulator structural deficiencies. We found that it can yield improvements in predictions relative to current methodologies and can potentially lead to consistent ways of combining data from different sources.
Fergus McClean, Richard Dawson, and Chris Kilsby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 331–347, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-331-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-331-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reanalysis datasets are increasingly used to drive flood models, especially for continental and global analysis. We investigate the impact of using four reanalysis products on simulations of past flood events. All reanalysis products underestimated the number of buildings inundated, compared to a benchmark national dataset. These findings show that while global reanalyses provide a useful resource for flood modelling where no other data are available, they may underestimate impact in some cases.
David McInerney, Mark Thyer, Dmitri Kavetski, Richard Laugesen, Fitsum Woldemeskel, Narendra Tuteja, and George Kuczera
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5669–5683, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5669-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5669-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Streamflow forecasts a day to a month ahead are highly valuable for water resources management. Current practice often develops forecasts for specific lead times and aggregation timescales. In contrast, a single, seamless forecast can serve multiple lead times/timescales. This study shows seamless forecasts can match the performance of forecasts developed specifically at the monthly scale, while maintaining quality at other lead times. Hence, users need not sacrifice capability for performance.
Yurui Fan, Kai Huang, Guohe Huang, Yongping Li, and Feng Wang
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4601–4624, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4601-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4601-2020, 2020
Adam Kiczko, Kaisa Västilä, Adam Kozioł, Janusz Kubrak, Elżbieta Kubrak, and Marcin Krukowski
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 4135–4167, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4135-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4135-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The study compares the uncertainty of discharge curves for vegetated channels, calculated using several methods, including the simplest ones, based on the Manning formula and advanced approaches, providing a detailed physical representation of the channel flow processes. Parameters of each method were identified for the same data sets. The outcomes of the study include the widths of confidence intervals, showing which method was the most successful in explaining observations.
Guilherme Luiz Dalledonne, Rebekka Kopmann, and Thomas Brudy-Zippelius
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3373–3385, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3373-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3373-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents how the concept of uncertainty quantification can be applied to river engineering problems and how important it is to understand the limitations of numerical models from a probabilistic point of view. We investigated floodplain friction formulations using different uncertainty quantification methods and estimated their contribution in the final results. The analysis of uncertainties is planned to be integrated in future projects and also extended to more complex scenarios.
Sara Sadri, Eric F. Wood, and Ming Pan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 6611–6626, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6611-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6611-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Of particular interest to NASA's SMAP-based agricultural applications is a monitoring product that assesses near-surface soil moisture in terms of probability percentiles for dry and wet conditions. However, the short SMAP record length poses a statistical challenge for the meaningful assessment of its indices. This study presents initial insights about using SMAP Level 3 and Level 4 for monitoring drought and pluvial regions with a first application over the contiguous United States (CONUS).
N. V. Manh, B. Merz, and H. Apel
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3039–3057, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3039-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3039-2013, 2013
L. Altarejos-García, M. L. Martínez-Chenoll, I. Escuder-Bueno, and A. Serrano-Lombillo
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1895–1914, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1895-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1895-2012, 2012
C. Z. Li, L. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Q. Zhang, F. L. Yu, and D. H. Yan
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1239–1254, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1239-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1239-2012, 2012
S. V. Weijs, G. Schoups, and N. van de Giesen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2545–2558, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2545-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2545-2010, 2010
G. Buttafuoco, T. Caloiero, and R. Coscarelli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2319–2327, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2319-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2319-2010, 2010
A. Viglione
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 2229–2242, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2229-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-2229-2010, 2010
A. P. Jacquin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1681–1695, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1681-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1681-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Andreadis, K. M., Clark, E. A., Lettenmaier, D. P., and Alsdorf, D. E.:
Prospects for river discharge and depth estimation through assimilation of
swath-altimetry into a raster-based hydrodynamics model, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
34, L10403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029721, 2007. a
Bates, P. and Roo, A. D.: A simple raster-based model for flood inundation
simulation, J. Hydrol., 236, 54–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00278-X, 2000. a
Bormann, N., Bonavita, M., Dragani, R., Eresmaa, R., Matricardi, M., and
McNally, A.: Enhancing the impact of IASI observations through an updated
observation-error covariance matrix, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 1767–1780,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2774, 2016. a
Campbell, W. F., Satterfield, E. A., Ruston, B., and Baker, N. L.: Accounting
for Correlated Observation Error in a Dual-Formulation 4D Variational Data
Assimilation System, Mon. Weather Rev., 145, 1019–1032, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0240.1, 2017. a
Cordoba, M., Dance, S., Kelly, G., Nichols, N., and Waller, J.: Diagnosing
Atmospheric Motion Vector observation errors for an operational high resolution
data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 143, 333–341, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2925, 2017. a
Dando, M., Thorpe, A., and Eyre, J.: The optimal density of atmospheric sounder
observations in the Met Office NWP system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 133, 1933–1943, 2007. a
Dee, D. P.: Bias and data assimilation, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 3323–3343,
https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.05.137, 2005. a
Durand, M., Andreadis, K. M., Alsdorf, D. E., Lettenmaier, D. P., Moller, D.,
and Wilson, M.: Estimation of bathymetric depth and slope from data assimilation
of swath altimetry into a hydrodynamic model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20401,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034150, 2008. a
Durand, M., Neal, J., Rodríguez, E., Andreadis, K. M., Smith, L. C., and
Yoon, Y.: Estimating reach-averaged discharge for the River Severn from
measurements of river water surface elevation and slope, J. Hydrol., 511, 92–104,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.12.050, 2014. a
García-Pintado, J.: DEMON: Simulation output from ensemble assimilation of
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) water level observations into the Lisflood-FP
flood forecast model, Centre for Environmental Data Analysis,
https://doi.org/10.5285/b43ce022c8f94f79b5c3b3ede7aad975, 2018. a
Fowler, A., Dance, S., and Waller, J.: On the interaction of observation and
prior error correlations in data assimilation, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 144,
48–62, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3183, 2018. a
García-Pintado, J., Neal, J. C., Mason, D. C., Dance, S. L., and Bates, P.
D.: Scheduling satellite-based SAR acquisition for sequential assimilation of
water level observations into flood modelling, J. Hydrol., 495, 252–266,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.03.050, 2013. a, b, c
Gaspari, G. and Cohn, S. E.: Construction of correlation functions in two and
three dimensions, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 125, 723–757, 1999. a
Giustarini, L., Matgen, P., Hostache, R., Montanari, M., Plaza, D., Pauwels, V.
R. N., De Lannoy, G. J. M., De Keyser, R., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., and
Savenije, H. H. G.: Assimilating SAR-derived water level data into a hydraulic
model: a case study, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 2349–2365, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2349-2011, 2011. a
Grimaldi, S., Li, Y., Pauwels, V. R. N., and Walker, J. P.: Remote Sensing-Derived
Water Extent and Level to Constrain Hydraulic Flood Forecasting Models:
Opportunities and Challenges, Surv. Geophys., 37, 977–1034, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-016-9378-y, 2016. a
Hodyss, D. and Nichols, N. K.: The error of representation: basic understanding,
Tellus A, 67, 24822, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v67.24822, 2015. a, b
Hollingsworth, A. and Lönnberg, P.: The statistical structure of short-range
forecast errors as determined from radiosonde data. Part I: The wind field,
Tellus A, 38, 111–136, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.1986.tb00460.x, 1986. a
Hunt, B. R., Kostelich, E. J., and Szunyogh, I.: Efficient data assimilation
for spatiotemporal chaos: A local ensemble transform Kalman filter, Physica D,
230, 112–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2006.11.008, 2007. a
Janjić, T. and Cohn, S. E.: Treatment of Observation Error due to Unresolved
Scales in Atmospheric Data Assimilation, Mon. Weather Rev., 134, 2900–2915, 2006. a
Janjić, T., Bormann, N., Bocquet, M., Carton, J. A., Cohn, S. E., Dance,
S. L., Losa, S. N., Nichols, N. K., Potthast, R., Waller, J. A., and Weston, P.:
On the representation error in data assimilation, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.,
https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3130, in press, 2017. a
Li, X., Zhu, J., Xiao, Y., and Wang, R.: A Model-Based Observation-Thinning
Scheme for the Assimilation of High-Resolution SST in the Shelf and Coastal
Seas around China, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 1044–1058, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHO709.1, 2010. a
Liu, Z.-Q. and Rabier, F.: The interaction between model resolution observation
resolution and observation density in data assimilation: A one dimensional
study, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 1367–1386, 2002. a
Lorenc, A. C.: A global three-dimensional multivariate statistical interpolation
scheme, Mon. Weather Rev., 109, 701–721, 1981. a
Mason, D. C., Schumann, G., and Bates, P. D.: Data Utilization in Flood
Inundation Modelling, in: Flood Risk Science and Management, edited by: Pender,
G. and Faulkner, H., Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, 209–233, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444324846.ch11, 2010b. a
Mason, D. C., Schumann, G. J.-P., Neal, J., Garcia-Pintado, J., and Bates, P.:
Automatic near real-time selection of flood water levels from high resolution
Synthetic Aperture Radar images for assimilation into hydraulic models: A case
study, Remote Sens. Environ., 124, 705–716, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.06.017, 2012a. a, b, c, d, e, f
Mason, D. C., Davenport, I. J., Neal, J. C., Schumann, G. J. P., and Bates, P.
D.: Near Real-Time Flood Detection in Urban and Rural Areas Using High-Resolution
Synthetic Aperture Radar Images, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 50, 3041–3052,
https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2178030, 2012b. a
Mason, D. C., Giustarini, L., Garcia-Pintado, J., and Cloke, H.: Detection of
flooded urban areas in high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar images using
double scattering, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf., 28, 150–159,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.12.002, 2014. a
Matgen, P., Montanari, M., Hostache, R., Pfister, L., Hoffmann, L., Plaza, D.,
Pauwels, V. R. N., De Lannoy, G. J. M., De Keyser, R., and Savenije, H. H. G.:
Towards the sequential assimilation of SAR-derived water stages into hydraulic
models using the Particle Filter: proof of concept, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.,
14, 1773–1785, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1773-2010, 2010. a
Ménard, R.: Error covariance estimation methods based on analysis residuals:
theoretical foundation and convergence properties derived from simplified
observation networks, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 142, 257–273, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2650, 2016. a
Montanari, M., Hostache, R., Matgen, P., Schumann, G., Pfister, L., and Hoffmann,
L.: Calibration and sequential updating of a coupled hydrologic-hydraulic model
using remote sensing-derived water stages, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 367–380,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-367-2009, 2009. a
Neal, J., Schumann, G., Bates, P., Buytaert, W., Matgen, P., and Pappenberger,
F.: A data assimilation approach to discharge estimation from space, Hydrol.
Process., 23, 3641–3649, 2009. a
Raclot, D.: Remote sensing of water levels on floodplains: a spatial approach
guided by hydraulic functioning, Int. J. Remote Sens., 27, 2553–2574,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600554397, 2006. a
Roux, H. and Dartus, D.: Sensitivity Analysis and Predictive Uncertainty Using
Inundation Observations for Parameter Estimation in Open-Channel Inverse Problem,
J. Hydraul. Eng., 134, 541–549, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:5(541), 2008. a
Schumann, G. J.-P., Hostache, R., Puech, C., Hoffmann, L., Matgen, P., Pappenberger,
F., and Pfister, L.: High-Resolution 3-D Flood Information From Radar Imagery
for Flood Hazard Management, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 45, 1715–1725, 2007. a
Schumann, G. J.-P., Neal, J. C., Mason, D. C., and Bates, P. D.: The accuracy
of sequential aerial photography and SAR data for observing urban flood dynamics,
a case study of the UK summer 2007 floods, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 2536–2546,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.04.039, 2011. a
Stewart, L. M., Dance, S. L., Nichols, N. K., Eyre, J. R., and Cameron, J.:
Estimating interchannel observation-error correlations for IASI radiance data
in the Met Office system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 140, 1236–1244, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2211, 2014. a
Terasaki, K. and Miyoshi, T.: Data Assimilation with Error-Correlated and
Non-Orthogonal Observations: Experiments with the Lorenz-96 Model, SOLA, 10,
210–213, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2014-044, 2014. a
Todling, R.: A complementary note to `A lag-1 smoother approach to system-error
estimation': the intrinsic limitations of residual diagnostics, Q. J. Roy.
Meteorol. Soc., 141, 2917–2922, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2546, 2015. a
Ueno, G. and Nakamura, N.: Bayesian estimation of the observation-error
covariance matrix in ensemble-based filters, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 142,
2055–2080, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2803, 2016. a
Vanden-Eijnden, E. and Weare, J.: Data Assimilation in the Low Noise Regime
with Application to the Kuroshio, Mon. Weather Rev., 141, 1822–1841,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00060.1, 2013. a
Waller, J. A., Dance, S. L., Lawless, A. S., Nichols, N. K., and Eyre, J. R.:
Representativity error for temperature and humidity using the Met Office
high-resolution model, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 140, 1189–1197, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2207, 2014. a, b
Waller, J. A., Ballard, S. P., Dance, S. L., Kelly, G., Nichols, N. K., and
Simonin, D.: Diagnosing Horizontal and Inter-Channel Observation Error
Correlations for SEVIRI Observations Using Observation-Minus-Background and
Observation-Minus-Analysis Statistics, Remote Sensing, 8, 581, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8070581, 2016a. a, b
Waller, J. A., Dance, S. L., and Nichols, N. K.: Theoretical insight into
diagnosing observation error correlations using observation-minus-background
and observation-minus-analysis statistics, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 142,
418–431, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2661, 2016b. a, b, c, d
Waller, J. A., Simonin, D., Dance, S. L., Nichols, N. K., and Ballard, S. P.:
Diagnosing observation error correlations for Doppler radar radial winds in
the Met Office UKV model using observation-minus-background and
observation-minus-analysis statistics, Mon. Weather Rev., 144, 3533–3551,
https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-15-0340.1, 2016c.
a
Waller, J. A., Dance, S. L., and Nichols, N. K.: On diagnosing observation
error statistics in localized ensemble data assimilation, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol.
Soc., 143, 2677–2686, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3117, 2017.
a
Weston, P. P., Bell, W., and Eyre, J. R.: Accounting for correlated error in
the assimilation of high-resolution sounder data, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc.,
140, 2420–2429, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2306, 2014. a