APHA: Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th Edn., edited by: Greenberg, A. E., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 1998.
Atkins, R. P. and Klemm, V. V.: The effect of discharges, effluent and urbanisation on the Swan River, in: Swan River Estuary: Ecology and Management, edited by: John, J., Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia, Environmental Studies Group, Report no. 1, 296–313, 1987.
Beutler, M., Wiltshire, K. H., Meyer, B., Moldaenke, C., Lüring, C., Meyerhöfer, M., Hansen, U. P., and Dau, H.: A fluorometric method for the differentiation of algal populations in vivo and in situ, Photosynth. Res., 72, 39–53, 2002.
Brezonik, P. L. and Stadelmann, T. H.: Analysis and predictive models of stormwater runoff volumes, loads, and pollutant concentrations from watersheds in the Twin Cities metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA, Water Res., 36, 1743–1757, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00375-x, 2002.
Broderius, C.: Anthropogenically altered land and its effect on
δ15N values in periphyton on a fourth order stream in Utah's Cache Valley, Nat. Resour. Env. Iss., 18, 61–69, 2013.
Bureau of Meteorology: Climate statistics for Australian locations Monthly climate statistics, Australian Government, http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009034.shtml (last access: 3 March 2016), 2016.
Cabana, G., Tremblay, A., Kalff, J., and Rasmussen, J. B.: Pelagic food-chain structure in Ontario Lakes – a determinant of mercury levels in Lake Trout (
Salvelinus-
Namaycush), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 51, 381–389, 1994.
Carvalho, D. R., Castro, D., Callisto, M., Moreira, M. Z., and Pompeu, P. S.: Isotopic variation in five species of stream fishes under the influence of different land uses, J. Fish Biol., 87, 559–578, 10.1111/jfb.12734, 2015.
Chaves, M. M., Maroco, J. P., and Pereira, J. S.: Understanding plant responses to drought – from genes to the whole plant, Funct. Plant Biol., 30, 239–264, https://doi.org/10.1071/fp02076, 2003.
Choi, W. J., Han, G. H., Lee, S. M., Lee, G. T., Yoon, K. S., Choi, S. M., and Ro, H. M.: Impact of land-use types on nitrate concentration and
δ15N in unconfined groundwater in rural areas of Korea, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 120, 259–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.10.002, 2007.
Clay, A., Bradley, C., Gerrard, A. J., and Leng, M. J.: Using stable isotopes of water to infer wetland hydrological dynamics, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 1164–1173, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-1164-2004, 2004.
Costanzo, S. D., O'Donohue, M. J., Dennison, W. C., Loneragan, N. R., and Thomas, M.: A new approach for detecting and mapping sewage impacts, 42, 149–156, 2001.
Dähnke, K., Emeis, K., Johannsen, A., and Nagel, B.: Stable isotope composition and turnover of nitrate in the German Bight, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 408, 7-U26, https://doi.org/10.3354/Meps08558, 2010.
Day, J. W. J., Hall, C. A. S., Kemp, W. M., and Yanez-Arancibia, A.: Estuarine chemistry, in: Estuarine Ecology, edited by: Day, J. W. J., Hall, C. A. S., Kemp, W. M., and Yanez-Arancibia, A., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.
Department of Water: Macrophytes and macroalgae in the Swan-Canning Estuary (Volume 20), Department of Water, Perth, Australia, Perth, Australia, 2010.
Department of Water: River monitoring stations, Government of Western Australia, available at: http://kumina.water.wa.gov.au/waterinformation/telem/stage.cfm (last access: 4 March 2016), 2016.
Dudley, B. D. and Shima, J. S.: Algal and invertebrate bioindicators detect sewage effluent along the coast of Titahi Bay, Wellington, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Mar. Fresh., 44, 39–51, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288331003641687, 2010.
Durka, W., Schulze, E. D., Gebauer, G., and Voerkelius, S.: Effects of forest decline on uptake and leaching of deposited nitrate determined from
15N and
18O measurements, Nature, 372, 765–767, https://doi.org/10.1038/372765a0, 1994.
Fang, Y. T., Koba, K., Wang, X. M., Wen, D. Z., Li, J., Takebayashi, Y., Liu, X. Y., and Yoh, M.: Anthropogenic imprints on nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation nitrate in a nitrogen-polluted city in southern China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 1313–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-1313-2011, 2011.
Ferreira, J. G., Nobre, A. M., Sirnas, T. C., Silva, M. C., Newton, A., Bricker, S. B., Wolff, W. J., Stacey, P. E., and Sequeira, A.: A methodology for defining homogeneous water bodies in estuaries – Application to the transitional systems of the EU Water Framework Directive, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 66, 468–482, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2005.09.016, 2006.
Fertig, B., Carruthers, T. J. B., Dennison, W. C., Fertig, E. J., and Altabet, M. A.: Eastern oyster (
Crassostrea virginica) delta(15)N as a bioindicator of nitrogen sources: Observations and modeling, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 60, 1288–1298, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.03.013, 2010.
Fry, B. and Allen, Y. C.: Stable isotopes in zebra mussels as bioindicators of river-watershed linkages, River Res. Appl., 19, 683–696, 2003.
Fry, B., Rogers, K., Barry, B., Barr, N., and Dudley, B.: Eutrophication indicators in the Hutt River Estuary, New Zeal. J. Mar. Fresh., 45, 665–677, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.2011.578652, 2011.
Fukumori, K., Oi, M., Doi, H., Takahashi, D., Okuda, N., Miller, T. W., Kuwae, M., Miyasaka, H., Genkai-Kato, M., Koizumi, Y., Omori, K., and Takeoka, H.: Bivalve tissue as a carbon and nitrogen isotope baseline indicator in coastal ecosystems, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 79, 45–50, 2008.
Geider, R. J., and La Roche, J.: Redfield revisited: variability of C :
N :
P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis, Eur. J. Phycol., 37, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0967026201003456, 2002.
Ghadouani, A. and Smith, R. E. H.: Phytoplankton distribution in Lake Erie as assessed by a new in situ spectrofluorometric technique, J. Great Lakes Res., 31, 154–167, 2005.
Gustafson, L., Showers, W., Kwak, T., Levine, J., and Stoskopf, M.: Temporal and spatial variability in stable isotope compositions of a freshwater mussel: implications for biomonitoring and ecological studies, Oecologia, 152, 140–150, 2007.
Hamilton, D. P.: Record summer rainfall induced first recorded major cyanobacterial bloom in the Swan River, The Environmental Engineer, 1, 25 pp., 2000.
Harrington, R. R., Kennedy, B. P., Chamberlain, C. P., Blum, J. D., and Folt, C. L.:
15N enrichment in agricultural catchments: field patterns and applications to tracking Atlantic salmon (
Salmo salar), Chem. Geol., 147, 281–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00018-7, 1998.
Heathwaite, A. L.: Multiple stressors on water availability at global to catchment scales: understanding human impact on nutrient cycles to protect water quality and water availability in the long term, Freshwater Biol., 55, 241–257, 2010.
Heaton, T. H. E.: Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere: A review, Chem. Geol., 59, 87–102, 1986.
Kellman, L. M.: A study of tile drain nitrate –
δ15N values as a tool for assessing nitrate sources in an agricultural region, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 71, 131–137, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-004-1925-0, 2005.
Kendall, C.: Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments, in: Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology, edited by: Kendall, C. and McDonnell, J. J., Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 1998.
Kooistra, L., Leuven, R. S. E. W., Nienhuis, P. H., Wehrens, R., and Buydens, L. M. C.: A procedure for incorporating spatial variability in ecological risk assessment of Dutch River floodplains, Environ. Manage., 28, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.1007/S0026702433, 2001.
Lahr, J. and Kooistra, L.: Environmental risk mapping of pollutants: State of the art and communication aspects, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 3899–3907, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.045, 2010.
Lake, J. L., McKinney, R. A., Osterman, F. A., Pruell, R. J., Kiddon, J., Ryba, S. A., and Libby, A. D.: Stable nitrogen isotopes as indicators of anthropogenic activities in small freshwater systems, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 58, 870–878, 2001.
Lancaster, J. and Waldron, S.: Stable isotope values of lotic invertebrates: Sources of variation, experimental design, and statistical interpretation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 723–730, 2001.
Linderfelt, W. R. and Turner, J. V.: Interaction between shallow groundwater, saline surface water and nutrient discharge in a seasonal estuary: the Swan-Canning system, Hydrol. Process., 15, 2631–2653, 2001.
Luedeking, A. and Koehler, A.: Regulation of expression of multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) genes by environmental factors in the blue mussel
Mytilus edulis, Aquat. Toxicol., 69, 1–10, 2004.
Lutz, S. R., van Meerveld, H. J., Waterloo, M. J., Broers, H. P., and van Breukelen, B. M.: A model-based assessment of the potential use of compound-specific stable isotope analysis in river monitoring of diffuse pesticide pollution, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 4505–4524, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-4505-2013, 2013.
Mainwaring, K., Tillin, H., and Tyler-Walters, H.: Assessing the sensitivity of blue mussels (
Mytilus edulis) to pressures associated with human activities, JNCC Report No 506, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Petersborough, UK, 2014.
McKinney, R. A., Lake, J. L., Charpentier, M. A., and Ryba, S.: Using mussel isotope ratios to assess anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to freshwater ecosystems, Environ. Monit. Assess., 74, 167–192, 2002.
Michener, R. and Lajtha, K.: Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science, 2nd Edn., Blackwell Publishing Ldt., Malden, USA, 2007.
Oczkowski, A., Nixon, S., Henry, K., DiMilla, P., Pilson, M., Granger, S., Buckley, B., Thornber, C., McKinney, R., and Chaves, J.: Distribution and trophic importance of anthropogenic nitrogen in Narragansett Bay: An assessment using stable isotopes, Estuar. Coast, 31, 53–69, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-007-9029-0, 2008.
Pace, M. L., Cole, J. J., Carpenter, S. R., Kitchell, J. F., Hodgson, J. R., Van de Bogart, M. C., Bade, D. L., Kritzberg, E. S., and Bastviken, D.: Whole-lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs, Nature, 427, 240–243, 2004.
Pahl-Wostl, C.: Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change, Water Resour. Manag., 21, 49–62, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9040-4, 2007.
Pennifold, M. and Davis, J.: Macrofauna and nutrient cycling in the Swan River Estuary, Western Australia: experimental results, Hydrol. Process., 15, 2537–2553, 2001.
Phillips, D. J. H.: Common mussel Mytilus edulis as and indicator of pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. 1. Effects of environmental variables on uptake of metals, Mar. Biol., 38, 59–69, 1976.
Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J. M., Boone, C. G., Groffman, P. M., Irwin, E., Kaushal, S. S., Marshall, V., McGrath, B. P., Nilon, C. H., Pouyat, R. V., Szlavecz, K., Troy, A., and Warren, P.: Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress, J. Environ. Manage., 92, 331–362, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.022, 2011.
Post, D. M.: Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: Models, methods, and assumptions, Ecology, 83, 703–718, 2002.
Redfield, A. C.: The biological control of chemical factors in the environment, Am. Sci., 46, 205–221, 1958.
Robinson, D.:
δ15N as an integrator of the nitrogen cycle, Trends Ecol. Evol., 16, 153–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)02098-x, 2001.
Rodgers, P., Soulsby, C., Waldron, S., and Tetzlaff, D.: Using stable isotope tracers to assess hydrological flow paths, residence times and landscape influences in a nested mesoscale catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 139–155, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-139-2005, 2005.
Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J. A., Folke, C., and Walker, B.: Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems, Nature, 413, 591–596, 2001.
Sigman, D. M., Casciotti, K. L., Andreani, M., Barford, C., Galanter, M., and Bohlke, J. K.: A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater, Anal. Chem., 73, 4145–4153, 2001.
Sikdar, P. K. and Sahu, P.: Understanding wetland sub-surface hydrology using geologic and isotopic signatures, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1313–1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1313-2009, 2009.
Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J.: Biometry: The principles and practices of statistics in biological research, 3rd Edn., W. H. Freeman, New York, 1995.
Sugimoto, R., Kasai, A., Miyajima, T., and Fujita, K.: Controlling factors of seasonal variation in the nitrogen isotope ratio of nitrate in a eutrophic coastal environment, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 85, 231–240, 2009.
United Nations: World Economic and Social Survey 2013 – Sustainable Development Challenges, New York, USA, 2013.
van de Meene, S. J., Brown, R. R., and Farrelly, M. A.: Towards understanding governance for sustainable urban water management, Global Environ. Chang., 21, 1117–1127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.003, 2011.
Volkmann, T. H. M. and Weiler, M.: Continual in situ monitoring of pore water stable isotopes in the subsurface, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1819–1833, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1819-2014, 2014.
Wang, Y., Yu, X., Zhang, L., and Lei, G.: Seasonal variability in baseline delta N-15 and usage as a nutrient indicator in Lake Poyang, China, J. Freshwater Ecol., 28, 365–373, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2013.763296, 2013.
Wen, Z. R., Xie, P., and Xu, J.: Mussel isotope signature as indicator of nutrient pollution in a freshwater eutrophic lake: species, spatial, and seasonal variability, Environ. Monit. Assess., 163, 139–147, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0823-y, 2010.
Xu, J. and Zhang, M.: Primary consumers as bioindicator of nitrogen pollution in lake planktonic and benthic food webs, Ecol. Indic., 14, 189–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.02.012, 2012.
Xue, D., Botte, J., De Baets, B., Accoe, F., Nestler, A., Taylor, P., Van Cleemput, O., Berglund, M., and Boeckx, P.: Present limitations and future prospects of stable isotope methods for nitrate source identification in surface- and groundwater, Water Res., 43, 1159–1170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.12.048, 2009.
Yang, L., Song, X., Zhang, Y., Han, D., Zhang, B., and Long, D.: Characterizing interactions between surface water and groundwater in the Jialu River basin using major ion chemistry and stable isotopes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 4265–4277, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-4265-2012, 2012.
Widdows, J., Fieth, P., and Worrall, C. M.: Relationships between seston, available food and feeding activity in the common mussel
Mytilus edulis, Mar. Biol., 50, 195-207, 1979.
Zandee, D. I., Kluytmans, J. H., Zurburg, W., and Pieters, H.: Seasonal variations in biochemical composition of
Mytilus edulis with reference to energy metabolism and gametogenesis, Neth. J. Sea Res., 14, 1–29, 1980.