Articles | Volume 29, issue 23
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-7041-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-7041-2025
Research article
 | 
08 Dec 2025
Research article |  | 08 Dec 2025

Hyper-resolution large-scale hydrological modelling benefits from improved process representation in mountain regions

Joren Janzing, Niko Wanders, Marit van Tiel, Barry van Jaarsveld, Dirk N. Karger, and Manuela I. Brunner

Data sets

WFDE5 over land merged with ERA5 over the ocean (W5E5 v2.0) S. Lange et al. https://doi.org/10.48364/ISIMIP.342217

CHELSA-BIOCLIM+ A novel set of global climate-related predictors at kilometre-resolution P. Brun et al. https://doi.org/10.16904/ENVIDAT.332

Climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas D. N. Karger et al. https://doi.org/10.16904/ENVIDAT.228

CERRA sub-daily regional reanalysis data for Europe on single levels from 1984 to present S. Schimanke et al. https://doi.org/10.24381/CDS.622A565A

CERRA-Land sub-daily regional reanalysis data for Europe from 1984 to present A. Verrelle et al. https://doi.org/10.24381/CDS.A7F3CD0B

APGD: Alpine precipitation grid dataset F. Isotta and C. Frei https://doi.org/10.18751/CLIMATE/GRIDDATA/APGD/1.0

Data supplement to the GLOBGM v1.0: a parallel implementation of a 30 arcsec PCR-GLOBWB-MODFLOW global-scale groundwater model J. Verkaik and E. H. Sutanudjaja https://doi.org/10.24416/UU01-44L775

Copernicus DEM European Space Agency and Airbus https://doi.org/10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65

Climatological snow data since 1998, OSHD R. Mott https://doi.org/10.16904/ENVIDAT.401

SNOWGRID Klima v2.1 GeoSphere Austria https://doi.org/10.60669/FSXX-6977

ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present Copernicus Climate Change Service https://doi.org/10.24381/CDS.E2161BAC

CERRA-Land sub-daily regional reanalysis data for Europe from 1984 to present A. Verrelle et al. https://doi.org/10.24381/CDS.A7F3CD0B

NH-SWE: Northern Hemisphere Snow Water Equivalent dataset based on in-situ snow depth time series and the regionalisation of the ΔSNOW model A. Fontrodona-Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.7565252

A consensus estimate for the ice thickness distribution of all glaciers on Earth - dataset D. Farinotti https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000315707

Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century - Dataset R. Hugonnet et al. https://doi.org/10.6096/13

Fluctuations of Glaciers Database World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) https://doi.org/10.5904/WGMS-FOG-2023-09

Swiss glacier mass balance (release 2022) Glacier Monitoring Switzerland (GLAMOS) https://doi.org/10.18750/MASSBALANCE.2022.R2022

GLIMS Glacier Database, Version 1 GLIMS Consortium https://doi.org/10.7265/N5V98602

ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): COMBINED product, Version 08.1 W. Dorigo et al. https://catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/uuid/6f99cdb86a9e4d3da2d47c79612c00a2/

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Short summary
Process representation in hyper-resolution large-scale hydrological models (LHMs) limits model performance, particularly in mountain regions. Here, we update mountain process representation in an LHM and compare different meteorological forcing products. Structural and parametric changes in snow, glacier, and soil processes improve discharge simulations, while meteorological forcing remains a major control on model performance. Our work can guide future development of LHMs.
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