Articles | Volume 29, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3703-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3703-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Aug 2025
Research article |
| 13 Aug 2025
| 13 Aug 2025
Predicting snow cover and frozen ground impacts on large basin runoff: developing appropriate model complexity
Nan Wu
State Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
Division of Water Resources Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
State Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
China Meteorological Administration Hydro-Meteorology Key Laboratory, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
Key Laboratory of Water Big Data Technology of Ministry of Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
Amir Naghibi
Division of Water Resources Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Hossein Hashemi
Division of Water Resources Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Zhongrui Ning
Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
Division of Water Resources Engineering, LTH, Lund University, Lund, 22100, Sweden
Qinuo Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210024, China
Xuejun Yi
Hydrological Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China
Haijun Wang
Hydrological Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China
Wei Liu
Hydrological Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China
Wei Gao
Hydrological Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong, 250002, China
Jerker Jarsjö
Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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Short summary
This study enhanced a popular water flow model by adding two components: one for snow melting and another for frozen ground cycles. Tested with satellite data and streamflow, the updated model improved accuracy, especially in winter. Frozen ground delays soil drainage, boosting spring runoff by 39 %–77 % and cutting evaporation by 85 %. These findings reveal that frozen ground drives seasonal water patterns.
This study enhanced a popular water flow model by adding two components: one for snow melting...
