Articles | Volume 29, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3703-2025
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3703-2025
Research article
 | 
13 Aug 2025
Research article |  | 13 Aug 2025

Predicting snow cover and frozen ground impacts on large basin runoff: developing appropriate model complexity

Nan Wu, Ke Zhang, Amir Naghibi, Hossein Hashemi, Zhongrui Ning, Qinuo Zhang, Xuejun Yi, Haijun Wang, Wei Liu, Wei Gao, and Jerker Jarsjö

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Short summary
This study enhanced a popular water flow model by adding two components: one for snow melting and another for frozen ground cycles. Tested with satellite data and streamflow, the updated model improved accuracy, especially in winter. Frozen ground delays soil drainage, boosting spring runoff by 39 %–77 % and cutting evaporation by 85 %. These findings reveal that frozen ground drives seasonal water patterns. 
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