Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
HESS
Articles | Volume 29, issue 15
Articles | Volume 29, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3703-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-3703-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 29, issue 15
Research article
 | 
13 Aug 2025
Research article |  | 13 Aug 2025

Predicting snow cover and frozen ground impacts on large basin runoff: developing appropriate model complexity

Nan Wu, Ke Zhang, Amir Naghibi, Hossein Hashemi, Zhongrui Ning, Qinuo Zhang, Xuejun Yi, Haijun Wang, Wei Liu, Wei Gao, and Jerker Jarsjö

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Short summary
This study enhanced a popular water flow model by adding two components: one for snow melting and another for frozen ground cycles. Tested with satellite data and streamflow, the updated model improved accuracy, especially in winter. Frozen ground delays soil drainage, boosting spring runoff by 39 %–77 % and cutting evaporation by 85 %. These findings reveal that frozen ground drives seasonal water patterns. 
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