Articles | Volume 28, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4187-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-4187-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
HESS Opinions: Never train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network on a single basin
Google Research, Vienna, Austria
Martin Gauch
Google Research, Zurich, Switzerland
Daniel Klotz
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
Grey Nearing
Google Research, Mountain View, California, USA
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Cited
92 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Evaluating Rainfall-Runoff Generation Mechanisms of Deep Learning Models Using a Process-Based Rainfall-Runoff Model T. Duong et al.
- Machine Learning-Based Reconstructions of Historical Daily and Monthly Runoff for the Laurentian Great Lakes R. Gupta et al.
- Bridging training–projection gaps in purely data-driven deep learning for runoff under climate change Y. Cen et al.
- Event-based training data thresholds for BiLSTM versus Xinanjiang models: Insights from the applications of 19 Chinese catchments Y. Li et al.
- A spatiotemporally differentiated hybrid hydrological modeling strategy with dynamically adaptive runoff generation modes X. Ma et al.
- Regional scale simulations of daily suspended sediment concentration at gauged and ungauged rivers using deep learning A. Gupta & D. Feng
- How much historical data do we need? The role of data recency and training period length in LSTM-based rainfall-runoff modeling Q. Yu & B. Tolson
- Assessment of Potential Surface Runoff in Tulasi Watershed of Kolhapur Using NRSC-CN Method V. Pawar-Patil et al.
- Is smart sampling worth it? Impact of training data selection on the performance of LSTMs in streamflow prediction B. Heudorfer & R. Loritz
- A nonstationary stochastic simulator for clustered regional hydroclimatic extremes to characterize compound flood risk A. Nayak et al.
- Regional vs local LSTM models for short-term streamflow forecasting under operational constraints J. Saavedra-Garrido et al.
- Local vs regional neural air pollution forecasting models M. Sangiorgio & G. Guariso
- Predicting abnormality-guided multimodal linguistic semantics Arabic image captioning N. Aljojo et al.
- HydroGRAF: Hybrid discharge reconstruction and basin-aware streamflow forecasting in the Himalayas A. Gul et al.
- On the value of a history of hydrology and the establishment of a History of Hydrology Working Group K. Beven et al.
- Machine learning in stream and river water temperature modeling: a review and metrics for evaluation C. Corona & T. Hogue
- Characterizing the influence of remotely sensed wetland and lake water storage on discharge using LSTM models M. Vanderhoof et al.
- An LSTM network for joint modeling of streamflow and hydropower generation for run-of-river plants T. Roksvåg et al.
- A hybrid statistical-dynamical forecast of seasonal streamflow for a catchment in the Upper Columbia River basin in Canada T. Swift-LaPointe et al.
- An interpretable machine learning approach for alkalinity reconstruction in the Mediterranean Sea T. Tonelli et al.
- Better continental-scale streamflow predictions for Australia: LSTM as a land surface model post-processor and standalone hydrological model A. Shokri et al.
- Deep learning for the probabilistic prediction of semi-continuous hydrological variables – An application to streamflow prediction across CONUS J. Quilty & M. Jahangir
- A novel hybrid fine-tuning method for supercharging deep learning model development for hydrological prediction M. Jahangir et al.
- Empowering Regional Rainfall-Runoff Modeling Through Encoder–Decoder Based on Convolutional Neural Networks W. Jiang et al.
- Fine-tuning long short-term memory models for seamless transition in hydrological modelling: From pre-training to post-application X. Chen et al.
- Defense and Security Mechanisms in the Internet of Things: A Review S. Szymoniak et al.
- Riverine heatwaves are an emergent climate change risk A. van Hamel et al.
- On generalization, language, interpretability and the future of geo-scientific machine learning H. Gupta
- Interpretable feature incorporation machine-learning framework for flood magnitude estimation E. Ford et al.
- Overview of Modern Technologies for Acquiring and Analysing Acoustic Information Based on AI and IoT S. Szymoniak & Ł. Kuczyński
- Toward routing river water in land surface models with recurrent neural networks M. Lima et al.
- Challenges and opportunities of ML and explainable AI in large-sample hydrology L. Slater et al.
- Deep learning for groundwater level simulation in unconfined aquifers across the contiguous United States: Analyzing simulations at multiple lead times and integrating groundwater signatures K. Boo et al.
- How well do process-based and data-driven hydrological models learn from limited discharge data? M. Staudinger et al.
- From gauged to ungauged: Large-scale deep learning rainfall-runoff modelling for reliable streamflow estimation in India's diverse basins S. Barbhuiya & V. Gupta
- Catchment features-based interpretation of performance of the conceptual hydrological and deep learning models using large sample hydrologic data D. Sourya et al.
- Artificial intelligence with earth observations provides continuous streamflow data across varying wildfire recurrence and recovery scenarios S. Uddin et al.
- Unveiling the limits of deep learning models in hydrological extrapolation tasks S. Baste et al.
- Ensemble learning of catchment-wise optimized LSTMs enhances regional rainfall-runoff modelling − case Study: Basque Country, Spain F. Hosseini et al.
- Differentiable parameter learning of reservoir operation modules Z. Chen & T. Zhao
- A differentiable, physics-based hydrological model and its evaluation for data-limited basins W. Ouyang et al.
- A python framework for differentiable hydrological modeling and research workflow automation W. Ouyang et al.
- HESS Opinions: Never train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network on a single basin F. Kratzert et al.
- Detection and attribution of eco-hydrological alteration based on deep learning-driven gap-filled runoff in a large-scale catchment Z. Dong et al.
- Assessing the adequacy of traditional hydrological models for climate change impact studies: a case for long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks J. Martel et al.
- Towards a global spatial machine learning model for seasonal groundwater level predictions in Germany S. Kunz et al.
- HydroEcoLSTM: A Python package with graphical user interface for hydro-ecological modeling with long short-term memory neural network T. Nguyen et al.
- Technical note: High Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiencies conceal poor simulations of interannual variance in seasonal regimes S. Ruzzante et al.
- Strategies for incorporating static features into global deep learning models T. Liesch & M. Ohmer
- Application of Artificial Intelligence in Hydrological Modeling for Streamflow Prediction in Ungauged Watersheds: A Review J. Gacu et al.
- Learning extreme vegetation response to climate drivers with recurrent neural networks F. Martinuzzi et al.
- Pooling local climate and donor gauges with deep learning for improved reconstructions of streamflow in ungauged and partially gauged basins S. Wi et al.
- Enhancing monthly runoff prediction in arid alpine basins of northwestern China by an EMD-PCA-LSTM hybrid model W. Hu et al.
- Monte-Carlo-assisted endo-exo temporal transformer for high-confidence interval forecasting of daily runoff X. Hu et al.
- A diversity-centric strategy for the selection of spatio-temporal training data for LSTM-based streamflow forecasting E. Snieder & U. Khan
- Exploring the ability of LSTM-based hydrological models to simulate streamflow time series for flood frequency analysis J. Martel et al.
- Multi-site deep learning for groundwater level prediction across global datasets: toward scalable applications under data scarcity A. Nolte et al.
- Bottom-up assessment of climate change vulnerability of a large and complex river basin using emulator models A. John et al.
- An explainable AI approach for interpreting regionally optimized deep neural networks in hydrological prediction F. Hosseini et al.
- How to deal w___ missing input data M. Gauch et al.
- Calibrating a large-domain land/hydrology process model in the age of AI: the SUMMA CAMELS emulator experiments M. Farahani et al.
- A Comprehensive Calibration Framework for the Northwest River Forecast Center G. Walters et al.
- Transfer learning using the global Caravan dataset for developing a local river streamflow prediction model A. Alzhanov et al.
- Learning to filter: snow data assimilation using a Long Short-Term Memory network G. Blandini et al.
- Near-Real-Time Statistical Analysis and Visualization of Streamflow from a Deep-Learning Rainfall-Runoff Model T. Duong et al.
- A differentiability-based processes and parameters learning hydrologic model for advancing runoff prediction and process understanding C. Zhang et al.
- CH-RUN: a deep-learning-based spatially contiguous runoff reconstruction for Switzerland B. Kraft et al.
- Time fractional Saint Venant equations reveal the physical basis of hydrograph retardation through model comparison and field data H. Wei et al.
- Machine Learning-Based Process Optimization in Biopolymer Manufacturing: A Review I. Malashin et al.
- DeepDiscover: towards autonomous discovery of bucket-type conceptual models – a proof of concept applied to hydrology A. Adombi
- Assessing groundwater level modelling using a 1-D convolutional neural network (CNN): linking model performances to geospatial and time series features M. Gomez et al.
- Future projections of China runoff changes based on CMIP6 and deep learning X. Wei et al.
- When physics gets in the way: an entropy-based evaluation of conceptual constraints in hybrid hydrological models M. Álvarez Chaves et al.
- Knowledge-guided graph machine learning for spatially distributed prediction of daily discharge and nitrogen export dynamics J. Yang et al.
- Are LSTM and conceptual rainfall-runoff models able to cope with limited training datasets under diverse hydrometeorological conditions? F. Boodoo et al.
- Improving annual streamflow estimates using Budyko parameterization driven by catchment attributes H. Tamiru et al.
- Spatially resolved rainfall streamflow modeling in central Europe M. Vischer et al.
- A runoff prediction method for arid regions integrating physics-guided signal extraction and temporally adaptive feature selection Z. Li et al.
- Detecting differentiated services code point values and packet length mismatch in internet protocol packet headers M. A. Aldhahery
- Exploring a process-aware spatiotemporal graph-based surrogate for integrated urban drainage simulation B. Yin et al.
- Analyzing the generalization capabilities of a hybrid hydrological model for extrapolation to extreme events E. Acuña Espinoza et al.
- Analysis of Baseline and Novel Boosting Models for Flood-Prone Prediction and Explainability: Case from the Upper Drâa Basin (Morocco) L. Goumghar et al.
- Riverine heat waves on the rise, outpacing air heat waves K. Sadayappan & L. Li
- Abnormal behavior modeling and intelligent error prevention algorithm in AI load forecasting S. Zhang & Q. Han
- Hydrological insights from a comparative evaluation of LSTM and MC-LSTM networks in the Ebro River basin (Spain) I. González-Planet & C. Juez
- Streamflow Forecasting: A Comparative Analysis of ARIMAX, Rolling Forecasting LSTM Neural Network and Physically Based Models in a Pristine Catchment D. Perazzolo et al.
- A quantum-inspired attention integrated scalar long short-term memory model for accurate and stable groundwater contaminant source inversion L. Zhu & W. Lu
- Technical note: An approach for handling multiple temporal frequencies with different input dimensions using a single LSTM cell E. Acuña Espinoza et al.
- An Enhanced Hybrid LSTM–Linear Regression Framework for 90-Day Rainfall Forecasting in Rainfed Agricultural Regions A. Kunlerd et al.
- Distilling hydrological and land-surface model parameters from physio-geographical properties using text-generating AI M. Feigl et al.
- IoT-enabled real-time health monitoring system for adolescent physical rehabilitation J. Yang et al.
- A novel hybrid deep learning model with dynamic parameterization for accurate flood simulation B. Sun et al.
92 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Evaluating Rainfall-Runoff Generation Mechanisms of Deep Learning Models Using a Process-Based Rainfall-Runoff Model T. Duong et al.
- Machine Learning-Based Reconstructions of Historical Daily and Monthly Runoff for the Laurentian Great Lakes R. Gupta et al.
- Bridging training–projection gaps in purely data-driven deep learning for runoff under climate change Y. Cen et al.
- Event-based training data thresholds for BiLSTM versus Xinanjiang models: Insights from the applications of 19 Chinese catchments Y. Li et al.
- A spatiotemporally differentiated hybrid hydrological modeling strategy with dynamically adaptive runoff generation modes X. Ma et al.
- Regional scale simulations of daily suspended sediment concentration at gauged and ungauged rivers using deep learning A. Gupta & D. Feng
- How much historical data do we need? The role of data recency and training period length in LSTM-based rainfall-runoff modeling Q. Yu & B. Tolson
- Assessment of Potential Surface Runoff in Tulasi Watershed of Kolhapur Using NRSC-CN Method V. Pawar-Patil et al.
- Is smart sampling worth it? Impact of training data selection on the performance of LSTMs in streamflow prediction B. Heudorfer & R. Loritz
- A nonstationary stochastic simulator for clustered regional hydroclimatic extremes to characterize compound flood risk A. Nayak et al.
- Regional vs local LSTM models for short-term streamflow forecasting under operational constraints J. Saavedra-Garrido et al.
- Local vs regional neural air pollution forecasting models M. Sangiorgio & G. Guariso
- Predicting abnormality-guided multimodal linguistic semantics Arabic image captioning N. Aljojo et al.
- HydroGRAF: Hybrid discharge reconstruction and basin-aware streamflow forecasting in the Himalayas A. Gul et al.
- On the value of a history of hydrology and the establishment of a History of Hydrology Working Group K. Beven et al.
- Machine learning in stream and river water temperature modeling: a review and metrics for evaluation C. Corona & T. Hogue
- Characterizing the influence of remotely sensed wetland and lake water storage on discharge using LSTM models M. Vanderhoof et al.
- An LSTM network for joint modeling of streamflow and hydropower generation for run-of-river plants T. Roksvåg et al.
- A hybrid statistical-dynamical forecast of seasonal streamflow for a catchment in the Upper Columbia River basin in Canada T. Swift-LaPointe et al.
- An interpretable machine learning approach for alkalinity reconstruction in the Mediterranean Sea T. Tonelli et al.
- Better continental-scale streamflow predictions for Australia: LSTM as a land surface model post-processor and standalone hydrological model A. Shokri et al.
- Deep learning for the probabilistic prediction of semi-continuous hydrological variables – An application to streamflow prediction across CONUS J. Quilty & M. Jahangir
- A novel hybrid fine-tuning method for supercharging deep learning model development for hydrological prediction M. Jahangir et al.
- Empowering Regional Rainfall-Runoff Modeling Through Encoder–Decoder Based on Convolutional Neural Networks W. Jiang et al.
- Fine-tuning long short-term memory models for seamless transition in hydrological modelling: From pre-training to post-application X. Chen et al.
- Defense and Security Mechanisms in the Internet of Things: A Review S. Szymoniak et al.
- Riverine heatwaves are an emergent climate change risk A. van Hamel et al.
- On generalization, language, interpretability and the future of geo-scientific machine learning H. Gupta
- Interpretable feature incorporation machine-learning framework for flood magnitude estimation E. Ford et al.
- Overview of Modern Technologies for Acquiring and Analysing Acoustic Information Based on AI and IoT S. Szymoniak & Ł. Kuczyński
- Toward routing river water in land surface models with recurrent neural networks M. Lima et al.
- Challenges and opportunities of ML and explainable AI in large-sample hydrology L. Slater et al.
- Deep learning for groundwater level simulation in unconfined aquifers across the contiguous United States: Analyzing simulations at multiple lead times and integrating groundwater signatures K. Boo et al.
- How well do process-based and data-driven hydrological models learn from limited discharge data? M. Staudinger et al.
- From gauged to ungauged: Large-scale deep learning rainfall-runoff modelling for reliable streamflow estimation in India's diverse basins S. Barbhuiya & V. Gupta
- Catchment features-based interpretation of performance of the conceptual hydrological and deep learning models using large sample hydrologic data D. Sourya et al.
- Artificial intelligence with earth observations provides continuous streamflow data across varying wildfire recurrence and recovery scenarios S. Uddin et al.
- Unveiling the limits of deep learning models in hydrological extrapolation tasks S. Baste et al.
- Ensemble learning of catchment-wise optimized LSTMs enhances regional rainfall-runoff modelling − case Study: Basque Country, Spain F. Hosseini et al.
- Differentiable parameter learning of reservoir operation modules Z. Chen & T. Zhao
- A differentiable, physics-based hydrological model and its evaluation for data-limited basins W. Ouyang et al.
- A python framework for differentiable hydrological modeling and research workflow automation W. Ouyang et al.
- HESS Opinions: Never train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network on a single basin F. Kratzert et al.
- Detection and attribution of eco-hydrological alteration based on deep learning-driven gap-filled runoff in a large-scale catchment Z. Dong et al.
- Assessing the adequacy of traditional hydrological models for climate change impact studies: a case for long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks J. Martel et al.
- Towards a global spatial machine learning model for seasonal groundwater level predictions in Germany S. Kunz et al.
- HydroEcoLSTM: A Python package with graphical user interface for hydro-ecological modeling with long short-term memory neural network T. Nguyen et al.
- Technical note: High Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiencies conceal poor simulations of interannual variance in seasonal regimes S. Ruzzante et al.
- Strategies for incorporating static features into global deep learning models T. Liesch & M. Ohmer
- Application of Artificial Intelligence in Hydrological Modeling for Streamflow Prediction in Ungauged Watersheds: A Review J. Gacu et al.
- Learning extreme vegetation response to climate drivers with recurrent neural networks F. Martinuzzi et al.
- Pooling local climate and donor gauges with deep learning for improved reconstructions of streamflow in ungauged and partially gauged basins S. Wi et al.
- Enhancing monthly runoff prediction in arid alpine basins of northwestern China by an EMD-PCA-LSTM hybrid model W. Hu et al.
- Monte-Carlo-assisted endo-exo temporal transformer for high-confidence interval forecasting of daily runoff X. Hu et al.
- A diversity-centric strategy for the selection of spatio-temporal training data for LSTM-based streamflow forecasting E. Snieder & U. Khan
- Exploring the ability of LSTM-based hydrological models to simulate streamflow time series for flood frequency analysis J. Martel et al.
- Multi-site deep learning for groundwater level prediction across global datasets: toward scalable applications under data scarcity A. Nolte et al.
- Bottom-up assessment of climate change vulnerability of a large and complex river basin using emulator models A. John et al.
- An explainable AI approach for interpreting regionally optimized deep neural networks in hydrological prediction F. Hosseini et al.
- How to deal w___ missing input data M. Gauch et al.
- Calibrating a large-domain land/hydrology process model in the age of AI: the SUMMA CAMELS emulator experiments M. Farahani et al.
- A Comprehensive Calibration Framework for the Northwest River Forecast Center G. Walters et al.
- Transfer learning using the global Caravan dataset for developing a local river streamflow prediction model A. Alzhanov et al.
- Learning to filter: snow data assimilation using a Long Short-Term Memory network G. Blandini et al.
- Near-Real-Time Statistical Analysis and Visualization of Streamflow from a Deep-Learning Rainfall-Runoff Model T. Duong et al.
- A differentiability-based processes and parameters learning hydrologic model for advancing runoff prediction and process understanding C. Zhang et al.
- CH-RUN: a deep-learning-based spatially contiguous runoff reconstruction for Switzerland B. Kraft et al.
- Time fractional Saint Venant equations reveal the physical basis of hydrograph retardation through model comparison and field data H. Wei et al.
- Machine Learning-Based Process Optimization in Biopolymer Manufacturing: A Review I. Malashin et al.
- DeepDiscover: towards autonomous discovery of bucket-type conceptual models – a proof of concept applied to hydrology A. Adombi
- Assessing groundwater level modelling using a 1-D convolutional neural network (CNN): linking model performances to geospatial and time series features M. Gomez et al.
- Future projections of China runoff changes based on CMIP6 and deep learning X. Wei et al.
- When physics gets in the way: an entropy-based evaluation of conceptual constraints in hybrid hydrological models M. Álvarez Chaves et al.
- Knowledge-guided graph machine learning for spatially distributed prediction of daily discharge and nitrogen export dynamics J. Yang et al.
- Are LSTM and conceptual rainfall-runoff models able to cope with limited training datasets under diverse hydrometeorological conditions? F. Boodoo et al.
- Improving annual streamflow estimates using Budyko parameterization driven by catchment attributes H. Tamiru et al.
- Spatially resolved rainfall streamflow modeling in central Europe M. Vischer et al.
- A runoff prediction method for arid regions integrating physics-guided signal extraction and temporally adaptive feature selection Z. Li et al.
- Detecting differentiated services code point values and packet length mismatch in internet protocol packet headers M. A. Aldhahery
- Exploring a process-aware spatiotemporal graph-based surrogate for integrated urban drainage simulation B. Yin et al.
- Analyzing the generalization capabilities of a hybrid hydrological model for extrapolation to extreme events E. Acuña Espinoza et al.
- Analysis of Baseline and Novel Boosting Models for Flood-Prone Prediction and Explainability: Case from the Upper Drâa Basin (Morocco) L. Goumghar et al.
- Riverine heat waves on the rise, outpacing air heat waves K. Sadayappan & L. Li
- Abnormal behavior modeling and intelligent error prevention algorithm in AI load forecasting S. Zhang & Q. Han
- Hydrological insights from a comparative evaluation of LSTM and MC-LSTM networks in the Ebro River basin (Spain) I. González-Planet & C. Juez
- Streamflow Forecasting: A Comparative Analysis of ARIMAX, Rolling Forecasting LSTM Neural Network and Physically Based Models in a Pristine Catchment D. Perazzolo et al.
- A quantum-inspired attention integrated scalar long short-term memory model for accurate and stable groundwater contaminant source inversion L. Zhu & W. Lu
- Technical note: An approach for handling multiple temporal frequencies with different input dimensions using a single LSTM cell E. Acuña Espinoza et al.
- An Enhanced Hybrid LSTM–Linear Regression Framework for 90-Day Rainfall Forecasting in Rainfed Agricultural Regions A. Kunlerd et al.
- Distilling hydrological and land-surface model parameters from physio-geographical properties using text-generating AI M. Feigl et al.
- IoT-enabled real-time health monitoring system for adolescent physical rehabilitation J. Yang et al.
- A novel hybrid deep learning model with dynamic parameterization for accurate flood simulation B. Sun et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 04 May 2026
Short summary
Recently, a special type of neural-network architecture became increasingly popular in hydrology literature. However, in most applications, this model was applied as a one-to-one replacement for hydrology models without adapting or rethinking the experimental setup. In this opinion paper, we show how this is almost always a bad decision and how using these kinds of models requires the use of large-sample hydrology data sets.
Recently, a special type of neural-network architecture became increasingly popular in hydrology...
Special issue